Notre Dame University

College of Health Science REMEMBER!

CWTS Not all plans succeed; one major reason is the
Niñarita Fe Buot inability to provide the plans with considerate degree of
flexibility for the purpose of coping with uncertainty. A
good plan must not be rigid but rather flexible in order that it
Project Planning and Development will not lose its purpose in case of unexpected
developments. No matter how good it is it cannot guarantee
Planning the success of any business.
In the words of George Steiner: "Planning is integrating a
framework within which each of the functional plans may RELEVANCE OF PLANNING
be tied together and an overall plan is developed for the Without planning, many managers enviably suffer
entire organization. from shortsightedness. They might do their work every day,
but they wouldn’t be ready for changed conditions It also
Planning may be viewed from four (4) concepts. First becomes important because of shifting time dimension.
planning is conceived as one That’s why planning is utilized for these objectives:
dealing with futurity of present decisions indicating the
observation that current 1. To offset uncertainty and change. Know that the future
decisions are made in the tight of their long – range is not certain; the further are the project in the future, the
consequences. It also signifies that more difficult it is to make decisions.
future alternatives open to an organization are investigated Planning allows organization to determine the constraints,
and carefully examined specify the objectives, select the number of options,
which is the basis upon which decisions are made regarding monitor, and control the implementation.
preferred alternatives.
Planning may be viewed from four (4) concepts. 2. To focus attention on objectives. Planning is directed
First planning is conceived as one dealing with towards achieving objectives. In this way, it unifies the
futurity of present decisions indicating the observation that activities of the different parts of an
current decisions are made in the tight of their long – range organization to act as one party.
consequences. It also signifies that future alternatives open
to an organization are investigated and carefully examined
3. To gain economical and efficient operations. Planning
which are the basis upon which decisions are made
minimize costs. Its emphasis is on efficient and effective
regarding preferred alternatives.
operations and consistency of procedures and methods.
Second, planning is considered a process which
establishes objectives, defines strategies, policies, and 4. To facilitate control. Managers cannot always check on
sequences of events to achieve desired objectives. Planning the accomplishments or failures of their subordinates. It is
in this sense defines the organization for implementing the important to have goals against which to measure the
planning processes and equally important, insures an over- performance of people and units.
all review as well as evaluation of performance as feedback.
GUIDELINES FOR GOOD PLANNING
These are the most repeated principles and guidelines that
Third, planning may also be conceived as a
ensure good planning.
philosophy as applied to business, it is a system of thought
and explains basic business problems and supplies the basis
1. A plan should have specific objectives. It should be
for an intelligent approach to their solution. Planning is an
clear about what it intends to accomplish. It is important
attitude a state of mind, a way of thinking that project into
therefore that much attention to develop in defining the
the future or “look ahead” with hope and optimism.
results of the plans.
Lastly, planning may also be viewed in terms of
structure, that is long – range in character. This consists of
development of a comprehension and reasonably uniform 2. A good plan should facilitate action. A plan without
program of plans for the business company covering a long action remains a piece of paper, a figment of the imagination
period of time. or a statement of aspirations potentially alive but inactive
and dormant. Good plans lead to good actions.
PLANNING DEFINED
Planning provides a framework for organizing resources, 3. If many people are involved in planning, coordination
structuring a firm, and controlling activities. and communication become very crucial. There is a need,
therefore, for constant communication and revision of plans
to arrive at realistic target.
Planning is a formal process of:
1. Choosing an organizational mission and over-all
4. Planning is the first function of management prior to
objectives for both short-term and the long run.
the functions of organizing, directing, and controlling. It
2. Devising the divisional departmental and even individual
is involved in all other functions,
objectives based on organizational objectives.
3. Choosing strategies and tactics to achieve those
objectives. 5. Good plans are plans that may be constantly
improved, redrafted and re-planned. Improvement,
4. Deciding on the allocation of resources to the various redrafting, and re-planning recognize the reality that many
objectives’ strategies and tactics of the basic assumptions upon which a plan is based may
change as environmental factors of resources also changed the planning process. Such information are data must be
as environmental factors or resources also change. carefully organized, arranged, and properly evaluated.

6. Planning may be delegated to a formal planning staff. PLANNING PROCESS

Or may be a full-time job of planning officer, outside Planning is a multipurpose process. These stages, like the
consultant or an officer and employee themselves. management functions, are rarely visible in isolation since
most managers have several projects going at any given
7. All plans are tentative. They are never final. This is time, some organizations do have formal planning.
because good plans should be flexible. As circumstances
change an environmental factor may require totally new SCAN AND ANALYZE THE ENVIRONMENT
approaches after one or several years. New technology may The SWOT remains a popular method of looking at
emerge. Alternative course of action should always be organization’s current strengths and weakness and its
considered and made ready for emergency situation or crisis. potential opportunities and threats, Strengths and weakness
refer to factors that are internal to the organization, while
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANNING opportunities and threats are factors that are external.
1. Conditions. In spite of the dynamic nature of most
businesses, they are nevertheless susceptible to marked The internal environment consists of limited resources
changes and development so much so that if they are unable capital, technology, and skilled personnel.
to meet and sold them, many aspects of its operations may
become seriously impaired. The external environment relates to political, legal,
economic, social, and cultural condition and to competition
2. Time factor. In planning, the executive face a span of as well. Let as dig deeper what is SWOT.
time within which to carry out the plans into execution. The
time aspect has a number of phases such as the following: SWOT is a key tool to strategic planning process which can
• Time available to establish a plan before putting it into be a useful approach to planning.
effect.
• The time when the plan must take effect. ― Strengths – internal positive aspects that are under
• The time interval that must be provided in the plan. control and upon which you may capitalize in
• The time allowed for revising or modifying the plan. planning.
― Weaknesses – It is seeing what you could improve
3. Resources available. The best of plan would be
– What you do badly? And what you should avoid?
unproductive of good results in the absence of available
It refers to internal negative aspects that are under
resources that the business enterprise needs for its
your control and that you may plan to improve.
continuous operation A lack of raw materials from one time
― Opportunities. it refers to positives external
to another could cause a lag in production just as the
conditions that you do not control but of which you
business could lose the market.
can plan to take advantages.
― Threats – refers to negative external condition that
4. Skills and attitudes of management. One of the you do not control but they affect and of which you
common causes behind the failure of planning as a process may be able to lessen.
and moreover, as a function of management is
the absence of total involvement on the part of all levels in Why use SWOT?
the planning process. By using this analysis, we can develop a plan that takes into
consideration many different internal and external factors
5. Political, social, and environmental conditions. In a and maximize the potentials of the strengths and
country which does not sanction the existence of private free opportunities while minimizing the impact of the
enterprise, most planning is done by the government weaknesses and threats.

In the light of intelligent thinking in management-labor Diagram of SWOT Analysis

relations, many laws have been enacted by various law-
making bodies in the world where labor is vested with Internal Factors External Factors
certain rights and accordingly protected by the government. Positive Strengths Opportunities
Negative Weaknesses Threats
Promotion and protection of the welfare of the people
through an improvement of the social and economic
For the performance of the staffing function to be effective,
conditions of the community is also not overlooked
it has to be aided by certain analytical studies and guided by
a set of policies, procedures, regulations, and standards. The
6. Physical Facilities. Modern production is anchored on main products of this stage are human resource policies and
the better use of existing plans and equipment through program plans. As the initial activity of staffing, planning
improved science and technology. Manpower requirement involves human resource forecasting, job analysis, and
are duly considered in an organizational plan of operations, policies and program formulation,
the same is true with the physical facilities that are needed
for such purpose. THE CONCEPT OF A PROJECT

7. Collection and analysis of data. Planning depends for its • A project is created to address a specific concern; the
effectiveness on the quality and quantity of data involve in need or concern usually requires immediate attention. It is
undertaken to solve an existing or potential problem and/ or  act of creating a business while building and
take advantage of a rare opportunity that present itself. scaling it to generate a profit
Hence, the design of a project has well- defined outputs that  the ability of an individual to determine the proper
are directly linked to a particular problem, need or concerns. combination of the resources available in the
environment, transform this into goods or services,
• A project follows a growth and development pattern that and obtain a fair profit
helps systematize and organize all the components, like  Entrepreneurship: Process of creating something
resources, efforts, and activities. new and assuming the risks and rewards.
 Entrepreneurial Action: refers to the behavior in
Phases in the project life response to a judgmental decision under
1. Conception phase. uncertainty about a possible opportunity for profit.
2. Formulation and approval phase.  Entrepreneurial Process: the process of pursuing
3, Start-up phase. a new venture, whether it be a new product into
4. Production phase and. existing markets, existing products into a new
5. Postproduction and completion phase market, and/or the creation of the new organization.

For purpose of uniformity and evaluation of the project plan,

the following format in matrix form may be used. Why Is ENTREPRENEURSHIP Important to the
Economy?
FORMAT OF DETAILED PROJECT PROPOSAL “Entrepreneurship is the engine fueling
innovation, employment generation and economic growth.
Part l. BASIC INFORMATION Only by creating an environment where entrepreneur- ship
A. Title of the Project can prosper and where entrepreneurs can try new ideas and
B. Researcher(s) empower others can we ensure that many of the world's
1. Name and Signature issues will not go unaddressed.” – Klaus Schwab
2. Designation
3. Institution 1. Entrepreneurship increases investments in the
4. Address economy.
5. Tel. No. 2. Entrepreneurship provides employment
6. Fax No. opportunities to various individuals.
7. E-mail Address 3. Entrepreneurship contributes to Gross National
C. Implementing Agency Products (GNP).
1. Lead Agency 4. Entrepreneurship creates diversity in products and
2. Collaborating Agency(ies) services.
D. Project Duration 5. Entrepreneurship promotes International Trade.
E. Project Location 6. Entrepreneurship develops more Entrepreneurs.
F. Total Budget Requested
Categories of Micro, small, and Medium Enterprises
Part Il. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
I. Rationale MSME Total assets exclusive of land
II. Objectives Micro Enterprises Not more then P3,000,000.00
III. Review of Literature Small Enterprises P3,000,000.00 - P15,000,000.00
IV. Methodology Medium enterprises P15,000,000.00 –
 Specify the project components (If applicable) P100,000,000.00
 Should contain the details of the project so that it
can be evaluated whether the methods are feasible MSME No. of No. of
and will achieve the objectives of the proposal Employees Registered
 The following are recommended to be included: MSMEs
― factors of implementation (variable) Micro 1-9 888, 272
― treatments to be used and lay-out Enterprises
― procedures; experimental design, Small 10-99 106, 175
replications, characteristics of experimental Enterprises
units (sites, number, area, etc.) Medium 100-199 4, 895
― statistical analysis specific management of enterprises
the project (this include specific features Total of Registered MSMEs as of 999, 342
about the management of the project) 2018
― cultural practice
Socio-Economic Benefits from Entrepreneurship
TOP 3 MSME SECTOR
Entrepreneurship
1. Wholesale and Retail Store
What is ENTRPRENEURSHIP? 2. Accommodation and Food Service
 the concept of developing and managing a business 3. Manufacturing
venture to gain profit by taking several risks the
willingness to start a new business. The following is a summary of the various socio-economic
benefits derived from the pursuit of entrepreneurship.
  Promotes self-help and employment ― Accountable
 Mobilizes capital ― Innovative
 Provides taxes to the economy Empowers
individual Roles and
 Enhances national identity and pride
 Enhances competitive consciousness
 Improves quality of life
 Enhances equitable distribution of income and
wealth.

Barriers to Growth of Philippine MSMEs

Over the years, the following are major reasons why
entrepreneurship has not developed in the country: Categories of an ENTRPRENEUR
 Poor access to finance The following are known roles of an entrepreneur in society:
 Perceives opportunities in the environment.
 Obsolete technology
 Takes risks
 Low productivity
 Mobilizes capital
 Lack of skills upgrading
 Introduces innovations
 Lack of information  Organizes labor and production
 Inability to make the entrepreneurial transition  Makes decision
 Poor linkage among micro, small, medium, and
large industries Types of Entrepreneurs
 Inappropriate location 1. Social Entrepreneurs
 Management incompetence 2. Innovation Entrepreneurs
 Poor market access 3. Big Business Entrepreneurs
 Lack of infrastructure 4. Small Business Entrepreneurs
 Bureaucratic/cumbersome procedures 5. Scalable Startup Entrepreneurs
 Severe global competition
Pros and Cons of Becoming an Entrepreneur
Barriers to Growth of Philippine MSMEs The Pros of Becoming an Entrepreneur
o You control your destiny
Government Programs for MSME owners in the o You get to do what you want
Philippines o You maximize your contribution
― Small and Medium Enterprise Roving Academy o You lead others
(SMERA) The Cons of Becoming an Entrepreneur
― Pondo sa Pagbabago at Pag-Asenso (P3) o You're responsible for your destiny
― Barangay Micro Business Enterprise o Lack of a road map It's not going to be easy
― KAPATID MENTOR ME o You have to create your own retirement plan
― Go Lokal! o One day you'll have to say goodbye.

Importance and Benefits of MSME Businesses in Contributions of Entrepreneurs

Today's Philippine Economy. o Develop new market
o Discover new sources of materials
1. MSMEs are the backbone of economies in Asia. o Introduce new technologies, new industries, new
2. MSMES create job opportunities products.
3. MSMEs welcome innovation. o Create new employment.
4. MSMEs inject capital into the community.
o Inspire budding potential entrepreneurs.
5. MSMEs have established their mark in the world.
6. MSMEs are considered partners of big businesses.
7. MSMEs have demonstrated resilience

Who are the ENTRPRENEURS?

 Bear most of the risk and rewards.
Positive Change Cycle
 Play a vital role in any economy.
 Founded a "startup"

Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
― Drive
― Thinking ability
― Human relations ability
― Ability to Communicate
― Technical Knowledge
― Reasonable Risk Taker
― Self-confident
― Goal setter ― Uninformed optimism
― Informed pessimism
― Informed Optimism  Principles: Successful Fund Raising Must Have
― Completion o A course – worthy and “greater than one’s
own”
o Needs – genuine and explained convincingly
Resource Generation/ Fundraising
o Leaders – dedicated, willing prepared
PART 1. Fund Raising/Generation: Concepts and o An identifiable constituency – with desire to
Meanings    support the cause
o A favorable climate of opinion – that
Fund Raising/Generation: Concepts and Meanings recognizes the needs and will support them
― It is a science because it requires a systematic way
of doing it.  Ten Steps to Successful Fundraising
― It is a process since it involves steps or procedures o Recognize the value of freedom of choice –
on how to go about it. the right of concerned citizens to choose
― It is an art because it takes one’s creativity to come improvements for their society.
up with new ideas to convince a prospective donor o Examine your own attitude to money
to give; and, different people can employ different o Define goals clearly
“tricks” or ways and means to get what they are o Develop a workable plan of action for
asking for. spearheading fund-raising action.
― It is a profession that is why there are a lot of o Select your leaders.
professional fund raisers hired by different o Know your “Public”
organizations just to source funds. o Rely on person-to-person contact.
o Launch fund raising at the height in the
PART 2. Basic Elements of Fund Raising and their campaign
Meanings o Ask for the money
 Objectives / Purposes
o Don’t forget to say, “Thank You”.
 To ensure the fulfillment of the missions/programs
of the organization with that of valuable resources.
 Strategies in Fund Generation
 To ensure working with others and helping them to
 Principles
develop the skills and knowledge to act as resilient,
growing citizens of the community Here are the general principles and techniques that
 To promote goals, making friends, building enhance one’s capability to raise funds. According
partnerships, and developing community to Chamala et al (1990), cited that every successful
relationships.
capital fund raising must have the following:
 Through the fundraising activities, making an
opportunity to inform and educate community  A cause that is worthy and of far greater
about the work and major role that they can play in importance than the present specific needs of the
it.
institution; and/or “a cause greater than one’s
own”.
 The requesting party or prospective user of funds
 If you were to give funds to anyone or to any  Needs which are genuine and can be explained in
organization, what else will look for?  a convincing way so that the case for support is
 What is the track record of the organization? sound and practical and has a specific objective
o Organization Attributes
that are attractive to the majority of potential
 Size of membership or number of clients
members.
 Magnitude of operations
 Revenues  Leaders who are dedicated, willing to accept
 Locations membership at the top level and are prepared to
devote considerable time and effort to carry out
 The prospective donor – provider of funds
the program and to enjoin new members.
 Depends on the purpose and amount needed
 Request matches priority thrusts of the donor  An identifiable constituency whose interest and
 The process of exchange or transaction between the imagination may be roused and cultivated to
grantee/receipt of funds and the grantor/provider of create the desire to support the cause; and
funds
 A favorable climate of opinion which may have
 Quality of the transaction or “fit” between you as to be created, so that an informed constituency
fund sources and your donor or granting will recognize that an appeal will satisfy a vital
organization spells mutual satisfaction over the and urgent need and feel disposed to support it.
process.
 10 Tips for Funding Technology
 Criteria
o Availing of government subsidy or Technology Planning is great, but how are you going
government programs to pay for all the new equipment, training, and staffing cost
o Tapping individual gift and contributions your plan required? There are no silver bullets when it
comes on fundraising, especially during tough economic ― Offer a monthly auto charge credit card option
times. (P100 a month is P1,200 a year)
― Include a blank line for write-in amounts
Here are ten tips to help you find the funds you need to 4. Remind readers that their contribution is your
implement and sustain your critical technology strategy. budget
― Your successes have been possible because of
― Build strong relationship with funders
their past contributions
― Incorporate technology into your annual strategic ― Thank them!
plan. 5. Use P.S. ‘s for skimmers
― Focus on your mission and your program, not ― May titillate skimmers and get them to read
technology for technology’s sake. the entire letter.
― Budget technology expenses as shared costs, not ― To create a sense of urgency.
overhead.
― Target likely technology funders. Summary
― Maximize existing resources  “Once your fundraising is organized, everything else is a
― Use local community technology resources whole lot easier!”
― Partner with others for joint grant proposals.
― Generate unrestricted revenue where possible. The Nine Basic Truths of Fund-Raising
― Spend less on technology purchases.
Basic Truth 1: Organizations are not entitled to support;
Part III – Fundraiser Donation Solicitation – Letter they must earn it. 
Writing Tips (No matter what an organization’s good works, it must
prove to those who support the value of those works to the
The key to many a successful fundraising campaign is community and the efficiency with which the organization
writing a good letter.  This may sound intimidating at first, delivers them.  The primary key to fund-raising success is to
but fundraising letters contain many of the same elements as have a first-class organization in every sense.  There are no
any good sales letter.  entitlements in the nonprofit world.)
First, know your donors. 
Basic Truth 2: Successful fund raising is not magic, it is
1. Keep in mind whenever you are asking for money that simply hard work on the part of people who are thoroughly
you are providing a service. prepared.
2. Tell people what you’ve done and what you plan to do (Fund-raising is simple in design and concept, but it is very
to achieve progress toward your goals. hard work! It is planning, executing, and assessing.  It is
3. Longer letters do better: paying attention to detail.  It is knowing your organization
a). You can address all concerns and potential concerns and what it needs.  It is knowing who has the money and
b). There are different kinds of readers – long letters how much they can give.)
are OK for all:
― For those who throw letters unopened away; Basic Truth 3:  Fund – raising is not raising money, it is
the length of letter is irrelevant. raising friends.
― For those who read only the beginning and (People who don’t like you don’t give to you.  People who
ending, the length of letter is irrelevant. know little about your organizations give little at best.  Only
― Skimmers can pick up more points from a those people who know and like you will support you. Raise
longer letter. friends and you will raise money.)
― Passionate readers love long letter
4. Make your fundraising letter compelling Basic Truth 4: You do not raise money by begging for it,
5. Paragraphs and bullets should be no more than 3 you raise it by selling people in your organization.
sentences or items, break longer ones in half. (No matter how good your organization, how valuable its
services, how efficiently it delivers them, people will not
 How to write a fundraising letter: give money unless they ae convinced to do so.  Fund raisers
1. Good news – always start the letter with a series of function much as sales and marketing people do in the
good news bullets to build momentum and make commercial world.  So, be ready, willing, and able to “sell”
entire letter entertaining and informative. your organization and the programs for which you are
― Use foreshadowing to tease reader and keep raising money.)
him or her reading
― Create a “window” at the end of the first page Basic Truth 5: People do not just reach for their
(a thought that’s finished on second page) checkbooks and give money they have, no matter how
― Make your reader turn to each page. capable they are giving it, they have to be asked to give. 
2. Describe what you want to do next There comes a point when you have to ask for the money.
― Tell what you’re going to do (No matter how well you sell your organization, no matter
― Why you’re going to do it. how capable they are of giving it, they have to be asked to
give.  There comes a point when you have to ask for the
― How you’re going to do it.
money.  And by the way, make sure that you are asking for a
― What results you expect.
specific amount.  Don’t leave it up to the donor to
3. List suggested contribution amounts
recommend how much to give.  People with money to give
― Use even numbers in graduated amounts are accustomed to being asked for it.  The worst thing that
 will happen is that they will say no, and even then, they’re What is FIRST AID?
like to be supportive, even apologetic.) - When you provide basic medical care to someone
experiencing a sudden injury or illness.
- Initial support provided to someone in the middle
Basic Truth 6: You don’t wait for the “right” moment to of a medical emergency. This support might help
ask, you ask now.(If you are always looking for the right them survive until professional help arrives.
moment – the “perfect” time – to ask for the money, you
will never find it.  You have to be ready, willing, and able to WHAT IS A FIRST AID KIT?
close the solicitation at any time.  You have to take the risk - a box or a bag containing equipment needed to give
of hearing no.  If that happens, don’t take the rejection
immediate medical help in an emergency.
personally.  They are saying no to the organization, not you. 
Once you have presented your case, ask for the money.  - consider purchasing a commercially available first
Don’t wait. Either close the solicitation, find out what the aid kit or making your own. Having a kit in your
objection to giving is and overcome it if possible, or get home, your car, and at your place of work is
your turndown, and move on.) essential to stay prepared.

Basic Truth 7: Successful fund-raising officers do not ask What is inside the First Aid Kit?
for the money; they get others to ask for it. (The professional ― Common items found in a first aid kit are:
fundraising officer is the last person who should ask ― Bandages, roller bandages, and tape
prospects for money.  The request should come from ― Sterile gauze
someone within the prospect’s peer group.  It is the job of ― Antiseptic wipes and swabs
the professional development officer to design, put together, ― Absorbent compresses Antibiotic cream
and manage the campaign.  Volunteers who are themselves ― Burn ointment
business executives, well-off individuals, community ― Brown bag
leaders, or board members, are the ones who should ask ― Cold pack
their counterparts for donations.) ― Eye shield and eyewash
― First aid reference guide that includes local phone
Basic Truth 8: You don’t decide today to raise money and numbers
then ask for it tomorrow. It takes time, patience, and
planning to raise money. 3 STEPS FOR EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
(Make the decision to initiate a fund-raising campaign 1. Check the scene for danger
before the need becomes dominant.  It takes time to develop Look for anything that might be dangerous, like signs
a campaign and its leadership.  With each prospective donor of fire, falling debris, or violent people. If your safety is
the chances are you will get only one chance to present your at risk, remove yourself from the area and call for help.
case. Be prepared.  If you present a poorly prepared case, If the scene is safe, assess the condition of the sick or
you will be told no.) injured person. Don't move them unless you must do so
to protect them from danger.
Basic Truth 9: Prospects and donors are not cash crops 2. Call for medical help, if needed
waiting to be harvested; treat them as you would treat If you suspect the sick or injured person needs
customers in a business. emergency medical care, tell a nearby person to call 911
(No successful businessperson deals with customers as if or the local number for emergency medical services. If
they had a responsibility to buy.  Prospects and donors have you're alone, make the call yourself
to be courted as you would court a customer.  They must be
told how important they are, treated with courtesy and 3. Provide care
respect, and if you expect to do business with them again, If you can do so safely, remain with the sick or injured
thank them.) person until professional help arrives. Cover them with a
warm blanket, comfort them, and try to keep them calm.
If you have basic first aid skills, try to treat any
There are, of course, exceptions to each Basic Truth, but if potentially life-threatening injuries they have.
you rely on the exceptions to support your organization, you
will find them to be few and far between and dollars in short ATTENTION!
supply. Remove yourself from danger if at any point in the situation
you think your safety might be at risk
In the end, we raise money from people who:
 Have it Common medical cases for first aid
 Can afford to give
 Are sold on the benefit of what we are doing 1. Hyperventilation
 Wouldn’t have given it to us unless we have asked - a condition in which you start to breathe very fast.
 Receive appreciation and respect for their gifts. - Healthy breathing occurs with a healthy balance
                        It doesn’t take a genius to raise money.  The process is between breathing in oxygen and breathing out
a combination of common sense, hard work, carbon dioxide.
preparation, courtesy, commitment, enthusiasm, - You upset this balance when you hyperventilate by
understanding and a belief in what you are asking exhaling more than you inhale. This causes a rapid
others to support. reduction in carbon dioxide in the body.
 

Basic First Aid

 COMMON CAUSES:
There are many factors that can lead to If symptoms persist for more than 20 minutes, and a second
hyperventilation. This condition most commonly results round of medication doesn't help, seek emergency medical
from anxiety, panic, nervousness, or stress. It often attention.
takes the form of a panic attack. If you frequently need to use quick- relief medications, you
should ask your doctor about another type of medication for
HYPERVENTILATION IS NOT A long-term asthma control.
RESPIRATORY DISEASE BUT AN EMOTIONAL
CONDITION 3. Acute Allergic reaction
- can be triggered by foods, medicines, pets, insect
Signs & Symptoms stings, pollen, and others.
- Patient will look anxious and be struggling to - your immune system creates antibodies to fight off
breath. foreign substances, so you don't get sick.
- Speech will be difficult. sometimes your system will identify a substance as
- Dizziness or faintness. harmful, even though it isn't. when this happens, it's
- Palpitations. called an allergic reaction.
- Feeling of choking or suffocation.
Signs and Symptoms
- Sweating.
- Trembling or marked tingling/pins and needles in
the hands.

FIRST AID
 staying calm is the most important method to help
control the symptoms

 Be firm but reassuring.

 Lead the patient to a quiet place.
 Explain to the patient what is happening.
 Ask patient to hold their breath, this will reduce the
respiratory rate.
 Encourage slow deep breathing (use brown paper
bag if available)
 Breathing through their nose will help reduce the
loss of carbon dioxide.
 The patient could take sips of water to help reduce Treatments
the numbers of breaths taken. Over the counter (OTC) antihistamines and
decongestants may relieve minor symptoms of an allergic
reaction.
These medications are available in tablets, eye drops,
2. Asthma in acute exacerbation and nasal sprays. Many OTC drugs also cause drowsiness,
- an inflammatory disease of the airways to the lungs so avoid taking them before driving or doing work that
- it makes breathing difficult and can make some requires a lot of concentration.
physical activities challenging or even impossible.
- normally, with every breath you take, air goes Swelling, redness, and itching may be reduced with ice and
through your nose or mouth and down into your topical creams that contain corticosteroids.
throat and into your airways, eventually making it
to your lungs. Make an appointment with your doctor if QTC drugs don't
work. Call your doctor right away if you have an allergic
Signs and Symptoms reaction to the medication.
- most common symptom of asthma is wheezing, a
4. Fainting/Dizziness
squealing or whistling sound made when you
breathe.
- a form of unconsciousness that is quick and brief,
often due to low blood sugar or standing in one
- coughing esp. at night, when laughing/exercise
place for too long
tightness in the chest
- people who become unconscious don't respond to
- shortness of breath
loud sounds or shaking. they may even stop
- difficulty talking breathing or their pulse may become faint.
- unlike when a person is asleep, someone who has
FIRST AID
fainted and is unconscious cannot cough, clear
 If you think that someone you know is having an
his/her throat, or turn his/her head if in distress.
asthma attack, tell them to sit them upright and
Signs and Symptoms
assist them in using their rescue inhaler or
Symptoms that may indicate that unconsciousness is about
nebulizer.
to occur include:
 Two to six puffs of medication (inhaler) should
help ease their symptoms.
- sudden inability to respond
 - dizziness or lightheadedness WHAT NOT TO DO
- a rapid heartbeat slurred speech ३ - Do not hold the person down or try to stop his or
her movements.
-
confusion
- Do not put anything in the person's mouth. This
FIRST AID
can injure teeth or the jaw. A person having a
If you see a person who has become. Unconscious, take
seizure cannot swallow his or her tongue.
these steps:
- Do not try to give mouth-to-mouth breaths (like

Check whether the person is breathing if breathing, CPR). People usually start breathing again on
position the person on their back. If they're not their own after a seizure.
breathing, have someone call 911 immediately and - Do not offer the person water or food until he or
prepare to begin CPR. she is fully alert.
 Raise their legs at least 12 inches above the ground.
 Loosen any restrictive clothing or belts. If they 6. Wounds
don't regain consciousness within one minute, call - an injury involving an external or internal break
911. in body tissue, usually involving the skin.
 Check their airway to make sure there's no - Falls, accidents with sharp objects, and car
obstruction. accidents are the most common causes of open
 Check again to see if they're breathing coughing, or wounds.
moving these are signs of positive circulation if
- Nearly everyone will experience an open wound
these signs are absent, perform CPR until
at some point in their life. Most open wounds are
emergency personnel arrive
minor and can be treated at home.
 If there's major bleeding occurring place direct
pressure on the bleeding area or apply a tourniquet
Types of Open Wounds
above the bleeding area until expert help arrives.
a. Abrasion
TREATMENTS
― Occurs when your skin rubs or scrapes against a
 If unconsciousness is due to low blood pressure, a
doctor will administer medication by injection to rough or hard surface
increase blood pressure. ― a good example of an abrasion is a road rash
 If low blood sugar level is the cause, the (usually wounds sustained from a motorcycle
unconscious person may need something sweet to accident)
eat or a glucose injection. ― usually not a lot of bleeding, but the wound needs
to be scrubbed and cleaned to avoid infection
5. Seizures(tonic/clonic) ― minor wound
- a burst of uncontrolled electrical activity between b. Laceration
brain cells that causes temporary abnormalities in ― A deep cut or tearing of your skin
muscle tone or movements (stiffness, twitching or ― accidents with knives, tools, and machinery are
limpness), behaviors, sensations, or states of frequent causes of lacerations
awareness. ― in the case of deep lacerations, bleeding can be
rapid and extensive.
 TONIC STIFFENING) ― minor severe wound (depends on the cut depth)
 CLONIC TWITCHING OR JERKING) c. Puncture
― A small hole caused by long, pointy object such as
A tonic-clonic seizure involves both tonic and clonic a nail or a needle.
phases of muscle activity. It is also called a grand mal ― punctures may not bleed much, but these wounds
seizure. It may start with a simple partial seizure or aura. can be deep enough to damage internal organs.
The person may experience changes in sensation, mood ― a bullet can cause a puncture wound.
or emotion leading up to the tonic-clonic seizure. ― if you have even a small puncture wound, visit your
doctor to get a tetanus shot and prevent infection.
FIRST AID
Here are the things you can help someone who is having ― minor severe wound (depends on the punctured
this type of seizure: depth)
 Ease the person to the floor turn the person d. Avulsion
gently onto one side. ― A partial or complete tearing away of skin and the
 This will help the person breathe. Clear the area tissue beneath
around the person of anything hard or sharp. ― usually occurs during violent accidents, such as
This can body-crushing
 Prevent injury. ― accidents, explosions, and gunshots. they bleed
 Put something soft and flat, like a folded jacket, heavily and rapidly.
under his or her head ― severe wound
 Remove eyeglasses
 Loosen ties or anything around the neck that FIRST AID
may make it hard to breathe Minor wounds can be treated at home.
 Time the seizure. Call 911 if the seizure lasts 1. Wash and disinfect the wound to remove all dirt
longer than 5 minutes and debris
 2. Use direct pressure and elevation to control ― If you follow the steps outlined above, and your nose
bleeding and swelling. continues to bleed, repeat all the steps once more.
3. Wrap the wound with a sterile dressing or bandage. Apply pressure for a total of at least 30 minutes. If
4. Change the dressing once a day. you continue to bleed, seek emergency medical care.
5. Get a tetanus shot if you have not had one in the
past 5 years and the wound is deep and dirty 8. Burns & electrical injuries
6. See if the doctor if you see signs of infection on the tissue damage from contact with flames, very hot
skin or near the wound, such as redness, increasing water, corrosive chemicals, electricity, and
pain, drainage, warmth or swelling. radiation(sunburn).

REMINDER DEGREE OF BURNS

Pain typically accompanies a wound. You can take 1ST DEGREE BURNS
acetaminophen (Tylenol) as directed on the package. Avoid - Burns which involve the outer most layer of skin.
products with aspirin since they can cause or prolong Recognized by the following characteristics:
bleeding. - Less than 3 inches in diameter
- Surface redness (like a sunburn)
Apply ice if you have bruising or swelling and avoid picking
at scabs. If you're spending time outdoors, use a sunscreen - Skin blistering
that's sun protection factor (SPF) 30 on the area until it's - Pain
completely healed.
2ND DEGREE BURNS
WHEN TO SEE A DOCTOR? - Occurs when the second layer of skin (dermis) is
burned.
Although you can treat some wounds at home, you should Recognized by these characteristics
see a doctor if: - Very red
― An open wound is deeper than 1/2 inch - Blister formation
― Bleeding doesn't stop with direct pressure - Extremely painful
― Bleeding lasts longer than 20 minutes
- Fair amount of swelling
― Bleeding is the result of a serious accident
3RD DEGREE BURNS
7. Nosebleed
― when blood flows from the nose. It's normally
caused when tiny blood vessels inside the nostrils
- Involves all layers of the skin and can cause
are ruptured permanent tissue damage.
Recognized by four primary characteristics:
― most nosebleeds look scary, but are harmless
- Deep very, leathery skin
WHAT CAUSES NOSEBLEEDS? - Charred appearance or patches
- Black, brown, or white
The lining of your nose contains many tiny blood vessels - Larger than 3 inches in diameter or
that lie close to the surface and are easily damaged. - Cover the face, hands, feet. Buttocks, groin, or a
 Trauma major joint
 High blood pressure
 Strenuous activities All third-degree burns should be evaluated by a healthcare
 Colds provider immediately.
 Extreme cold/dry air
 Medications FIRST AID
 Bleeding abnormalities  Stop the burning process: cool the burn with
 Allergies running cool (not cold) water for at least 5 minutes.
 Nose picking But do not use ice, as this may cause further skin
damage.
FIRST AID
The following measures are recommended:  Remove all jewelry, watches, rings, and clothing
― Have the person suffering the nosebleed sit upright around the burned area as soon as possible.
and lean forward breathe out of his/her mouth  Administer an over-the-counter pain reliever such
― If there are any clots in the nostril have the person as ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain control.
gently blow them out Follow the directions on the label.
― Firmly pinch the soft part of the nose (children-  Cover the burn with a sterile gauge bandage or
5mins) (adults-15 mins) clean cloth. Wrap the burned area loosely to avoid
― Do not release the pressure every so often to check putting too much pressure on the burn tissue.
whether the bleeding has stopped except after the  Minor burns will usually heal without further
specified time has passed. treatment.
― Place a cold compress on the bridge of the nose. This  For small area burns, apply soothing lotions that
may help the blood vessels constrict and slow the contains aloe vera to the burned area to help relieve
bleeding the pain and discomfort.
  Seek medical attention if there is a persistent fever - In adults, choking most often occurs when food is
not relieved by medication or redness that may not chewed properly. Talking or laughing while
extend beyond the border of the burn or pain is not eating.
controlled by ibuprofen or acetaminophen. - In children, choking is often caused by chewing
 Drink plenty of fluids (electrolyte containing food incompletely, children also put small objects
solutions) if the person appears to be dehydrated. in their mouths, which may become lodged in their
throat.
WHAT NOT TO DO
- Do not apply ice - this may cause further damage to Signs and Symptoms
the skin. - Coughing or gagging
- Do not use any butter, ointments, or other home - Sudden inability to talk
remedies on the burn. Such substances may trap the - Hand signals and panic (sometimes pointing to the
heat in the tissue and makes the burn worse. throat)
- do not break any blisters...leave intact. - Wheezing
- Do not delay seeing medical attention if the burn is - Passing out
larger than the size of the victim's palm.
Clutching the throat: the natural response to choking is to
9. Bone & Joint injuries (Fractures) grab the throat with one or both hands. This is the universal
- also known as broken bones. it happens when your choking sign and a way of telling people around you that
bone becomes cracked or broken into → multiple you are choking.
pieces
- Broken bones usually aren't life threatening, but FIRST AID
they do require immediate medical care. Choking is an emergency; it can quickly result in death if
not treated promptly.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
― Intense pain in the injured area that gets worse WHAT TO DO IF A PERSON STARTS TO CHOKE?
when you move it. It is best not to do anything if the person is coughing
― Bone protruding through the skin forcefully and not turning a bluish color. ask, "Are you
― Numbness in the injured area choking?" if the person is able to answer you by speaking, it
― Heavy bleeding at the injury site is a partial airway obstruction. stay with the person and
― Bluish color, swelling, or visible deformity in the encourage him or her to cough until the obstruction is
injured area cleared.

FIRST AID Do not give the person anything to drink because fluids may
 Stop any bleeding: if they're bleeding, elevate and take up space needed for the passage of air.
apply pressure to the wound using a sterile
bandage, a clean cloth, or a clean piece of clothing. Someone who cannot answer by speaking and can only nod
the head has complete airway obstruction and needs
 Immobilize the injured area: if you suspect emergency help
they've broken a bone in their neck or back, help
them stay as still as possible. If you suspect they've With Complete airway obstruction, do the Heimlich
broken a bone in one of their limbs, immobilize the Maneuver.
area using a splint or sling.
 Apply cold to the area: wrap an ice pack or bag of HEIMLICH MANEUVER
ice cubes in a piece of cloth and apply it to the
injured area for up to 10 minutes at a time.  Get the person to stand up.
 Get professional help: Call 911 or help them get  Position yourself behind the person.
to the emergency department for professional care.  Olean the person forward and give five blows to
their back with the heel of your hand. Place your
If the person doesn't appear to be breathing, is unconscious, arms around their waist.
or both, call 911 for medical help and begin CPR. You  Make a fist and place it just above the navel, thumb
should also call 911 if: side in.
- You suspect they've broken a bone in their head,  Grab the fist with your other hand and push it
neck, or back inward and upward at the same time. Perform five
of these abdominal thrusts.
- The fractured bone has pushed through their skin
 Repeat until the object is expelled and the person
- They're bleeding heavily can breathe or cough on their own.
10. Choking
- blockage of the upper airway by food or other
objects, which prevents a person from breathing
effectively.
- Choking can cause a simple coughing fit, but
complete blockage of the airway may lead to death.