FLUKE 87 TRUE RMS MULTIMETER
AUTO DC
0 0 00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
V
A L
± 4
IC S
T R L E
MIN MAX RANGE HOLD
E C I P
REL ∆ Hz
L D N C
Peak Min Max
C E N R I
Ω
S I A P
---
mV
B A I C
---
O N
V mA
A
T R
V µA
E C
OFF
EL
A mA µA COM V- Ω
400mA MAX
FUSED
10A MAX 1000V MAX
FUSED
COMPARISONS
ELECTRONICS
VS
HYDRAULICS
CIRCUITS
TYPICAL ELECTRICAL TYPICAL HYDRAULIC
CIRCUIT CIRCUIT
I Q
LOAD LOAD
POS NEG
SOURCE SOURCE
OPPOSITIONS TO FLOW
(I) (Q)
+ High High
Vd ∆P
- Low Low
RESISTOR ORIFICE
STORAGE DEVICES
Plate Gas Piston
Oil
P
Dielectric
Plate
Fluid Input
CAPACITOR ACCUMULATOR
DIRECTIONAL CONTROLS
(I) (Q)
+ Anode
?
Cathode
-
DIODE CHECK VALVE
(I)
+
Anode
SOURCE
Band
Cathode
-
FORWARD BIASED
-
Polarity
SOURCE
Reversed
+
(I)
REVERSE BIASED
L
HY
CA
I
DR
TR
AU
EC
LI
L
C
E
MEASUREMENTS
BASIC
ELECTRONIC
THEORY
Current--
The Flow of Electricity
The Flow of Electricity
The Flow of Electricity
CONVENTIONAL
and
ELECTRON
THE
METRIC SYSTEM
OF
MEASURE
Prefix Symbol Multiplication Factor
giga G = 1,000,000,000
mega M = 1,000,000
kilo k = 1,000
hecto h = 100
deca da = 10
(unit) 1
deci d = 0.1
centi c = 0.01
milli m = 0.001
micro µ = 0.000001
nano n = 0.000000001
OHM'S LAW
I R
? mA
I = ____
A
E
I R E = 24 V
I= E
R
Filament Resistance = 240 Ω
V1 V2 V3
8Ω 24Ω 16Ω
A
R1 R2 R3
POS NEG POS NEG
12V 12V
SERIES CIRCUITS
R1 R2 R3
RULES
• Sum of all voltage drops equal source voltage
• Current flow through each load is the same
• Total resistance is equal to sum of all the resistors
POS NEG POS NEG
12V 12V
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
R1 R2 R3
RULES
POS NEG POS NEG
• Voltage drop across each resistor is the same
• Current flow through each resistor is
12V 12V
different if the resistor values are different
• The sum of the separate currents equals the
total current flow in the circuit
R1 R2 R3
3Ω 6Ω 2Ω
A
V1 V2 V3
A1 A2 A3
POS NEG POS NEG
12V 12V
SERIES-PARALLEL
R1
R3
12V
POS NEG R2
R1
12V R2
R3
SERIES-PARALLEL
POS NEG
R1
R3
Re
12V R2
R1 x R2 Re + R3 = Rt
Step 1 POS NEG
Re =
R1 + R2
Re R3
12V
Equivalent Circuit Rt
POS NEG
Step 2
Solve by drawing 12V
Equivalent Circuit
equivalent circuits Step 3
POS NEG
R1
R3
12V R2
POS NEG SERIES-PARALLEL
R1 = 6Ω
R3 = 2Ω
12V R2 = 3Ω
2+2=4
Step 1 POS NEG
Re =
6 x 3 18
= = 2
6+3 9
Re= 2Ω R3 = 2Ω
12V
Equivalent Circuit Rt = 4Ω
POS NEG
Step 2
Solve by drawing 12V
Equivalent Circuit
equivalent circuits Step 3
POS NEG
BASIC ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES
SIGNALS
COMPONENTS
CIRCUITS
BASIC
ELECTRONIC
SIGNALS
• DC SIGNALS
• SINE WAVES
• ANALOG SIGNALS
• PULSE TYPE SIGNALS
Fixed Positive Fixed Negative
+ 12V 0
7V
6V 6V
7V
0 - 12V
Time Time
(A) (B)
DC
+ Varying Positive Positive Pulse
Signals
+ 12V
6V
0 0
Time Time
(C) (D)
One Hertz
SINE
WAVES 0
Time
+
PEAK VOLTAGE RMS VOLTAGE
.707 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SINE
WAVES 0
.707 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Time
-
ANALOG SIGNALS
+
DC volts
0
Pressure ( kPa)
DIGITAL SIGNALS
High
TWO DISTINCT
AMPLITUDE
LEVELS
Low
PULSE WIDTH MODULATED
"DUTY CYCLE"
TIME ON vs TIME OFF
+ ON
0
OFF ONE PERIOD
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
Amplifiers Oscillators
Power Supplies
Converters
ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
PASSIVE TYPE
AND
ACTIVE TYPE
Typical Diode
I Anode
Cathode
DIODES
Transistor Symbols
e c e c
PNP NPN Typical
b b Power Transistor
TRANSISTORS emitter
base collector
