Science and Technology and Nation-Building

Science and Technology and Nation-Building

The Philippine Government S & T Agenda
Major development programs and personalities in S & T
in the Philippines
Science Education in the Philippines
Selected indigenous science and technologies
The Philippine Government S & T Agenda

The need to develop a country's science and technology has generally been
recognized as one of the imperatives of socioeconomic progress in the contemporary
world. This has become a widespread concern of governments especially since the post
World War II years. Among Third World countries, an important dimension of this
concern is the problem of dependence in science and technology as this is closely tied
up with the integrity of their political sovereignty and economic self-reliance.
History
Pre-Spanish Period
Colonial Period
American Period & Post-Commonwealth Era
Marcos Era and Martial Law
The Philippine Government S & T Agenda History

Pre-Spanish Period
Before the colonization of the Philippines Island, the natives of
the archipelago already practices linked to S&T
- Banaue Rice Terraces

Colonial Period
- Formal Education

American Period & Post-Commonwealth Era

- Bureau of Government Laboratories (July 9 1901).
- Bureau of Science (October 26, 1933).
- National Research Council of the Philippine (December 8, 1933)

Marcos Era and Martial Law

- 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9.
 In !993, Science and Technology Agenda for National Development was established.
Among its priorities were:
- Exporting winners identified by the DTI
- Domestic needs identified by the President’s Council for countryside
development
- Support Induestries
-Coconut Indestries

Department responsible for science and Technology in the Philippines

- Department of Science & Technology (DOST)
Government Policies on Sciences and Technology
Four National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP)
Overseas Development Aid (ODA)
Philippine-California Advances Research Institutes (PICARI)
Four National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP)
- Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance.
- Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and
Mathematics.
▪ Review of R.A. 9184

An act for providing the Modernization and standardization Regulation of

the Procurement Activities of the Government and for other purposes
- Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry

Overseas Development Aid (ODA)

Providing Scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of the students
in the field of science and technology.
 Philippine-California Advances Research Institutes (PICARI)
A project to allow several higher education institutions in the Philippines and some
US-based laboratories, research institutes, and universities to work on research and
projects related to science, agriculture, engineering, health, and technology.
 Scientist as Advocates
Scientists and technologists are essential in a developing world. They are
one of the key players in a country's quest for industrialization.

Innovation Culture
Saltwater Lamp Salamander Tricycle Diwata 1 Microsatellite
Two Major Approaches
• Stronger Research and Development in the regions, not just
Manila
• Strategic projects in five areas:
a. Renewable energy
b. S and T for industry development
c. Faster and cheaper internet
d. Increased food production
e. Increased food production
f. Enabling mechanisms and specifics
 The Philippine S & T Agenda 2040 Vision
The agenda is in line with AmBisyon Natin 2040: matatag,
maginhawa at panatag na buhay para sa lahat, which has three
pillars: Malasakit (enhancing the social fabric), Pagbabago
(reducing inequality), and Kaunlaran (increasing potential growth).
The HDRNDA is organized into sectors: NIBRA, HRDA, AANR.
• NIBRA (National Integrated Basic Research Agenda)
• NUHRA (National Unified Health Research Agenda)
• AANR (Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources)
Science and Technology and Nation-Building
The Philippine Government S & T Agenda
Major development programs and personalities in S & T
in the Philippines
Science Education in the Philippines
Selected indigenous science and technologies
Major development programs and personalities in S & T in the Philippines

Philippine science and technology have a long history, dating back to the early American colonial
period during which the Bureau of Science was created.
Major shifts in the direction of Philippine S&T took place right after the proclamation of independence
in 1946.
• reorganized into an Institute of Science

There were also major shifts in the 1950s and 1960s that focused on S&T institutional capacity
building.
• infrastructure-support facilities
In the 1980s, research utilization was given stronger emphasis.
• NSTA - National Science and Technology Authority
• PCHRD - Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
• PCIERD - Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research and Development
• PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research
and Development
• NRCP - National Research Council of the Philippines
• After the EDSA Revolution in 1986, the NSTA was reorganized into what is now called the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) by virtue of Executive Order 128.
For a more effective delivery of certain functions, the DOST was further
restructured, resulting in the establishment of the:
• TAPI - Technology Application and Promotion Institute
• SEI - Science Education Institute
• STII - Science and Technology Information Institute
The National Institute of Science and Technology was reorganized into the
present Industrial Technology Development Institute.
• PCASTRD - Philippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology Research
and Development
• PCAMRD - Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and
Development
S&T services were also provided to supplement R&D and technology transfer:
• upgrading of testing
• standardization and quality control services
• various forms of technical assistance and consulting services.
To facilitate the transfer of foreign technology, science parks were set up.
These parks were also intended to:
• a) serve as vehicles for university interaction with private industry;
• b) develop new knowledge-based industries and strengthen existing ones;
and
• c) provide a propitious environment for innovation and contract research.
In 1998 a presidential task force on S&T was formed to deal with the overall
problems confronting R&D and S&T development in the country, and to
formulate an S&T development plan that would support the national
development goal of attaining a newly industrialized country status by the year
2000.

During the Ramos administration, the DOST initiated a Science and

Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND Philippines 2000), which
embodied the country’s technology development plan in the medium term, in
particular, for the period 1993-1998.
Modernization of the Production Sectors
• CTTC - Comprehensive Technology Transfer and
Commercialization Program
• Regional and provincial S&T centers
• Support programs to the CTTC
• DOST Academy Technology Business
• Investors Entrepreneurship Development
Program
• National and regional technology fairs
• Technology business incubators
• Technology financing programs • Science and technology parks
• Information services • Global search for technology
• Program of assistance to investors
• DOST training centers
Research and Development Funding Assistance
• Development Bank of the Philippines
• Technology Livelihood Resource Center
• Landbank and;
• Private Development Corporation of the Philippines.
Remarkable things invented by Filipinos
• Filipino invention #1: Bamboo incubator.
• Filipino invention #2: Erythromycin.
• Filipino invention #3: Challenge 21.
• Filipino invention #4: Mango flowering.
• Filipino invention #5: The PC chipset.
Balik Scientist Program
•The program aims to encourage Filipino Scientists or Scientists of Filipino descent to return to the
Philippines and conduct research or scientific undertakings. As of December 2017, there were 497
scientists who served under the program.
• Republic Act No. 11035
• According to UNESCO, a country should have 380 scientists/researchers per million population.
However, in the Philippines, there are only 189 researchers/scientists per million which means
that there is a gap of around 19,000 researchers or scientists.
• Dr. Josefino C. Comiso
Order of National Scientists
• The Presidential Decree (PD) Np. 1003-A, s. 1976, established the National Academy of Science and
Technology to become the highest recognition and advisory body on science and technology. Part
of this decree is the establishment of the “Order of National Scientists”.
Grants-In-Aid Program
• The government funds scientific and technological undertakings to
promote development in the country.
• It also promotes technology transfer, innovation, human resources
development and productivity improvement.
• Forest Products Research and Development Institute
• This institute conducts researches on wood products, rubber, paper,
pulp and other forest products
• Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
• This institute conducts researches on the safe use of nuclear energy
for medical, agricultural, environmental and industrial purposes.
Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) is government-
funded project that is currently administered by the University of the Philippines.

PCARI Project
•The Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) Project aims to
develop our Science and Technology manpower through scholarships, trainings
and research collaborations with top universities and institutions in California,
USA.
Personalities That Contribute Science and Technology
in The Philippines
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. 8. Lilian Formalejo Patena
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz 9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit 10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan
There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are recognized here and
abroad for their outstanding contributions in science:
• Caesar A. Saloma
• Edgardo Gomez
• William Padolina
• Angel Alcala - marine science
• Fe Villanueva del Mundo
• Eduardo Quisumbing
• Gavino Cajulao Trono Jr.
Presidents And Their Contribution in Early to Latest S&T Development.

• Ferdinand E. Marcos
I. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration
II. (PAGASA)
III.Philippine National Oil Company (PNOC)
IV.International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
V. Philippine Coconut Research Institute (PCRI)
VI.Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries (PCAF)
 • Corazon Aquino
During Corazon Aquino’s regime, National Science and Technology (NSTA) was renamed to
Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
• Fidel V. Ramos
During the time of Fidel V. Ramos, the Philippines had approximately 3,000
competent scientists and engineers.
He approved laws including:
a. RA 8439 c. RA 8293
b. RA 7459 d. The Doctors to the Barrio Program that made healthcare accessible
in far-flung areas in the country.
• Joseph Estrada
RA 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
RA 8792 or the Electric Commerce Act of 2000

• Gloria Arroyo
Filipinnovation
RA 9367 or the Biofuels Act to utilize indigenous materials
as resources or sources of energy.
• Benigno Aquino III
While there were not much scientific programs and laws made during
his government, He named some new scientists and they are:
a. Gavino C. Trono c. Ramon C. Barba
b. Angel C. Alcala d. Edgardo D. Gomez

• Rodrigo Duterte
I. Diwata 1 in 2016
II. Diwata 2 in 2018
III.RA 11305 (June 15, 2018)
IV.271 new weather stations were installed by the DOST
throughout the country.
Science and Technology and Nation-Building
The Philippine Government S & T Agenda
Major development programs and personalities in S & T
in the Philippines
Science Education in the Philippines
Selected indigenous science and technologies
 Science Education in the Philippines

The Concept of Science Education

Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and
understanding science. Teaching science involves developing ways
on how to effectively teach science. This means exploring
pedagogical theories and models in helping teachers teach
scientific concepts and processes effectively. Learning science, on
the other hand, includes both pedagogy and the most interesting
aspect, which is helping students and love science.
 John Dewey (2001)
Stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment
to teach students, Accordingly, nature must indeed furnish its
physical stimuli to provide a wealth of meaning through social
activities and thinking.

David Knight (1986)

Science education provides skills and knowledge that are
necessary for a person to live in as the age of science and to develop
a citizenry that will meet the goals of science in the society.

Marx, G. ( 1994)
opines that science is going to be one of the most
important school subjects in the future.
 Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education
In the Philippines, science education is taught in two levels: basic education and tertiary
education. Basic education covers kindergarten to grade 12, while tertiary education covers
undergraduate and graduate programs.

Science Education in Basic Education

The Science Framework for Philippine Basic Education contains resources that will help curriculum developers,
teachers, school administrators, and policymakers to design and implement science curricula that empower
students to “learn to learn” and cause them to better understand the world around them.

Science Education in Tertiary Education

Tertiary education covers undergraduate and graduate programs 1. The science subjects taught at the
tertiary level are more specialized and advanced than those taught in basic education. Some of the
science subjects taught in tertiary education include:
Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Geology, and Astronomy.
 Science Schools in the Philippines
One outstanding program for science education supported by the government is the
establishment of science schools in various parts of the country. There are also several
government programs implemented by the Department of Education and few private schools for
science education.

Philippines Science High School System (PSHSS)

Special Science Elementary School (SSES) Project
Quezon City Regional Science High School
Manila Science High School
Central Visaya Institute Foundation
 Philippines Science High School System (PSHSS)

This is government program for gifted students in the Philippines. It is a service institute of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for
secondary course with special emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences, with the end-view of
preparing its students for science career ( Republic Act No. 3661). This school maintains dormitory for
all its students.

Achievement
1st place in the Queensland University of
Technology’s Impact Stories Awards.
 Special Science Elementary School (SSES) Project

The Special Science Elementary School (SSES) Project is in pursuance

of DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008, and DepEd Order No. 51 s. 2010. This
project started in June 2007 with 57 identified elementary schools that
participated or were identified as science elementary schools in the
country. Since its inception, the number has grown to more than 60
schools nationwide and this is now its sixth year of implementation.
The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped
with scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values.. Its
mission is to:
• Provide a learning environment to science-inclined children through a special curriculum that
recognizes the multiple intelligences of the learners:
• Promote the development of lifelong learning skills: and
• Foster the holistic development of the learners.
 Quezon City Regional Science High School
The school was established on September 17, 1967. Originally
it was named Quezon City Science High School. IT was turned
into a regional science high school for the National Capital
Region in 1999. The school was a product of a dream to
establish a special science school for talented students in
science and mathematics. The focus of the curriculum
courses prescribed by the Department of Education (DepEd)
for secondary education. However. There are additional
subjects in sciences and technology that students should
take. The school envisions serving as a venue for providing
maximum opportunities for science-gifted students to
develop a spirit of inquiry and creativity. The school is well
supported by the local government unit and by the Parents
and Teachers Association (PTA). The school is under the
Department of Education.
 Manila Science High School
The school was established on October 1, 1963, as the Manila Science High School (MSHS). It is the first
science high school in the Philippines. The organization and curriculum of the school put more emphasis
on science and mathematics. MSHS aims to produce scientists with souls. In order to do this, humanities
courses and other electives are included in their curriculum. Students are also encouraged to
participate in various extracurricular activities. The
school administers and entrance exam, the Manila
Science High School Admission Test (MSAT), for students
who wish to enroll. The MSAT has five parts: aptitude test
in mathematics, problem-solving test in science,
problem-solving test in mathematics, and proficiency in
English. The school prides itself on producing outstanding
alumni and for winning various national competitions.
 Central Visaya Institute Foundation

It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known as the Dynamic
Learning Program (DLP). The DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical
theories adapted to foster the highest level of learning, creativity, and productivity.

The school takes pride in its Research Center

for Theoretical Physics (RCTP) established in 1992,
which organized small international workshop to foster
the informal but intense exchange of ideas and
perspectives on outstanding problems in physics and
mathematics.
 The Philippines is trying its bets to improve the state of science
education in the country. Teaching science involves developing ways on how
to effectively reach science. This means exploring pedagogical theories and
models in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes
effectively. Learning science, on the other hand, includes both pedagogy and
the most interesting aspect, which is helping students understand and love
science.
Science and Technology and Nation-Building
The Philippine Government S & T Agenda
Major development programs and personalities in S & T
in the Philippines
Science Education in the Philippines
Selected indigenous science and technologies
 Selected indigenous science and technologies
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of young children as they grow up. They live and
grow in a society where the members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge.
Some of the examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by the indigenous people are:

Preserving and selecting goods seeds for planting Using indigenous technology in daily lives

Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits

 INDIGENOUS SCIENCE INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE

Community
The concept of Indigenous Science Science Process Traditional
Skills Culture and
Values Knowledge
• Pawilien (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding
indigenous science.
• Ogawa (1995) claimed that is collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a given culture.
• According to Cajate (2004), indigenous science includes everything, from metaphysics to philosophy and various practical technologies
practiced by indigenous peoples both past and present.
• Iaccarino (2003) elaborated this idea by explaining that science is a part of culture, and how science is done largely depends on the cultural
practices of the people.
• Sibisi (2004) also pointed out that indigenous science provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy,
which were derived from traditional knowledge and practices.
• Indigenous science is important in the development of science and technology in the Philippines. Like the ancient civilizations, indigenous
science gave birth to the development of science and technology as a field and as a discipline. Indigenous science helped the people in
understanding the natural environment and in coping with everyday life.
 INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGIES
Indigenous technologies are processes or products that result from studying indigenous science.
It is designed and fabricated based on the culture, tradition, and needs of a people and which is adopted
for use in the environment of those people.
Let’s take a look at the different indigenous science and technologies developed in the early times with
some examples from our country.
Indigenous Science: Weather Observations

Ancient people incorporate animal behavior with weather

conditions and seasons.
Example:
In the Philippines, it was then believed that when moths fly
at night, it is a sign that it will rain.
If a chicken walks in the rain, the rain will stop.
 Indigenous Science: Herbal Medicine and Traditional Health Practices
• Years before the arrival of the Spaniards in the Philippines, the
use of medicinal plants was the common way of treating
ailments and there were several books that compiled these
medicinal plants.
• Since ancient times up to this day, medicinal plants have been
used for treatment in most countries. In fact, the Department of
Health approved 10 medicinal plants (garlic, bittermelon,
sambong, guava, to name a few) to prevent and treat certain
diseases.
• We also have a long list of traditional health practices that some
of us still perform up to this day. We have hilot to treat sprains
and fractures, tawas to determine the cause and nature of
sudden illnesses through the use of potassium alum, and many
more. One prominent traditional practice is tuli. It was found out
that this practice is not religious in origin. It precedes the
Spanish colonial era and was done to celebrate a boy’s coming
of age.
 Indigenous Science: Food Preservation

Ages-old food preservation techniques include

drying, smoking, cooling, freezing, fermenting,
salting, pickling, and canning. Drying and smoking
are one of the most ancient methods of food
preservation.

Indigenous Science: Classifying Soils

One of the indigenous practices of early Filipinos
is classifying soils for planting. Criteria used by
early Filipino farmers in soil classification are
their experiences supported by their ability to
observe attributes of soil resource.
 Indigenous Technology: Yoyo
• We have the yoyo by Pedro
Flores. This toy had a significant
role in the Spanish era. It was
used by our brave men to fight
against intruders and Spaniards
before.

Indigenous Technology: Medical Incubator

• Did you know that it was a Filipina named Fe Del Mundo who first
invented it? She did not create the modern medical incubator that
we see now in the hospitals but provided the theoretical basis for it
and the prototype as well.
• She used two laundry baskets which were placed one inside the
other and was provided with hot water all around between the
baskets to make warmth available to the newborn babies .
• This invention has allowed computer users to use graphics for
commands and not the usual typed commands in older computers.
Science and Technology and Nation-Building
The Philippine Government S & T Agenda
Major development programs and personalities in S & T
in the Philippines
Science Education in the Philippines
Selected indigenous science and technologies