DIET DURING ADOLESCENCE ADOLESCENCE Begin between the ages of 10 and 13 in girls Begin between 13 and 16 in boys Growth
wth rate may be 3 inches a year for girls and 4 inches for boys Bones grow and gain density, muscle and fat tissue develop, and blood volume increases Sexual maturity occurs Adolescent Food Habits Typically, they have enormous appetites They prefer to imitate their peers and do what is popular Unfortunately, the foods that are popular often have low nutrient density such as potato chips, sodas and candy These foods provide mainly carbohydrates and fats and very little protein, vitamins, and minerals, except for salt, which is usually provided in excess Adolescent Food Habits Adolescents eating habits can be seriously affected by busy schedules, part-time jobs, athletics, social activities, and the lack for an available adult to prepare nutritious food. Kcal and Nutrient Needs of Adolescents Kcal requirements naturally increase It is greater in boys than girls Except for vit. D, nutrient needs increase dramatically
Girls have a greater need for iron than boys because of menstruation The RDAs and DRIs for vit. D,C, B12, calcium, phosphorus, and iodine are the same for both sexes, and for the remaining nutrients it is higher in boys. Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition A. Anorexia Nervosa Psychological disorder more common to women than men It can begin as early as late childhood but usually begins during teen years or the early twenties It causes the client to so drastically reduce kcal that the reduction disrupts metabolism and causes hair loss, low blood pressure, weakness, amenorrhea, brain damage and even death The causes are unclear. Someone with this disorder has an inordinate fear of being fat Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition B. Bulimia The client alternately binges and purges by inducing vomiting and using laxatives and diuretics to get rid of ingested food. They fear that they cannot stop eating More common among women than men
They usually binges on high kcal-foods such as cookies, icecream, pastries and other forbidden foods Treatment usually includes limiting eating to mealtimes, portion control and close supervision after meals to prevent self-induced vomiting Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition C. Overweight It is apt to diminish the individuals self-esteem The cause is difficult to determine but heredity may play a role The individual will be helped by discussing the amount of weight that should be lost, the time required for such a loss, daily kcal requirements, and exercise with a registered dietitian In general, a plan developed using the Food Guide Pyramid is the easiest for the dieting teen to understand and follow Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition D. Fast Foods Generally speaking, fast foods are excessively high in fat and sodium, as well as kcal, and contain only limited amounts of vitamins and minerals and little fiber Examples of these foods most of which are favorites of teenagers include hamburgers, cheeseburgers, french fries, milkshakes, pizza, sodas, taco, chili, fried chicken and onion rings
Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition E. Alcohol and the Adolescent It is typically made from fruit, corn, rye, barley, rice, or potatoes. It provides 7kcal/gram but almost no nutrients Initially, it causes the drinker to feel happy but ultimately, alcohol is a depressant It affects absorption and normal metabolism of glucose, fats, proteins and vitamins Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition Alcohol causes kidneys to excrete larger than normal amounts of water, resulting in an increased loss of minerals Long-term drinking can cause high blood pressure and can damage the heart muscle. It is associated with cancer of the throat and esophagus and can damage the reproductive system When a pregnant or lactating woman drinks, however, she puts the fetus or the nursing infant at risk as well. Alcohol can lower birth weight and cause fetal alcohol syndrome Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition F. Marijuana It makes one hungry, especially for sweets 1 marijuana cigarette is as harmful as four or five tobacco cigarettes. As marijuana is smoked, the lungs absorbed the primary active ingredient, delta-9tetrahydrocannibol (THC), and
this fat-soluble substance is transported via lipoproteins to various body tissues for storage Common street names for marijuana include grass, weed, pot and dope Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition G. Cocaine It causes restlessness, heightened self-confidence, euphoria, irritability, insomnia, depression, confusion, hallucinations, loss of appetite, and a tendency to withdraw from normal activities. Cocaine can cause cardiac irregularities, heart attacks, and cardiac arrests resulting in death Weight loss is very common; addicts would give up food for the drug The smokable form of cocaine is crack,which is more addictive than any other drug Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition H. Tobacco Teenagers smoke to be cool, to look older or because of peer pressure. Smoking can influence appetite, nutrition status and weight Smokers need the DRI for Vit.C plus 35mg, because smoking alters metabolism. Low intakes of Vit. C, Vit. A, beta-carotene, folate and fiber are common in smokers. Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer and heart disease.
Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition I. Other Addictive Drugs Methamphetamine is the most potent form of amphetamine. It cause heart, breathing and BP rates to increase and other sympathetic effects to take place. Street names include crank, speed, crystal, meth, zip and ice. Inhalants may risk depression and apathy, nosebleeds, headaches, eye pain, chronic fatigue, heart failure, loss of muscle control and death Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition J. Dental Caries Are promoted by the use of sugar in the diet Can be prevented by avoiding sticky sugar foods Fluoride toothpaste also is believed to be helpful Nutrition for the Athlete The athlete needs additional water, kcal, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, sodium, potassium, iron and protein Plain water is the recommended liquid because it rehydrates the body quickly than sweetened liquids or the drinks that contain electrolytes. Salt tablets are not recommended Nutrition for the Athlete The increase in kcal could be double the normal, up to 6000 kcal/day.
Because glucose and fatty acids not protein are used for energy, the normal diet proportions of 50 55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 10 15 % protein are advised There is an increased need for B vitamins The minerals sodium and potassium are needed in larger amounts because of loss through perspiration Nutrition for the Athlete This amount of sodium can usually be replaced by salting food to taste, and orange juice or bananas can provide extra potassium. A sufficient supply of iron is important particularly to the female athlete When weight must be added, the athlete will need an additional of 2,500kcal to develop 1 pound of muscle mass. A high fat diet should be avoided The pregame meal should be eaten 3 hours before the event and should consist primarily of carbohydrates and small amounts of protein and fat Concentrated sugar foods are not advisable Nutrition for the Athlete Glycogen loading(carboloading) to increase muscle stores of glycogen, the athlete begins six days before the events. For 3 days, the athlete eats a diet consisting of only 10% carbohydrate and mostly protein and fat as he/she performs heavy exercise. The next 3 days, the diet is 70% carbohydrate, and the exercise
is very light so that the muscles become loaded with glycogen Steroid drugs should not be used to build muscles
