Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

I + verb I + to be + -ING I + have + past participle I + have + been + -ING

I work hard I am working hard I have worked hard I have been working hard
I play tennis every day We’re staying with friends I’ve lived here for 3 weeks I’ve been looking for you all morning!

I + do not (don’t) + infinitive I + to be NOT + -ING I + haven’t + pp I + haven’t + been + -ING

I don’t work hard I am (I’m) not working hard I haven’t worked hard I haven’t been working hard
I don’t run I’m not coming to class tomorrow He hasn’t finished his work I haven’t been studying today

Do + I + infinitve To be + I + -ing Have + I + pp Have + I + been + -ING

Do I work hard? Am I working hard? Have I worked hard? Have I been working hard?
Does the train arrive at 10? Is it raining? Have you ever drank beer? Have I been paying too much taxes?

Habits, activities, facts things happening now, actions started in the past to emphasize the duration of an action started
Universal truths, states temporary situations and that continue or have effect in the in the past and that continues in the present /
Future events with known times organized future events present / past experiences without an action recently finished that affects the
specifying when they took place present

Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

I + verb past I + to be past + -ING I + had + past participle I + had + been + ING
I worked hard I was working hard I had worked hard I had been working hard
I played tennis every day We were staying with friends I had left the office before she came in I was tired because I had been
It was the 1st time that I’d visited France working since 5 o’clock.

I + did not (didn’t) + infinitive I + to be NOT + -ING I + hadn’t + pp I + hadn’t + been + ING
I didn’t work hard I wasn’t working hard I hadn’t worked hard I hadn’t been working hard
I didn’t run I wasn’t paying attention He hadn’t finished his work I hadn’t been studying when
the exams arrived
Did / verb + I + infinitve To be + I + -ing Had + I + pp
Did I work hard? Was he working hard? Have I worked hard? Had + I + been + ING
Was he unhappy at work Were you bathing when it started to rain? Have you ever drank beer? Had I been working hard?

Actions in the past that have finished actions that were happening at a actions (in the past) which happened to emphasize a progessive action
Things in the past which repeated specific moment in the past / to refer to a before other actions / that happened in the past
Past states past action interrupted for a reason with the expression it was the 1st 2nd
3rd time / with just to talk about very
recent actions
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Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous

I + will + infinitivo I + will + to be + ING I +will + have + verbo P.P. I + will + have + been + ING
I will work I will be working I will have worked I will have been working
I will bake a chocolate cake later. I can’t go out at 7, By the time I’m 30, I’ll have En August I’ll have been working
I’ll be studying travelled around the world 2 months

I + will not (won’t) + inf. I + won’t + be + ING I + won’t + have + verbo P.P. I + won’t + have + been + ING
I won’t work I won’t be working I won’t have worked I won’t have been working
I won’t run today Next week I’ll be going to... I won’t have finished by 2 o’clock I won’t have been listening that long

Will + I + verbo inf Will + I + be + ING Will + I + have + verbo P.P. Will + I + have + been + ING
Will I work? Will I be working? Will I have worked? Will I have been working?
Will I examine you? Will I be reading all day? Will I have studied enough? Will i have been living in Spain for 3
years this summer?

To express spontaneous decisions made Future actions that take place To talk about something that will be To talk about an action that started in the
at the moment of speaking, offers, requests, over a period when another completed by a specific moment in past and continues in the future moment
promises, warnings, threats action intervenes. the future. to which we refer
Future actions which have Usually we use by to explain exactly
To make predictions about our opinions already been arranged. when that specific moment is

We can use SHALL instead of WILL in the 1st person. Shall is less commun than will and is more formal and old-fashioned.

To talk about the future, we can also use to be going to + verb, which we call Future Intention because it is used

to talk of intentions and future projects.

I am going to buy a present.

To predict something inevitable

It is going to rain.

When we indicate an already established fact

We are going to school in September
Be going to
To be + going to + verb inf.
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We can use be going to to talk about something we have decided to do (intention).

I going to swim this afternoon / We are going to the United States for 5 weeks.

As you see, the Present Continuous can sometimes have a very similar form and meaning.

I am going to visit my friend this weekend / I am visiting my friend this weekend

WILL BE GOING TO
Will has a neutral meaning, used to talk about facts in the future Use be going to for an intention, something already decided to do,

Does NOT express an intention, though details and comments We use be going to for a prediction when we see from the present

Use will for an instant decision or agreement to do something situation what is going to happen in the future

Use will for a prediction about the future Be going to is more informal and conversational

Linking words Emphatic “DO”

Before, while, when, after, as , as soon as, by the time, until Emphatic forms are used to emphasize
a state, idea, etc...
We use the Simple Present after these linking words of time for the future, You will write to me, won’t you?
as well as after if. The city centre was crowded last

I’m starting a job in languages after I finish college. It’s late / It is late

If you go to the beach, please be careful

After a linking word of time we can often use the Present Perfect for the future

I’m starting a job in languages after I’ve finished college.

Sometimes there is a difference in meaning though....

When I see the report, I’ll make some notes (I’ll do both at the same time)
When I’ve seen the report, I’ll make some notes (I’ll see it and then make notes

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