 Pull-push rule.

This flexible rule when extended will support itself,

SAN JUAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL but may also be used to measure curved, irregular surfaces. Steel
tape rule blade is usually ½ inch wide and 72 inches long. The
Sitio Sapinit, Brgy. San Juan, Antipolo City
graduation is sixteenths, except for the first 6 inches which are
graduated in thirty-seconds of an inch.
TLE 8 – Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

LESSON 1: USE BASIC HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT  Steel tape is similar to a steel tape rule except for its flexible number of
feet that are marked on the tape. The tape is 3/8-inch-wide and available
in lengths from 25 to 100 feet.
LO 1. Select and classify hand tools and equipment
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Hand tools selected are appropriate to the requirements of the task.
 Steel rule. This is the most common tool used in tool room. It is
made of tampered steel about 1/8-inch-thick and ¾ inch wide and
Pretest LO 1 (30 Mins.) 6 to 12 inches long. The same style maybe obtained in length
from 1 to 48 inches.
Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer on a
separate sheet of paper.  Try square is an instrument used to measure the square of an
object.

 Combination square. It is an instrument combined with

45°, 90° and a protractor.

 Micrometer caliper. It is a precision measuring instrument

used to measure dimensions in thousandths of an inch.

Information Sheet 1.1 (1 Hour)

A list of common hand tools and their uses are provided with picture illustration for your
better comprehension.
 Vernier caliper is a precision measuring instrument used
Hand tools are classified into four: to measure the inside, outside diameter, as well as depth
1. Measuring tools of hole and slot.
2. Cutting tools
3. Driving tools and
4. Holding tools

Each classification has different types and uses.

 Dividers. These are used for measuring or setting of distances, and
1. MEASURING TOOLS to lay out arcs and circles.

1
 c. 24 teeth-per-inch. It is recommended for thin tubing and pipe.

2. CUTTING TOOLS
1. Hacksaw is a tooth cutting tool usually with a solid and adjustable frame. The main parts
are handles, blade, tightening screw and nuts. The tool is mainly used in cutting metals like
plates, pipes, rods, bars, angular, etc. but of minimal thickness, width and length.
 Files are made of high-grade steel which are hardened and tempered. Each file has rows
Sometimes this tool is used for cutting plastic pipes and other materials that suit to its
purpose. of teeth that form, shape and finish metal by removing small chips and smoothing rough
 Frame. It is the main body of the hacksaw which holds the blade. The different types of edges of the metal surface. They differ in length, shape, cut and coarseness.
frames are the following: Kinds of files:
a. Fixed or solid frames are intended to hold only one 1. Mill file a single-cut file used for filing and finishing
size of blade at about 10 inches long brass and bronze.

2. Flat file is usually rectangular in shape and tapered

slightly in width and thickness. It is one of the most
commonly used files for general work.
b. Adjustable frame is frame that can be adjusted to
hold blades of different sizes such as 10, 12 and
14 inches in length.

3. Square file is intended for filing square or rectangular holes.

 Blade. It is made of thin, high grade steel usually

1.27 mm thick and 30.48cm long with an inclined
row of teeth serving as cutter.
4. Round file is used primarily for enlarging holes.

The two types of blades are:

a. All hard in this type, the entire blade is hardened and tempered, making it
very brittle. Use this type in cutting steel and cast iron.
b. Flexible back. In this type, only the teeth portion is hardened and 5. Half-round file is used for filing curved or concave
tempered, making the blade springy and less likely to break. surfaces.

The following are the recommended teeth-per-inch of blades for different kinds
of stocks to be cut:
a. 14 teeth-per-inch. It is used for brass, aluminum, cast iron and soft iron.
b. 18 teeth-per-inch. It is used for drill rod, mild steel, tool steel and general A triangular file is used for filing surfaces that
work meet at least 90º. It is exclusively used for

2
 sharpening wood saws and for smoothening rectangular opening. It is also known as
three-square file.

 Cold chisel. A wedge-shaped tool used to shear, cut, and chip metal KINDS AND USES OF PUNCHES

Types of cold chisel and their particular functions:  Prick punch. A small center punch which is also known as
a layout puncher. Its point is placed an angle of 30 degrees.
1. Flat chisel is used for chipping flat surfaces; cutting off rivets
or metal fasteners, thin sheets, and small bars; and for general
purposes. Its cutting-edge ranges from 13 to 25mm.

2. Cape chisel has a narrow edge suited for cutting narrow  Center punch has one end guard to a 90 degrees conical
grooves or slots. point.

3. Diamond-point chisel has a diamond-shaped cutting edge 3. DRIVING TOOLS

intended to cut V-grooves.  Hammers
1. Ball peen hammer is used for straightening
bending and deforming metals. It has two faces.
4. Round-nose chisel has a round nose cutting edge for cutting One is flat in striking cold chisels and punches.
round and semi-circular grooves. The other side the “peen” is rounded for bending
and shaping metals. Ball peen hammer generally
has a wood or fiberglass handle measuring 10-
 Scraper is used in removing points, burrs and sharp 16 inches long. Head weight ranges from 2-48
edges from metal surface and similar parts. This tool is oz. A 20oz hammer is good for general purpose.
made of hardened steel of various shapes that fit
according to each purpose. There are bearing scrapes,
flat, sharper, three-connected scraper. Below are types 2. Chipping hammer is used for removing slag on weld
of scrapers and their uses: and with two faces, the tapered from one side and round
pointed on the other side.
1. For the removal of the high spots on metal
surface.

2. For scraping the surface of cylindrical  Wrench is used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts and bolts. There are
bearing when fitting shafts into place. different kinds and sizes of wrenches designed according to uses and functions.

1. An adjustable wrench has a movable jaw which makes it adjustable to various sizes of
nuts. A heavy type of adjustable wrench is the monkey/pipe wrench.
3. For the removal of burrs and sharp internal edges from soft brushing and similar
parts

 Punches are used for permanent marking on the surface of

metal.

3
 designed to hold work securely which performing skills through grinding, bending, fitting
Adjustable Wrench Pipe Wrench and cutting of metals. Some types of clamps and metal vises are:

2. Oxy acetylene wrench- A type of wrench used for tightening hose and fitting 1. Tool maker clamp is used for holding small parts both at
connection on oxy-acetylene unit. the bench and at the machine. This tool is also known as a
parallel clamp.

3. An open-ended wrench is one that is made to fit one size of nut or bolt. This is the
most inexpensive type of wrench that is quite efficient in ordinary situations.
2. C-Clamp is an all-purpose clamp that is generally used for
all kinds of work.

3. Drill vise is a sturdy steel vise with

movable jaw that easily goes back or
Single-ended Double-ended
forth by raising the handle.
4. A closed-end wrench is similar to a single ended wrench, but as it entirely encloses a
nut, there is a little danger of the wrench slipping off the nut or the jaws spreading
apart.

Single-ended 4. Machinist vise is a work holding tool for machining

activity.

Double-ended

5. Socket wrench is a tool with a usually interchangeable

socket to fit over a nut or bolt. 5. Hand vise V block with clamp is used to hold metal stocks
for small machining operation.

 Screwdriver is hand tool that is designed to turn screws. The blade is made of steel,
attached to one end of a wooden or plastic handle. The other end is flattened to fit slots
in the heads of screws on bolts. The other kinds of screw drivers are called a Phillips
screw driver and helical-ratchet screw driver. 6. Vise Grip is a tool used to grip the stock tight enough to
hold the object.
4.
HOLDING
TOOLS

Clamps are
made of 7. Tong is used to hold the metal to be forged and must be
different sizes and appearance that are fitted to its purpose. These devices have been held securely while working.

4
 3. Apply pressure during the forward stroke and release during the return strokes.
4. Hold the stock with your left hand to avoid cuts upon sawing with your right hand
8. Pliers are used for holding, cutting and twisting wires.
Steps in Bending 90o with Ball Peen Hammer
1. Force the metal over the vise jaws using left-hand.
2. Strike it several times near the hand with flat head of a hammer.
Combination pliers Side cutting pliers Long nose pliers Slip joint pliers/Mechanical pliers

Steps in Squaring off a 90o Bend

Operation Sheet 1.1 (2 Hours) 1. Place the metal in the bench vise and tighten strongly.
Direction: Perform at least 2 of any of the following procedures on using different hand tools 2. Strike the metal with the flat head of a hammer in the direction of
and equipment. the arrow indicated.
Hacksaw
Steps in Mounting Blade to the Metal Frame
Circular Bend
1. Select the correct type of blade.
1. Place the metal over a pipe or round bar and clamp in a bench vise.
2. Attach the blade to the frame by pointing the teeth away from the handle.
2. Strike the metal with a glancing blow using the flat head of a hammer
3. Tighten the wing nut of the handle until the blade is tight enough.
until the desired curve is obtained.

Cold Chisel

Cold Chisel is used for cutting and chipping cold metals

The illustration presents the Two Hands Positioning in cold chiseling
which shows the proper grip in using the tool. For heavy work, hand
gripping of tool should be strong and tight; for fine and small work, hold
Safety Measures: the tool lightly.
Tighten the wing nut securely enough to prevent from buckling and
breaking.

Look at the person work with the ball peen hammer and the chisel, as
Steps in Fixing Stock in Metal Vise and Operation Position shown in the illustration above. A cold chisel will cut metals only if you
1. Fasten the stock in vise with lay-out line as close as possible to the end of the used vise strike it with the flat head of a ball peen hammer. The complete safety
jaws. protection device and the body position when performing the task
2. Stand with your feet 25 to 30 centimeters apart and one foot forward. (chiseling) are evidently done.
3. Lean the body a little forward as shown in the drawing
Wrench
Steps in Sawing the Stock
1. Start the saw by guiding the blade with the thumb of your left Wrench is used for loosening and tightening light and heavy nuts and
hand while taking one or two light strokes with your right hand. bolts. There are various kinds and sizes of wrenches designed according
2. Move the saw with a light steady and even motion of about 40 to to use and function. It is tool steel on movable jaws.
50 strokes per minute.

5
 3. Scraper
4. Square file J.
A repair worker often uses tools to remove and replace damaged parts. The wrenches are 5. C-clamp
used to tighten and loosen the nut and bolts that hold the parts in place. Other tools are used 6. Steel tape
to hold parts for cutting, welding and other works. 7. Cold chisel
8. Machinist vise
Wash type of wrench is usually used for only one or two different jobs. 9. Ball peen hammer
Figure shows a repair worker using a box of wrench and an open-end
10. Hand vise
wrench to remove a deck lid bolt in an automobile. The ends of the
11. Open- ended wrench
wrench are offset (the hand is lower than the handle). In this way, the
12. Hack saw
worker’s hand is above the surface of any object as the nut of bolt is
13. Steel rule
turned.
14. Helical-ratchet screw driver
A combination wrench of open-end and a box- 15. Chipping hammer
end will tell the advantage of box-end over
open lid. Box-end wrench has complete
contact with six points on the bolt head. This
completely surrounds the grip of the bolt head
or nut allowing less chances of wrench
slippage.

Screw Drivers
Screw drivers are usually made in different sets. This tool is used to tighten and loosen screws
by pushing or pulling screws in a rotating manner.
Screwdriver is driven by fully turning the blade in clockwise motion until the entire screw is
removed from the wood and metal. The purpose is to hold or fix two pieces and by no chances
to space apart even opposing force occurs.
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the tools or equipment you used to perform the activity?

2. How did you acquire those tools and equipment?

3. Based on the tools or equipment available in your area, what is the most difficult and
easiest to use? Why?

Self-Check 1.1 (30 Mins.)

Directions: Match the name of the hand tools with the correct pictures. Write the letter of your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Phillips screw
2. Box wrench