Materials Today: Proceedings 45 (2021) 3231–3234
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Materials Today: Proceedings
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Utilization of recycled form of concrete, E-wastes, glass, quarry rock dust
and waste marble powder as reliable construction materials
Sandeep Nasier
Civil Engineering Department, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Due to the elevated price of conventional constructional materials in the market; the cost of an entire
Received 6 November 2020 civil engineering project is influenced. With increasing consumption & depletion of the naturally found
Received in revised form 3 December 2020 aggregates, it is becoming more of an environmental issue rather than being commercial. Now-a-days,
Accepted 9 December 2020
many researchers are contributing to find out the material which can lessen the construction cost with-
Available online 25 February 2021
out compromising upon durability parameters as well as increase the strength. Recently on the environ-
mental issues, restrictions on local extraction, procurement of natural sources for construction usage and
Keywords:
upon ‘‘disposal of waste material” are in limelight importance. If waste materials can be incorporated as
By-products
Waste materials
aggregates in concrete, they can not only be utilized in concrete and other construction materials, but will
Recycled aggregates also provide other cost benefits as well as environmental benefits such as reduction in pollution, energy
Sustainable construction efficient, cost reduction in landfills etc. In this paper, recycled form of concrete, e-wastes, glass, quarry
Low cost housing rock dust and waste marble powder have been investigated. This paper attempts to present a summary
of the investigations on the above said in an attempt to make concrete lightweight, economical along
with the following discussion, safe & eco-friendly and look for the feasibility of such waste products that
can be utilized as reliable construction materials.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Advances in Materials Research – 2019.
1. Introduction 2. Types of wastes
Among all the human-made elements cement-based materials 2.1. Recycled aggregates
are one of the essential construction materials, and it is in all prob-
ability that they will keep on having a similar significance later on. The rapid increase in the global population gives rise to needs
Although, there are various other construction materials such as for facilities which ultimately ends upon natural resources con-
steel, plastic, wood etc. which are in competition with the sumption (P.K. Mehta et al.). Europe along with other developing
cement-based materials, hence the cement-based materials should countries chooses to recycle their materials which were obtained
incorporate economy, environment and quality and must include from the damage buildings that were affected after World War II
modern construction technology (S.M. Banerjea et al.). Natural and utilized in re-construction of buildings (C.S. Poon et al.). Apart
aggregates need to be replaced with alternative materials for con- from the protection of environment and natural resources, the
crete production as it will make concrete an environmentally problem of the high cost of treatment of waste before dumping
friendly and sustainable construction material & shall also solve and shortage of disposal land are the major responsible factors
the disposal issue of wastes (H. Lee et al.). for rapid increment of interest in the re-utilization of demolition
waste (P.M. Subramanian et al.). The global production of recycled
aggregates increased twice between 2007 and 2014.
Many researchers have demonstrated that the natural coarse
aggregates can be replaced by a large contribution of ‘‘concrete
rubble” relating to coarse aggregate and after conducting various
tests, it has been concluded that the recycled aggregates can pro-
E-mail address: sandeep.civil@cumail.in
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.381
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advances in Materials Research – 2019.
S. Nasier Materials Today: Proceedings 45 (2021) 3231–3234
vide at least 2/3rd of the elastic modulus and compressive strength Table 2
as of the natural aggregate (M.N. Rao et al.). Chemical composition of recycled aggregates (F.A. Olutoge et al.).
S. No. Oxides Content (%)
2.1.1. Major physical characteristics of recycled and natural concrete 1 SiO2 62.56
aggregate 2 Al2O3 12.52
Recycled aggregates (RA) is produced from demolition of exist- 3 Fe2O3 5.82
ing buildings and other natural and human acts like demolition of 4 Cao 12.01
5 MgO 1.83
buildings due to earthquakes, floods wars ruins and so on. Typical 6 Na2O 2.69
physical properties reported by (F.A. Olutoge et al.) are shown in 7 K2O 1.30
Table 1. 8 MnO 0.12
9 TiO2 0.62
2.1.2. Chemical properties of ordinary and concrete aggregate after
recycling
The recycled aggregate is obtained from demolition of ancient Electronic and similar components
concrete structures which further crushed by machines. Their Other materials (rubber, wood, ceramic, etc.)”.
chemical properties are also of important parameter and need to
be discussed more. Typical chemical composition of recycled 2.3. Waste glass
aggregates by (F.A. Olutoge et al.) is depicted in Table 2.
Waste glass is a by-product from silica-based industry consist
2.2. Electronic wastes approximately 70% of silica oxides. Waste glass posses pozzolanic
properties and hence can be used as a very good alternative for
Waste obtained from electronic equipment, shortened as ‘‘e- any part of concrete (cement, sand or aggregates).
waste”, generally consists of televisions, old radios, refrigerators,
discarded computers or any other electronic equipment that has 2.3.1. Characteristics and composition of E-waste
been expired. Waste glass primarily consists of SiO2 and can be classified into
Waste Glass Powder and Waste Glass Sludge (M.S. Hameed et al.).
2.2.1. Cataloging of E-waste It is produced during the grinding process of glass. Characteristic
Generally, Electronic waste is classified into 4 categories (C. Physico-chemical Properties of Waste glass given by lee et al. is
Marthong et al.) namely: shown in Table 3.
Computer Peripherals 2.4. Quarry rock dust
Communication Devices
Household Equipment In India, Marbles and Granites which are commercially avail-
Industrial Equipment able and used as decorative construction works is one of the boom-
ing industries which extract these sedimentary carbonate rocks.
2.2.2. Characteristics and composition of E-waste The constituents include mainly sludge powder of the marble that
Largely, components of most e-waste are ferrous and nonfer- is essentially an industrial waste product which mainly consists of
rous metals, waste glass, used plastic, electronic boards, wood heavy metals. Slurry of stones that are generated in the process
components, tiles and ceramics, and vulcanized rubber and so on. relates to approximately 40% of the final product of industry of
(50%) of the e-waste constitutes of Iron and steel and then followed dimension stone. This is pertinent because industry of dimension
by other things like plastics (21%), nonferrous metals like copper, stone grants a yearly yield of 68 M tons of treated produce (D.O.
aluminium platinum, gold etc (13%), and some other constituents Onwuka et al.).
16%. Those constituents which make E- waste hazardous are lead,
mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and hexavalent chromium
2.4.1. Physical properties of Quarry rock dust
and flame retardants (C. Marthong et al.).
Quarry rock dust can be used as partial or full replacement for
Different material/ parts/configuration of e-waste may be dis-
fine aggregates in concrete. Typical physical properties are shown
tributed generally into six broad categories:
in Table 4.
Steel and iron which are used for frames and casings
Nonferrous metals, specifically copper that are used in alu- 2.5. Sawdust & sawdust ash (SDA)
minium and cables
Glasses to be used for shades and windows Sawdust is obtained from the saw mill operations and it is an
Plastics to be used in cables, as casing and in circuit boards unavoidable wood waste or by-products which need to be utilized
in construction projects as it is abundantly available. Hence, atten-
tion is required for the utilization of such a by-product which can
reduce the construction cost and imparts the strength also. The
Table 1 concrete which utilizes as an ingredient of sawdust deems to be
Physical characteristics of marble dust (F.A. Olutoge et al.).
light in weight, hence reduces the dead load of the structure and
S. No Physical parameters Observed provides better economic design when compared with normal
Values concrete.
1 Relative density (specific gravity) SSD 2.35
2 Apparent relative density (apparent specific 2.63
gravity)
2.5.1. Physical properties of saw dust
3 Specific gravity (Relative density) oven-dry basis 2.18 As sawdust is obtained from chipping operation of timber and
4 Percentage of water absorption (%) 8.01 possess good binding properties it can be incorporated into con-
5 Weight per unit volume (bulk density) (kg/m3) 1375.49 crete as partial replacement of cement and some parts can also
6 Moisture content (%) 9.10
be incorporated in to concrete as partial replacement of fine aggre-
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S. Nasier Materials Today: Proceedings 45 (2021) 3231–3234
Table 3
Physical and chemical composition of waste glass powder (M.S. Hameed et al.).
Classification Chemical composition Average Particle size (mm) Sp. Gravity
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO Na2O K2O
Power of waste glass 66.80 10.10 0.60 10.80 8.40 0.90 22.80 2.60
Sludge of waste glass 68.20 10.10 0.20 9.90 7.60 0.20 14.70 2.60
Table 4
Physical properties of Quarry rock dust.
Aggregate Bulk Density (kg/m3) Fines Content (%) Fineness Modulus Water Absorption (%) Moisture Content (%) Specific Gravity Crushing Value
Quarry dust 1650 10.45 3.54 10.6 0.54 2.64 –
Table 5 Table 7
Physical properties of saw dust (S.B. Park et al.). Physical properties of marble dust (C.K. Kankan et al.).
S. No. Parameters Observed Values S. No. Parameters Observed Values
2
1 Specific gravity 1.15 1 Specific surface area (cm /gm) 11.42 103
2 Moisture Content (%) 0.45 2 Bulk density (kg/m3) 985
3 L.O.I 8.4 3 Specific gravity 2.53
4 pH 9.5
gates. Typical Physical properties for saw dust are shown in Table 5 Table 8
by (S.B. Park et al.). Chemical composition of marble dust [1].
S. No. Oxides Content (%)
1 SiO2 0.79
2.5.2. Chemical properties of saw dust
2 Al2O3 0.21
Chemical analysis of saw dust revealed that three oxides i.e. 3 Fe2O3 0.06
‘‘silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and iron oxide 4 Cao 55.42
(Fe2O3) showed values of 78.92, 0.897, and 0.85% respectively”. 5 Mg0 0.25
The combined mass percentages of 80.67% were obtained from 6 SO3 0.24
7 Na2O 0.10
these three oxides that fulfill the criteria stated in ASTM C618-78
8 K2O 0.02
for pozzolan (70%) (Table 6). 9 P2O5 0.06
10 Cl- 0.07
11 Sr0 0.04
2.6. Waste marble powder (WMP) 12 L.O.I 42.28
13 Total 99.54
Marble waste is a produced from the marble processing plants
which is a type of solid waste material and can be utilized in prepa-
ration of concrete as a filler material in fine aggregates or cement. 2.6.2. Chemical properties
Presently, an ample content of marble dust is produced by process- Chemically, marbles can be described as crystalline rocks which
ing plants of natural stones which imparts an important impact on are mainly composed of dolomite, calcite, or serpentine minerals.
the environment and humans (P.M. Subramanian et al.). There are various other mineral constituents which differ from ori-
gin to origin. The various mineral impurities in the marble are-
‘‘tremolite, quartz, muscovite, micro line, actinolite, talc, osterite,
2.6.1. Physical properties biotite and garnet” whereas the main chemical impurities in the
Marble results from the conversion of clean limestone which is marble are ‘‘Fe2O3, SiO2, limonite, manganese, 3H2O and FeS2
also known as metamorphic rock. If marble consists of purely and (pyrite)”. Typical chemical composition by (Deepankar et al.) is
100% calcite then the appearance of marble is white, hence the col- shown in Table 8.
our of marble is totally dependent upon its purity. Marble is in
great demand, durable, sophisticated appearance and mainly uti-
lized for decorated construction process. A typical physical prop- 3. Summary
erty reported by (C.K. Kankan et al.) is shown in Table 7.
With the human urge of advancement & the pursuit of making
Table 6
commodities economical, any review can never be said to suffice to
Chemical properties of saw dust (S.B. Park et al.). present needs. This study had many limitations, of which the time
was a major concern. Cement seems to be a unique invention,
S. No. Oxides %age values
which has the ability to incorporate any material (biological or
1 SiO2 78.92 non-biological) within itself to generate concrete. Myriad of such
2 Al2O3 0.89
3 Fe2O3 0.5
alternatives are to be inspected for their performance characteris-
4 Cao 0.58 tics before arriving at the suitable replacement which in theory
5 Mg0 0.96 shall provide the required strength, economy & durability. Con-
6 Na2O 0.43 crete produced from the incorporation of wastes shall have follow-
7 C 19.93
ing purposes:
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S. Nasier Materials Today: Proceedings 45 (2021) 3231–3234
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Declaration of Competing Interest j.conbuildmat.2017.05.084.
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