Questions 1-5 Research has indicated that dyslexia has. biological origins, and most investigators now suspect that dyslexic children read poorly as a result of a highly specific language problem, sometimes called "phonological unawareness.” Dyslexic children cannot easily learn to read because they have trouble associating printed 5. letters with the sounds of speech. A similar problem occurs in congenitally deaf people who have mastered the linguistic complexities and subtleties of sign language but have trouble learning to read. Evidence also exists suggesting that the root cause for much dyslexia is a problem with processing very rapidly changing sensory stimuli. For example, 10 studies have shown that dyslexic children have trouble making accurate distinctions between similar auditory signals. They often cannot hear the difference between speech sounds such as “pah,” “dah,” and “bah.” Recently, differences have been noted between the visual pathways of dyslexics and those of nondyslexics that suggest a comparable problem with fast-changing visual stimuli. 18 Researchers have also found several other neuroanatomical abnormalities in the temporal lobe and in other areas of the brain. All of these studies are extremely valuable in helping researchers understand the mechanisms underlying reading problems so that dyslexic children can be accurately identified and more efficiently helped. 1. What is the main purpose of the passage? (A) To change current ideas about dyslexia (B) To explore the causes of dyslexia (©) To distinguish between dyslexia and congenital deainess, (D) To cite examples of dyslexic behavior 2. According to the passage, “phonological (A) trouble with hearing and sensory stimult ) inability to distinguish between auditory signals (©) problems associating printed letters and sounds (D) abnormalities in the temporal lobe 3. At what point in the passage does the author state where neuroanatomical abnormalities are located? (A) Line 9 @)Line 11 OLine 16 (©)Lines 18-19 The author compares the problems of dyslexic children with (A) dyslexic adults (B) the subtleties of sign language (©) the visual pathways of other dyslexics (D) the problems of congenitally deat people ‘This passage would be of most interest to (A) children ®wnters (© educators () scientists.Questions 6-13, Barn owls, of the family Tytonidae, are anatomically different enough from other owls to merit their own family in the order Strigiformes. Instead of the more or less rounded face of most owls, the barn owl has a heart-shaped face and lacks the usual tufted earlike feathers. The common barn ow is from 12 to 18 inches long. 5 and has a white face, cinnamon buff back, buff or white breast, and relatively small eyes. The legs are fairly long, feathered to the toes, and, like those of all owls, very strong and equipped with sharp, powerful, curved claws, the outer ones being reversible, although they are usually directed backward. Barn owls nest in hollow trees, caves, and buildings on every continent except 10 Antarctica and have adapted so well to living near humans that in some areas they seem to have forsaken natural nesting places in favor of man-made ones. They hunt in open spaces and have the largest range of any nocturnal bird. They use their eyesight to locate prey, but their hearing Is so highly developed that they can hunt small mammals in total darkness. Barn owls are economically valuable 15 because of their preference for small, crop-destroying mammals. 6. Itcan be inferred from the passage that 8 owls hunt for food in (A) forests @) swampy areas Otielas caves 7. According to the passage, barn owls have a highly developed sense of @)uaste ® sight (Ohearing ©)touch ii 8. All of the following are features of the barn ow! EXCEPT (A) small eyes (®) curved claws (© white face (D) black breast 10. In ine 11, the word “forsaken” could best be replaced by (A) abandoned @) substituted (© chosen (D) preferred ‘The word “they” in line 11 refers to (A) natural nesting places ®) barn owls (© humans (D) open spaces Which of the following is NOT a customary nesting place for barn owls? (A) Trees @) Fields (©) Caves (D) Buildings12, The words “economically valuable” as 13, This passage would most likely be used inline 14 mean thatthe barn ow foun (A)is a national treasure (A) a book on agriculture (B) is worth a lot of money (B) a photographer's handbook © prevents farmers trom losing money (©) aUnited States atlas ‘on crop losses (D) saves farmers money by eating bad crops. (©)an encyclopedia of animal lifeQuestions 14-20 10 2 Laser is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. ‘Stimulated emission is a variation of spontaneous emission, a process that occurs in atoms when an electron in a ground, or unexcited state, is knocked into a higher state when energy is applied to the system. As the electron drops back into ground state, a photon, or particle of light, is released. As de-excitation occurs in millions ‘of atoms, photons are released in a random fashion and light is emitted in every direction. Stimulated emission, however, causes an increase in the number of photons traveling in a particular direction. An optical cavity, the space formed by two reflective surfaces facing each other, is used to control the direction of the beam. There are solid-state, gas, and liquid lasers, and by subjecting lasing materials to various types of energy—electrical, magnetic, or sonic—scientists have been able to control the laser output to sult various functions and applications. In industry, the laser has proven to be a very versatile tool, particularly for cutting and welding. Lasers are now also used in high-speed printing and in the creation of three-dimensional images, called holograms. Laser tracking and ranging systems have been developed, using light signals to measure distance rather than the radio signals of radar. The use of the laser in biological and medical applications is also rapidly expanding, and the laser is already being used with great success in certain surgical procedures. In the field of communications the laser, used in conjunction with fiber optic networks, is capable of carrying much more information than conventional wires and is setting the stage for the “electronic superhighway” of the near future. Where in the passage does the author 16. The author's main purpose in this Gefine optical cavity? passage isto (A) Unes 34 (A) persuade ®) Lines 8-10 @ entertain (© Lines 15-16 Oilstrate (©) Lines 20-21 inform 5. The main topic of the second paragraph is (A) the applications ofthe laser @®) liber optic networks (© measuring distances with lasers. (D) the uses of lasers in medicine17. It can inferred from the passage that lasers are rapidly becoming (A) obsolete in today's world (more imited in scope (© a vital part of modern society (less flexible in their uses 18 According to the passage, scientists have been able to contrl laser output by (A) controlling the direction ofthe beam (@) subjecting lasing materials to various types of energy (© increasing the number of photons traveling na particular direction (D) sing a variety of lasing materials 19. What happens when an electron drops back into ground state? (ADA particle of light Is released. ®) Excitation occurs, (© Energy is applied to the system. (D) There is an increase in the number of photons traveling in one direction. 20. Inline 21, the words “in conjunction with” could best be replaced with which of the following phrases? @ata crossroads ®aside trom © in combination with (D) in addition toQuestions 21-28 A new class of 75-loot yachts has replaced the 12-meter racing vessels that populated the America’s Cup races since the late 1800s, but the excitement and challenge of the race remain unabated. Only once in the history of the America's, Cup has the prize left the shores of the United States. That coup was perpetrated 5 by Australian businessman Alan Bond and his yacht Australia 1, skippered by John Bertrand in 1983. Dating back to the middle of the nineteenth century, the America’s Cup is the oldest international sporting trophy of any kind. In 1851, at the invitation of England’s Earl of Wilton, Commodore of the Royal Yacht Squadron, the New York 10 Yacht Club sent the schooner America across the Atlantic to race against the British. The sole American entry went against 17 of Britain’s racing yachts and finished ahead of the Aurora by 18 minutes. The prize, an ornate silver urn, named “The Hundred Guinea Cup” for its cost, was handed over to the winners and was known thereafter as the “America’s Cup.” 15 Six years after the race, the Cup was given to the New York Yacht Club with the understanding that any foreign yacht club could challenge for it. Despite 25 challenges, the Cup remained in America’s hands until 1983. However, the only man to have lost the cup in 132 years, Dennis Conner, was not one to accept defeat During a grueling four and a half months of elimination races in some of the most 20 testing conditions in which 12-meter boats had ever sailed, Dennis Connor won the right to compete for the Cup. In September 1988 Connors’ controversial 60-foot catamaran, Stars and Stripes, sailed past Michael Fay's equally controversial 130- foot yacht, New Zealand, to win back the prize in a court-challenged victory. The final court decision kept the cup on American soil but led to the demise of the 25 complicated formula that dogged the 12-meter yachts for so many years. 21. With which of the following statements 22, The passage preceding this one is most ‘would the author agree? Likely about (A) The America’s Cup races should be (A) other international yacht races relegated to an event of the past. (8) how to sailin foul weather (B) The British are responsible for ils trina America’s winning streak Spee (© The America's Cup is an important and stimulating event. (©) There should be a return to the old formula for America’s Cup racing boats. (D) the construction of sailing vessels,23. The main idea of this passage is (A) how to win the America's Cup (B) why Australia won the America's Cup (©) the role of the British in the America’s Cup (D) the history of the America’s Cup 24, Which of the following conclusions about the America’s Cup is supported by the passage? (A) The America’s Cup race is losing its popularity. ©) The Australians will not be contenders in the future. (©) The America’s Cup will never again leave the shores of the United States. (©) The next America’s Cup race will not be as controversial as the last. 25, The words “that coup” in line 4 refer to (A) the Australian win @®) Alan Bond (©) the yacht Australia It (©) the America’s Cup race 2. According to the passage, how many times was the Cup challenged before the Americans lost it? @ 18 ® 2 © @) 132 ‘The word “unabated” in line 3 means @ undiminished ®) unopposed © controversial (©) significant The word “testing” in line 20 could best be replaced by @) frightening ® wondrous © challenging (©) analyticalQuestions 29-35 In January 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson called for a war on poverty in his State of the Union Address. Eight months later the Economic Opportunity Act and other legislation were enacted. Almost 100 million dollars was authorized for 10 programs to be conducted by the Oifice of Economic Opportunity, including Job 5 Corps, Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), work training and work study programs, and aids for small businesses. Not only was President Johnson dedicated to fighting poverty, but he vowed to end racial discrimination as well, bringing about the passage of the Civil Rights Law of 1964. The Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 and the Wilderness 10 Preservation Act were also passed that year. With those achievements and a landslide victory in the 1964 presidenti election to bolster his resolve, President Johnson in his 1965 State of the Union Address called for a vast program to achieve the “Great Society,” including a massive program to end crippling diseases, a doubling of the war on poverty, 15 enforcement of the Civil Rights Law, elimination of barriers to the right to vote, reform of immigration laws, an education program of scholarships and loans, and a massive effort to establish more recreational and open space. At the president's urging, the first session of the 89th Congress passed the most significant amount of legislation since the New Deal. The new legislation included 29 large-scale programs to aid schools, the establishment of the Medicare program to provide medical care for the elderly, another voting rights act, two housing acts to help low-income families obtain housing, reform of immigration laws, and the establishment of the National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities. 29, The main topic of this passage is 31. Which ofthe following is NOT mentioned Covreebienlikaer cscs as legislation passed during the Ist roars session of the 89th Congress? ) Lyndon Johnson's fight against (A) Job Corps Poverty (B) Medicare (© the legislation enacted by the 89th (© Housing acts Congress (0) Schoo! aid (©) the accomplishments of the Johnson ‘administration 30, Itcan be inferred from the passage that Lyndon Johnson was (A) supported by wealthy industrialists ®) not a conservationist (©) dedicated to improving life through social programs ()a believer in less government ‘spending and more business growth32, What is the author's attitude toward Lyndon Johnson? (A) Disregard (B) Suspicion (© Admiration (@) Indifference 33, The word “bolster” in line 12 means to dissipate ) strengthen (© declare (©) weaken 34. According to the passage, when was the Wilderness Preservation Act passed? (@) 1965 ®) during the 89th Congress (©) during the New Deal (©) 1964 35, Where in the passage does the author state how much money was authorized {or the Office of Economic Opportunity programs? (A) Lines ®) Lines © Line 16 @) Line 201 Practice Test E~ Structure Postland, Maino, is __ the poot Henry Wadsworth Langfaiow spent his eaty years. (A) where (@)itwhore (C) where is (©) which s wnere ‘As consumers’ response to ‘radional advertising techniques ‘docines, businesses are beginning ‘new methods of reaching austomers, (A) te development tat (B)itdeverping (C) develop (0)t0 dovelop The knve i¢__ most other joints In the body Because it cannot twist ‘without nny. (A) more likly to be damaged than (B) kay to be more than damaged (C) more than kel to be damaged (0) to be damaged more than lkaly ‘The quince is an atractive shrub or mallee elosaly elated to the apple and poar toes. Wie (B)that is (C) tat itis (O)is that wien 5 Many gases, including the nitrogen and oxygen in a, color or dot (ay have no {B) whieh have no ()not having (0) thy do not have ‘The American Academy of Poets, the 1930, provides nancial ‘esitance to support working pools, (A) whon twas founded (6) was founded (6) which was founded in (0) was founded in During the Pleistocene glacial petiods "portions of the Earth Where plant and animale flourished, ‘making I possbe for peope io subsist. (Aa) the. (8) twas (C) thre wore (0) have thore boon The photographs of Care Mae Weems, inwhich she offen makes her famiy members __, ae an sMfectonate and incisive representation of the Atcan American experience. (A) ave her subjects (B) her subjects (Care subjects (0) whieh hr subjects°. Hubble's law states that the grestor 1. the distance between any two ‘galaxies, i ther relative Speed of Separation, (A) the greatest (@) the greater (©) greater than (O)as great as “The onion is characterized by an ‘edible bulb composed of eaves rich 4 in suger and a pungent of, the ‘vogetabie's song tase (8) which te source of (©) thatthe source is (©)the source ot (yet he source is ‘A regional water witha git for eae, her fiton with the eccentric, 46. omnis, but vital inhabtants of rural. Mississippi (A) and Eudora Welty is peoping (B) Eudora Welly peoples (C) because Eudora Welty peopies (©) Eudora Welty, 2 people Relative humidity the amount of ‘aloe vapor tho air contains at a cerain temperature with the ‘amount could hold ata temperature. (A)t0 compare (8) compared (©) comparing (©)comparcs Scientists bolive the first inhabitants of the Americas aived by crossing the land brige that connected Siberia and mote than | 0,000 yoars ago. (A) this is Alaska now (8) Alaska is now (C)is now Alaska (D) what is now Alaska Fibers of hair and woo ae not continuous and must normally be spun int tread woven into toxtlo fabrics. (A) as ae trey (8) whon tobe (c) that they ao (0) they ae to be Margaret Bren, because of hor sil in managing esiates, became largest landholders in colonial Maryand, (A) what the {B) ono of tho (C) who the (0) he one that16 1. 18. 40. 2 Practice Test E- Written Expression ‘The Armory Show, had in New York in 1913, was a important exhibition of ‘madem European at ‘Bie fut is of]on stored in place who contains much carbon dioxide so that the tut wil not dacay too rapid. ln 1852 Massachuselts passed a law requiring all chien trom four to ‘ightoen years of ald to attond schoo ‘The main purpose of classfing arimals i to show the most probable evolutionary relationship ofthe ferent species to each another, Matthew ©. Perry, a United States naval commander, gained fame not in war and though diplomacy. (One ofthe most impressive collections of ninoteenth-contury European ‘paintings inthe United States can be feund to the Philadelphia Musoum of Art ‘Thvee of every four migrating water bids in North America visits the Gul of Mexico's winlc wetlands. Charleston, West Vijnia, was named far Charts Clendenin who son Gooroe _acauled land athe uncon of tle Elk and Kanawha for in 1787 Financier Andrew Mion donated most of his magnificent art colection fo the National Gallery of At, where itis now loca.25, Sail temperatures in Death Valley, Caloria, near the Nevads border, 26, When the Sun, Moon, and Earth are alnment andthe Moon grosses the Ears orbital plane, a solar ecipse occurs 27, Mary Cassatt paintings of mothers and chiren are known fo its fe near ‘hythm, simple modelings, and harmonies of clear color, 28, Planis synthesize carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxie with the aid of ‘energy is. devad rom sunlight. 29. The best American popular music balances a powerful emotions of yout wit iendemess, grace, and wit 20, Inthe ninetaenth century, women used quits ta inscribe their responses to social, economic, and polis isues. 31. Fossils in 50C-nllon-year-oid rocks demonstrate hat fe forms in tho CCambvian pered ware mosly marine animals capably of secreting calcium to form shells, 32, Rainbowsin tho chapo of complete iris aro sometimes seen fom aiplanes because they are na culing offby the honzan- 38, Hot atthe equator causes tho aco expand, rsa, and flow toward the pos.37 40, ‘Athough research has been ongoing sinca 1920, the existance of ESP — perception and communication without the use of sight, hear tast, touch, or ‘smell ~is stil disputed AS many as 50 percent ofthe income from metion pictures produced in the United States comes from marketing the flms abroad ‘Steep is contol by ihe bran and associa by characteristic brealhing rhythms. “The walls araund the city of Quebec, which was originally fort military. ti sland, making Quebec fhe only waled city in Nor Amer ‘The manufacture of aulomobile was extremely expensive unt assembiyine techniques mada them cheaper to produce ‘Tho ballad is charactonizad by informal dcton, by a narrative targoly dependent on acton and dialogue, by hhemalic intense, and by stress on repetition, Eleanor Roosovet sat tho standard agains! which the wis ofall United States Presidents sinco havo evaluated.