wh group Chaleegens Se Te [Pel Radioactive contiquration: 0s ne" Ate micihys ° s haenesal electronic 2 physical stake ond octaatomic solids. vebruc here. Yas less than that of als s.$e,Te 0: diakvenié are Crown ev puckered ¥I4g a-electwon Abhailys AFhaity of — Oxygen is lectson other elements. due te its optimum — sige ond electron — alect ron wepuleions e>serte>Poro. he Tonigakow Potential: wequlasly decreases ge. glechenegobvity + requlerly dectenses Te 4 PA BPE ZN te hee Lese PEP Hen Te. becouse ao. of — electsons contsibuted fox gthallie bondi 5 “is lessew due to jnest fire a Atomic sadilt xequlasly Increases. cme jncvease ia atomic Kediug From ‘eo! to . to difhesence tn ne of is tovge due ja penulmate shell. oo: on 2 srrd pas Cotenaon — copeet hy te highest fos ‘ein and cecond that oF carbon soup gp gen ce > TED |EL 22 selon So Bond enarg renchcn 8 pecily. S>$e>0>Te Scanned with CamScannerGeo nk nh possible 053 -2 .42> +h, tb. ay due to involvement oF only ‘p qlactsons, es dua fo invdvement of beth Sd ond electsons. Oxygen com ex bit petitive owidahlon state only with Fluowine. . eur on be) Down the soup tendene to cecept tre electrons areur 4 decreases so shebilihy of ‘+2 of decteases. ps tee inertness oF 8! clectvons — jneweases, stabi lly ok 4b) onidabton atote decreases ond thot_— of GU onidahon grate iacheases The — posstble ouidahon ~stetes fox Onygen ove can Me tt fox Pelonium = Te pate compounds of THESE alements’ in hights oxidab'on states cau, +6) exe leegls covelenh me “ae Osdelton state is aulibited in thele | compounds pith Hucwing and OMY Ger veleneys 2 f unperred electrons. qxourd state od Apt — two unpeired @& + Velency=2- gh gucited stole nd ah nd'—sfous unpaired ©: veleney=y, gf _gucited shel ng npt ndtasein unpaired €: Valency =e. Variable volencies ove ah ond 6, . oxygen is always divalent ry he oman expend — iS valency more than ‘x dua to lock of vacant d-osbitels. Scanned with th CamScanner+ ond slaglet Onygens 4 « excited erie state ity The, 159 kTinol singlet hate. “q » a encided . 4 state, iy ah AKT mol singlet stete- nq 3 ae are srte GT ° tai plet state o« sfany ary oe in triplet omagen electrons 1, no of unpaired wesulhant spin ja 4viplet oxygen 24 : ma cited, stole reese oF unpeived & *Ze*O rd wo G — eecultant opla t Zero a | yt p od op ced = . Fgh eset of unpuized 2 2 Pe weautant spin i gexo- Oa gas—> colourless. fiquid and solid — blue . | te Liguid and solid stobes eo ao cic ad sniplet state , 40 singlet state, abst WD chonga . trom vieible’. we enexqy trom excitation is not poseible ia go This type oh state. | prepexobons of _ Ovygem. so > ago 2 ata tar [ET cae Rhy prepared by tht ty from Onides by henhing Ago —S+ Ag +O PbgO, —2> Pho +O. phO, > Pho +0, ca) from _compa’s wo, 2 Or Ko, > WO, 40 3 Scanned with CamScannerkate, Or > [aggaat+ ees tea. ak Myo, Ss foto. " MpOu\ + MeO. + 0, Ka C6207 4 SOR ZO 7 2 n 2SOn ki $0, 4 Cea (60n) 4 4 HO + Or erin Oy MaSO GZH KASH. Mason + HO + Or. ws oid sates Mme, se MNO +2 Me NOK, Rb, cs ar io on mane : we tino, the Jwee frm Cavbon beenuce fea weeds) #8 ‘explosive Kel Or Bewin's__methed- ~ ~ x boa + 0, ——>PO% te, goo + 0,7 (ais) onggen 1S Prepevad in lenge scale by the electaoly sis of Dates. (Acidif'ed). paaiked voter gives vigdrogen at cathode and ogee ot ened e. Rete prepored by fsachon ob Comes tally of = Lgquid ole. dichtlahon Allotzo Allotre ey hese diFfexent exystal ateuctuses ttctopes me id atomicity othe elements ewe —ppolymosphic. gecept “TE ott atte trope of omygen , TS 8 ute. ot of = Sulpet austere Tgements periodic table we exbibite In vexye! quraber os = allotwopes ane \o Scanned with CamScannerDans A Rhemble am octohedral 's’ Cexy stalin). 4 «4 2) B-s AH monoclinic ox peismable ‘es’ Cexystalline), ‘ 3) F- monoelate ‘se’ (higher density a.tagiec) Cerystalls ne) « uw) plashe 's' — Camoxphous) ‘4 s) Ragel ‘Ss’ C ememphaus). Com stabilne] ‘ 6) milk of ‘s’ Comox phous), 4 4) Wlteidal ‘s’ Cam oxphous) 4 ‘ a-$ R-s : eee ee ; . es HE ps. [> Tran gition Temp a. aunit cell of ‘c a. Dunit cell of 's contams 1b Se rings contains 6S “sings / 2s Thes medynamically a. meta stable, stable 2.aissdved ja €S,— solubion. a5 hooked _, fraud oa abion, . soos Kole d solid ‘Be on Se proposed by audden cooling of Me! in esy. plash a \ Bad » re by sudden cooling of Bass) tA waher Tha Qt braneks and Biggag chata 7 fog } ta erable , on n Ih ts me long Bonding chong es » ts Engel ‘o’ . prepared by seaclon of — hype with | cone Heg Nor S02 tygr nel 3 Wace + ho eo 27, Th is hexa atomic | pike Eagal’s! ik ong eydlo hevane thaw confoumey, Scanned with CamScanner\ yw Cellos das” prepared by passing ok onidising, agents. Like nos, Kenn] HW, ka Cay Or /rit Sune, eas ms through the — solublon > gy 4 NO + ho ai SL + £0, War 04 + dil —5 gwacre MO + SL + bo, (cetteidad /6') epmilk_of ' aes ot heabing ~ 7 ue iquid — _WO26BE gs cutphus wt 2 Bie os . viseosthy. tab chains of 6’ combeatnin viseogily 8 . cloms. These chains are broken baby rill ons e ja * e J emalles chalas 0” heating favtes to GaSe and the viscosi hy decseases ‘ - ° fig Sulphur a Bq Sulpmor 600% | Vapour chute ith tagh “3 vith less coma nie e7 viscosi hy vieco shy [fo a poten eke bial are cour unstable (blue coloused —dvemogneh gas ap ss gt eneretty oe es on Socinde ON ibaa e “o zee uae 2 tn Crone both bond lengths exe equal due “% te resonance «and value tg A” O. oN oe oo Cue ac TSydtem) Crone has elector, scentred t-system Scanned with CamScannerRuepaxabon prepared by silent eleclaecal disthaxga of di Oxygen ae ( 30. —— 20s 0% : The —oenigers used = ow cillent —alectw'e discharge : ase 7 . 1) Simon's Oroniges (‘8° meta) forls ads used as conducting 4fffe medium) ; 2) BoAdiES Ornizer (dil HS fs used as conduchng —aadium). / a a) slemen's Halsk’s ovniger (AL euuchodes) ' The Oudcoming ges Feom the ogoni ze¥s poeta) ovea® Oxgaen- ©, and O3 ase separated by Fuachonal Usuahicahion ; os condenses. ob a gerc, = In Maguid state Colom of oy r5 dawk blue. Te eold state Gloue Ts violet blue es violet black Daone is goluble ya, dolvents Wke ech, C82, cocoon # end terpenes ofl: Th tea Res Weaver how On Th is shar modynaricatly unstable, IF decomposes eather micolly to gt diony gen 20, —> 30 Cenetatmc) ges decomposes vou slo aly ; gure deewmposition Te cotulyzed PY AAO, Ag, : petbinuk) sth Ovi des. ouidislng properly. * 4 UHL] BT = 207V. {os + ant are > Or 9] ° h othe ow Rising age hoving asp valu 2307 V ase, on ell —) Scanned with CamScanner0 Ll Sng Prnpestles. Jon _Ovont examples fox Baste eanabon Joe owiddelng nage frm att vy daoger helides ore quidesl Qnidieed to hologen (except HF) Wx Xa tetah aulgdes ote ouidined to rmubal eulphortes, (ee phy cu, 201 C8) soles (oo £0, pees bo > Pb ph ss bon PRESS TL yarn 402 wendy +O ka Le Cow) 6) watre@ ms) + Ca : pemttale ave) ondised to this poteh 98 | Ongoeids. 1 - py PO oo. i$ Oq os - avy — o+KT )j only one nascent or ts Wherated three Onygan's not evolved. + HO Scanned with CamScanner with CamScannerAniling wren 0, Ts passed properhy and stasts. shellng fe the Hrmugh ‘Hy , it losec tH mlai seus walls of the as taillag of My ae 40, > Hage 4 : tg + O2 Be out we thls sHelng takes placa. nis can be taken cs test fox contalmr. Tie prveess ie called aenpeed Fe tock 4 Jack compoun Os | tan be used bor Oy ydeaB cahon ae Ag( hil) o oy und, ple compe’ Peon bq,0 + 02 — Cowdakon) en h Agro +0, A M202, caadweion) 7 Lg tedued & _ Gee) Cre Sg: Ra Or * O,— BO ~*~ 202 parte + O27” Mae ed ge rk TARAS potassium fedide statch pepes to blue * colous® slobiue getimatten of . ogre tested armugh sslukon of “KT and eT embed che Wbeweded UR deo titredee chendard hypo woluhion, uit eddy gt HAM. : 4 Se Hite * tPo. + ALO ms ™ prone 7 = F u siya yea yee 7 fo > Hate >Hi Se > tas ar: wo > th Taereasing @rder of volahle noture Scanned with CamScannereee TTT ond tnet gy ond ghebikhy s Wo > mS > thse > HTe > tafe fae ww) acidle chevecles giz + Hie st #82 HLO Wir + ms — sb + We 7 4 becelowaee aadiHed Kad, ond formes tee bidi hy of culphuh d jean Ou + MSVEE HLS > Mago, + KaSOus S14 hy Sk urns aeidiHed » Wal, OF with te gran colour with | gusbidily of Sulphane 7 KaGrr0, + HRS, + HRS ce asl : WaS > Beak dikase acid > forms hoo type of salts Re oe eNotes ‘ [ve Ness Ba cee ths CoS 4 Me Ovides ‘ Ouidet — peg tee types of oxides hese yy giowrdes wk AOD Te Or Poo, 1 : anghoteri ¢ becic creeesing 1dr of adie thavactey aw te eHRASe ty non-metallic chowacter cen wet ot — Feducing — agents geducing characte decrearhg olamte doen Mu | grove due Prreacing — ebabilhy of ss pw dahon share, go.. SOO Bicsolve in water ond forw correc ponding — - ous acids ete Oe ee ) eo, tthe HAS Vineah hy) large omout cf 502 3s hydvated (£0,.bme0 Scanned with CamScannerGeo, + 10 —>Nge og. so \ oO oO i Squy Lis angular in Mgud , gold and gaceous sate kas? Fann 7 weet are ° ©. ° ° oN 7° ge®N MON ce” u u 4m Vapour Chate Se Or same due te pesonan ce, Wed onides imo, aon geo; Oa aN ate added, Geckeasing orden of acidic to desrense characder due in non _— = Re eee ae Cae ote ©. | fe =. = Trew’ wher “Soy ie kept be Arakes of watex is b watablic character, ce timex (802), 2 $204 longes Kee iF present, iF ie convea ted Co, unt, each unit other units, Scanned with CamScanner 4aesey ee n enon ener ne 3 yer most stable form. ¥os0y jg Ye least ckeble. SO, oe trong Lowi di hay ogee. used for the pepesaki on ch gulphu'e acd. { 60,4 Hr, $0, >a 82 OF olan Jno LE, ue used fox preperah on of sulphamic acid, uw oe —d-ou. W efeRen weber) i ~~ Gulphamic oetd Cetengest odd enicbag ta eld state) © i In Vapous shat soy is tr gonall pla nos. i or-Ph ey ag x, oF nee ae bonds ; a pore aot putt etsenened old S80) hand eahhe ane $0, . aa wt are} (go. + 20w ——S sou? +2 ' belter veduetng egent ta baste medi so. te hon 78 acidic medium. Barve book Ta presence of chung BARN CING QD acts as oud eiang aget, " — + 607 4th, - $0, +23 *HLO Tit $0y Sm ee cS ee) thes ated a vere for quankhNve —aslimahin of ote oerdhea Pecomlonsizes acidied kK MMOY 5 MMS Kater Oy Infy green colour. Scanned with CamScanneremad ye Ur se Kr yater0g © MEMS Sor Wyte > rnsone ASEH certs Onda + MO Sey + me HS wot oakydaide of gdphorous acid entot le Paco cot watte pp Gans Catts0a), son Clear soln Jror caso ~ oh eels cot ow, > Cacoab trae HON . ate opt lear sole [ros aod opt is observed: so, Dae - nv oHsr, SHE, fyarsor « \: ‘ woarsrO3 as go, +S —> wot St ; above xeachon. ta Volcante xogions, culphux 18, Josmed = bY seat so 60. d ths axe called as volcanic gases. on ms ho <3 $03 * Wa 6203) a . RA ‘culphur Que acid § of Sul —_ pi oneaands o§ || A de CH,COOM ¢ Well S04. Nh ; pok © W224 — > HF + MANS: __ — > Br. +so, + Hid Nae + cont: 1280, peck + cone HSH —> T, 460, 4 H20 i ene Wa80, comnot be used to prepare MBE ant j RI fem He ealts- a) reachion wil tebe dil Hr8Os * . ; matale belo hydrogen a gleche chiniced se2i5 canno yeack with = dilthsou becouse 3) Tay connet Npbewate SHY From HSOy, ii) Thay ose not ontdised hy EOS cent: thSO4 © makade OO hydrogen except (pk, Aus Rh, I = sete mmchals) \ ee atals above haeroRE ta eleckvo cha micah ‘ eres eect ith an BeSOn- 7 ca e188 > cusdy + SOr +H. bee BS yausO4 Basd, + 802 +H20 gn + above BOS Scanned with CamScanneractor ith aan: metals CiHSO4 5 Hot se, =C01) cor end sor ort aot caduble ene) te ees ko cot sesponding acids ae not dehydrating —proresb. ek cone HSH who / eet aH On * HA 8h come SUgant ° son ee? — cook wees : coor 4 Bese Loot React ya potassium Less : vaLFe com) + Smae ths On i Ou aieey 4 oto 60s +l Halides Herahalides mmo a. tebsahelides nts a. ahohbides te monchalides Ke 1 Ake (dimeric). Vexahalides only Fluorides axe existing, a sf seks TeFs all are eovelent. wee Secrensing orden of Sbiity, she most stobe ot fo pees (eae Lear? bowd on insulator a) stewie ponding exound sulphud \ Sy velamctes ove Ea 2 cette | aan He ryt’ hydrolysis, as Te’ cen onpand saty_tee_ ences ots valency uote = Hho ole due to loans lange sfge. se (ome Gh) + me nreFe Ortho tell. a TE Teo, (telllase cig) Scanned with CamScannerTatsahalides ea SEQ Sch. 2 prope sation ets ese tae culphax reacls ith Finertne #F Formed so th is prepared by seachon ofS with FY ditubed wih “Wy. ; bw ee Fa Gdilated vith M2) —> chit SFe t 7 Ree bat CoFa- 7 : oviaaly ~~ a (herkeatea ) . seb wa : e+ a Shy | y Srbuchert, x {A ——— 4 t axial Gondlengths a see San I vahruchae) grectes than ey: ' bond lengths. rose electro fue temo ore arco mud adhe An etal — posihons, x “nydslyet SFu + 2thO—> $0) 4 LHF ) Sant MOS thse + He mone hal! des : Onno eos Sse’ Foams dimorte mone hallider eg. sof SEA, Sth ca stmetuxe of thse halldeR Ms Anta to hydrogen perorida CO.) (open book shruchse) ) 4 on" g* ett i‘ 1 ° s \ ac e a 7 F Ae : pxepusahon : e tah ha 3 i 3 mild Haorraling egenh . £4, Seedy Scai inned with CamScannera spanben be thor go tend engi dp or: < Ore Bond Ungth of Hop F, > o-P bending th of off Hype ° NarS2 03-42 O- gente | seeper ation : ' © prepared 8 boiling eeatumn Suiphite ith Howere of euipho pasos * © NG $23 (awd with Gedtum hydeo: te preened bY Kedium hydrouide . josetia ** est mes er) . a NerSs + Nor S03 eee! ve sme - qatthed nob iM ase We @ spade Beae Hom. prepeted by beekag the minke of with Daina. Godlumenipite 1 Sodiuwe se Iphisd a — Ne, $0a* Tr Ra $ — Wer 1.03 2Nor Gj rnducbrial Hehe’ codvnsulphide Iphate ond teacentraled and $0, fe Bt eee 8 ee cote! goaius 6 sodiuer Sulphite sere woste passed pay $0) 4 NOS + So, —> Narsro, no Na, Cog tars + So, —> Nor Qt orT dresser hiahion Na Ge ne ° Scanned with CamScanner J. - Agnes ae peaction var £02 foe * ’ (cor? ee (0 (6202) eoluble. Nas . Br. : passhion wilh yon 602 Wes ( ha e2s) 2) ng B® coluble. . Hy Feces nnn 22 a Fesls.0da * rect gz Feds * dosk violet O - ale tpouad a” 5’ Fe" + Su og? qr Au 84 Oz aphaySu O%. emeess Mars. Mas fra C52 02 da) (Selubie) pid, + Na2 $203 Jmvelves —vedueh'on followed = by comple dome Scanned with CamScanner* 7 Cusco + NArSeOx, —F Cur 62 Mars Oe. AN, wicte opt 7 the Bleach» 0 . festa from —-tatti tes ond the exces moh owes ; camadeing te wemoved by, ue hdorir . ; : co YF ie called = as anh chios, veyre® pal Hontc__acid. q Ss. 1 Oss 0% u -<) —$-—Or po feo 9 5 SS _~ Scanned with CamScanner