1

PART B
The Human Body: An
Orientation
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION

ELAINE N. MARIEB

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 Cardiovascular
 Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
 Nutrients
 Wastes

Figure 1.2f
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Lymphatic
 Returns fluids to blood
vessels
 Disposes of debris
 Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g
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Respiratory
 Keeps blood supplied with
oxygen
 Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h
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Digestive
 Breaks down food
 Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
 Eliminates indigestible
material

Figure 1.2i
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Urinary
 Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
 Maintains acid – base
balance
 Regulates water and
electrolytes

Figure 1.2j
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Reproductive
 Production
of offspring

Figure 1.2k
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Necessary Life Functions

 Maintain Boundaries
 Movement
 Locomotion
 Movement of substances
 Responsiveness
 Ability to sense changes and react
 Digestion
 Break-down and delivery of nutrients
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 Metabolism
 chemical reactions within the body
 Production of energy
 Making body structures
 Excretion
 Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

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 Reproduction
 Production of future generation
 Growth
 Increasing of cell size and number

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Survival Needs
 Nutrients
 Chemicals for energy and cell building
 Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
 Oxygen
 Required for chemical reactions

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 Water
 60–80% of body weight
 Provides for metabolic reaction
 Stable body temperature

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 Homeostasis

 Maintenance of a stable
internal environment = a  Maintain by neural and
dynamic state of hormonal regulation
equilibrium
 Homeostatic imbalance
 Homeostasis must be – a disturbance in
maintained for normal homeostasis resulting in
body functioning and to disease
sustain life
E.g. Body temperature

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 Homeostasis Overview
 Receptor
 Responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli)
 Sends information to control
center
 Control center
 Analyzes information
 Determines appropriate
response
 Effector
 Provides a means for response
to the stimulus

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Calcium Balance

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 Feedback Mechanisms
 Negative feedback
 Includes most
homeostatic control
mechanisms
 Shuts off the original
stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
 Works like a household
thermostat

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 Positive feedback
 Increases the original
stimulus to push the
variable farther
 In the body this only
occurs in blood
clotting and birth of a
baby

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