1) Victorian Age Literature (1837-1901):English literature during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837–

1901).
2) Characteristics of Victorian Age
3) Golden Age of English Literature, especially for British novels-became the leading literary genre in
English. Famous novelists-Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, the three Brontë sisters,
Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy, and Rudyard Kipling.
4) The literary output of the Victorian age was influenced by new ideas in science popular among
which was Charles Darwin’s origin of species.
5) English writing from this era reflects the major transformations in most aspects of English life, from
scientific, economic, and technological advances to changes in class structures and the role of religion
in society.
6) Moral purpose is the keynote of the literature of the Victorian age. Art for art was revolt against
Victorian moralism.
7) Focus on social issues-While the Romantic period was a time of abstract expression and inward focus,
essayists, poets, and novelists during the Victorian era began to direct their attention toward social
issues. Writers such as Thomas Carlyle called attention to the dehumanizing effects of the Industrial
Revolution and what Carlyle called the "Mechanical Age". This awareness inspired the subject matter
of other authors, like poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning and novelists Charles Dickens and Thomas
Hardy.
8) Barrett's works on child labor cemented her success in a male-dominated world where women writers
often had to use masculine pseudonyms. Dickens employed humor and an approachable tone while
addressing social problems such as wealth disparity. Hardy used his novels to question religion and
social structures.
9) Victorian Poets- Robert Browning and Alfred Tennyson were Victorian England's most famous poets.
10) Skepticism, inner disturbance and dissatisfaction are the salient features of Victorian poetry.
11) Playwrights-With regard to the theatre it was not until the last decades of the 19th century that any
significant works were produced. Notable playwrights of the time include Gilbert and Sullivan, George
Bernard Shaw, and Oscar Wilde.
12) Social & political life
13) The Edinburg Review (1802) The Westminster Review (1824) and The Spectator (1828) are all
magazines.
14) The reform bill of 1832 placed the political power of England in the hands of masses.
15) Cheap paper and printing facilities aided the production of books.
16) Free elementary education was introduced in England in 1891. Women writers gained prominence
in the period because of their access to education.
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17) The Pre-Raphaelites (1848-1860) Aestheticism and Decadence (1880-1901)
18) The Pre-Raphaelites/PRB was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics, founded in 1848 by
William Holman Hunt, JE Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, WM Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic
Stephens and Thomas Woolner who formed a 7-member "Brotherhood" modelled in part on the
Nazarene movement.
19) The group sought a return to the abundant detail, intense colours and complex compositions of
Quattrocento Italian art. They rejected what they regarded as the mechanistic approach first adopted
by Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed the
Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on
the academic teaching of art, hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite". In particular, the group objected to
the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts.
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20) Major writers and their works
21) Thomas Carlyle (1795 –1881) was a British essayist, historian, and philosopher from the Scottish
Lowlands and a leading writer of the Victorian era. On Heroes (1841), Past and Present, Cromwell's
Letters, Latter-Day Pamphlets, and History of Frederick the Great, were highly regarded throughout
 Europe and North America.
22) Carlyle is considered to be the prophet and censor of 19th century.
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23) Alfred Lord Tennyson(1809-1892)-Poet Laureate after Wordworth that is from 1850. In 1829,
Tennyson was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal at Cambridge for one of his first pieces,
"Timbuktu".
24) He published his first solo collection of poems, Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830. "Claribel" and "Mariana",
which remain some of Tennyson's most celebrated poems, were included in this volume.
25) Tennyson's early poetry, with its medievalism and powerful visual imagery, was a major influence on
the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.
26) Maud is a monodrama poem by Tennyson.
27) Tennyson also excelled at penning short lyrics, such as "Break, Break, Break", "The Charge of the Light
Brigade", "Tears, Idle Tears", and "Crossing the Bar".
28) In Memoriam A.H.H." was written to commemorate his friend Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet and
student at Trinity College, Cambridge, after he died of a stroke at the age of 22. Lines from the poem
In Memoriam-Calm morn without a sound
29) Tennyson also wrote some notable blank verse including Idylls of the King, "Ulysses", and "Tithonus".
30) "The Lotos-Eaters" is a poem by Tennyson, published in Tennyson's 1832 poetry collection. The poem
describes a group of mariners who, upon eating the lotos, are put into an altered state and isolated
from the outside world. The title and concept derives from the lotus-eaters in Greek mythology. Lines
from Lotos eaters-There is sweet music here that softer falls Than petals from blown roses on the
grass, Or night-dews on still waters between walls.
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31) Robert Browning (1812-1889)-poet and playwright whose dramatic monologues put him high among
the Victorian poets. His verse was noted for irony, characterization, dark humour, social commentary,
historical settings and challenging vocabulary and syntax.
32) Pauline and Paracelsus ,Men and Women . His Dramatis Personae and book-length epic poem The Ring
and the Book
33) The Lost Leader(1845)-Just for a handful of silver he left us ,Just for a riband to stick his coat
34) My Last Duchess –Fra Pandolf is not a real artist but a fictitous creation of Browning, as was "Claus of
Innsbruck," named in the last line of the poem.
35) Pippa Passes is a verse drama by Browning, published in 1841.The famous lines God's in his heaven -
All's right with the world occur in the longer little poem Pippa passes
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36) W.M. Thackeeray (1811 –1863) was a British novelist. He is known for his satirical works, particularly
his 1848 novel Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of British society, and the 1844 novel The Luck of Barry
Lyndon, which was adapted for a 1975 film by Stanley Kubrick. Thackeray was born in Calcutta, British
India, and was sent to England after his father's death in 1815.
37) William Thackeray's objective in Vanity Fair to remove the of sham heroics and sham sentiments
then present in fiction.
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38) CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870)
39) Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a
debtors' prison. Despite his lack of formal education, he edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15
novels, 5 novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed readings
extensively.
40) His formal education was scanty, but as a child Charles spent much of his time reading and listening to
the stories told by his grandmother. His reading included works by Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson,
Henry Fielding, Oliver Goldsmith, and Tobias Smollett — all outstanding English novelists. Robinson
Crusoe is based on the experiences of Alexander Selkirk.
41) He was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education and
other social reforms.
42) Almost all of Dickens' novels source his preoccupation with social problems.
43) Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense. Moral choice is everything in
the works of Charles Dickens.
44) Major works:-Pickwick Papers, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Oliver Twist, Hard
Times, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations.
45) Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy's Progress is Charles Dickens's second novel, and was published as a
serial from 1837 to 1839 and released as a three-volume book in 1838, before the serialisation ended.
The story centres on orphan Oliver Twist, born in a workhouse and sold into apprenticeship with an
undertaker. After escaping, Oliver travels to London, where he meets the "Artful Dodger", a member
of a gang of juvenile pickpockets led by the elderly criminal Fagin( is the boss of a criminal gang of
young boys and girls in the novel)
46) Nicholas Nickleby, or The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, is the third novel by Charles
Dickens, originally published as a serial from 1838 to 1839. The character of Nickleby is a young man
who must support his mother and sister after his father dies. Charles Dickens deals with the problems
of boarding schools in Nicholas Nickleby.
47) Hard Times: For These Times (commonly known as Hard Times) is the tenth novel by Charles Dickens,
first published in 1854. The book surveys English society and satirises the social and economic
conditions of the era. Hard Times follows a classical tripartite structue entitled ‘Sowing’, ‘Reaping’, and
‘Garnering’.
48) Great Expectations-Setting- Set in Kent and London and contains some of Dickens's most celebrated
scenes, starting in a graveyard, where the young Pip is accosted by the escaped convict Abel
Magwitch. Great Expectations is full of extreme imagery – poverty, prison ships and chains, and fights
to the death – and has a colourful cast of characters who have entered popular culture. These include
the eccentric Miss Havisham, the beautiful but cold Estella, and Joe, the unsophisticated and kind
blacksmith. Dickens's themes include wealth and poverty, love and rejection, and the eventual
triumph of good over evil.
49) A Tale of Two Cities -historical novel, set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution.
The novel tells the story of the French Doctor Manette, his 18-year-long imprisonment in the Bastille in
Paris and his release to live in London with his daughter Lucie, whom he had never met. The story is
set against the conditions that led up to the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror. It as the best of
times, it was the worst of time, it was the worst-the opening of Dicken’s A Tale of Two Cities
50) David Copperfield-is a novel in the bildungsroman of growth and development genre by Charles
Dickens, narrated by the eponymous David Copperfield, detailing his adventures in his journey from
infancy to maturity.
51) It was published as a serial in 1849 and 1850 and then as a book in 1850.
52) It is the most autobiographical of his novels."a very complicated weaving of truth and invention",
with events following Dickens's own life.Dickens declared of all my books I like this the best.
53) It is written in a first person narrator.
54) The novel interweaves social conditions personal experiences, attitude and issues present in early
Victorian England.
55) Plot-David was born in Blunderstone, Suffolk, England, 6 months after the death of his father. David
spends his early years in relative happiness with his loving, childish mother and their kindly
housekeeper, Clara Peggotty. They call him Davy. When he is 7 years old his mother marries Edward
Murdstone without having told him they plan to marry. To get him out of the way, David is sent to visit
with Peggotty's family in Yarmouth. Her brother, fisherman Mr Peggotty, lives in a beached barge, with
his adopted niece and nephew Emily and Ham, and an elderly widow, Mrs Gummidge. "Little Em'ly" is
somewhat spoiled by her fond foster father, and David is in love with her. They call him Master
Copperfield.
56) On his return, David discovers his mother has married and is immediately given good reason to dislike
his stepfather, Murdstone, who believes exclusively in stern, even harsh, methods of parenting, calling
it "firmness". David has similar feelings for Murdstone's sister Jane, who moves into the house soon
afterwards. Between them they tyrannise his poor mother, making her and David's lives miserable,
 and when, in consequence, David falls behind in his studies, Murdstone attempts to thrash him –
partly to further pain his mother.
57) David bites him and soon afterwards is sent away to Salem House, a boarding school, under a ruthless
headmaster named Mr Creakle. There he is befriended by an older boy, James Steerforth, and Tommy
Traddles. He develops an impassioned admiration for Steerforth, perceiving him as someone noble,
who could do great things if he would, and one who pays attention to him. The first hero in David's
life in the novel David Copperfield is the confident and headstrong James Steerworth in Salem
house.
58) David goes home for the holidays to learn that his mother has given birth to a baby boy. Shortly after
David returns to Salem House, his mother and her baby die, and David returns home immediately.
Peggotty marries the local carrier, Mr Barkis. Murdstone sends David to work for a wine merchant in
London – a business of which Murdstone is a joint owner.
59) After some months, David's friendly but spendthrift landlord, Wilkins Micawber, is arrested for debt
and sent to the King's Bench Prison. On one of David's visits, Micawber advises David to head to Dover
to find his only known remaining relative, his eccentric and kind-hearted great-aunt Betsey Trotwood.
After Micawber is released and has moved to Plymouth, no one in London cares about David, so he
decides to run away to his aunt.
60) She had come to Blunderstone at his birth, only to depart in ire upon learning that he was not a girl.
However, she takes it upon herself to raise David, despite Murdstone's attempt to regain custody of
him. She encourages him to 'be as like his sister, Betsey Trotwood' as he can be – that is, to meet the
expectations she had for the girl who was never born. David's great-aunt renames him "Trotwood
Copperfield" and addresses him as "Trot", one of several names others call David in the novel.
61) David's aunt sends him to a better school than the last he attended. It is run by kind Dr. Strong, whose
methods inculcate honour and self-reliance in his pupils. During term, David lodges with the lawyer Mr
Wickfield and his daughter Agnes, who becomes David's friend and confidante. Wickfield's clerk, Uriah
Heep, also lives at the house.
62) By devious means, Uriah Heep gradually gains a complete ascendancy over the aging and alcoholic
Wickfield, to Agnes's great sorrow. Heep, as he maliciously confides to David, aspires to marry Agnes.
63) Ultimately with the aid of Micawber, who has been employed by Heep as a secretary, his fraudulent
behaviour is revealed. (At the end of the book, David encounters him in prison, convicted of
attempting to defraud the Bank of England.)
64) After completing school, David apprentices to be a proctor. During this time, due to Heep's fraudulent
activities, his aunt's fortune has diminished. David toils to make a living. He works mornings and
evenings for his former teacher Dr Strong as a secretary, and also starts to learn shorthand, with the
help of his old school-friend Traddles, upon completion reporting parliamentary debate for a
newspaper. With considerable moral support from Agnes and his own great diligence and hard work,
David ultimately finds fame and fortune as an author, writing fiction.
65) David's romantic but self-serving school friend, Steerforth, also re-acquainted with David, goes on to
seduce and dishonour Emily, offering to marry her off to his manservant Littimer before deserting her
in Europe. Her uncle Mr Peggotty manages to find her with the help of Martha, who had grown up in
their part of England and then settled in London. Ham, who had been engaged to marry Emily before
the tragedy, dies in a fierce storm off the coast in attempting to succour a ship. Steerforth was aboard
the ship and also dies. Mr Peggotty takes Emily to a new life in Australia, accompanied by Mrs
Gummidge and the Micawbers, where all eventually find security and happiness.
66) After school, David joins a solicitor and comes under the spell of Dora Spenlow. David, meanwhile,
has fallen completely in love with Dora Spenlow, and then marries her. Their marriage proves
troublesome for David in the sense of everyday practical affairs, but he never stops loving her. Dora
dies early in their marriage after a miscarriage. Before dying, Dora in David Copperfield had told
Agnes that only she could occupy David's heart.
67) After Dora's death, Agnes encourages David to return to normal life and his profession of writing.
While living in Switzerland to dispel his grief over so many losses, David realises that he loves Agnes.
Upon returning to England, after a failed attempt to conceal his feelings, David finds that Agnes loves
 him too. They quickly marry, and in this marriage he finds true happiness. David and Agnes then have
at least five children, including a daughter named after his great-aunt, Betsey Trotwood.
68) The main negative characters in David Copperfield are Mr Murdstone Uriah Heap Mr Creakle
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69) GEORGE ELIOT (1819-1880)
70) Mary Ann Evans known by her pen name George Eliot. She wrote 7 novels: Adam Bede (1859), The
Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Romola (1862–63), Felix Holt, the Radical (1866),
Middlemarch (1871–72) and Daniel Deronda (1876). Like Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy, she
emerged from provincial England; most of her works are set there. She is known for their realism,
psychological insight, sense of place and detailed depiction of the countryside.
71) Middlemarch-A Study of Provincial Life is a novel. It first appeared in eight installments (volumes) in
1871 and 1872.
72) Middlemarch-Middlemarch was described by the novelist Virginia Woolf as "one of the few English
novels written for grown-up people".
73) Middlemarch centres on the lives of residents of Middlemarch, a fictitious Midlands town, from 1829
onwards – the years up to the 1832 Reform Act.
74) The narrative may be considered to consist of 4 plots with unequal emphasis: the life of Dorothea
Brooke, the career of Tertius Lydgate, the courtship of Mary Garth by Fred Vincy, and the disgrace of
Nicholas Bulstrode. The two main plots are those of Dorothea and Lydgate. Each plot occurs
concurrently, although Bulstrode's is centred on the later chapters.
75) Dorothea Brooke is a 19-year-old orphan, living with her younger sister, Celia, as a ward of her uncle,
Mr Brooke.
76) Dorothea is an especially pious young woman, whose hobby involves the renovation of buildings
belonging to the tenant farmers, although her uncle discourages her.
77) Dorothea is courted by Sir James, a young man close to her own age, but she is oblivious to him. She is
attracted instead to the Rev. Edward Casaubon, 45-year-old scholar. Dorothea accepts Casaubon's
offer of marriage, despite her sister's misgivings. Sir James is encouraged to turn his attention to Celia,
who has developed an interest in him.
78) George Eliot outlines a picture of middle class in her novel Middlemarch.
79) There is reference to death of George 4, the passing of the reform bill of 1832 and the impact of
industrialisation on a settled Midland English world in Middlemarch
80) George Eliot referes to the society as a web in chapter 15 of Middlemarch.
81) The subtitle of Middle March -A study of provincial life indicates the study of ordinary people of the
society.
82) Who is being referred to in the lines of Middle March- "...a fine girl who married a sickly clergyman, old
enough to be her father and in a little more than a year after his death gave up her estate to marry his
cousin- young enough to have been his son with no property and not well born."
83) Relating about the importance of true love in Middle March who quotes the following line....true love
for a good woman in shaping many a rough fellow...Caleb Garth
84) Rosamand and Lydgate's relationship in Middlemarch fails because they do not see the partiality of
their own point of view.
85) Casaubon becomes the victim of his/her own egoism in Middlemarch.
86) Middlemarch can be classified as noble of didactic realism.
87) In Middlemarch Dorothia experiences a conflict between her sense of duty and dignity and her
temptation to sensuous delights while seeing her mother's jewellery.
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88) Matthew Arnold (1822 –1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of
schools. Matthew Arnold has been characterised as a sage writer, a type of writer who chastises and
instructs the reader on contemporary social issues.
89) 2nd volume of poems-Empedocles on Etna, and Other Poems 1852, A New Edition 1853, a selection
from the two earlier volumes famously excluding Empedocles on Etna, but adding new poems, Sohrab
and Rustum and The Scholar Gipsy. In 1854, Poems: Second Series appeared; also a selection, it
 included the new poem Balder Dead.
90) Arnold's Sohrab and Rustum ushers in Persian history.
91) Mathew Arnold wrote Culture and Anarchy which is a great exposition on culture.
92) Arnold was elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford in 1857. On Translating Homer (1861) and the initial
thoughts that Arnold would transform into Culture and Anarchy were among the fruits of the Oxford
lecturess. In 1865, Arnold published Essays in Criticism: First Series. Essays in Criticism: Second Series
would not appear until November 1888, shortly after his death. In 1866, he published Thyrsis, his elegy
to Clough who had died in 1861. Culture and Anarchy, Arnold's major work in social criticism (and one
of the few pieces of his prose work currently in print) was published in 1869. Literature and Dogma,
Arnold's major work in religious criticism appeared in 1873.
93) Dada means a satirical anti-literary movement in art and literature Europe during 1916 to 1921.
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94) THOMAS HARDY OM (1840-1928)
95) English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in
his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, including the poetry of Wordsworth. He was highly
critical of much in Victorian society, especially on the declining status of rural people in Britain, such as
those from his native South West England.
96) Far from the Madding Crowd (1874), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), Tess of the d'Urbervilles
(1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895).
97) Jude and Obscure was published initially as a serial story in Harper's New Monthly Magazine in 1894.
98) The central themes in the novel Jude the Obscure are religion and morality.
99) Jude the obscure marks the peak of hardy's gloom and deterministic philosophy.
100) The theme of the Nobel Jude the obscure is social problem of marriage education and
employment of Victorian England.
101) The fictional name Hardy gave to Dorset which forms the locale in many of his writings is Wessex.
102) Arabella Donn in Jude the Obscure was washing pig's chitterlings by a stream with her friends
when Jude Fawley first saw her.
103) When Jude separates from Arabella after her insinuations in the novel Jude the Obscure, he
returns to his dream of a better education in Christminister.
104) Philloston in Jude the Obscure feels Jude and Sue are extraordinary similar when he says They
seem to be one person split in two.
105) Finally in the Jude the obscure Jude returns to the two archs evils of his life women and liquor.
106) Little Father Time in Jude the Obscure kills himself and his two younger siblings because he feels
there are too menny of them.
107) Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (1891-92) is a novel by Thomas
Hardy. Though now considered a major 19th-century English novel, even Hardy's fictional masterpiece,
Tess of the d'Urbervilles received mixed reviews when it first appeared, in part because it challenged
the sexual morals of late Victorian England. Tess was portrayed as a fighter not only for her rights, but
also for the rights of others. Tess is described as like a fly on a billiard-table of indefinite length, and of
no more consequence to the surroundings than that fly.
108) William Butler Yeats(1865 –1939) Irish poet, dramatist, prose writer and one of the foremost
figures of 20th-century literature. He was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival along with
Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and others.
109) A pillar of the Irish literary establishment, he helped to found the Abbey Theatre in 1904, and in
his later years served two terms as a Senator of the Irish Free State.
110) W.B Yeats was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1923.
111) Works of Yeats: Leda and the Swan, Among School Children, Byzantium
112) Leda and the Swan
113) In his poem “Leda and the Swan,” William Butler Yeats retells the classic Greek myth in which
Leda, a human woman, is impregnated by the god Zeus while he is in the form of a swan. This
conception results in the birth of Helen of Troy, who grows up to cause the legendary Trojan War—an
event that, in turn, becomes the catalyst for the Golden Age of Greece and the dawn of modern
 history. In his arresting rendition of the myth, Yeats uses the traditional sonnet form to new ends,
capturing the powerful forces by which history is made and the human impact of fate's violence and
indifference.
114) In Leda and Swan , Zeus impregnators Leda with Helen.
115) Sailing to Byzantium
116) "Sailing to Byzantium" is a poem by William Butler Yeats, first published in the 1928 collection The
Tower. It comprises four stanzas in ottava rima, each made up of eight lines of iambic pentameter. It
uses a journey to Byzantium (Constantinople) as a metaphor for a spiritual journey. Yeats explores his
thoughts and musings on how immortality, art, and the human spirit may converge. It reflects on the
difficulty of keeping one’s soul alive in a fragile, failing human body. The speaker, an old man, leaves
behind the country of the young for a visionary quest to Byzantium, the ancient city that was a major
seat of early Christianity. There, he hopes to learn how to move past his mortality and become
something more like an immortal work of art.
117) Sailing to Byzantium advocates a journey from the earthly to the spiritual.
118) "That is not country for old men. The young in one another's arms, bird in the trees." In these lines
from Sailing to Byzantium the word country refers to this natural world.
119) The main motifs of the poem Sailing to Byzantium by Yeats include birds singing, gold and fire.
120) A prayer for my daughter
121) In a prayer for my daughter Yeats prays for the safety of his daughter in a world torn by war and
anger.
122) In this poem he expresses his bitterness towards Maud Gonne.
123) The Second Coming
124) The Second Coming by WB Yeats refers to the coming of Antichrist.
125) Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear the falconer; Things fall apart;
the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and
everywhere --The Second Coming
126) Yeats on Magic in Ideas of Good and Evil -That the borders of our minds are ever-shifting, and that
many minds can flow into one another, as it were, and create or reveal a single mind, a single energy.
127) Lapis Lazuli-Written in 1938, a year of ominous upheaval in Europe, W. B. Yeats's "Lapis Lazuli"
meditates on the rise and fall of civilizations and the redemptive role of the artist in society.
128) The final message for Lapis Lazuli asks for renewal and regeneration of what is lost.
129) Among School Children
130) Yeats published "Among School Children" in his famous 1928 collection of poems, The Tower.
Yeats was in his 60s at the time and, like the speaker in this poem, served as an Irish senator whose
responsibilities included inspecting public schools. In the poem, the speaker's visit to one such school
prompts him to reflect on old age, youth, beauty, and change. Although old age brings a decline from
the beauty and freshness of youth, the speaker comes to see life as a harmonious whole—meaning
that every moment has its own pleasures and rewards.
131) Yeats fantasized about his tower as a part of Irish history.
132) ‘The Tower’ is one of Yeats’ well-received poems, written during his matured period. It is a
powerful poem that talks of his deteriorating physical health and his growing passions in political and
personal matters.
133) The Black Tower and Under Ben Bubble(poem)-shows the influence of Indian thought, especially
of the Bhagavadgita, Indian poet mystic and philosopher who influenced W.B Yeats- Purohit Swami
134) D.H. LAWRENCE (1885 –1930): THE RAINBOW
135) An English writer and poet. His collected works represent an extended reflection upon the
dehumanising effects of modernity and industrialisation. Lawrence's writing explores issues such as
sexuality, emotional health, vitality, spontaneity, and instinct. His works include Sons and Lovers, The
Rainbow, Women in Love, and Lady Chatterley's Lover.
136) Paul Morel appears in D.H Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers
137) The Rainbow was initially titled The Sisters-The Rainbow-1915 and after that sequel The Wedding
ring-Women in Love-1920.
138) It follows three generations of the Brangwen family living in Nottinghamshire, focusing particularly
on the individual's struggle to growth and fulfilment within the confining strictures of English social
life.
139) The novel The Rainbow showcases the changing conditions of life brought about by increased
industrialisation.
140) The Rainbow was banned on the grounds of frank treatment of sexuality.
141) The family history in the rainbow by DH Lawrence spans the period from 1840- 1905.
142) The novel The Rainbow by Lawrence has many allusions to and references from the Bible. ’
143) Lydia's depression in The Rainbow is a result of the death of her husband and children.
144) Ursula in The Rainbow fantasizes about romantic literature and imagines she is maid waiting to be
rescued as in Tennyson's Idylls of the king.
145) The appearance of the huge Rainbow at the end gives The Rainbow an optimistic ending.
146) T. S. Eliot OM (1888 –1965)-American-English poet, playwright, literary critic, and editor.
147) He is best known as a leader of the Modernist movement in poetry and as the author of such
works as The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1943). "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
1915, "The Hollow Men" (1925), "Ash Wednesday" (1930).
148) He was also known for seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935) and The Cocktail
Party (1949).
149) He was awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to
present-day poetry".
150) The Waste Land- Published in 1922-Among its famous phrases are "April is the cruellest month", "I
will show you fear in a handful of dust", and the Sanskrit mantra "Shantih shantih shantih".
151) Major characters- Madame Sosostris, Tiresias, Fisher King, Philomela, Phlebas, Mr. Eugenides.
152) Eliot employs many literary and cultural allusions from the Western canon such as Ovid's
Metamorphoses and Dante's Divine Comedy, as well as Shakespeare, Buddhism, and the Hindu
Upanishads.
153) Eliot's poem combines the legend of the Holy Grail and the Fisher King with vignettes of
contemporary British society.
154) The poem shifts between voices of satire and prophecy featuring abrupt and unannounced
changes of speaker, location, and time and conjuring a vast and dissonant range of cultures and
literatures.
155) The poem is divided into five sections. The first, "The Burial of the Dead", introduces the diverse
themes of disillusionment and despair.
156) The second, "A Game of Chess", employs alternating narrations, in which vignettes of several
characters address those themes experientially.
157) "The Fire Sermon", the third section, offers a philosophical meditation in relation to the imagery
of death and views of self-denial in juxtaposition, influenced by Augustine of Hippo and Eastern
religions.
158) After a fourth section, "Death by Water", which includes a brief lyrical petition, the culminating
fifth section, "What the Thunder Said", concludes with an image of judgment.
159) The symbol of Wasteland has been taken from Miss Jessie Weston's From Ritual to Romance.
160) Sanskrit language plays part in The Waste Land
161) April is the cruelest month in The Waste Land.
162) In The Waste Land who speaks the following lines...Tiresias "... though blind, throbbing between
two lives Old man with wrinkled female breasts can see..."
163) Which words describe the emotion and tone of the neurotic women in the The Waste Land when
she says my nerves are bad tonight yes bad stay with me speak to me why do you never speak speak
what are you thinking of what thinking what I never new what you are thinking think- Urgent and
Anxious "... though blind, throbbing between two lives Old man with wrinkled female breasts can
see..."
164) Which explanation of Datta, Dayadgvam, Damyata, which Eliot inverted from the original seems
most suitable to you- giving compassion control.
165) In The Waste Land land Eliot borrowed the famous Da Da Da from the Brihad rannakaya upnishad.
166) The Waste Land is dedicated to Ezra Pound.
167) Which among the following is not a symbol in The Waste Land:houses, water, pack of tarot cards,
fire
168) Burt Norton poem of TS Eliot was made from unused material of Murder in Cathedral.
169) DH Lawrence sons and lovers TS Eliot Four quadrates Edmund Burke of the sublime and beautiful
Samuel Johnson lives of poets
170) The title A game of Chess has been taken from Women beware women by Middleton.
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171) John Ruskin (1819-1900)-English art critic of the Victorian era. He was also an art patron,
draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. He was hugely influential
in the last half of the 19th century, up to the First World War. Ruskin wrote on a wide range of
subjects. These included geology, architecture, myths, ornithology, literature, education, botany, and
political economy. In all his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society.
He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, and architectural
structures and ornamentation.
172) Ruskin first came to widespread attention with the first volume of Modern Painters (1843), an
extended essay in defence of the work of J. M. W. Turner. He argued that the principal role of the
artist is "truth to nature". From the 1850s he championed the Pre-Raphaelites who were influenced by
his ideas. . In this book, Ruskin criticized the painters of the 17th century. He promoted the precise
documentation of nature.
173) Ruskin wrote The Seven Lamps of Architecture. The ideas Ruskin had in the book is expanded in
The Stones of Venice published in 1851. The book is a three-volume treatise on the art and
architecture of Venice.
174) In 1862, he published Unto This Last. The book is considered as one of the best books of Ruskin
even though it is not concerned with the criticism of art. The book is about the issues of capitalist
economics. He also talks about the dehumanization resulting from the industrial revolution.
175) Walter Pater (1839 – 1894) was an English essayist, art and literary critic, and fiction writer,
regarded as one of the great stylists.
176) His first and most often reprinted book, Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), revised
as The Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry (1877), in which he outlined his approach to art and
advocated an ideal of the intense inner life, was taken by many as a manifesto (whether stimulating or
subversive) of Aestheticism