EMC Test Requirements for Electric Vehicles

Merve Deniz Kozan Erdal Usta

Abstract— With generation of new technologies such as smart as might emanate from microprocessor based systems or other
and autonomous systems on vehicles or electric drive vehicles on narrowband source.
automotive industry, electromagnetic compatibility tests are
become more important. The electric drive system is a new Besides, electromagnetic immunity tests intended to
component consisting of an electric motor, high voltage power demonstrate the immunity of the vehicle electronic system.
source, AC/DC converters, regenerative braking system etc. These tests investigate that how radiated electric fields or the
Complexity of the vehicles has brought new EMC problems and conducted disturbances effect the vehicle electronic system. As
new requirements. In this paper, the EMC testing of an electric stated in ECE R10 Standard; "Electromagnetic immunity"
vehicle and its requirements are investigated according to means the ability of a vehicle or component(s) or separate
European standard which is ECE R10-5. technical unit(s) to operate without degradation of performance
in the presence of (specified) electromagnetic disturbances
Keywords—electric vehicle, emc, electromagnetic compatibility, which includes wanted radio frequency signals from radio
ECE R10, REESS charging mode transmitters or radiated in-band emissions of industrial-
scientific-medical (ISM) apparatus, internal or external to the
I. INTRODUCTION vehicle.
Device/vehicle should be compatible with its Unlike the vehicles that have internal combustion-engine,
electromagnetic (EM) environment and also it does not emit electric vehicles (e-vehicle) have rechargeable energy storage
EM energy that causes electromagnetic interference (EMI) to system (REESS). For those types of vehicles, electromagnetic
the other devices/vehicles. This is called electromagnetic emission and immunity tests are more complicated than the
compatibility (EMC). With development of industry, other type of vehicles which have internal combustion engine.
automotive industry has also improved. Smart technologies are Since the e-vehicles are charged through a charging station
begun to use in vehicles. Electric vehicles and also self-driving which is leaded from the AC power line, measurements of
car technologies are developed. An important case in the conducted emissions from charging cables become a
design and development of today’s complex vehicles is requirement. Also e-vehicles may have some special
assuring the electromagnetic compatibility of the electrical telecommunication systems between charging station and the
system and its numerous subsystems with itself and the vehicle. It is important to measure e-vehicles’ conducted
environment in which it is used. To assure vehicle’s emission levels from telecommunication ports. Not only
electromagnetic compatibility, electromagnetic emission and electromagnetic emission levels but also immunity of the e-
immunity characteristics of vehicles must be controlled by vehicles must be concern. Furthermore, e-vehicles’ on-board
EMC tests according to standards. chargers and other electronic components must be robust to the
Basically, there are two types of electromagnetic electromagnetic fields which are generated by AC power lines.
compatibility test for vehicles. These are electromagnetic In this paper, we investigate that electromagnetic
emission tests and electromagnetic immunity tests. compatibility tests for electric vehicles according to European
Electromagnetic emission tests consist of radiated and Standard which is ECE R10-5 [2].
conducted emissions from vehicles and its electronics.
Radiated emissions can be divided in two parts: Broadband II. EMISSION TESTS FOR E- VEHICLES
emissions and narrowband emissions. "Broadband emission"
means an emission, which has a bandwidth greater than that of There are two types of emission tests for e-vehicles. These
a particular measuring apparatus or receiver. "Narrowband are conducted emissions and radiated emissions.
emission" means an emission which has a bandwidth less than
that of a particular measuring apparatus or receiver [1]. A. Conducted Emissions
Radiated broadband electromagnetic emissions from vehicles Conducted emissions are the noise currents generated by
are generated by electrical or electronic systems fitted to the the equipment under test (EUT) that propagate through the
vehicle (e.g. ignition system or electric motors). Radiated power cable or harness to other systems or power grid.
narrowband electromagnetic emissions from vehicles are such Conducted emissions can be propagated from power port,
This work was supported in part by OTOKAR Otomotiv ve Savunma
Sanayi A.Ş.

978-1-7281-1835-2/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE EMC Turkiye 2019 Fifth International EMC Conference
signal/control port or telecommunication ports of the
equipment or electric vehicles. E-vehicles are charged through
a charging station which is leaded from the AC power line.
Some of the e-vehicles can be charges through the electric
supply system. For both cases, the e-vehicle can emit some
unintentional electromagnetic energy to the power mains and
can be effect the other devices that are fed from the same
power mains.
Also e-vehicles may have some special telecommunication
systems between charging station and the vehicle. It is Fig. 2. Harmonic & Flicker Test Setup
important to measure e-vehicles’ conducted emission levels

Fig. 3. Radiated Emission Test Setup for REESS Charging Mode

B. Radiated Emissions
All of the electric/electronic systems generate electric field.
This electric field is radiated to the environment. E-vehicles
have complex electric/electronic equipment such as AC/DC
converters, on-board chargers, regenerative braking system etc.
Fig. 1. Conducted Emission Test Setup for REESS Charging Mode So, radiated emissions can be divided in two parts for e-
vehicles: Other than REESS charging mode coupled to power
from telecommunication ports. Conducted emission test setup grid and REESS charging mode coupled to the power grid. For
for e-vehicles is given Fig. 1. These tests are performed while other than REESS charging mode coupled to power grid part,
the vehicle is charging from the charging station or power narrowband and broadband emission tests are performed.
mains. Measurements are performed over an Artificial Network Different from the vehicles that equipped only with an internal
(AN) or Impedance Stabilization Network (ISN) [3]. combustion engine, while performing the broadband emission
According to ECE R10-5, quasi-peak/peak and average measurements of e-vehicles, the e-vehicle shall be driven on a
measurement levels are compared with the limits. The results dynamometer without a load or on non-conductive axle stands
should be below the specified limits. This test is intended to with a constant speed of 40 km/h (if the vehicle speed is less
measure the level of radio frequency conducted disturbances than 40km/h, then maximum speed is adjusted) [6].
generated by vehicle in configuration “REESS charging mode
coupled to grid” through its AC or DC power lines and However, REESS charging mode coupled to power grid
network and communication access in order to ensure it is tests are performed for only broadband emission
compatible with residential, commercial and light industrial measurements. Charging cable should be connected to vehicle
environments. Charging level should be between 20% and via artificial network for power mains, impedance stabilization
%80. If the current consumption can be adjusted, then the network for communication lines. Test setup is given in Fig. 3.
current shall be set to at least 80% of its nominal value. E-vehicle’s state of charge (SOC) shall be kept between the
20% and 80% during the whole frequency range
On the other hand e-vehicles may generate harmonics measurements.
through its AC power lines. By the way; voltage changes,
voltage fluctuations and flicker may be occurred on AC power
lines of e-vehicles. These emissions also should be measured in
order to ensure it is compatible with residential, commercial
and light industrial environments. Methods of measuring
harmonic and flicker emission levels are identified in standards
[4], [5]. According to standards, harmonic and flicker tests
should be performed for REESS charging mode of e-vehicles.
Test setup is given in Fig. 2. During the conducted emission
tests, the e-vehicle shall be immobilized and engine OFF. Also
all of the equipment which can be switched on permanently by
the driver or passenger should be OFF. Fig. 4. Surge Test Setup for REESS Charging Mode

978-1-7281-1835-2/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE EMC Turkiye 2019 Fifth International EMC Conference
 III. IMMUNITY TESTS FOR E- VEHICLES B. Radiated Immunity
E-vehicles should be robust to the radiated electromagnetic
There are two types of immunity tests for e-vehicles. These fields. Electromagnetic fields are applied to the e-vehicles
are conducted immunity and radiated immunity. while the vehicle is in REESS charging mode and other than
REESS charging mode. The vehicle shall be immobilized, and
A. Conducted Immunity engine off for the REESS charging mode tests. SOC should be
Immunity of the e-vehicles electronic systems against the between 20% and 80%. On the other hand the vehicle shall be
disturbances conducted along AC and DC power lines should driven at a constant speed of 50km/h (25km/h for L1 and L2
be tested. Electrical fast transient/burst disturbances and surges categories) for the tests of other than REESS charging mode.
are applied to the e-vehicles while the e-vehicle is in REESS Also other than REESS charging mode tests are repeated for
charging mode. SOC should be between 20% and 80%. E- brake cycle mode. All of the equipment which can be switch on
vehicles shall be immobilized. All of the equipment which can permanently by the driver and passenger should be ON. Test
be switch on permanently by the driver and passenger should setup for the REESS charging mode is given in Fig. 6.
be OFF. The e-vehicle shall be monitored during the tests. The
electrical surges shall be applied between each line and earth IV. CONCLUSION
and between lines by using coupling decoupling network
(CDN). Test setup for surge test is given in Fig. 4. Surge levels In this paper, electromagnetic compatibility tests for
are ±500V for DC power lines, and ±1000V (L-L) and ±2000V electric vehicles according to European Standard which is ECE
(L-P) for AC power lines. Surge tests should be applied for all R10-5 is investigated. Since the e-vehicles have additional
phases (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°) [7]. However electrical fast electronics such as charging modules, so not only radiated
transient / burst shall be applied to the power lines in common emissions and immunity tests are applied but also conducted
modes. Burst levels are ±2000V for AC and DC power lines emissions and immunity tests are applied to the e-vehicles.
[8]. Test configuration is given in Fig. 5. Different from the vehicles that equipped only with an internal
combustion engine, radiated emissions and immunity tests are
performed to the e-vehicles while the vehicle is in REESS
charging mode coupled to power grid.

REFERENCES
[1] CISPR 25 Radio Disturbance Characteristics for the Protection of
Receivers used on Board Vehicles, Boats, and on Devices – Limits and
Methods of Measurements
[2] ECE R10-05 Uniform provisions concernig the approval of vehicles
with regard to electromagnetic compatibility, United Nations, September
2014
Fig. 5. Burst Test Setup for REESS Charging Mode [3] CISPR 16-1-2 Specification for Radio Disturbance and Immunity
Measuring Apparatus and Methods – Part 1-2: Radio Disturbance and
Immunity Measuring Apparatus – Ancillary Equipment – Conducted
Disturbances, Edition 1.2, 2006
[4] IEC 61000-3-2 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-2- Limits
for Harmonic Current Emissions (Equipment input current ≤ 16 A per
phase), Edition 3.2, 2005 + A1:2008+A2:2009
[5] IEC 61000-3-3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-3-
Limits- Limitation of Voltage Changes, Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker
in Public Low – Voltage Systems for Equipment with rated current ≤ 16
A per phase and not subjected to conditional connection, Edition 2, 2008
[6] CISPR 12 Vehicles, Boats, and Internal Combustion Engines – Radio
Disturbance Characteristics - Limits and Methods of Measurement for
the Protection of off-board Receivers
[7] IEC 61000-4-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-4-
Testing and Measurement Tecniques – Electrical Fast Transients/Burst
Immunity Test, Edition 2.0, 2004
Fig. 6. Radiated Immunity Test Setuo for REESS Charging Mode [8] IEC 61000-4-5 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-5-
Testing and Measurement Tecniques – Surge Immunity Test, Edition
2.0, 2005

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