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Science 11 Q4 Module 4 - Lecture notes 1-4

Engineering (SAA Global Education)

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11

Physical Science
Quarter 4– Module 4
Dispersion, Scattering,
Interference and Diffraction

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Physical Science– 11
Quarter 4 – Module 4: Dispersion, Scattering, Interference and Diffraction
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Joju Amor D. Villajos

Editors: Honey Lynne A. Boyles, Maybelle G. Isidoro, Noel G. Escobal
Reviewer: Mylene Coquilla,
Management Team:
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11
Physical Science
Quarter 4 – Module 4
Dispersion, Scattering,
Interference and Diffraction

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear
learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home.
Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are
carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide
you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson
prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons
in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing
this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s
assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of
each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We
trust that you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the Teacher
are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and
reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based
learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks
on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering
the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before
performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your
teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

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Let Us Learn!
Hello everyone! How are you today?
In this module, we will journey towards our understanding
different topics involving electrons, waves and light. At the end of the module,
you will be able to:

1. cite experimental evidence showing that electrons can behave like waves.
S11/12PS-IVg-64;
2. differentiate dispersion, scattering, interference and diffraction. S11/12PS-
IVh-65; and

Specifically, you will learn to:

a. identify experimental evidences that electrons can behave like waves;
b. describe the characteristics of the different type of dispersion,
scattering, interference and diffraction;
c. compare and contrast dispersion, scattering, interference and
diffraction.

Let Us Try!

Let’s begin! You are now ready to complete this module! Let us try to find out
by answering the following questions. After honestly answering this, you may
check the answers at the last part of this module.

Multiple Choice
Read each statement and choose the best answer by writing the letter of
your choice. Write your answers in your Physical Science notebook.

1. Davisson and Germer scattered electrons from a crystal of nickel. The

scattered electrons formed a strong diffraction pattern. What important
conclusion was drawn from this experiment?
A) Electrons acted like waves
B) Neutrons acted like waves
C) Protons acted like waves
D) All of the above

2. Light bends around sharp corners as a result of __________________.

A) refraction
B) reflection
C) diffraction

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D) dispersion

3.Two waves of equal wavelength will interfere destructively most

effectively under one of the following conditions. Will the interference be
most effective when the waves are _______________________________.
A) in phase and have equal amplitudes
B) in phase and have unequal amplitudes
C) 180 degrees out of phase and have equal amplitudes
D) 180 degrees out of phase and have unequal amplitudes

4. Diffraction and interference demonstrate which of the following?

A) particle nature of light
B) wave nature of light
C) polarization of light
D) refraction of light

5. Which of the following refers to a line (straight or curved) that

is perpendicular to light's wavefronts and its tangent is collinear with
the wave vector?
A) Light waves
B) Light ray
C) Light Sound
D) Interference

Let Us Study
In this module you will be introduced to the different ideas about
evidences showing that electrons can behave like waves,
dispersion, scattering, interference and diffraction.

I. Electrons can behave like Waves

 In 1924, French physicist Louis de Broglie postulated that a particle, like

an electron, may also behave like a wave.
 The de Broglie wavelength shows that the wavelength of a particle is
related to Planck’s constant, and is inversely proportional to its
momentum.
 Electron is one of the subatomic particles in an atom that has a wave-like
behavior. The experiments done by Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer
in 1927 showed that it can be bent or diffracted, a characteristic behavior
of waves (8.7 Electrons Can Behave Like Waves | Facebook, 2021).

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II. Dispersion, in wave motion, any phenomenon associated with

the propagation of individual waves at speeds that depend on their
wavelengths. Ocean waves, for example, move at speeds proportional to
the square root of their wavelengths; these speeds vary from a few feet per
second for ripples to hundreds of miles per hour for tsunamis.
A wave of light has a speed in a transparent medium that varies
inversely with the index of refraction (a measure of the angle by which the
direction of a wave is changed as it moves from one medium into another).
Any transparent medium—e.g., a glass prism—will cause an incident parallel
beam of light to fan out according to the refractive index of the glass for each
of the component wavelengths, or colours. Dispersion is sometimes called the
separation of light into colours, an effect more properly called angular
dispersion (Britannica, T. 2008).
Visible light, also known as white light, consists of a collection of
component colors. These colors are often observed as light passes through a
triangular prism. Upon passage through the prism, the white light is
separated into its component colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue and
violet. The separation of visible light into its different colors is known
as dispersion.
It was mentioned in the Light and Color unit that each color is
characteristic of a distinct wave frequency; and different frequencies of light
waves will bend varying amounts upon passage through a prism. In this unit,
we will investigate the dispersion of light in more detail, pondering the reasons
why different frequencies of light bend or refract different amounts when
passing through the prism (Physics Tutorial: Dispersion of Light by Prisms,
2021).

Source: Physics Tutorial: Dispersion of Light by Prisms, 2021

III. Scattering of light is the phenomenon in which light rays get deviated
from its straight path on striking an obstacle like dust or gas molecules, water
vapours etc. Scattering of light gives rise to many spectacular phenomena
such as Tyndall effect and the “red hues of sunrise and sunset”(Foundation,
2021).

Watch the video at: http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=r4MVEpS0tvk

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Examples of Tyndall Effect

We get to see Tyndall effect in our surroundings very often. Some of the
examples are:

1. When a beam of sunlight enters the dark room through small hole or
window then its path become visible due to scattering of light by the dust
particles present in the room.
2. When a beam of light is projected on a screen from a projector in the
cinema hall, it becomes visible.
3. When sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense forest it get
scattered by tiny water droplets (Foundation, 2021).
Scattering of Light
by small particles and molecules in the atmosphere

Different from reflection, where radiation is deflected in one direction, some

particles and molecules found in the atmosphere have the ability to scatter
solar radiation in all directions. The particles/molecules which scatter light
are called scatterers and can also include particulates made by human
industry.

Source:(Scattering of Light:by small particles and molecules in the

atmosphere, 2021)

Selective scattering (or Rayleigh scattering) occurs when certain

particles are more effective at scattering a particular wavelength of light. Air
molecules, like oxygen and nitrogen for example, are small in size and thus
more effective at scattering shorter wavelengths of light (blue and violet). The
selective scattering by air molecules is responsible for producing our blue
skies on a clear sunny day.

Another type of scattering (called Mie Scattering) is responsible for the

white appearance of clouds. Cloud droplets with a diameter of 20 micrometers
or so are large enough to scatter all visible wavelengths more or less equally.
This means that almost all of the light which enters clouds will be scattered.
Because all wavelengths are scattered, clouds appear to be white, (Scattering
of Light:by small particles and molecules in the atmosphere, 2021)

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III. Interference

Have you observed the

different colors produced by the thin
surface of soap bubbles when
illuminated by natural or artificial
light sources? The reason behind this
dynamic interplay of colors is wave
Interference. This shows that light
has wave-like properties.
To know more about
interference, proceed to the Let Us
start learn from the module.
Source: https://science.thewire.in/culture/books/through-two-doors-at-once/

Interference refers to any situation in which two or more waves overlap

in space. When this occurs, the total wave at any point at any instant of time
is governed by the principle of superposition.

Superposition of Waves
Superposition occurs when two waves overlap in space (the wave
at this point is found by adding the 2 amplitudes of the waves). Waves
are most ordinarily described by variations in some parameter through
space and time— height during a water wave, pressure in a sound
wave, or the electromagnetic field in a light wave. The value of this
parameter is named as the amplitude of the wave; the wave may be a
function specifying the amplitude at each point. Superposition of waves
results in what is referred to as interference, which manifests in two
types: constructive and destructive.

Two Types of Wave Interference

A. Constructive Interference
When the two waves come close to one another, their effects add
together. If the crests, or highest parts of the waves, line up perfectly, then
the crest of the combined wave is going to be the sum of the heights of the
two original crests.
Likewise, if the bottom parts of the waves (the troughs) line up just
right, then the combined trough are going to be the depth of the two
original troughs combined. This referred to as constructive interference, in
which two waves (of an equivalent wavelength) interact in such how that

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they are aligned, resulting in a replacement wave that is bigger than the
original wave.
WAVE A cre

WAVE B

troug
h

WAVE C
(A + B)

Source:
https://www.phys.uconn.edu/~gibson/Notes/Section5_2/Sec5

Figure 1. Constructive Wave

B. Destructive Interference

Destructive interference occurs when two waves add together, and the result
is a smaller displacement than would have been the case. When the waves
have opposite amplitudes at the point they meet they will destructively
interfere, leading to no amplitude at that time.

WAVE A

WAVE B

WAVE C
(A + B)
Source: https://www.phys.uconn.edu/~gibson/Notes/Section5_2/Sec5_2.html

Figure 2. Destructive Waves

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Conditions for Interference to Occur

When waves are close, they will interfere constructively or destructively. To

set up a stable and clear interference pattern, two conditions must be met:

1. The sources of the waves must be coherent, which suggest that they
emit identical waves with a continuing phase difference.
2. The waves should be monochromatic - they ought to be of one
wavelength.

For example, if two light bulbs are placed side by side there is no interference
observed since the light waves of the bulbs are emitted independently of those
from the other light bulb so it does not meet the condition of the interference
but if you place a single frequency sound waves emitted by two side by side
speaker driven by a single amplifier it can interfere with each other because
the two speakers are coherent-that is they respond to the amplifier in the
same way at the same time. Now let us learn more about the concept of
interference by learning Young’s Double Slit Experiment.

Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Light, due to its wave properties, will show constructive and destructive
interference. This was first shown in 1801 by Thomas Young, who sent
sunlight through two narrow slits and showed that an interference pattern
might be seen on a screen placed behind the 2 slits. The interference pattern
was a group of alternating bright and dark lines, corresponding to where the
light from one slit was alternately constructively and destructively interfering
with the light from the second slit.
In the Figure 3, it shows the schematic diagram of the Double slits
experiment. In the figure, a monochromatic light source is incident on the
first screen which contains a slit So. The emerging light then arrives at the
second screen which has two parallel slits S1 and S2. which serve as the
sources of coherent light. The light waves emerging from the 2 slits then
interfere and form an interference pattern on the viewing screen. The bright
bands correspond to interference maxima, and therefore the dark band
interference minima. This pattern of bright and dark lines is understood as a
fringe pattern as shown in Figure 3b and is straightforward to ascertain on a
screen to understand more about the double slit interference pattern.

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Source: https://www3.nd.edu/~amoukasi/CBE30361/Useful%20files/Interference%20of%20Light%20Waves.pdf

Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of a Double-Slit

Let us consider how two waves travel from the slits to the screen, as
illustrated in Figure 4. Each slit is a different distance from a given point on
the screen. Thus, different numbers of wavelengths fit into each path. Waves
start out from the slits in phase (crest to crest), but they may end up out of
phase (crest to trough) at the screen if the paths differ in length by half a
wavelength, interfering destructively as shown in Figure 4a. If the paths differ
by a whole wavelength, then the waves arrive in phase (crest to crest) at the
screen, interfering constructively as shown in Figure 4b.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/27-3-youngs-double-slit-experiment/

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IV. Diffraction

Diffraction is the tendency of

a wave emitted from a finite source
or passing through a finite aperture
to opened because it propagates.
Diffraction results from the
interference of an infinite number of
waves emitted by endless
distribution of source point. The
iridescent formation of light in the
sky is an example of diffraction we
call it the Heiligenschein effect.
Source: https://fluxair.org/these-iridescent-clouds-in-siberia-look-like-
soap-bubbles-in-the-sky/

We can interchange the terms diffraction and scattering. Diffraction

describes a specialized case of light scattering in which an object with
regularly repeating features produces an orderly diffraction of light. Now let
us discuss diffraction in relation to interference with the use of the concepts
of single slit diffraction and Young’s Double Slit experiment.

Single Slit Diffraction Pattern

Light passing through a single slit forms a diffraction pattern somewhat

different from those formed by double slits, which we discussed in the first
lesson.

Figure 6 shows a single-slit diffraction pattern. Note that the central

maximum is larger than maxima on either side and that the intensity
decreases rapidly on either side.

Figure 6. Single slit diffraction pattern

Double Slit Diffraction Pattern

Sourcehttps://phys.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/16999/Fig
ure4-3.png?revision=1
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When we studied
interference in Young’s
double-slit experiment, we
neglected the diffraction
effect on each slit. We
assumed that the slits
were so narrow that on the
screen we saw only the
interference of light from
just two-point sources.

Figure 7. Complete set-up of double slit

experiment with diffraction pattern

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/austincc-physics2/chapter/27-3-youngs-

Activity 1. Search It!

Take a look. Find in the PUZZLE the different terms you learned from the
series of information given above. Find as more as you can by encircling the
term in the box

W E L E C T R O N T A T O M I
A A B G H F R E Q U E N C Y N
V D I F F R A C T I O N R W T
E C B O R O D U F E J D E I E
S P A R T I C L E S S I Q N R
D U A L I T Y D R Z X P U T F
P P A E N E N A R Y W A V E E
W A V E L E N G T H P O L R R
B B U O R B I T A L S I I F E
A X M N T S G B I H L D G E N
B Y L T I O F U 0 P E G H R C
C Z W O S W N R V Q F I T J E
S T A T I O N A R Y W A V E S

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Let Us Practice

Good Job! Congratulations! You might have LEARNED & RECALLED

some evidences about electrons acts as waves.
Now let’s move forward to another topic about dispersion, scattering,
interference and diffraction. After honestly answering the activity below, you
may check your answer in the Answer Key Section.
Activity 2. Let’s Identify!
In everyday life, when people talk about light waves, they usually mean
visible light. But visible light is only one part of the electromagnetic spectrum,
along with radio waves, infrared, microwaves, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma
rays. Physicists call all of these things light waves.
There are a lot of fun things you can do with light waves. You can break
them into individual colors, cause them to bend or spread out, or manipulate
them to do clever magic tricks. Light waves are also super important because
we wouldn't be able to see without them.
Below is a simple activity for you to identify what is being described or
illustrated in the first column. Write your answer in the next column, either
it is dispersion, scattering, interference or diffraction.

Brief Classification
Illustration or description

It refers to any situation in which two or

more waves overlap in space. 1.____________________________
In wave motion, this refers to any
phenomenon associated with 2.____________________________
the propagation of individual waves at
speeds that depend on their
wavelengths. This is sometimes called
the separation of light into colors.

In physics, this refers to a change in the

direction of motion of a particle because 3.____________________________
of a collision with another particle.

It is the slight bending of light as it

passes around the edge of an object. The 4.___________________________
amount of bending depends on the
relative size of the wavelength of light to
the size of the opening.

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In physics,this refers as the net effect of

the combination of two or more wave 5.___________________________
trains moving on intersecting or
coincident paths. The effect is that of the
addition of the amplitudes of the
individual waves at each point affected
by more than one wave.

Based on the illustration and description above, kindly describe in your

own word the meaning of the following terms:

1. Dispersion_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
2. Scattering_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
3. Interference_____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
4. Diffraction_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.

Let Us Practice More

Excellent! You have made this far. Let us have another practice!

Activity 3. Let’s Illustrate

3.1 Illustrate and label the different types of dispersion.

(You may use separate sheet for your illustration, if necessary)

 Radiation
 Optics
 Light

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Radiation:Disper Optics:Dispersion Light:

Activity 3. 2. Compare and Contrast!

Constructive interference Destructive Interference

Let Us Remember
Kudos! You made a great job! Now, let us remember what you have
learned.

Activity 4. Compare and Contrast the three types of scattering.

Rayleigh Scattering Mie Scattering Non-Selective

Scattering

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Let Us Assess
Amazing! Surely, you have learned a lot from this module. So, let us
assess what you have learned. Let’s Go!

1. A small cluster of stars appear, after many decades of observation, to be

converging toward a common point in the sky. Does the light from these
stars show a:
A) red Doppler shift C) no Doppler shift
B) blue Doppler shift D) All of the above
2. Which of the following phenomena suggest that light may be a transverse
wave?
A) reflection C) photoelectric effect
B) polarization D) diffraction
3. This refers to any phenomenon associated with the propagation of
individual waves at speeds that depend on their wavelengths.
A) Scattering C) Diffraction
B) Dispersion D) Interference
4. It is a line (straight or curved) that is perpendicular to light's wavefronts;
its tangent is collinear with the wave vector.
A) Light waves C) Light Sound
B) Light ray D) Interference
5. Davisson and Germer scattered electrons from a crystal of nickel. The
scattered electrons formed a strong diffraction pattern. What important
conclusion was drawn from this experiment?
A) Electrons acted like waves C) Protons acted like waves
B) Neutrons acted like waves D) All of the above
6. Light bends around sharp corners as a result of __________________.
A) refraction C) diffraction
B) reflection D) dispersion
10. Which of the following describes Huygens’s Principle?
A) Every point on a wavefront acts as a source of lots of secondary spherical
wavelets, which can therefore interfere with each other.
B) A wave can produce an interference pattern.
C) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
D) The speed of light is constant in every direction.
6. What are the quantities that should be measured in double slit experiment?
A) slit separation C) slit-to-screen separation
B) fringe separation D) all of the above
7) What do you call the interference pattern of light and dark bands on the
screen?
A) Graphical pattern C) Light spectrum
B) Line spectrum D} Fringes

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14. Which of the following is TRUE about the dispersion of light when it passes
through a prism?
A) the prism contains many narrow, equally spaced slits.
B) all wavelengths have the same speed in a material.
C) different wavelengths have different speeds in the material.
D) the index of refraction is the same for all wavelengths.
15. Which parameter of a wave gets affected after superposition?
A) Wavelength C) Amplitude
B) Direction D) Frequency

Let Us Enhance
Salute to you! You have made this far! Let us try applying your
gained knowledge. Let’s go!

Activity 5. Double Slit Experiment

I. Materials:
 Laser pointer
 Comb
 Black tape
 5x7 inch index card
 Two large binder clips { 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide, 2 inches (5 cm) long}
 Two medium binder clips
 1/2 in (1 cm) wide
 1 inch (2.5 cm) long
 Scissor
II. Procedure:
1. Use the black tape to cover the teeth on the lice comb, leaving exposed
only two slits between adjacent teeth.
2. Insert the handle of the comb into a large binder clip and set the clip
on its side on a table or other flat surface so the teeth of the comb
are vertical.
3. Clip the two medium binder clips to the barrel of the laser pointer
and position them so the laser pointer rests horizontally.
4. Attach the remaining large binder clip to the index card so that it
creates a stand for the card.
5. Set up the laser pointer and comb so that the laser beam shines
through the two open slits on the comb onto the white screen. Position
the screen so it is at least 4 feet (1.5 meters) from the two slits.

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III. Guide Questions

Directions: Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. What do you observe at the pattern produced when the light goes
through the two slits and shines on the distant screen?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What do you observe as you block the light from going through one of
the slits using the razor blade or knife?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What do you observe as you remove the razor blade or the knife that is
blocking the light?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Let Us Reflect
Congratulations! Might want to share your deep thoughts on this!
Activity 6. Your Thought Matters
Organize your thoughts by answering the following end of the module
questions:
1. Which of the topics interest you the most? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Which of the topics interest you the least? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Did the activities help you understand the topic (Y/N)? Explain your
answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Did you see the significance/ connection of the topic in your life?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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Let Us Assess
Let Us Reflect Let Us Enhance 1. A
Activity 6 Activity 5 2. B
Answer may vary. Answer may vary.
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. A
7. D
8. D
9. C
10. D
Let Us Practice : Activity 2
Let Us Remember Let Us Practice More 1. Dispersion
4. Answer may vary Activity 3.1 2. Scattering
Answer may vary 3. Scattering
Activity 3.2 4. Interference
Answer may vary 5. Diffraction
6. Interference
7. Dispersion
8. Scattering
9. Diffraction
10.Interference
Let Us Study: Activity 1
W E L E C T R O N T A T O M I
Let Us Try
1. A
A A B G H F R E Q U E N C Y N
V D I F F R A C T I O N R W T
2. C
E C B O R O D U F E J D E I E 3. A
S P A R T I C L E S S I Q N R
4. A
D U A L I T Y D R Z X P U T F
P P S E N E N A R Y W A V E E
5. B
W A V E L E N G T H P O L R R
B B U O R B I T A L S I I F E
A X M N T S G B I H L D G E N
B Y L T I O F U 0 P E G H R C
C Z W O S W N R V Q F I T J E
S T A T I O N A R Y W A V E S
Answer key
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References

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Dispersion." Encyclopedia

Britannica, December 19, 2008.
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<https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-
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%20different%20types,%2C%20and%20non%2Dselective%20sc
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Serway / Jewett. Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics.
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Ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu. 2021. Scattering of Light:by small particles and
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Young, H., Freedman, R., Ford, A., & Young, H. (2012). Sears and
Zemansky's University physics. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning
Solutions.

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