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158 views67 pagesBridge Construction Estimation
Uploaded by
Sunil SinghCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 67
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Quantity Surveying [ CIVIL + MECHANICAL ] | Contracts | Project Management | Structural
SI CCaE aac CA ue cucu i run uric One uC enc it 4
Ve eee waco CH:- 8 INTRODUCTION What is a bridge?
» Abridge is a structure that spans a
divide such as:
* Astream/river/ravine/valley
« Railroad track/roadway/waterway
» The traffic that
uses a bridge
may include:
= Pedestrian or cycle traffic
® Vehicular or rail traffic
«= Water/gas pipes
* Acombination of all the above Components of bridge
»>SUPER STRUCTURE
>SUBSTRUCTURE
»ADJOINING STRUCTURE Super structure
The components of the bridge above the
bearing is known as Super Structure.
Beams, Girders
» Arch, Cables
» Flooring
v
> Bearing
» Parapet wall,
y Hand Rail Sub structure
The components of the bridge below the level of
bearings is known as Sub Structure.
» Abutments
» Piers
» Wing walls
» Foundation
for
abutments
and Piers CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGES
Classification of
_______| Based on material
As per alignment
(Purpose
eee spanlength SSCS
Acc. Life of bridges 1. Based on the material used:
1. Timber Bridge:
Masonry Bridge
2. Stone
a 3.Rcc Bridge 4. Steel Bridge 5. Prestressed concrete 6. Composite Bridge
Bridge
Pamban road bridge- tamilnadu 2. As per the alignment:
1. Straight Alignment:
When the
alignment of bridge is
perpendicular to the
centre line of a river, it
is called straight bridge.
2. Skew Bridge:
. When the
alignment of a bridge is
not perpendicular to the
centre line of river, is
) called Skew Bridge.
11 3. As per the location of bridge flooring:
1.Deck Bridge:
When the bridge flooring is provided
at the top of the super structure, it is
called deck bridge. 2. Through Bridge:
When the bridge
flooring is provided at
the bottom of the super
structure, it is called
Through Bridge.
3. Semi-Through Bridge:
When the flooring
is located at some
intermediate level in the
Super structure, it is
called Semi-Through
idge. 4. Based on purpose:
1. Aquaduct:
It is small bridge constructed
over a stream which remains dry for most
part of the year is called aquaduct. 2. Viaduct:
It is a long continuous
structure which carries a
road or railway like bridge
over dry valley composed of
a series of spans trestle
bents instead of solid piers.
w
. Grade separator:
When two roads crosses
each other and there is
considerable differences in
their formation level, a
bridge structure is
constructed , which is known
as grade separator.
4. Highway Bridge:
It is constructed on a
roadway for the movement
of vehicles.
Koyambedu
grade
separator,
Tamilnadu,
India.
Eastern
Peripheral
Expressway
India 5. Railway Bridge
It is constructed for the railway.
6. Foot Bridge
A foot bridge is a bridge exclusively used
for carrying pedestrians, cycles and animals.
7. Pipe Bridge
It is used to support pipeline for water, gas,
oil, etc.
16 5. based on type of superstructure:
1. Slab Bridge:
When the span_ of
bridge is 3 to 6m, slab
bridge is used, It is also
called culvert.
2. Girder bridge:
When the span of a
bridge is more, flooring
is supported on RCC or
steel girder. Such Ee
of bridge is called
girder bridge. 3. Truss Bridge
When the flooring of a bridge is supported
over steel trusses it is called truss bridge.
Normally such type of bridges are used for
railways. 4. Suspension Bridge:
Suspension bridges consists of sets of
cables hanging in a curve from which the
roadway is supported.
A flooring load is transferred suspenders
and cables to the piers.
Narmada bridge 5. Arch Bridge:
In such type of bridge the weight of
flooring is transferred to the piers through the
arch. the floor beam is suspended trough
hangers from arch. 6.According to h.f.l.:
1.Submersible bridge or
causeway:
A road causeway is a
pucca dip which allows
floods to pass over it. It may
or may not have openings or
vents for low water to flaw.
2. Non-Submersible bridge:
In this types of bridge
formation level is kept above}
the HFL, so that maximum
traffic on the bridge. 7. According to type of span:
1. Simply supported Bridge:
When the bridge girders are simply
supported on piers, it is known as simply
supported bridges.
2. Continuous Bridge:
When the super structure of a bridge is
continuous over more than two supports, it is
called continuous bridge. J
Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge,USA 3. Cantilever bridge:
A cantilever bridge is formed of cantilevers
projecting from the supporting piers. The ends
of a cantilever bridges are treated as fixed.
Forth Bridge,
United Kingdom, Edinburgh,
4. Balanced cantilever bridge:
A balanced cantilever bridge consists of
) spans simply supported over cantilever. 8. According to span length:
1. Culvert - span up to 8m.
2. Minor bridge - span 8 to 30m.
3. Major bridge - span 30 to 120m.
4. Long span bridge - span above 120m.
a 2 9. According to navigation facility:
1. Swing bridge:
In case of swing bridge a central pier is
provided with suitable bearing or rollers. The
super structure consists of a pair of steel
trusses and it can be rotated in a horizontal
plan about vertical axis.
Lake Okeechobee
LAKE, FLORIDA, UNITED STATES
~ SOURCE: G 2. Bascule bridge:
In case of bascule bridge, the entire
structure is rotated in a vertical plane about a
horizontal axis. 3. Traverser bridge:
In case of traverser bridge, it is so arranged
that the whole bridge can fully or partially be rolled
forward or backward across the openings.
4. Lift bridge:
In this type of bridge the truss is lifted up.
5. Transporter bridge:
In case of transporter bridge, a moving cage is
suspended from an overhead truss with the help of
cable or wire ropes. 10.According to life of bridge:
|. Temporary bridge:
a. pontoon bridge kumsn mea
b. boat bridge : coukata-rasinoRANATH SETU
C. flying bridge west india auay
London, UK 10.According to life of bridge
2. Permanent bridge:
a. RCC bridges
b. masonry bridges -Rajasthan
c. steel bridges : surat tapti river
29 11. As per loading
1. Class AA bridge - Narmada cable bridge
2. Class A bridge
3. Class B bridge Low coast bridge
» A low coast bridge may be define as bridge
constructed at low cost and capable of being
maintained at low cost.
n low ri
» Lack of money, resource
+ Lack of time and materials
» Temporary need
» Repairs to permanent works
» Undertaking project surveys in the interiors
» To facilitate the execution of permanent works. Types of low coast bridge
» Causeways
» Culverts
» Timber bridges
» Floating bridges
» Flying bridges
a
32 CH:-9 INVESTIGATIONS FOR
BRIDGE Selection of site
+ Span length
+ Bridge length
+ Beam spacing
+ Material available
*Site conditions (foundation, height, apace
constraints)
+ Speed of construction
+ Aesthetics
« Cost
+ Access for maintenance Factor affecting selection of site
» Width of bridge
» A straight reach
» Foundations
» River banks
» Square alignment
» Materials and labour
» Velocity of flow
» Free board
» Minimum obstruction to waterway
» Absence of scouring and silting
» No confluence of large tributaries
r Adequate vertical height
35 Terms related to bridge
» Length of the bridge:— The distance between inner
faces of two abutments is called length of the
bridge.(L)
» The clear distance between two piers or between
abutment and pier is called the clear span.
» Let , there are n numbers of spans.
NO. of piers=n-1
Length of bridge,
L=(n*)+(n-/*b
where, |=clear span
n=number of span
b=width of span
a 38 FIG. 9.4 LENGTH OF BRIDGE : » Linear water way: The area through which the water
flows under a bridge super structure is known as
the water way of the bridge & the linear
measurement of waterway between the two edges
of the flow of the water, perpendicular to the
abutments is called linear water way.
» Linear water way=sum of all the clear span
» Effective linear water way:
width » Afflux: when a bridge is constructed, the structures such as
abutment and piers cause the reduction of the natural
water way area, so to carry the maximum flood discharge ,
the velocity under a bridge increase. This increased velocity
gives rise to a sudden heading up of water on the upstream
side of the stream.This phenomenon of heading up of
water on the upstream side of the stream is known as
afflux. afflux= Increased in water level due to obstructions
- Normal water level.
Free board; Free board is the vertical distance between the
designed high flood level, allowing for afflux, if any , and
the level of the bottom of the bridge girders.
Vertical clearance: They are of two types:
1) Below super structure
Above super structure 40 Bridge
hy: nermal water depih
hc upstream surface elevation
hoy downstream surface elevation FREE BOARD
FIG, 93 FREE BOARD