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Racism

Racism is discrimination or prejudice against others based on their race or ethnicity. There are different types of racism including interpersonal racism which is prejudice between individuals, institutional racism which is discrimination within policies and procedures of organizations that benefit white people over people of color, and structural racism which is discrimination embedded in laws and systems that make things more difficult for some ethnic groups. Implicit bias is unconscious prejudice that influences perceptions and behaviors through stereotyping, confirmation bias, and nonverbal cues, while explicit bias involves consciously held prejudices through hate speech or advocacy of racial superiority/inferiority. Modern racism is more subtle and involves avoiding contact with minority groups, practicing discrimination when possible, attacking policies instead of groups, and distinguishing groups based on

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88 views3 pages

Racism

Racism is discrimination or prejudice against others based on their race or ethnicity. There are different types of racism including interpersonal racism which is prejudice between individuals, institutional racism which is discrimination within policies and procedures of organizations that benefit white people over people of color, and structural racism which is discrimination embedded in laws and systems that make things more difficult for some ethnic groups. Implicit bias is unconscious prejudice that influences perceptions and behaviors through stereotyping, confirmation bias, and nonverbal cues, while explicit bias involves consciously held prejudices through hate speech or advocacy of racial superiority/inferiority. Modern racism is more subtle and involves avoiding contact with minority groups, practicing discrimination when possible, attacking policies instead of groups, and distinguishing groups based on

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Arfa Saleem
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Definition:

Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Racism can be
present in social actions, practices, or political systems (e.g. apartheid) that support the expression of
prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. The ideology underlying racist practices often assumes
that humans can be subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate
capacities and that can be ranked as inferior or superior.

Types/Level of Racism:

 Internalized or Personal Racism

 Interpersonal Racism
 Institutional Racism
 Structural Racism

INTERPERSONAL RACISM:

Prejudgment, bias or discrimination by a white individual toward a person of color.

INSTITUTIONAL RACISM:

Policies, practices, procedures and culture of an institution or system that work better for white people
and cause harm to people of color, often inadvertently or unintentionally.

STRUCTURAL RACISM:

The history, culture and current reality of racism across institutions and/or systems. Sometimes groups
and organizations can have rules that seem to be fair to everyone — but they actually make things more
difficult for people from particular cultural or ethnic backgrounds. This is also known as structural or
systemic racism. For example, a bank might ask everyone to fill out a lot of forms in English before you
can open an account. That makes it hard for people who don’t speak English as their first language. It
might also happen when an employer has a policy of not hiring people who have been educated at an
overseas school or university

INTERNALIZED RACISM:

The internalization of the racist stereotypes, values, images and ideologies perpetuated by the white
dominant society about one’s racial group (Pyke, 2010).

Implicit Bias vs Explicit Bias

Racism encompasses both explicit and implicit forms of bias and discrimination.
What is Implicit Bias?

Implicit bias is the unconscious preferences that people hold towards certain groups of people.
These biases are not consciously chosen, but they can still influence perceptions, judgments and
behaviors.

What is Explicit Bias?

Explicit racism refers to conscious acts of discrimination, such as using racial slurs, engaging in
hate speech or openly advocating for the superiority or inferiority of certain racial or ethnic
groups.

Implicit Bias: How Racism Manifests in Everyday Life

Implicit bias manifests in various ways and can affect our perceptions, judgments and actions:
Here are some common examples of implicit bias:

 Stereotyping: Implicit bias can lead to the automatic association of certain groups with particular
traits or characteristics. For example, assuming that individuals from a certain racial or ethnic
group are more likely to be criminals or that women are less competent in certain professions.
 Confirmation bias: Implicit bias can lead people to selectively perceive or interpret information
in a way that confirms existing stereotypes or beliefs. This can result in disregarding evidence
that contradicts biases or overemphasizing information that aligns with them.
 Nonverbal behavior: Implicit bias can affect body language, facial expressions and tone of voice,
in interactions with different individuals or groups. These subtle cues can communicate bias or
discomfort, contributing to unequal treatment and interpersonal dynamics.

What is modern racism and why is it harder to detect?

The forms of prejudice we live with today have different names, one being modern racism.
Modern racists neither express nor endorse racist views and stereotypes. They believe in greater
integration between people. However, modern racists also believe racial equality has been
achieved and that we need no further policies to promote equality. If racism has been neutralized,
then it’s reasonable to maintain the status quo. For people who think in this way, racism is over
and there’s nothing left to discuss. Modern racism reveals itself at opportune moments, is more
oblique than confrontational, and often leads to a conflict in our own personal values.

In other words, racial prejudice has not disappeared, it has mutated. Today, racism manifests
itself in numerous ways:

 First, avoiding any meaningful contact with the minority group


 Second, practicing racial discrimination when the circumstances allow it
 Third, rather than criticizing a minority group, those with racist beliefs will attack a
policy or action, and use that as an outlet for their attitudes
 Fourth, making a distinction between groups in terms of their ‘values’

Put simply, overt and obvious forms of prejudice are witnessed less than they were and it is
comforting to believe that racism is becoming a thing of the past; that somehow we live in an
enlightened age where judging people by the color of their skin is no longer acceptable.

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