zuy¨ úfha§ wdndê; frda.S mqoa.,fhl= ksjfia § /l n,d .

ekSuz kï
fuu jákd lD;sh fuf;la m< fkdjQ úrE wdldrfha tlls¡ fuys ku
álla È. tlla jqk;a fuys we;=<;a lreKq fláh¦ b;d ksjerÈh¦ ni
ir,h¡ mßYS,kh lrk wfhl=g myiqfjka f;areï .; yels whqßka ,shd
;sfí¡
fuu lD;sh iïmdokh l< tï¡ ã¡ O¾ufiak uy;d ud y÷kd .;af;a ta
uy;d fi!LH wOHdmk ld¾hdxYfha fiajh l< ld,fha§h¡ ta wjia:dfõ
ta uy;d fi!LH fiajdfõ §m jHdma; úúO mqyqKq jev igykaj, iïm;a
odhlfhl= fuka u WmfoaYlfhl= f,i o l%shd lf<ah¡ ud¾f.damfoaY
rpkfhys olaIhl= jQ Tyq cd;sl mqyqKq jev igykaj,g ke;sj u neß
wfhl= úh¡ tys § ,;a w;a±lSï fuu lD;sh iïmdokh lsÍfï§ Wmldr
jQjd ksielh¡
¡l¿;r Èia;%slalfha fydrK k.rhg wdikakj msysá ;,., .ïudkfha
Wmka O¾ufiak uy;d wo k.rhg wj;S¾Kj ld¾hnyq, Ôú;hla .;
l< o .u wu;l fkdl< wfhls¡ furg ck;djg uqyqK §ug isÿ ù we;s
m%Odk .eg¨jla jQ uy¨ fyda wdndê; fyda frda.SjQ wfhl= f.or§u /l
n,d .ekSu .ek fujka w;HjYH lD;shla iïmdokh lrkakg fhduqùu
meiish hq;a;ls¡
m¾is chudkak
fcHIaG udOHfõ§

I SBN 9 7 8 - 6 2 4 - 9 9 1 5 2 - 0 - 8

tï ã O¾ufiak
fkdñf,a fnodyerSu i|yd
 m<uqjk mßÉfþoh

i;aldrh'
i;aldrh hkq l=ulao @
i;aldrh hkq mqoa.,fhl=f.a ldhsl udkisl idudðl wjYH;djhka
bgqlr .ekSug fkdyels wjia:djl§" tu wjYH;d fudkjdo hkak
wjfndaO lrf.k" tajd bgqlr .ekSug Tyqg$wehg iydhùu iy
tu wjYH;djhka .=Kd;aul whqßka bgqlr §uhs'
;u tÈfkod wjYH;djhka bgqlr .; fkdyels wjia:djka" ´kEu
jhia iSudjl§u yÈisfhau we;súh yelsh' yÈis wk;=rla ksid fyda
frda.ùS u ksid tfia úh yelsh' <ore úfha§ fukau" uy¨ úfha§o
Tjqkfa .a tÈfkod wjYH;d bgqlr §ug fyda bgqlr .ekSug iydh
ùu l< hq;= jkafkah'
wm úiska fuys§ idlÉPd lrkq ,nkafka" úhm;a tfiau wdndê;
njg m;ajQ {d;sjrhl=f.a/jßhlf.a by; ±lajQ ldhsl" udkisl"
wOHd;añl yd idudðl wjYH;djhkah' fuu wjYH;djhka
kej;;a tÈfkod Ôjk wjYH;djhka (Daily Living Needs) f,io
iïmskv
a kh lr ±laúh yelsh' tfiau fuu wjYH;d fudkjdo
hkak y÷kd.eksu yd wjfndaO lr .ekSuo jeo.;a jkafkah'
ldhsl wjYH;d - ksoiqka f,i" lEu îu .ekSu" u<uQ;%
mylsÍu" YÍrh msßisÿ lr .ekSu yd
weú§u'
udkisl wjYH;d - wdorh" fifkyi yd iydkqlïmdj ,eîu'
iudchSh wjYH;d - mjqf,a wh iu. fukau msgia;r wh iu`.
iïnkaO;d meje;aùu" l;d ny lsßu'
wOHd;añl wjYH;d - WodyrK f,i ;u wd.u weoySu yd j;a
ms<sfj;a lsßu jeks mdrf,d!lsl wjYH;d'

1
tfyhska" i;aldrh hkak iïmQ¾K ùu i|yd mqoa.,fhl=f.a tu
wjYH;d yÿkd.ekSu" wjfndaO lr .eksu yd bgqlr §u fyda
bgqlr .ekSug iydh ùu hk lrKq ish,a,u wvx.= fõ'

i;aldrlfhl= ùu'
i;aldrlfhl= jYfhka Tng lsÍug we;s foh ^ld¾hNdrh& iy
i;aldrh i|yd .;jk ld, iSudj úúO úh yelsh' Tfí
{d;shdf.a frda.S ;;ajh l%ufhka j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk tlla
kï ^ksoiqkla f,i w,aIhsu¾ frda.h jeks& i;aldrlfhl= ùug
Tn iQodkñka isákjd úh yelsh' tfy;a frda.S ;;ajh yÈisfhau
we;s jQ tlla kï" Tn i;aldrlfhl= ùug ldhslj yd udkislj
iQodkï ke;' ksoiqkla f,i fud<fha reêr kd,hla msmsßu ^stroke&
ksid YÍrfha me;a;la mK ke;sùu ^paralysis jeks& fï l=uk
wjia:djl jqjo i;aldrlfhl= ùfï ;SrKh .ekSu Tn yd mjqf,a
wfkl=;a whf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka isÿ úh hq;=h'

id;a;=lrKfha uÜgï'
Tnf.a {d;shdf.a wjYH;djh jkafka" f.ñÿ, msßisÿ lsßu fyda
idhkhg /f.k hdu jeks fohla muKla kï Tnf.a iydh wjYH
jkafka i;shlg meh lsym s hla muKs' tfy;a fndfyda úg
{d;shdf.a tÈfkod bgql< hq;=" iEu fm!oa.,sl wjYH;djhka
^ksoiqka f,i lEu .ekSu" jeisls<s hdu" YÍrh msßisÿj ;nd
.eksu" U!IO .ekSu& ne?reï kï Tnf.a id;a;=j iEu Èklu
fkdlvjdu wjYHfõ'

ksjfia isg lrk frda.S i;aldrh m%dfhda.slj l< yels fohlao @

.Dy i;aldrlfhl= ùug ;SrKhla .kakd úg" th m%dfhda.l s j
Tng l< yels fohlao hkak uq,sku a is;d ne,sh hq;= fohls'
ksjfia§ úhm;a frda.S {d;sfhl= /ln,d .eksu Tnf.a Ôú;h
flfrys uy;a n,mEula we;s lrk ne?reï j.lSula jkafkah'
tksid" Tn .Dy i;aldrlfhl= ùug ;SrKh lsÍfï§ my; i|yka
lreKq ms<sn|j is;d ne,sh hq;+h'
2
  Tfí {d;shdg wjYH jkafka fláld,Sk i;aldrhlao @
ke;fyd;a È.=ld,Sk i;aldrhlao @
 Tyq ms<sn| wLKav úuis,su;a ùula wjYH jkafkao @
 Tn Tyqf.a i;aldrlhd ùu ms<sn|j Tyqg ±fkkafka flfiao @
 {d;shdg i;aldrlfhl= ùu i|yd isák fyd|u mqoa.,hd Tno@
 i;aldrlfhl= ùfï§ mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.ka kEoEhskf
a .ka
yd ñ;=rkaf.ka iydhla ,efnkafkao @
 iydh ,nd .; yels fjk;a wod, wdh;k ;sfío @
 Tn i;aldrlhl= fkdjqjfyd;a mj;akd wfkla úl,am
l%shdud¾. fudkjdo @
 Tn i;aldrlhl= njg m;ajqjfyd;a th mjqf,a wfkla whg
flfia n,mdkq we;so @
 Tfí j.lSï {d;shdg fukau mjqf,a wfkla whg iylreg$
iyldßhg orejkag bgq lsÍug yels jkafkao @
 Tn /lshdjla lrkafka kï" Tn i;aldrlfhl= ùu
/lshdjg l=uk n,mEula we;s lrkafkao @
 Tn {d;s i;aldrlfhl= ùu ms<sn|j mjqf,a wfkl=;a
idudðlhska iu. idlÉPd lr ;sfío @
 i;aldrh i|yd ksjfia hï hï fjkialï lsßug isÿfõo @
tjekakla lsßug isÿfõ kï ta i|yd fldmuK uqo,la jeh
l< hq;= jkafkao @

.Dy i;aldrfha jdis'

.Dy i;aldrh fyj;a .Dy i;aldrlfhl= f,i lghq;= lsßu myiq
ld¾hhla fkdfõ' tfy;a" th ;ukag i;=g yd ;Dma;su;a w;a±lSï
f.k fok ld¾hhla lr.; yelsh' ;u uki ta i|yd fufyh úh
yelsh' id;a;=ldrlfhl=" ks;ru ;u ld¾hNdrh ;=< lrkafka
hïlsis fohla §uhs" .ekSula fkdfõ' tfy;a ;ukag bfíu ,efnk
m%;s,dN we;' m%Odk m%;s,dN folla ±laúh yelsh'

3
1' Ñ;a; ffp;isluh Yla;sh j¾Okh ùu'
;uka lsisod fkd±k isá Ñ;a; ffp;isluh Yla;shla .Dy
i;aldrh ;=<ska ,efí' ;u {d;shdg lsisjla lsÍug fkdyelsj
wirKj" iekiSula" iykhla wfmalAIdfjka isák úg iy th
Tfnka bgqjk úg" Tn yd {d;shd w;r jeäÈhqKq jk in|;djh
;=<ska Tng úYd, wd;au ;Dma;shla ,efnk w;r" Tnf.a Ñ;a;
ffp;isl Yla;sh jvd;a j¾Okh fõ' tmuKla fkdj" Tn lrk
fiajdj ;=<ska Tfí {d;shd Wmßu i;aldrh ,nk úg yd bka
,efnk ;Dma;sh ;=<ska ,efnk ksy;udks wdvïnrh Tng ysñfõ'

2' ixúOdkd;aul Yla;sh j¾Okh ùu'

úhm;ajQ tfiau frda.SNdjfhka fmf<k Tfí {d;sfhl= .=Kd;aulj
/ln,d .ekSfï§ lrk iEu ld¾hl§u m%uqL;djhka Èh hq;=
lghq;= j,g" th ,efnk whqßka ixúOdkd;aulj lrk úg" bka
,efnk m%;sM,h l=ulao @ Tfí Ôú; ld,h ;=< Tn lrk iEu
lghq;a;lau" ta whqfrkau" .=Kd;aul núka yd ixúOdkd;aul núka
hqla; ùu" m%Odk m%;sM,hhs'

.Dy i;aldrh ;=<" Tfí {d;shdg ,efnk jdis fudkjdo @

.Dy i;aldrh ;=<" fiajdodhlhd yd fiajd,dNshd hk fofokdu
{d;Ska jQ úg" fjk;a lsisu ;eklska fkd,efnk .=Kd;aul núka
msßmqka Ôú;hla .; lsÍfï wjia:dj fiajd,dNS {d;shdg ysñfõ'
tmuKla fkdj" Tn lrk i;aldrh ;=< Tyq fldmuK ksoyia
Ôú;hla N=la;s ú¢kafkao @ tu ksoyi uy;a úêu;a núka hq;=
id;a;= ksjdihlska fyda jeäysá ksjdihlska fyda fkd,efnkq we;'
tfiau" {d;shdg tÈfkod ld¾hhka bgq lr .ekSfï§" ksoiqkla
f,i ;u msßisÿlu /l.ekSfï§" wdydr .ekSfï§ yd úfõlSj
isàfï§ ;udg wjYH mßÈ tajd ,nd.ekSug ;sfnk ksoyi yd
myiqj ;=<ska Tyq ,nk ;Dma;sh fld;rïo @
;u {d;Ska w;r .ejfiñka" wi,ajdiSkf a .ao wdorh yd .re
nqyu
q ka ,nñka" ;ukag yqre mqreÿ jQ mßirhla ;=< ys¢ñka Ôú;fha
b;sß iq¿ ld,h .; lsÍug Tyqg Tn ,nd fok wjia:dj fld;rï
jákd fohlao @

4
i;H isÿùula'
iqks,a yd ldka;s wdorKSh wUqieñ hqj,ls' mdi,a hk ore fofokd;a
iu. Tjqka .; lf<a iqkaor ðú;hla' /lshdjlg fkdhk ldka;s
f.or jev ish,a, bgq lf<a uy;a i;=áks' mdkaoßkau /lshdjg
hk iqks,a wdmiq ksjig tkafka ie|E w÷r jegqk miqjhs' orejkag
ljd fmdjd" mdi,a hjd" f.j;af;a msßisÿ lsÍï wjika lr ijia
Nd.fha f.or tk orejkaf.a jev lghq;= yd Tjqkaf.a wOHdmksl
lghq;= j,g iydh jk ldka;s" ie|E ld,h f.ù hk úg" rd;%S
wdydrho ms<sfh, lr" jev ksu ù meñfKk ieñhd wdorfhka
ms<s.ekSug mqreÿ ù isáhdh'
iqks,af.a;a" ldka;sf.a;a" fid÷re Èúhg lKfldld ye`vqfõ ldka;s
wxYNd. frda.h je<§ T;am, ùu;a iu.h' ldka;sg wjYH id;a;=
lsÍug;a" orejkaf.a wOHdmksl lghq;= we;=¿ Tjqka /ln,d
.ekSu;a" f.or bjqï msyï q lghq;=;a hk ish,a, iqk,
s a u;
mejreKq fyhska" /lshdjg hdu w;yeßug Tyqg isÿúh'
;udf.a ysi u;g jegqkq j.lSï ish,a, bgq lsÍug iqks,a
fkdmels,sj lghq;= lf<ah' ldka;sg wjYH Wjegka lrñka iy
wehf.a Wmfoia ,nd .ksñka f.or fodf¾ jev lghq;= lsÍug Tyq
l%ufhka mqreÿ jQ w;r" mqreÿ /lshdj w;ayer f.or isg lrk
iajhx /lshdjla ÈhqKq lr .ekSug Tyqg yelsúh'

.Dy i;aldrlfhl= ùu ;=<" iïnkaO;dj, fjkiaùula'

we;af;kau" Tn úfYaIfhka /ln,d .kakd Tfí {d;shd iu.
fukau" mjqf,a Tn yd lsÜgq weiqrla mj;ajk wfkl=;a idudðlhska
w;r mj;sk in|;djkays fjkila isÿúh yelsh' frda.dndOh u;
lsisjla lrlshd.; fkdyels jq Tfí {d;shd" hefmkafkl= njg
m;ajq úg iy Tyq ±rE N+ñldj uq¿uksku a fjkia jQ úg" Tyqg th
ord.; fkdyels jkq we;' th f;areï f.k" Tn lghq;= lsÍfï§"
Tn yd Tyq w;r ;snQ in|;djh ;jÿrg;a ;Sj% jkq fkdwkqudkh'
wm l=vd wjÈfha isg wdorh" wdrlaIdj yd fmdaIKh ,nkafka
uõmshka fj;sk's wm újdm;a ù fjka jqj;a" wm ;=< ksrdhdifhkau
Tjqkg
a ksis ie,ls,a, yd f.!rjh ±laùu isÿfõ' tksidu

5
fouõmshka úhm;a ù" frda.S jq úg" Tjqkg
a i;aldr lsßu wmf.a
j.lSulah hkak ysi u; ;ndf.k wms lghq;= lruq' úfYaIfhkau
Tjqkf
a .ka .s,syS hk ld¾hNdrh wms lrg f.k lghq;= lsßu
fndfyda úg isÿjkakls'
ujf.a fyda mshdf.a fi!LH ;;ajh ÿ¾j, ù fn,ysk ù hk úg
wmg isys .kajkafka urKhhs' túg Tng isyh s g tkafka Tnf.a iy
foudmshkaf.a ld¾hNdrfha fjkila isÿúh hq;= njhs' úhm;aj
frda.S j isákafka mshd kï Tng isysjkafka" Tn ñka miqj" mshd ish
mjq, fjkqfjka l< jev fldgi ;uka úiska l< hq;= njhs'
fuf;la È.= l,la mjqf,a ish¿ foa imhkakd jQ iy wdrlaIlhd jQ
mshdg" ;jÿrg;a tu ld¾h Ndrh bgq lsÍug fkdyels jqj;a" th
ms<s.ekSug Tyqo udkislj iqodkï fkdúh yels w;r" Tfnka
i;aldr ,nkakl= njg m;aùugo Tyq iQodkï fkdúh yelsh'
tfy;a mj;akd m%dfhda.l
s ;;ajh u;" i;aldrlfhl= ùfï Tnf.a
j.lSu meyer yeÍug Tn iQodkï ke;' uõmshkag i;aldr lsÍug
wjia:djla ,eîu hkq" Tjqka jir .Kkdjlau ;ukag bgql<
fiajdjkag lD;.=K ie,iSug wjia:djla ,eîuls' tksid mjqf,a
<`.u {d;shd yd Tn w;r;a" mjqf,a wfkl=;a idudðlhka w;r;a
in|;djkays idOkSh fjkila we;sùu" ms<s.; hq;= lreKla
jkafkah'
;j;a úfgl" Tng i;aldr lsßug isÿjkafka" l,la Tn mjq,g
fl<skua iïnkaO ù fkdisá Tnf.a uduKaäh fyda kekaoksh úh
yelsh' Tyq fyda weh /ln,d .ekSug fjk;a {d;Ska iQodkï ke;'
tjka wjia:djla l<ukdlrKh lr .kafka flfiao @ m<uqj Tn
l< hq;af;a ;ksju ;SrK .ekSu fkdfõ' túg .eg¿ rdYshla
u;=úh yelsh' Tnf.a iylre$iyldßh iu`. fukau" Tnf.a
orejka iu`. o {d;shdf.a /ljrKh ms<sn| idlÉPd l< hq;=uh'
{d;shdg ie,iSug isÿjk /ljrKh yd i;aldrh ksid" Tnf.a
iylreg$iyldßhg fyda orejkag Tfnka ,efnk wdor ie,ls,s
lsisjl wvqjla isÿ fkdjk njg" Tjqkg a ta;a;= .ekaùug Tng
isÿjkq we;'

6
tfiau" th ta whqßkau isÿlsßug j.n,d .ekSug Tng isÿjkq we;'
tfia isÿ fkdjqkfyd;a Tn yd iylre$iyldßh yd orejka w;r
meje;s iqyo in|;djhka wys;lr ;;ajhlg m;aúh yelsh'
Tn /ljrKh yd i;aldr i,ikafka" Tnf.a mjqf,au
idudðlfhl=g fyda lsÜgq {d;sfhl=g jqjo" tu i;aldrh
ie,iSfï§" tu ld¾hh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd Tfí ñ;=rkaf.ka"
wi,ajeishkaf.ka yd fjk;a {d;Skf a .ka ,nd.; yels iydh
ms<sn| Tjqka iu. idlÉPd lsßuo jeo.;afõ' Tjqka" Tng iydh
±laùug fujeks wjia:djl leue;a; olajkq we;' túg fuf;la
l,a Tjqka iy Tn w;r meje;s in|;d ;j;a il%Sh jkq we;' {d;s
i;aldrh yd /ln,d .ekSu myiq jkq we;'
Tnf.a ie,ls,a, fhduq úh hq;= wfkla jeo.;a ldrKh jkafka
Tnf.a iy iuyr úg Tnf.a iylref.a /lshdj úh yelsh' u;=
ù we;s ;;ajh hgf;a /lshdjg hdu Bu lr .kafka flfiao"
/lshd ia:dkfhka ,nd.; yels iykhka fudkjdo hkak ms<sn|j
fidhd ne,Su wjYH jkafkah' tfiau" /lshd lrk ia:dkfha
m%Odkshd iu. idlÉPd lsßu ;=<" Tyqf.ka hïlsis iykhla
,nd.ekSug Tng yelsjkq we;' th iuyr úfgl" rdcldßhg hk
tk fõ,djkays fjkila fyda rdcldß ld,fha fjkila fyda
rdcldßfha fjkila fyda m%jdykfha fjkila fyda úh yelsh'
Tfí {d;shdg /ljrKh yd i;aldr ie,iSfïoS" iydh ,nd.;
yels rdcH fiajdjka ms<sn|j" iuyr úg Tn fkdokakjd úh
yelsh' th oek.ekSu b;d jeo.;a úh yelsh' rdcH
fomd¾;fïka;= jYfhka .;al,"
1' iudc fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j
2' fi!LH fomd¾;fïka;=j
3' wêlrK wud;HdxYh iy
4' iajfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh jeo.;afõ'
cd;sl jYfhka mj;akd by; i|yka fomd¾;fïka;= yd wud;HdxY
hgf;a" m%dfoaYSh jYfhka fiajd imhk ks<OdÍka ljqo hkak Tn
±k isáh hq;=h' th u;= oelafjk j.=fjka y÷kd .kak'

7
j.=fõ olajd we;s wdldrhg" m%dfoaYSh yd cd;sl uÜgfï mj;sk
fomd¾;fïka;= hgf;a m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï yd .ï uÜgfï isák
ks<OdÍka ±k isáu" ;u {d;shd /l n,d .ekSfï§ jeo.;a
jkafka" Tjqkfa .ka .;yels hï hï fiajdjka ,nd .ekSug yelsjk
ksidh' ksoiqkla f,i ;u {d;shd /ln,d .ekSfï§ frdao mqgqjla
fyda lsy<
s slrejla .ekSug ;ukag yelshdjla fkdue;s kï" .%du
ks,OdÍ u.ska iudc fiajd ks<OdÍ yuq ù" tu Wmldrh ,nd.ekSug
yels fõ' ta whqßkau m%dfoaYSh jeäysá ks<OdÍ iy .ï uÜgfï
jeäysá ix.ï ks<OdÍka yuqùfukao øjHuh yd uQ,Huh wdOdr
,nd.; yels fõ'
tfiau" úhm;ajq yd frda.S njg m;ajQ Tnf.a {d;shd /ln,d
.ekSfï§" .ï uÜgfï iy m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï mj;akd m%cd uQ,
ixúOdk tkï .%du ixj¾Ok iñ;s" mfrdamdldr iñ;s jeks iñ;s
u.skoa úúO rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk u.sko a i,ikq ,nk fiajdjka
,nd .; yels fõ' wjYH jkafka tu ixúOdk l%shdldßka iu.
idlÉPd lsßu muKls'
fï wkqj Tnf.a úhm;ajQ tfiau iuyr úg frda.S jQ Tnf.a {d;shd
/l.ekSu yd i;aldr lsÍfï ld¾h Ndrh bgq lsÍfï ;SrKh Tn
.kafka kï iy oekgu;a Tn tu ld¾hh bgq lrkafka kï ta i|yd
Tng iydh ùug úYd, msßila isák nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
wjYH jkafka Tjqka iu. iïnkaO;d we;slr .ekSuh'

8
 j.=j 1
iydh Wmfoia yd fiajdjka ,nd.; yels wdh;k yd mqoa.,hka

cd;sl uÜgu iajfoaYh

S lghq;= iudc fiajd wêlrK fi!LH
wud;HdxYh wud;HdxYh wud;HdxYh wud;HdxYh

m%dfoaYSh f,alï m%dfoaYSh Widú fi!LH ffjoH

m%dfoaYSh uÜgu ld¾hd,h ^kS;s wdOdr fldñiu& ks<OdÍ ld¾hd,

9
m%dfoaYSh m%dfoaYSh kS;s fi!LH ffjoH
f,alïjreka wdOdr fldñiu ks<OdÍ

uyck fi!LH mjq,a fi!LH

iuDoaê md,k iudc fiajd jeäysá fiajd mÍCIl ks<OdÍ
m%Odk .%du
ks,OdÍ ks<OdÍka ks<OdÍka ks<OdÍ

.ï uÜgu .%du ks,OdÍka iuDoaê ks<OdÍka jeäysá ix.ï

ks<OdÍka
Tn" Tn .ek;a ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=hs'
Tn" {d;sfhl= fjkqfjka id;a;=lrefjl= ùfïÈ" Tnf.a j.lSu
fohdldr fõ' tkï" {d;shd /ln,d .ekSfï j.lSu iy Tnj
/ln,d .ekSfï j.lSuhs' Tn" id;a;=j yd /ljrKh fok úg"
ldhsl yd udkisl iqjh fokafklao fõ' Tng th wdmiq fokafka
ljqrekao@ th;a" l<hq;= jkafka Tn úiskauh' th iajhx
/ljrKh hs' Tn wfkldg ldhsl yd udkisl /ljrKh yd
i;aldrh i,ik úg" Tn ksielfhkau úvdm;a fõ' ldhsl úvdjg
yd udkisl úvdjg m;ajk Tngo ldhsl yd udkisl i;aldr
wjYH fõ' tho" i,id.; hq;af;a Tn úiskauh' úfYaIfhkau Tn"
Tnf.a wdydrh ms<sn|j fukau" jHdhduh" úfõlh yd ksko a
ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' id;a;=lrefjl= jYfhka Tng
wjYH jk ldhsl yd udkisl Yla;sh bka Tng ,efnkq we;'

wdydrh'
jhi yd frda.S ;;ajhka wkqj" Tn .kakd wdydrfha iajNdjh yd
m%udKh fjkia úh yelsh' tfy;a" .kakd wdydrh ish¿ fmdaIK
.=Kfhka hq;= iu;=<s; wdydrhla úh hq;=h' úhm;a jQ yd frda.S jQ
{d;shd /ln,d .ekSug fjfyi ùfï§" Tnf.a m%Odk wdydr fõ,a
.ekSu w;miq fkdl< hq;=hs' iq¿ wdydrhla f.k l=i.sks ksjd
.ekSug fm<öfuka" Tng wjYH YÍr Yla;sh ySk ù hd yelsh'

Èkm;d jHdhduh'
Tfí jhia uÜgu wkqj" .e,fmk jHdhdu j, fh§fuka"
/ljrKh i,ikafkl= jYfhka Tfí ldhsl yd udkisl Yla;sh
j¾Okh fõ' hg;a msßfihska Èklg meh Nd.hlaj;a jHdhdï lsÍu
wjYH fõ' tho" Wofha ñks;a;= 15 la iy iekaoE ld,fha ñks;a;=
15 la jYfhka fhdod .; yelsh' fõ.fhka weú§u" tl;ek Èùu"
nhsisl,h me§u jeks jHdhdu jvd;a fhda.Hfõ' jHdhdufha§" Tfí
kdä fõ.h jeäùu yd Yajik fõ.h jeäùu ;=<ska yDofha yd
fmky¿ l%shdldß;ajfha jeäùuo wjYH fõ' Tn úfõlSj isák úg
fifuka isÿjk tu l%shdldß;ajhka jHdhdu ld,h ;=<§ fõ.j;aj
isÿùu wjYH jkafkah' tu.ska yDoh iy fmky¿ l%shdldß;ajhg
ðjhla ,efí'

10
úfõlh yd kskao'
/ljrKh yd id;a;=j i,ikafkl= jYfhka" Tng jßka jr
úfõlh wjYH jkq we;' frda.S {d;shdg iqj myiqj ie,iSfuka
miq" Tng flá úfõl ld,hla .; yelsh' tu úfõlh
úfkdaofhka .; lsßug W;aidy .; hq;=h' tu úfõl ld,fha§ "
ksjfia fjk;a jevj,g iïnkaO fkdúh hq;=h' úfõlh ksis
whqßka .; lsÍu i|yd mjqf,a whf.kao bv ,nd.; hq;=h'
fkdwkqudkju" Tjqka ta i|yd Tng wjia:d i,ikq we;' Èklg
meh 6 l ksko
a la Tng wjYHfõ'

úhm;a ù wn, ÿn,j isákafka Tnf.a wdorKSh iylre$iyldßh

kï
fï fofokd is;d isákakg we;s" uy¿ úhg m;a jqj;a tu ld,h;a
i;=áka isàug' tfy;a uy¿ úfha§ tla wfhl= ÿ¾j, Ndjhg fyda
frda.S ù wirKjQ úg" wfkla iylreg i;aldr yd /ljrKh
i,ikakd njg m;aùu ksid" fofokd w;r mej;s iïnkaO;djfhys
úYd, fjkila isÿfõ' Tn i;aldrlhd jQ úg" Tn u; úYd, nrla
megfjk w;r" wfkld Tn u; hefmkafkl= njg m;afõ' fuys§"
fofokdgu we;sjk fõokdldÍ ye`.Sï ord.ekSug yqreùu
w;HjYHfõ'
Tnf.a iylre$iyldßh frda.S ù wn, ÿn, ù isàkï" Tyq fyda
weh flfrys" fmr mej;shdg jvd wdorfhka /ln,d .ekSu"
wjYH nj Tn jgyd .; hq;=h' u;=jk w¿;a ;;ajhkag uqyK q
foñka ord.; hq;=fõ' fuys§" Tn mjqf,a wfkla whf.a iy fmrlS
mßÈ msgia;r whf.a o iydh ,nd.ekSu i|yd lghq;= l< hq;=fõ'
iylre$iyldßh w,aIhsu¾ frda. ;;ajfhka fmf,kafka kï"
u;l Yla;h s ySk ù hhs' tÈfkod lrk foa wu;lfõ'
isysl,amkdj ÿ¾j, fõ' y÷kd.ekSfï ÿ¾j,;d we;sfõ' úIdoh
jeks udkisl frda.S ;;ajhla we;s jQfha kï" yeisÍfï wys;lr
fjkiaùï rdYshla we;sfõ' ffjoH m%;sldr ,ndfoñka /ljrKh
,nd§ug isÿfõ' wd;rhsáia fyj;a ikaê bÈóu ksid weú§ug
wmyiq jQ úg" tÈfkod l< hq;= iEu ld¾hl§u" iydh §ug Tng
isÿjkq we;' Tn fld;rï fyd¢ka i;aldr yd /ljrKh
ie,iqj;a" iuyrúg Tng Tyqf.ka$wehf.ka wdmiq ,efnkafka

11
lD;.=K fjkqjg /jqï f.rjqï" ksko a d" wmydid;aul joka úh
yelsh' fï ish,a, we;sjkafka Tng we;s wdorfha wvqlula ksid
fkdj" Tyqg$wehg mj;akd ldhsl yd udkisl frda.S ;;ajh ksid
nj Tn jgyd .; hq;=h'

Ñ;a;fõ.hka y÷kd.ekSu iy md,kh lr .ekSu'

Tng" Tn úiskau /ljrKh i,id .ekSfï§" Tn l< hq;=u iy
fkdl< hq;=u foa fudkjdo @
 ksko
a .ek i,els,su;a ùu yd Èklg meh 6 laj;a ksod.ekSu
l< hq;=uh'
 Tnf.a wdydrh ms<sno ie,ls,su;a jkak' Èkm;d iu;=,s;
wdydr fõ,la .kak'
 c,h iy m<;=re hqI wjYH muK ^c,h fnda;,a 5 la meh 24
;=<§& mdkh lrkak'
 w¿;a m<;=re" m,d iy t<j¿ j¾. wdydrhg jeäfhka tl;=
lr.kak'
 wd;;sh u. yrjd .ekSfï wáfhka u;ameka iy ÿï mdkh
fkdlrkak'
 úúO rildrl wvx.= melÜ lr we;s flá wdydr .ekSfuka
j,lskk
a '

Tng we;sjk Ñ;a;fõ. wjfndaO lr .ekSu'

mqoa.,fhl=g id;a;=j yd /ljrKh ,nd§u hkq fndfyda úg
Tnf.a Ñ;a; Yla;sh ySk lrjkakla úh yelsh' id;a;=lrefjl=
jYfhka Tnf.a uqyf q Kka o¾Ykh úhhq;= m%ikakNdjh" fndfyda
úg wvq úh yelsh' le<UqKq Ñ;a;fõ.Sh ;;ajhka we;súh yelsh'
Ñ;a;fõ. hkq wm is; ;=< we;sjk b;d ±ä ye.Sïh' ksoiqla f,i
ÿl" fõokdj" l,lsÍu" wm%sh nj" tmdùu" cq.m
= aidj" bÉPdNx.h"
B¾IHdj ±laúh yelsh' id;a;=lrKfha§" Tng fujeks iDK
Ñ;a;fõ.hka we;sùu iajNdúlh' tfy;a tu iDK Ñ;a;fõ.
hgm;a lr.ekSu fkdl< hq;=h' tfia lsÍfuka isÿjkafka Tfí
udkisl ;;ajh ;j ;j;a krl w;g yeßuh' Tng by; i|yka
l< l=uk fyda iDK Ñ;a;fõ.hla we;sjQ úg" Tn m<uqfjkau l<

12
hq;af;a ;ukag tu Ñ;a;fõ.h we;sjq nj y÷kd.ekSuhs' tfy;a
;udg we;sjQ Ñ;a;fõ.h" ;u yeisÍu ;=<ska tkï ;u l:dj ;=<ska
fyda jpkfhka fyda l%shdfjka fyda ;ud fj;ska id;a;=j ,nk
{d;shdg fkdfmkaúh hq;=h'
id;a;=lrKfha fhfok Tng" fndfyda úg ldhsl yd udkisl
fjfyila iu. we;sjk Ñ;a; mSvdj fyj;a wd;;sh ;=<" Tn
m<uqj l< hq;af;a ;uka úisku
a " tjka iDK Ñ;a;fõ.Sh ;;ajhla
we;sjq nj y÷kd.ekSuhs' y÷kd.kafka flfia±hs Tng m%YKa hla
úh yelsh' my; i|yka ;;ajhka Tng we;sjQfhao@
 fï id;a;=lsÍfï jev ;j fldmuK l,la l< hq;= fõo hk
ye`.Su'
 ;ukaf.a iy mjqf,a jev lghq;= i|yd .;lsßug ld,hla
fidhd .kafka flfia±hs is;Su'
 ;j fldÉpr ;sfhkjdo lrkak"
 uu fï fiaru lrkafka fldfyduo hk ye`.Su'
 ldhsl fjfyi ±kSu'
 iq¿ fohg mjd fldam ùu'
 fkdreiaik nj'
fujka udkisl ;;ajhka tlla fyda lSmhla mj;S kï" Tng
wd;;sh ;;ajhla mj;sk nj y÷kd .; hq;=h' fuu wd;;sh
,laIK l,a;shd y÷kd f.k lghq;= lsÍfuka ;udg we;súh yels
;on, ldhsl yd udkisl ydks j,lajd .; yelsh'

wd;;sh uevmj;ajd .ekSug l=ula l< hq;=o @

Tn" ksjfia úhm;a frda.S {d;sfhl=g id;a;=j i,ik úg" by;
±lajQ wd;;sfha uq,sl ,CIK lSmhla ÿgqfjd;a my; i|yka
wd;;sh wvqlr .ekSfï l%u ms<sfj;a ms<smoskk
a '
1' kdih ;=<ska §¾> wdYajdihla f.k tlajru uqLh ;=<ska
m%iajdi lrkak' fuh jdr 10 la fkdlvjd lrkak'
2' Tng úfõlhla ,o ú.i" ksjfia fjk;a jevl ksr; fkdù
jyd ksjiska msgù" ;uka b;d m%shlrk ia:dkhlg fyda
ñ;=frl= fj; f.dia úfõlSj isákak'

13
3' Tng ksjiska msg ù hdu l< fkdyels kï" iqjodhs iakdkhl
fh§u fyda leue;s ix.S;hlg fyda .Shlg ijka fokak'
4' we|g f.dia flá ksko
a lg fhduqjkak'
5' ksjiska msg; fyda ksji ;=<§ jHdhduhl fh§ug wu;l
fkdlrkak' rEmjdyskS jHdhdu jev igykla fyda jHdhdu
ùäfhda mghla krUñka YdÍßl jHdhduhl fh§u u.ska
wd;;sh wvqlr .; yelsh'
6' ñ;=frl=g fyda 1333 g ÿrl;kh u.ska l;d lr" Tn is;
;=< lelEfrk woyia is;=ú,s Tyq iu.ska idlÉPd lrkak'

Tfí wfmaCIdjka iy ie,iqï fjkia jk úg" ke;fyd;a bgqlr.;

fkdyels jk úg" Tfí yoj;g fõokdjla ±fkkq we;' Bg fya;=
jQ mqoa.,hd flfryso ;uka flfryso flak; a shla" fldamhla we;sfõ'
th iajdNdúlhs' úfYaIfhkau Tn we¿ï lrk" wdorh lrk
wfhl= frda.S jQ úg fyda wdndê; jQ úg" th jvd;a ±fkkq we;'
flak; a sh" ixlS¾K jQ Ñ;a;fõ.hla jk w;r" fndfyda úg" wm th
hgm;a lr .kafka" jpkfhka fyda yeisÍula ;=<ska th m%ldY
l<fyd;a" we;sùug bv we;s ,eÊcdj" jerÈldr nj yd wmjdo
ksidh' tfy;a" flak; a sh we;sùug fya;= jQ ldrkd fudkjdo hkak
Tn fidhd n,kafka kï" flak; a sh md,kh lr .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha
yß wvla ksu jkafkah' iuyr wjia:dj,§ flak; a sh md,kh
lr.; hq;= jqjo" Bg fya;= jQ lreKq fidhd ne,Su w;miq fkdl<
hq;=h'

id;a;=j i,ikafkl= f,i" Tng flak;

a sh we;sùug my; i|yka
lreKq fya;=úh yelsh'
 Tn wdorh lrkafkl= frda.S úu'
 tu frda.ù
S u ;=<" Tnf.a wkd.; isyk
s fnd|ù hdu'
 Tng;a" Tnf.a {d;shdg;a fujka ÿlaLodhl ;;ajhla we;s
fkdúh hq;= jqj;a" tfia we;sùu fld;rï widOdrKo hkak
ms<sno Tng ±fkk fõokdj'
flak;
a sh md,kh lr fkd.ekSfuka" wys;lr ;SrK .ekSug Tn
fm<ôh yelsh' Tfnka wfkfll=g ysxikhla we;súh yelsh'

14
id;a;=lrefjl= f,i l< hq;= yd fkdl< hq;= foa'
1' Tng we;sjQ m%Yk
a h ms<sn|j" fjk;a w;a±lSï iys; mßK;
mqoa.,fhl= iu. fyda Wmldrhla ,nd.; yels wfhl= iu.
fyda WmfoaYljrfhl= iu. idlÉPd lsßu l< hq;=u fohls'
2' flak;
a sh jeäjk nj Tng ±fkakï" {d;shdf.a wdrlaIdj
i,iñka Tn iq¿ fõ,djlg Tyqf.ka wE;aj isáu l< hq;=
fohls'
3' Tnf.a ñ;=rkaf.ka yd wfkl=;a {d;Skf
a .ka Tng iykhla
fkd,eîu fya;=jla lrf.k Tjqka iu. mj;akd iïnkaO;d
w;a fkdyßkak'
4' Tnf.a fldamh ms<sn| ,eÊcdjg m;a fkdjkak' fldamh ;j
;j;a jeä ÈhqKqùug fmr WmfoaYlfhl= iu. idlÉPd
lrkak' ÿrl:k wxl 1333 fkdñ,fha ÿrl:k WmfoaYk
fiajh wu;d iykhla ,nd.; yelsh'

i;aldrlfhl= f,i m%fõYhla .kafka flfiao @

Tnf.a mjqf,a" úhm;a jQ fyda frda.S njg fyda wdndê; jq ujg fyda
mshdg fyda fjk;a {d;sfhl=g i;aldr lsÍug iQodkï jk Tn" ta
i|yd m%fõY ùfï§ m%uqL;ajh Èh hq;= lreKq fudkjdo @
Tn" i;aldrfhys fhfok jD;a;Sh mqyK q qjla ,o jD;a;slfhl=
fkdfõ' Tn" ksjfiau {d;sfhl=g i;aldrh lrk mjqf,au
idudcslfhl= muKls' tfy;a" Tn i;aldr i,ik jD;a;slfhl=f.a
.=Kdx. j¾Okh lr .;fyd;a" {d;shdf.a úYajdih oskd.;
yelsh' {d;shdf.a úYajdih oskd .;aúg" Tnf.a id;a;=j ie,iSu
i|yd {d;shdf.a iydh ,efnkq we;' tfia lrkq ,nk i;aldrh
;=<ska {d;shdf.a ldhsl" udkisl iqjh blauka lrkq we;'
Tnf.a {d;s i;aldr fiajdj ;=<" Tn j.lSfuka hq;=j lghq;=
lrk nj {d;shdg wjfndaO jk f,i lghq;= lsru s b;d
jeo.;afõ' tfiau wfkla jeo.;a ldrKh jkafka i;aldr ,nk
{d;shdf.a iajdëk;ajhg yd wd;au úYajdihg ydkshla fkdjk
f,i m%fõYï ùuhs'
{d;shd mjqf,au idudðlfhl= jqj;a Tyqf.a$wehf.a fm!oa.,sl;aj -
hg .re l< hq;=hs' Tyq jeäfhka leue;a; olajk fohg .re l<
hq;=hs' fkd;ld fkdyeßh hq;=hs'

15
i;aldrh ,nk {d;shdf.a iajdëk;ajhg .re lsßu hkq" Tyqf.a
wehf.a tÈfkod wjYH;djhka yd bgqlr .; yels foa lr .ekSug
bv ,nd§uhs'
Tn {d;shd fjkqfjka lrkq ,nk i;aldrh ms<sn|j" {d;shdf.a
úYajdih ^confidence& ì| jegqkfyd;a" ;ud wkdrlaI; s nj iy
;ks ù we;ehs {d;shdg isf;kq we;' tksid tjka ye`.Sula {d;shd
;=< we;s fkdjk f,i lghq;= lsßu" Tn i;= j.lSula fukau
olaI;djhlao jkq we;' ;uka uq¨ mjq,gu uy;ajq nrlaù we;s
njla {d;shdg fkdyefÕk mßÈ lghq;= lsßu" we;af;kau Tnf.a
{d;s i;aldrfha jeo.;a l=i,;djhla fukau olaI;djhlao jkq
we;'
Tnf.a {d;shdg id;a;= lsÍfï§" tys hïlsis ie,eiaula ;sîu ;=<ska
i,ik id;a;=fõ w;miqùï isÿ fkdjk w;r" id;a;=fõ .=Kd;aul
njo j¾Okh fõ' fuu id;a;= ie,iqï ilialr .ekSfï§ Tng Tn
m%foaYfha isák" tfiau ;uka fyd¢ka y÷kk" iuyr úg úY%dñlj
isák fyo ks<OdßKshl fyda ffjoHjrfhl=f.a iydh fyda Wmfoia
,nd.; yelsh' túg Tn i,ik fiajfha lsisu wvqjla isÿ fkdfõ'

id;a;=j ^i;aldrh& ie,iqï lsÍfï§ ie,lsh hq;= lreKq fudkjdo @

 weú§u"
 bßhõ$ia:dms; udre lsßu"
 fia§u$kEùu"
 we÷ï udrelsßu"
 jeisls<s hdu"
 T!IO §u"
 ikakf s õokh"
 u<uQ;% ksid we;sjk wmú;% ùu"
 wdydr .ekSu"
 iudc in|;d"
 wOHd;añl wjYH;d"
 úfkdaoh"
 weiSu yd fmkSu"
 idudkH yeisßu"

16
by; i|yka ldrKd ms<sn| ie,ls,a, olajk úg yd ta iïnkaO
id;a;=j i,ik úg" Tn i,ik id;a;=j fyj;a i;aldrh wx.
iïmQ¾Kfõ' tfiau id;a;=j i,ik Èk yd fõ,djka ie,iqï
lr.; yelsh'

{d;sfhl=g i;aldr lsÍfï§ ie,lsh hq;= lreKq'

i;aldr fyj;a Wjegka imhk Tn;a" i;aldr ,nk Tnf.a
{d;shd;a hk fofokdu" fofokdgu wuq;a;ka fkdfõ' È.= ld,hl
isgu mj;akd weiqr u; fofokd ;=<u mj;sk .;s.K = woyia yd
wdl,am fukau yeisßï rgdjka fudkjdo hkak ms<snoj fofokdgu
wjfndaOhla we;' id;a;= i;aldr ie,iSfï§;a" id;a;=j ,nd
.ekSfï§;a" tu lreKq fofokdgu n,mEula we;slrhs' tu ksid
;uka ;=< wfkld flfrys mj;sk woyia yd wdl,amhkays wys;lr
njla ;ukag yeÕS hkafka kï" tajd ys;lr njg m;alr .ekSu
wjYHfhkau úh hq;=h' fuh úfYaIfhkau id;a;=lre ;=< we;súh
hq;=h' fkdtfia kï lrkq ,nk i;aldrfha .=Kh wvqúh yelsh'
tu ksid" u;= ±lafjk lreKq ms<sn| Tfí wjOdkh fhduq úh
hq;=hs'

.re lsßu yd úYajdih f.dvk.d .ekSu'

lrkq ,nk i;aldrh .=Kd;aul ùu i|yd" Tn m<uqfjkau l<
hq;af;a Tfí {d;shdg .re lsßuhs' fuf;la l,la Tn ;=<
Tyq$weh flfrys ;snqK .re;ajh ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh úh hq;= w;r
tys l%shd;aul njlao ;sìh hq;=h' tkï Tnf.a .relsÍu
Tyqg$wehg ±fkk iq¿ úh hq;=h'
fuys jeo.;alu jkafka Tn .relrk ;rugu" Tyq$weh ;=< Tn
flfrys úYajdihla ;yjqre ùuhs' .relsÍu;a" ta iu.
f.dvkef.k úYajdih;a u; f.dvkef.k wfkHdkH in|;djh
i;aldrfha M,odhl nj jeälrhs'
.re lrkafka flfia±hs Tng m%Yk a hla úh yelsh' fuys§ Tn
m<uqj is;sh hq;af;a úhm;a" wdndê; mqoa.,hd Tn kï" Tn
ie,l=ï ,eîug leue;s l=uk whqßkao hkak ms<sn|jhs' ks;ru
wfkld ms<sn|j is;Sfï§ yd l%shdlsÍfï§" ;uka Wmudfldg
.ekSuhs' túg wfkldg .relsÍug Tfí is; kefuk w;r"
i;aldrh .relsÍu u; mokï jkq we;'

17
wfkldg ±fkk f,i .reire lsÍfï§" Tyq$weh bÈßfha Tn
yeisfrk wdldrh" úfYaIfhkau Tyqg wduka;%Kh lrk wdldrh
iy Tnf.a uqyqfKka ye`.Sï m<fjk wdldrh jeo.;afõ' tu.ska
Tyqg .relrk wdldrh Tyq y÷kd.kakd w;r th wfkHdkH
in|;djh j¾Okh ùugo n,mEula we;slrhs' Tyq fyda weh
i|yd Tn lrkq ,nk iEu fohlau" lsÍug fmr m<uqj Tyq$weh
iu. idlÉPd lsÍu fyda úuiSula lsßuo" .relsÍfï ;j;a jeo.;a
l%uhls' tfiau" ks;ru Tyqf.a wjYH;d fudkjdo hkak ms<sn|
Tyqf.ka úuid isàuo" Tyqg ±fkk mßÈ .re lsÍfï ;j;a
Wml%uhls' ksoiqkla f,i" Tyqf.a wdydrh ms<sn| úfYaIfhkau
lEug leu;s foa" tajd l=uk wdldrfhka ilia úh hq;=o Wohg
oj,ag yd rd;%shg .ekSug leu;s l=uk wdydro hk lreKq ms<sn|
Tyq iu. idlÉPd lsßu ±laúh yelsh' iuyr úg Tyqg$wehg
wjYH mßoafokau tajd bgq lsÍug Tng fkdyels jkakg ms<sjk'
tfy;a m<uq lS mßÈ úuid isáu Tyqg lrkq ,nk .re lsÍuls'

fm!oa.,sl;ajhg .re lrkak'

´kEu mqoa.,fhl= i;= fm!oa.,sl;ajhla ^Privacy& we;' iEu
mqoa.,fhl=u ;udf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajh ms<sn| is;hs' fm!oa.,sl;ajh
/l .ekSug W;aidy orhs' tu fm!oa.,sl;ajhg fjk;a
wfhl=f.ka n,mEula t,a, fjkjdg leu;s ke;' ;udf.a {d;shd
jqj;a" Tyqg$wehg ysñ fm!oa.,sl;ajhla we;' tu fm!oa.,sl;ajh
wdrCId jk whqßka i;aldr lsßu wjYHfõ'

18
 fojk mßÉfþoh

ikaksfõokh'

ikaksfõokh fyj;a woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu'

i;aldr lsÍfï ld¾hh ;=< ikakfs õokh hkafkka woyia lrkafka
l=ulao @ bka woyia lrkafka i;aldr lrk Tn;a" i;aldr ,nk
{d;shd;a w;r isÿúh hq;= woyia yqjudrejhs' tu woyia
yqjudrej u.ska wfmaCId lrkq ,nkafka i;aldrlhdf.a yd
Tyq$weh ;=<ska i;aldr ,nk {d;shdf.a wjYH;djhka bgq lr
.ekSuhs'
i;aldrlfhl= jYfhka Tn
id¾:l ùug kï" Tn fyd|
ikakfs õolfhl= ùu w;HjYH
fõ' ijka§u yd l:d lsÍu"
ikakfs õokfha m%Odk wx.hka
fõ' i;aldrfha§" i;aldr
,nkakdf.a woyia yd wjYH;d
f;areï .ekSu wjYHfõ' tfia
kï" i;aldrlhd f,i Tn
m<uqj l< hq;af;a Tyq$weh
lshk fohg ijka§uhs'

ta ta i;aldr ms<sfj;aj,§" ksoiqka f,i msßisÿ lsÍfï§ fyda wdydr

ix.%y lsÍfï§ fyda Tjqka ta ms<ns | okakd woyia" Tjqka leue;sfoa
yd leu;s wdldrhka Tn o; hq;=hs' tys§ Tyqf.ka lreKq úuiSu
fukau Tjqka lshk fohg ijka§uo wjYHfõ'

19
ikaksfõok ld¾hh id¾:l ùug kï Tn" Tfí {d;shd"
 ikakf
s õokh lrk úúO wdldrhka y÷kd .; hq;=hs'
 ;u woyia m%ldY lsßug leu;s l%u ±k .; hq;=h'
 {d;shd iu`. iM,u;aj ikakf
s õokh lsÍfï l=i<;d
j¾Okh lr .; hq;=h'
 id¾:l f,i woyia m%ldY lsßug wmyiq jkafka wehso
hkak Tn ±k.; hq;=h'
 id¾:l f,iska ;u woyia m%ldY lsÍug {d;shdg Woõ
lrkafka flfiao hkak ±k.; hq;=h'
Tn i;aldr ,ndfok {d;shd" ;u wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd
Tn wu;d l:d lrkjd we;' Tyq mjik fohg ijka§" th f;areï
f.k ms<s;=rla ,nd§u fukau tu wjYH;djh bgqlr§uo wjYHfõ'
^th jdÑl ikakf s õokh f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh&
ksoiqkla f,i" ;ukag uQ;%d lsÍug wjYH nj Tyq mjikq we;' Tn
th f;areï .;a nj y`.jñka iy ta i|yd ;uka Woõ lrk nj
mjiñka" jeisls<shg hdug" Tyqg frdao mqgqj ,nd§u" tys ys÷ùu
yd jeisls<shg f.k hdu u.ska Woõ lrkq we;' ke;fyd;a wjYH
mßÈ uQ;%d fmdaÉÑhla § wdOdr lrkq we;'
Tnf.a {d;shdg l:d lsßug wmyiq kï" fndfyda úg ;u
wjYH;djh m%ldY lr isákafka yia; uqødfjka fyj;a ldhsl
NdIdfjka ^body language& úh yelsh' tksid" Tn i;aldr lrk
{d;shdf.a ldhsl NdIdj ^body Language& y÷kd .ekSfï yelshdj"
Tn ;=< ;sìh hq;= w;r" Tyqg f;areï hk whqfrka ldhsl NdIdj
Ndú;d lsÍfï l=i,;djh" Tno j¾Okh lr.; hq;=hs' fuys§
Tyqf.a ldhsl NdIdj jkafka jeisls<sh foig ;u w; È.=lr
fmkaùu úh yelsh'

20
iuyrúg Tfí {d;shd jdÑl
niska fyda ldhsl niska fkdj
hï fohla w;g f.k fmkaùu
u.skoa ;u woyi m%ldY lrkq
we;' fuh ix{d NdIdj kñka
ye¢kaúh yelsh'

wjdÑl niska iykh f.k§u

ksoiqkla f,i" ;udg îug c,h wjYH nj ysia ùÿrejla ;u w;g

f.k fmkaúh yelshs' túg ;uka l< hq;= jkafka" Tyq mjik foh
;uka f;areï .;a nj jdÑlj fyda wjdÑlj m%ldY lr" tu
wjYH;djh bgqlr §uhs'
fujka wjia:djl §" i;aldr i,ik Tn" Tyqf.a wjdÑl ldhsl
niska mjik foh f;areï f.k" u| iskyjlska hq;=j Tyqf.a
Wrysig w; ;eîfuka fyda Tyqf.a w;a, uDÿj we,a,Sfuka iykhla
,ndoSuhs' fufia úúO wdldrfhka {d;shd ldhslj m%ldY lrk
foh f;areï f.k" thska woyia lrk foa bgq lr§u i;aldrfha
.=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh lrkq we;'

lgy~ ÿ¾j, úu yd lgy~ ke;sj hdu'

Tfnka i;aldr ,nk {d;shdf.a lgy~ yÈisfhau ke;sj hdula
isÿúh yelsh' lgy~ ÿ¾j, ù ke;sj hdu fndfyda úg isÿjkafka
iafg%dl
a a ^stroke& kñka ye¢kafjk fud<fha reêrjdyskh s la mqmqrd
hdu fyda reêrjdyskh s la ;=< f,a leáhla ysrùu ksid úh yelsh'
m%ldY l< hq;= woyi l=ula±hs {d;shd ±k isáh;a" th Tyqf.a
lgyçka m%ldY lsßug fkdyelsfõ' Tyq ;u w;lska th m%ldY
lsßug W;aidy orkq we;' l,n,ldßj yeisfrkq we;' fujka
;;ajhla we;sjQ úg" th jydu ye¢kf.k ffjoHjrfhl= lrd

21
f.khdu l< hq;=h' Tn blauka jq ;rug ffjoH m%;sldr u.ska Tyq
h:d ;;ajhg m;alr .ekSug yelsjkq we;'

ldhsl NdIdj f;areï .ekSu'

fndfyda úg wm woyia yqjudre lr.ekSfï§" l:d lsßug wu;rj
uqyf
q Ka ye`.Sï m%ldY lsßu u.ska iy w;a iy Wrysi p,khka
u.skoa woyia m%ldY lrkq ,efí' th" m<uqj lS mßÈu wjdÑl
woyia m%ldY lsßuls' Tnf.a {d;shdg lrkq ,nk i;aldrfha§
{d;shd wjdÑl f,i m%ldY lrk foh f;areï f.k lghq;= lsßu
wjYH fõ' tfiau i;aldrl Tno jdÑlj yd wjdÑlj woyia
m%ldY lsßu ;=<ska wfmaCIs; ldrKh id¾:lj bgqjkq we;'
Tn i;aldr i,ik {d;shd" ldhslj fyj;a wjdÑlj m%ldY l<
yels woyia lSmhla úuid n,uq' Worh fyda <h fmfoi fyda
YÍrfha fjk;a fldgilg ;u w; ;nd f.k uqyf q Kka fõokd
ye`.Sula fmkajkafka Tyq lsishï fõokdjlska fmf,k nj wjdÑlj
m%ldY lsÍughs'
weig wei uqK fkd.iajñka" fjk;a me;a;la n,df.k l:d
lrkafka kï Tyq hïlsis udkisl wjmSvkhlska ^úIdofhka&
fmf,k njla fyda fkdreiaik iajNdjhla fmkajhs'

wjdÑl niska

fkdreiaik nj fmkaùu

ll=,la msg ll=,la yria lrf.k wyl n,df.k isákafka kï

;ryska fyda wi;=glska isák njla fmkajhs'

22
{d;shdf.a fmkSu ÿ¾j, kï" woyia yqjudre lr.kafka flfiao @
jhig hdfï§ fndfyda fofkl=f.a fmkSu ÿ¾j, ùu" iajNdúlh'
fmkSu ÿ¾j,ùu úúOdldr úh yelshs'
 wjg wdf,dalh wvqjQ úg fmkSu ÿ¾j, ùu iy wdf,dalh
jeäjQ úg idudkH ;rulg fmkSu'
 fl<ska n,k úg fmkSu ÿ¾j, jqj;a" me;a;g n,k úg
fmkSu mej;Su'
 fmkSu fnd|ùu'
ta ksid Tyqf.a fmkSfï ÿ¾j,;djh l=uk wdldrfha tllao hkak
Tngu y÷kd.; yelsh' hï fohla bÈßmiska yd me;a;lska fmkajd
fmfka±hs n,kak' Tyqf.a fmkSfï ÿ¾j,;djh fkd;ld yßñka
Tng wjYH mßÈ lghq;= l<fyd;a Tyqo Tnj fkd;ld yßkq we;'
tksid Tyq iu. iqyoj lghq;= l< hq;=h'
Tyq iu. woyia yqjudre lr .ekSfï§" fjkila we;slr .ekSu
wjYH úh yelsh' fmkSu ÿ¾j, jqj;a" weiSu fyd¢ka ;sfí±hs
ksÍCIKh lrkak' fmkSu ÿ¾j, ksid w;ska yd uqyf q Kka lrk
wjdÑl woyia ±laùu M, rys;h' l:dj wdrïN lrk úg" Tyqf.a
Wrysig w; ;nd Tng ±ka fldfyduo@ lshd wu;kak' Tyqf.a
Y%jKh fyd| ksid;a" Tnj Tyqg wuq;af;l= fkdjk ksid;a" l:d
lsÍu ;=<ska woyia yqjudre lr.; yelsh' Tn Tyqf.ka bj;a ù
hk úg" Tyqg okajd hEu jeo.;a fõ' ke;fyd;a Tyq ;jÿrg;a Tn
Tyq <`. isá;ehs is;d l:d lrkq we;' Tnf.a m%;spdr fkdue;s ksid
Tyq Tn iu. WrK jkq we;' Tyq ks;r Ndú;d lrk ùÿrej"
fldamamh" ms`.dk jeks Ndck Tyqg myiqfjka .; yels tla
ia:dkhl ;nkak' o;a nqreiqj" oka;df,am yd mkdj jeks foa tla
;ekl ;nkak' we÷ï myiqfjka .;yels mßÈ tla ;ekl ;nkak'
tfia jq úg" fmkSu ÿ¾j, jQj;a" ;ek okakd ksid .ekSu myiqfõ'
tksid" tu øjH yd WmlrK lnâ tlla ;=< fyda ksis ;ekl ;nd
we| lsÜgqfjka ;eîu wjYHfõ' yerñáh fyda weúojkh ^walker&
mdúÉÑ lrkafka kï" tajdo <`.g .; yels mßÈ tla ia:dkhlu
;nkak' Tyqg" Tnj wjYH úg Tfí ku fyda {d;s;ajfhka wu;k
f,io mjikak'

23
fmkSu ÿ¾j, Tyqg" jeisls<shg hdug yd kEug fyda msßisÿ lr
.ekSug fyda wjYH jQ úg Woõ lsßu wjYH fõ' Tyqf.a w;ska
w,a,df.k tu ia:dkj,g /f.k hkak' jeisls<sfha jdäùugo
ld¾hh wjika jQ úg msßisÿ lr .ekSugo kej; taugo Woõ
jkak' uqyK
q fia§fï§ yd kEfï§;a tfiau Woõ ùu wjYHfõ' Woõ
ùfï§ iEu fohu Tn l< hq;= ke;' Tyqg lr .; yels foa lr
.ekSug bvfokak' hï hï foa lr.; yelskï th lr .ekSug
bvyeÍu Tyqf.a iajdëk;ajhg .re lsÍula jk w;r" Tyqo thg
leue;s fõ'

weiSu ^Y%jKh& ÿ¾j, kï woyia yqjudre lr.kafka flfiao @

fndfyda mqoa.,hka fukau Tfí {d;shdo úhm;a ùfï§ weiSu
ÿ¾j, jqj;a ;uka ìysß njg m;ajk njla ms<s.ekSug leue;s
ke;' tfiau" ;uka ìysß ù we;ehs ±k .;aúg" ;uka ;ksù
we;ehso ;uka m%;slafIam jkq we;ehso hk is;=ú,s Tyqg we;sfõ'
mjqf,a wfkla who" msgia;r who" ;uka ms<sn| úúO foa l:d
lrkq we;ehs hk is;=ú,so Tyq ;=< we;sfõ' tksid Tyqg iekis,a,
,efnk mßÈ bjiSfuka lghq;= lsßu wjYHfõ'
Tn i;aldr lrk Tfí {d;shdf.a weiSu ÿ¾j, kï" Tyqg
jegfyk f,i l:d lrkafka flfia±hs Tn ±k.; hq;=h' weiSu
ÿ¾j, jqj;a" fmkSu fyd|g ;sfí kï" wjdÑl YdÍßl niska woyia
m%ldY lsßug Tng yelsh' ta wkqj Tyqo wjdÑl ldhsl niska fok
ms<s;=reo f;areï .ekSug Tng yelsúh hq;=h'
weiSfï ÿ¾j,;djh mj;sk" Tfí {d;shd iu. l:d lsÍfï§
Tyqg uqyKq g uqyK
q ,d isg l:d lsßu ;=<" Tfí f;d,a fi,fjk
whqßka" Tfí láka msgfjk jpk y÷kd.ekSug Tyqg yelsfõ'
Tyq iu. l:d lsÍfï§" uy;a fia Yío k.d fkdj idudkH jpk
Ndú;d lrñka fyñka l:d lsßu iEfyhs'

24
f;d,a lshùu ^lip reading&'
iuyreka is;kqfha weiSu ÿ¾j, ìysß whg" uy;a Yíofhka lE
.id hula lS úg f;areï .kSú lshdh' tfia lshk úg isÿjkafka
Tyqg lshk foh fkdjegySu;a" lE .id lshk úg olsk Tnf.a
ldhsl iajrEmh ±l Tyqg flak; a s hdu;a muKls' tksid Tn
mjik foh tla jrlg tla jdlHhlg iSud lr" th Tyqf.a uqyK q
n,d fifuka yd uDÿ iajrEmfhka mejiSuhs' túg Tyq Tnf.a f;d,a
p,kh ;=<ska lshk foh wjfndaO lr.kS'
láka mjik foh" Tnf.a uqyf q Ka bßhõ iy yia; ix{d u.ska
^ldhslj& jvd;a ;Sj% lr olajkak' túg" Tyq Tn mjik foh
myiqfjka f;areï f.k m%;spdr olajkq we;'
Tfí {d;shdf.a ìysß nj jeäkï" ix{d NdIdfjkau ^sign
language& l:d lrkak' tla tla woyi lshd mEug w;ska
we`.s,sj,ska lrk hï hï ix{d yqre lr.kak' Tn mjik foh
iqÿ lvodishl ,shd ±laúh yelsh' ke;fyd;a msk;
a +r iy jpk
u.ska ,shd ±laùu fmkaúh yelsh'
ksoiqka f,i"
—wms lEu luq˜
—wms kdkakg huq˜
—wms álla weúÈkak huq˜
—wms uqyK
q fidaokak huq˜
—wms we÷ï udre lruq˜ hkdoS jYfhka'

Tn úiska i;aldr lrkq ,nk {d;shd Ñ;a; jHdl+,;ajhg

(Confused) m;ajQ wfhlao @

Ñ;a; jHdl+,Ndjh hkq iq¿ foh mjd wu;l jk" ;ud isák ;ek
fldfya±hs lSug fkdyels" udih" Èkh" oji yd fõ,dj .ek lSug
fkdyels ;;ajhhs' fujka ;;ajhlg m;ajQ úhm;a Tfí {d;shd
iu. ikakf s õokh mj;ajd .ekSu yd wfkl=;a lghq;= lsßu"
b;du;a iSre udrefjka l< hq;=h' uy;a bjiSulska l< hq;=h' fï

25
i|yd" Tn m<uqfjkau l< hq;af;a Tyq m;aj isák ;;ajh wjfndaO
lr .ekSuhs' wjfndaOfhka hq;=j lghq;= lrk úg bjiSu myiq jkq
we;'
wmf.a u;lh fohdldrhs' È.=ld,Sk u;lh iy fláld,Sk
u;lh hkqfjks' úhm;a jk úg isÿ jkafka È.=ld,Sk u;lh
fndfyda úg tfiau ;sìh§" fláld,Sk foa wu;l ùuhs' Tnf.a
{d;shdf.ka Tn weiqfjd;a thdf. mdi, .ek" Tyq thg myiqfjka
ms<s;=re fokq we;' tfy;a Tn weiqfjd;a Wfoag lEfj fudkjo
lshd" Tyq f.dvla fj,d l,amkd lrkq we;' ke;akï jerÈ
ms<s;=rla fokq we;' Tn Tyq fjkqfjka lrk ,o foa" kej; b,a,d
isákq we;' Wfoa wdydrh f.k iq¿ fõ,djlg miq Wfoag lkak
ÿkafka ke;ehs mjikq we;' fnfy;a îjdg miq fnfy;a îfõ
ke;ehs fnfy;a b,a,kq we;' iuyr úg Èjd wdydrh f.k iq¿
kskoa lska miq ke.sg" —ug lkakg fokafka keoa±˜ hs wikq we;'
úhm;aùu;a iu. we;sjk fuu yeisÍï rgdjka bjid isàug Tn
mqreÿ úh hq;=h'
fndfyda úg" Tn Wjegka lrk {d;shd Tfíu úhm;ajQ
jeäysáfhl= fõ' Tyq fuf;la l,la Ôj;ajQ ksji Tyq ;reK
ld,fha§ f.dvke.+ f.dvke.s,a,la úh yelsh' iuyr úg"
Tnf.au ksjila úh yelsh' {d;shdo l,l isg Tn iu.u
Ôj;ajkjd úh yelsh' flfia jqjo" úhm;a Ndjh;a iu. mj;akd
wdndê; fyda frda.S ;;ajh u;" Tyq ksjfia Ôj;ajk ldurfhys
fyda ksjfia hï hï fjkialï fyj;a wkqj¾;khka lsÍfï
wjYH;djka u;=jkq we;' {d;shdf.a fjkiajk fm!oa.,sl
wjYH;djka u;" fuu fjkialï lsßug isÿfõ' ksoiqkla f,i Tyq
ks;r ks;r u<my lsÍfï wjYH;djh ;sfnk wfhl= kï"
jeisls<shg lsÜgq ;ekl Tyqf.a ldurh ;sîu" myiqjla jkq we;'
tfia ke;akï Tyqf.a ldurhg hdnoj jeisls,s leisls,s myiqlï
ie,iSu Tyqg fukau Tngo myiqjla f.k fokq we;'

26
 ;=kj
a k mßÉfþoh

ksjfia l< hq;= fjkialï'

Tn iy {d;shd ðj;a jkafka fouy,a ksjil kï iy {d;shdf.a
ldurh Wvquyf,a kï" id;a;= i;aldr lsÍfï myiqj i|yd Tyqg
my; ud,fha iqÿiq ldurhla ilia lr .ekSu jvd;a iqÿiqfõ'
id;a;= imamdhï lrk Tnf.a ldurho hdnoj ;sîu wjYHfõ'
Tn /ln,d .kakd Tnf.a {d;shd" iuyr úg isys l,amkdj we;s
wfhl= jqj;a" wmyiqfjka weúÈk mqoa.,fhl= úh yelsh' tfy;a"
Tyq ksji ;=< weú§ug leue;a; olajk wfhl= úh yelshs' tjeks
wfhl=g" ta i|yd wjia:dj i,id Èh hq;=h' Tyqf.a iajdëk;djhg
wm .re l< hq;=hs' ldurh ;=< fyda ksji ;=<" Tyqg myiqfjka
weúo hdug yelsjk f,i mqgq" fïi" lnâ wdÈ .Dy WmlrK yd
fuj,ï ia:dk.; lsÍu" wjYHfhkau l< hq;=h' tfiau Tyqg
fkdjeà" fkd.eà weúo hdug Wmldß jk ierháhla fyda weúo
hdug fhdod .kakd fjdal¾ ^Walker) WmlrKhla ,ndÈh yelsh'
túg Tfí Wmldrh fkdue;sj Tyqg ksji ;=< weúo hdug
yelsfõ'
Tyq weúo hk fldgfia fmdf,dj u; ,siaik iq¿ mdmsis fkd;eìh
hq;=h' tajd mfhys .efgk ;rï Wia fkdúh hq;=h' f.ìu ks;ru
msßisÿj" úh,sj ;sîu wjYHfõ' f.ìu w;=rd we;s ghs,a
fkd,siaik iq¿ tajd jkafka kï b;du;a fhda.H jkq we;' úÿ,s
WmlrK" jh¾" iaúÉ wdÈh wk;=rla fkdjk whqßka wdrlaIs; lr
;eìh hq;=h' Tnf.a Wmldrhla fkdue;sj Tyqg wjYH úfgl
cfka,h yer .ekSug wjYH úh yelsh' ta i|yd Tyqg w;
È.=lsÍu wmyiq kï" ta i|yd hï wdOdrlhla" Tyqg .; yels mßÈ
Tyqf.a we| wi, ;eìh yelsh' cfka,h jeiSugo tjeksu È.= frÈ
máhla jeks fohla cfka,fhys .eg.id" Tyqg th weo jeish yels
mßÈ ;eìh yelsh' kdk ldurhg fyda jeisls<shg hdug;a Ndú;d

27
lrk frdao mqgqj ^wheel chair& ;ksj Ndú;d lrk wkaou myod §
th Tyqf.a we| wi,sku a ;eîu wjYH jkq we;' lsy< s slre
(crutches) yd ierháho tfiau Tyqg myiqfjka .; yels mßÈ
;eìh hq;=fõ'

Tn i;aldr i,ik jeäysá

{d;shd" ksji ;=< ldurhgu
iSud lr fkd;eìh hq;=h'
ksji ;=< fukau" ksjfika
msg; f.j;af;ao Tyqg frdao
mqgqfjka fyda f.dia taldldß
núka ñ§ug yd ;udg yqre
mqreÿ t<suyka mßirfha
iajNdj fi!kao¾h ú|
.ekSug" bv ie,ish hq;=h'
iuyr úg fjdalrh fyda
ierháh Ndú;d lrñka
f.j;af;a weúo hdug bv
ie,ish yelsh' tfy;a"
ffjoHjrhd úiska we|
úfõlh kshu lr we;s whg"
ldurfha jqjo weúo hdug
bv fkdÈh hq;=h'

ksok ldurh'
{d;shd isák ldurhg fyd¢ka wdf,dalh yd jd;dY%h ,eìh hq;=h'
ldurh ;=< jd;h .uka lsßug yels mßÈ cfk,a yer ;eìh
hq;=h' tfy;a uÿrejka we;=¿ùu j,lajd .ekSu i|yd wjYH
mshjr .ekSuo wjYHfõ'
{d;sjrhd isák ldurfha" Tyq ksok we| u; iqj ksko a la ,eìh
yels jk mßÈ" fldÜg fuÜg yd we| we;sß,s msßisÿj ;sìh hq;=h'
tajd Èkm;d ysre /iska fõ,d .ekSu fyd| mqreoaols'
ldurh ;=< ksok we| lsÜgqfjkau wä 2½'-3' m%udKhl Wiska hq;=
l=vd lnvhla ;eîu iqÿiqh' lnvh È." m<, 2'x2' ùu iqÿiqhs'
lnvfha by< fldgfia ,dÉpqjla iy my; fldgfia jeä bv

28
lvla isák fia fldgia folska hqla; úu iqÿiqh' j;=r fnda;,h"
WKqj;=r fnda;,h" j;=r fndk ùÿrej fyda fldamamh lnvh u;
;eìh yelsh' lnvfha my; fldgfia we÷ï ;eìh yelsh'
lnvfha by< fldgfia msÕdk" fldamam" yeÈ iy fjk;a îug
.kakd lsß msá jeks øjH ;eìh yelsh'
we|g lsÜgqj l=vd fïihla iy mqgqjla ;eîuo iqÿiqfõ' {d;shdg
ks;r je;sr isàu wmyiqh' mqgqj ;sîfuka wjYH úgl Tyqg tys
jdäúh yelsh' Èkm;d mqj;am;a .kafka kï tajd fïih u; ;eìh
yelsh' f¾äfhda fyda rEmjdyskS hka;%h fïih u; ;eìh yelsh'
Tyq leu;s rEmjdyskS jevigyka yd .=jkaúÿ,s jevigyka
keröug wjia:dj i,id §u" Tyqf.a udkisl fi!LH wjYH;d
bgqlsÍulao fõ' tho Tyqg i,ik i;aldrfha wx.hla nj u;l
;nd.; hq;= ldrKhls'
iuyr wjia:djkay§ s " Tn fkd±kqj;aj {d;shd weú§fï
WmlrKhla Ndú;d fkdlr" ldurfha isg kdk ldurhg fyda
l=iaishg .uka l< yel' tjka úgl" Tyq ì;a;s" mqgq yd fïi
w,a,ñka tajdfha iydh ,nñka .uka l< yel' tksid ldurfha yd
id,fha ;sfnk mqgq ieye,a¨ tajd fkdù nrlska hq;= tajd úh hq;=h'
tfiau" Tyq ks;r weúo hk fldgfia fukau kdk ldurfha yd
jeisls,s ldurfhao ì;a;sj, iy wjYH ;kays w;ajdre ^grab rails)
iú lr ;eîfuka" Tyqg tajd w,a,df.k hdug" ys| .ekSug yd
kej;;a ke.sàug Wmldßfõ' Tyq weúo hk fldgfia tkï
ldurfha yd id,fha f.ìu fkd,siaik iq¿ úh hq;=h' th Tyq
jeàfuka j,lajd .ekSug Wmldr fõ' f.ìu u; fy,d ;sfnk
mdmsis myiqfjka ,siaid hk tajd fkdúh hq;=h'

ksok ldurh ;=< ;sìh hq;= nvq ndysrdÈh'

Tnf.a {d;shdg wjYH jk" id;a;=j ,nd§ug myiq bvlska hq;=
ldurhla" ksok ldurh f,i f;dard .ekSu fyda ilia lr .ekSu
wjYH fõ' we| úfõlh wjYH fkdjk mqoa.,fhl= kï" Tyqg
wjYH úfgl ys|f.k isáug" mqgqjla yd Tyqg lEu .ekSug yd
ks;r wjYH jk WmlrK ;eîug" iqÿiq fïihla i|yd wjYH
bvlv ldurfhys ;sìh hq;=h'
úhm;aj" frda.jS isák" {d;shdf.a wdrCIdj yd myiqjg .e,fmk
whqßka Tyqf.a ksok ldurh ilia l< hq;=h' {d;shdg;a Tng;a

29
id;a;= lsßug myiq jk mßos .e,fmk Wilska we| ilia úh
hq;=h'
È.= ld,hla we| úfõlh ,nk wfhl= kï" fyda we|gu iSud ù
isák {d;sfhl= kï we| wi,u l=vd lnvhla ;sîu wjYH;djhla
jkq we;' lnvh ;=<" ks;ru wjYH jk we÷ï iy msßisÿ lsßu yd
msßisÿj ;eîu i|yd wjYH jk oE ;eìh yelsh' lnvh u;
;eìh yels úÿ,s ,dïmqjla" j;=r fnda;,hla jeksoE ;eìh yelsh'
{d;shdg u<my lsßu i|yd" fgdhs,Ü mqgqjla Ndú;d lrkafka kï
th we|g ióm ;ekl ;eîu wjYH jkq we;' we| wi,sku a Tyqg
wjYH úfgl ys| .ekSu i|yd w;a weÈ iys; mqgqjla ;eìh hq;=h'
by; i|yka foaj,a j,g wu;rj" {d;shdf.a myiqj iy
mßyrKh i|yd" my; i|yka foaj,ao Tyqg myiqfjka .; yels
mßÈ we| iómfha" u;=msgla u; ;nkak'
 l=vd úÿ,s mkaoula"
 tyd fuyd l< yels l=vd we| by fïihla" (over bed
table)
 rEmjdyskS ÿria: md,lhla"
 yÈis weu;sï WmlrKhla"
 {d;shd wef|ka jeàu j,lajd .ekSug;a" wef|ys ys| .ekSug
yd wef|ka ke.sàug Wmldr lr .; yels we| .rdÈhla"
(bed railing).
 fõ,dj n,d.; yels fïi Trf,daiqjla fyda ì;a;s
Trf,daiqjla"
 l=vd fg,sfmdakhla" ^mobile phone&
 Èkm;d fyda i;sm;d mqj;am;la"
 lshùug iqÿiq fmd;la fyda i`.rdjla"
fudnhs,a f*daka tl u.ska ;udf.a md¿j uld .ekSu i|yd ;udf.a
ñ;=rka weu;sug yels jkafkah' udkisl iykh i|yd tu.ska
iydhla ,efnkq we;'
Èkm;d fyda i;sm;d mqj;am;la ;eîu u.ska Tyqg rfÜ f;dfÜ
isÿjk foa" ±k .ekSfï wjYH;djh imqrd,sh yelsh'

30
Tfí {d;shd lshùug leue;a; olajkafkla kï" Tyq leue;s
fmd;la fyda iÕrdjla ;sîu u.ska Tyqf.a lshùfï wjYH;djh
bgql< yelsfõ'

kdk ldurfha iy jeisls,s ldurfha l< hq;= fjkialï

wdndê; frda.S {d;shdf.a mßyrK myiqj i|yd" l< hq;= hï hï
fjkialï fudkjdo hkak fidhd n,d tajd wjYH mßÈ" iy ;ukag
yels mßÈ lr .ekSu Tyqg;a Tng;a id;a;= lsßfï ld¾hh myiq
lrkq we;'
kdk ldurh iy jeisls,sh" {d;shd isák ldurhg hdnoj ;sfí
kï b;du;a fhda.H fõ' tfia fkdue;s kï" jeisls,s yd kdk
ldurhg lsÜgqfjkau ;sfnk ldurhla {d;shd i|yd ilia lr
.ekSu WÑ;fõ' th úfYaIfhkau {d;shdf.a myiqj iy wdrCIdjg
msájy,la fõ'
u<my lsÍu i|yd fldfudavhla ;sîu" {d;shdg myiqjla jk ksid
th .e,fmk Wilska iúlr .; hq;=fõ' tfia fkdyels kï
fldfudavh wjYH mßÈ Wialr .ekSug" fldfudav iSÜ tlla Ndú;d
l< yelsh' fj<|fmdf<ka th ñ,§ .; yelsh' th wjYH úg
iúlr .ekSug;a" bj;a lsßug;a" fia§ug;a yelsfõ' f.ìu ks;ru
fkd,siaid hk mßÈ ;nd .ekSu" {d;shdf.a wdrlaIdj i|yd
w;HdjYH fõ'
fldfudavfhys ys| .ekSug myiqjk mßÈ ì;a;sfhys w;ajdre (grab
rail) tlla fyda folla iúlr .ekSu" {d;shdg myiqjla jkq we;'
{d;shdg fldfudavh u; ys| .ekSug;a" ke.sàug;a th myiqjla
fõ' fldfudavhg muKla fkdj" kdk ldurfha uqyqK fidaok iskla a
tl iy Ij¾ tl iómfhkao w;ajdre (grab rail) iú lsÍu wjYH
jkafka" Tfí {d;shdg myiqj iy wdrlaIdj hk folu i|ydh'
Tyqg th w,a,df.k uqyK q fia§ug yd kEug myiqfõ' i;aldr
lrk Tngo th myiqjla fõ' kdk ldurfha Ij¾ tl lsÜgqju"
ì;a;sh wi,ska ys|f.k kEu myiqjk f,iska" nd;a iSÜ tlla
;eìh yelsh' Tfí wjfndaOh i|yd by; i|yka wdOdrlj,
msk;a +r fuys olajd we;'
iskala tflys" j;=r lrduh újD; lrk gema ,sjrh we,a,Sug yd
újD; lsßug myiq jk mßÈ È.ska hqla; ùu o" rjqï fkdj y;/ia
ùuo fhda.H fõ' {d;shd" ,siaid hdfuka j,lajd .ekSu i|yd Ij¾

31
tl háka yd iskl a a tl lsÜgqfjka" fmdf<dj u; ,siaid fkdhk iq¿
mdmsiaila fyda l<d,hla ;eìh yelsh'
by; ±lajQ WmlrK yd wdOdrl iys; kdk ldurh iy jeisls<s
ldurh ;snqK;a" we|gu iSudjq iy we| úfõlfhka isák
{d;sfhl=" msßisÿ lsßu we;=¿ YÍr lD;H l<hq;= jkafka {d;shd
wefoys isáh§uh' th l< hq;= wdldrh mqoa.,sl msßisÿlu
mßÉfþofhka úia;r lr we;'

fkd,siaik we;sß,a, nd;a iSÜ

fldfudaâ iSÜ w;ajdrej

32
 isõjk mßÉfþoh

fmdaIKh'
id;a;=lrKfha§ fmdaIKh'
wmf.a YÍrh fmdaIKh jkafka wm .kakd wdydrh ;=<sk's wmf.a
YÍrfha msyg
s d we;s bkaøshhkaf.a ukd l%shdldß;ajh mj;ajd .eksu
i|ydo wm lrkq ,nk úúO l%shdldrlï i|ydo wmg Yla;sh
wjYHhs' Yla;shla ksmoùug bkaOk wjYHhs' ñksia isrer keue;s
wisßu;a hka;%hg Yla;sh ksmoùu i|yd wjYH bkaOk ,efnkafka
wm .kq ,nk wdydrfhks'
wdydrfha wvx.= tu bkaOk jkafka" m%Odk jYfhkau fïoh" msIaGh
fyj;a ldfndyhsâf¾Ü iy fm%daàk hk fmdaIlhkah'
ñksia isref¾ j¾Okh iy th mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd fmdaIH
mod¾: ,efnkafkao wm .kakd úúO fmdaIH mod¾: we;=<;a
wdydrfhks' tfiau YÍrfha frda. j,lajd .ekSu i|yd wjYH
m%;sYla;sh ksmojd .ekSug;a" frda.j,g lrkq ,nk m%;sldrhkays
l%shdldß;ajh mj;ajd .ekSug;a wm .kakd wdydrfha úúO fmdaIH
fldgia wvx.= úh hq;=h'
Tnf.a id;a;=jg hg;aj isák jfhdajDoaO {d;shdg i,ik
fmdaIKh ;=<ska by; i|yka l< ld¾hhka imqrd,k wdydr fõ,la
,ndÈh hq;=h' tfy;a Tfí frda.S fyda wdndê; {d;shd" fndfyda úg
wdydr reÑh wvq wfhl= úh yelsh' wdydr .ekSug m%sh;djhla
fkdolajk wfhl= úh yelsh' tjka wjia:dj,§ Tn id;a;=j ,nd
fokafkl= f,i lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrho fuu mßÉfþofha§
úia;r lr we;'

33
YÍrfha j¾Okh iy meje;au i|yd wjYH fmdaIlhka fudkjdo @
fm%daàk'
fm%daàk jYfhka wm y÷kajk weuhsfkda wï, YÍrh ;=< kj
fm%daàk ksmojd .kS' weuhsfkda wï, rdYshla mj;sk w;r w;HjYH
weuhsfkda wï, j¾. 11 la we;' w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, ish,a,
i;aj wdydrj, wvx.= jk w;r" Ydluh wdydrj, wvx.= jkafka
úúO m%udKhkaf.ks' ta ksid i;aj wdydr fkd.kakd wh w;HjYH
weuhsfkda wï, ,nd.ekSu i|yd úúO Ydluh wdydr .; hq;=fõ'
YÍrfha udxYuh fldgia j¾Okh ùu i|ydo reêrh j¾Okh iy
úúO fydafudak j¾Okh ùu i|ydo fm%daàk wjYHfõ'
msIaGh ^ldfndyhsâf¾Ü&'
wm .kakd wdydrfha jeämqr wvx.= jkafka msIaGhhs' m%Odk
jYfhkau" n;a iy mdka u.sko a úúO w, j¾. u.skao msIaGh
,efnk w;r" nv mqrjdf.k is; i;=gq lr .ekSu i|yd msIaGh
jeämqr .ekSug ñksiqka mqreÿù isà' tfiau YÍrhg Yla;sh
,nd.eksfï ud¾.h ù we;af;a msIaG wdydr .ekSuhs' msIaG wdydr
wdudYh ;=<§ Ô¾Kh ùu ;=<ska .aÆfldaia jeks l=vd wKq njg
m;aù reêrhg wjfYdaIKh ^Wrd.kS& fõ' tfiau msIaG wdydrj,
wvx.= ishqï fl¢ fyj;a ;ka;= fldgia ^fibre& wdydr Ô¾Kfha§
jeo.;a jkafka tajd wdydr Ô¾K moaO;sh ;=<§ wkjYH fldgia
neyer lsßug WmldÍ jk ksidh'

fïoh'
fm%daàk yd ldfndyhsâf¾g yd ii|k l, Yla;sh jeäfhkau ,nd
fokafka fïoh u.sk's jeäysáhkag fïoh wvx.= wdydr jeämqr
wjYHfõ' fïoh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia folla we;' tkï"
ika;Dma; fïo" (saturated fats)
wika;Dma; fïo jYfhks' (unsaturated fats)
ika;Dma; fïoh yDo frda. yd ia:, q Ndjh we;slsÍug fya;=jk
ksid jeäysáhkg Èh hq;af;a wika;Dma; fïoh iys; wdydrhs'

wika;Dma; fïo wvx.= wdydr ika;Dm;a; fïo wvx.= wdydr

ud¿" w,s.eg fmar" rglcq" ;o r;= uia j¾.
lcq" ;," ;,f;,a" fidahd Wod( yrlauia
f;,a" iQrh
s ldka; f;,a" fldaka lsß j¾." fmd,a f;,a" ng¾
f;,a'

34
úgñka'
A, B, C, D, E wd§ jYfhka úgñka j¾. rdYshla we;s w;r YÍr
bkaøshhkaf.a ukd l%shdldß;ajh iy kSfrda.S fi!LHh i|yd wmf.a
wdydrfha úgñka j¾. wvx.= úh hq;=h' ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj
Tnf.a {d;shdgo úgñka j¾. §ug isÿjkq we;'

LKsc j¾.'
hlv yd le,aishï we;=¿ YÍrhg wjYH LKsc j¾. rdYshla we;'
YÍrfha reêrh j¾Okh ùu i|yd;a" wiaÓ j¾Okh ùu i|yd;a"
fydafudak j¾. ksmoùu i|yd;a úúO LKsc j¾. WmldÍfõ' Lksc
j¾. {d;shdg Èh hq;af;ao ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj nj isys ;nd.;
hq;=h'

;ka;= iys; wdydr'

wdydrfha wvx.= jk fl|s fyj;a ;ka;= j¾." YÍrfha Ô¾Kh yd
wjfYdaIKh fkdjQj;a Ô¾K ld¾hh ;=< fkdÈrjQ wdydr fldgia
bÈßhg ;,a¨ lr heùug Wmldßfõ'
m<;=re" m,d yd t<j¿ w,j¾." lv, uqx jeks weg j¾. iy
OdkH j¾. ;ka;= iys; wdydr .Khg jefghs'
c,h iy úúO mdk j¾.o wdydrfha fldgila úh hq;=h' idudkH
jeäysá mqoa.,fhl=" Èklg j;=r fnda;, 4-6 w;r m%udKhla îug
.; hq;=h' iuyr frda. ;;ajhkay§ s ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj îug
.kakd m%udKh iy îug .kakd mdkj¾. fjkia úh yelsh'
ksoiqkla f,i yDo frda." jl=.vq frda. iy Èhjeähd frda.
;;ajhka ±laúh yelsh'

fm%daàk" msIaGh yd fïo wvx.= wdydr'

fmdaIlhka wvx.= wdydr
uia" ud¿" lsß" ì;a;r jeks i;aj wdydr iy mßmamq"
fm%daàk
lõms" oU, jeks rks, j¾.
msIaGh n;a" mdka" w, j¾." úiaflda;=" ìialÜ
fmd,af;,a we;=¿ úúO t<j¿ f;,a" f;,a iys;
fïoh
ud¿ yd uia" ng¾

35
 úgñka j¾." tajd wvx.= wdydr iy wjYH;d'
úgñka wvx.= wdydr wjYH;djh
j¾.h

lsß" ì;a;r ly uoh" YÍrfha idudkH

úgñka A ng¾" fudar f;,a" j¾Okhg" fmkSu i|yd
fodvï mefmd,a" frda. wdidok j,ska
lerÜ je,lSug
úgñka B YÍrh ;=<§ fm%daàk"
ixlS¾Kh ì;a;r ly uoh" uia" msIaGh yd fïoh Ô¾Kh
(B1, B2 iy l=rlalka ly meye;s ùu i|yd fmaYS iy
B6) f.ä t<j¿ yDofha j¾Okh i|yd
ud¿" ì;a;r ly
uoh" l=l=,a uia" lsß reêrfha r;= ffi,
úgñka B12
iy ng¾ jeks lsß j¾Okh i|yd iy iakdhq
wdydr moaO;sfha l%shdldß;ajhg
úúO m<;=re j¾. o;a iy wiaÓ j¾Okhg
úgñka C m,d t<j¿ wdydrj, we;s hlv
wjfYdaIKh i|yd
f;,a iys; ud¿" lsß" o;a iy wiaÓj, Yla;su;a
ì;a;r ly uoh" j¾Okhg wdydrfha we;s
úgñka D
ng¾" WoEik ysre le,aishï wjfYdaIKh
t<sh i|yd
lv," lõms" uqx jeks
weg j¾." fld<
úgñka E
meye;s t<j¿" t<j¿ reêrfha r;= ffi,
f;,a j¾Okh i|yd
m,d t<j¿ j¾.
reêr jykhl§ f,a leá
úgñka K t<j¿ f;,a" ng¾"
.eiSug wjYH fõ'
fhda.Ü

36
YÍrfha j¾Okhg yd meje;aug wjYH LKsc j¾." tajd wvx.=
wdydr iy LKsc j, wjYH;djh'
LKsc
wvx.= wdydr j¾. wjYH;djh
j¾.h
¨Kq ^fílka" OdkH YÍrfha c,h r|jd ;nd
fidaähï
j¾.hkays iq¿ jYfhka& .ekSug
iakdhq moaO;sfha
m<;=re" m,d" t<j¿"
fmdgEishï l%shdldß;ajhg" yDofha
lsß" uiaj,
iy jl=.vq l%shldß;ajhg
lsß" m,d" t<j¿" rks, o;a iy wiaÓ j¾Okhg"
le,aishï
fnda. reêrh leá .eiSug
i;aj wlaudj" uia"
ì;a;r ly uoh" weg
hlv j¾.j, m,d t<j¿ r;= ffi, j¾Okhg
^lxl=k"a uql=Kqjekak"
f.dgqfld<&
f;a" fldams" fidahd o;a iy wiaÓ Yla;su;a
*af,darhsâ
fndaxÑ" ¨Kq ùug yd j¾Okhg
;hsfrdhsâ .%kÓ
a fha
whäka whäka tl;= l< ¨Kq
j¾Okh i|yd

.eg¿j lEu fkd.ekSuo @

frda.S jQ úg" fndfyda úg lEu wreÑh we;s fõ' WK fiïm%;sYHdj
bka*a¨jkaid jeks WK frda. iy Wor frda. we;s jQ wjia:dj,§
lEu wreÑh ms<sn|j Tngo w;a±lSï ;sìh yelsh' Tyq fyda weh
lEu fkd.kafka uka±hs Tn m<uqfjka u y÷kd.; hq;=j we;' th
lEu wrEÑh ksido" tfia ke;akï ieuod .kq ,nk wdydrfha
taldldÍ nj ksido" rih wvqlula ksido" hkd§ jYfhka is;d
fya;=j l=ulao hkak ±k.; hq;=h' {d;shd iu. idlÉPd
lsÍfukao ksjfia wfkl=;a jeäysá whf.ka úuid ne,Sfukao th
±k.; yelsh' tfia;a ke;skï {d;shdg m%;sldr ,nd fok
ffjoHjrhd úuiSfukao ±k.; yelsh'

37
flfia fyda lEug reÑhla fkdolajk fyda lEu m%;sfCIam lrk
úgl§ Tn l< hq;af;a l=ulao@ th Tng .eg¿jla úh yelsh'
fokq ,nk lEu fõf,ys fjkila lsÍfuka" wjYHh m%;sM,h
,nd.; yels jkq we;'
{d;shd lEug m%sh;djhla olajk wdydr .ek úuid fjkila l<
yelsjkq we;' >k wdydr fjkqjg le| jeks Èhruh wdydr Èh
yelsh' lEu ilia lrk wdldrfha fjkila we;s lsÍfuka fndfyda
úg wdydrfha rifha fjkila we;s lr .; yelsh' Tyq fyda
wehf.ka úuid n,d wdydr ilia lr §fukao wdydr .ekSu
idudkH w;g yrjd .; yels jkq we;' idudkHfhka isÿjkafka
ksjfia wfkla whg ilia lrk wdydrfhkau {d;shdgo ix.%y
lsÍuhs' tys iq¿ fyda fjkila lr {d;shdf.ka woyia ie,ls,a,g
f.k wdydrh ilia lr fokafka kï Tyq fyda weh lEu m%;slafIm
lsßu fkdlrkq we;' tksid lEu j¾.j, fjkila fyda lEu ilia
lrk wdldrfha fjkila we;slsßu u.ska Tn wfmaCId lrk m%;sM,
,nd .ekSug W;aidy lsßu wjYH jkq we;'
lEu ix.%y lrk wdldrh ms<snojo ie,ls<su;a úh hq;=h' Tn
lrkafka lEu ms`.dklg fnod {d;shdg f.k f.dia § lEug
wdrdOkd lsÍuo@ fkdtfia kï lEu" ms`.dk wi, we;s fïih u;
;nd Tyq$weh iu. l:d fkdlr wdmiq hduo@ fojk l%ufha§ Tyq
iu`. ikakf s õokhla fkdue;' Tyqg .re lsÍuo fkdue;' th
Tyqg ±fkk fohls' ;uka ms<s fkd.efkk ;;ajhla we;sjQ l,
Tyq wdydr fkdf.k isákq we;' wdydr ix.%y lsÍfï§ Tn ;=<
olakg ,efnk m%shukdm Ndjho {d;shdg wjfndaOfõ' ta wkqj Tyq
wdydr .ekSu fyda m%;sfCIam lsßï lrkq we;' tksid ;uka lrk
wdydr id;a;=fõ§o tu m%shukdm Ndjh Tfí uqyf q Kka" jpkfhka
yd l%shdfjka mj;ajd .ekSu ;=<ska Tn wfmalaId lrk m%;sM,h ,nd
.; yelsjkq we;'
{d;shdf.a wdndê; fyda frda.S ;;ajh wkqj Tyqg myiq bßhõjl
ys÷jd lEu .ekSug myiqjla ie,iSfukao Tnf.a .eg¿j úiod
.; yelsjkq we;' we|g iaj,amhla Wäka isák fïihla ^we| by
fïih& Ndú;d lsÍfuka myiqjla ie,ish yelsh'

38
wef|ka fkdneiaiùug ffjoHjrhd ;SrKh lr ;sfnk
wjia:djl§" flfia fyda {d;shd wef|a isáh§u lEu ix.%y l<
hq;= w;r Tyqg ;ksj lEu .ekSu wmyiq kï lEu leúh hq;=h'
{d;shdg wdydr ix.%y lsÍu is;a weo .kakd iq¿ whqßka lrkafka
kï Tyq ;=< lEu .ekSfï reÑh j¾Okh jkq we;'

;ksju lEu .ekSug wmyiq"

w;mh jdre ke;s {d;sfhl=
kï" Tyq wi<sku
a ys`of.k lEu
leùug Tng isÿjkq we;'
tjeks wjia:djl§ lEu ms`.dk"
mdkh i`oyd c,h" lEu
leùug yekaola" j;=r fmùug
fhda.H l=vd fldamamhla" uqLh
msi ±óug msiakdjla jeks foa
we`o wi,u ;nd .; hq;=fõ'

Tfnka id;a;=j ,nk {d;shdg" lD;su o;a we`È oud ;sfíkï" ;o

>K wdydr úlSu wmyiq fõ' tksid" wdydr fmdä lr .ekSu wjYH
fõ' túg" Tyqg úlSfï m%Yakhla mek fkdk.S' w¾O >K wdydr §u
iqÿiqfõ'
tfiau" lEu reÑh jvjk fia mßirh ilia lsßu o jeo.;a fõ'
udkisl iykhla ,efnk f,i mßirh ilia lsÍfï§" lEu .ekSu
i|yd wjYH foa" WodyrK f,i îug c,h" lEu fïih u; úúO
jHxck ;enQ l=vd n÷ka" n;a" mdka fyda w, j¾. iys; Ndck" c,
n`ÿk" úúO m<;=re yd lEu j¾.j, msk; a +r m%o¾Ykh lsÍu jeks
lEu .ekSu ffO¾hu;a lsßu jeks foa ms<sno ie,ls<su;a jkak'
Tfnka i;aldr ,nk mjqf,au úhm;a {d;shd" ;uka m;aj isák
ldhsl ÿ¾j,;d ms<sn|j fyd`Èkau ±k isáho fndfyda úg" ;u
wjYH;d ;ksju lr .ekSug W;aidy .kS' tfia jkafka ;udf.a
iajdëk;ajh (independence) biau;= jk ksidfjks' tu
iajdëk;ajhg Tn .re l< hq;= w;r" ta i`oyd wjia:dj ,nd§
wjYH Woõ §ula l< yelsh' ;u {d;shd wdydr .ekSfï§o tu
39
iajdëk;ajh u;= ù fmfkkq we;' tys§" Tyqg$wehg Woõ ùug
ke;fyd;a Woõ lr .ekSug hï hï wdOdrl WmlrK we;'
;ksj lEu .ekSug yelskï" Tfí
{d;shdg lEu .ekSfï§" Tyqg
myiqfjka th lr .ekSu i|yd
Ndú;d lrk ms`.ka yd fldmam jeks
WmlrK jvd nr ke;s tajd úh hq;=
w;r" fyd`Èka w,a,d .ekSug myiq
tajd úh hq;=h'

j;=r fyda fjk;a îu j¾. fndk ùÿrej fyda fldamam w;a folsku
a
w,a,d .; yels mßÈ fomiska wvq folla ;sfí kï Tyqg myiqjla
jkq we;' ;ks wvqjla iys; kï" th Tyqg fyd¢ka w,a,d .ekSug
myiq jk f,dl= wvqjla ;sfnk Ndckhla úh hq;=h'
lEu .ekSfï§" w; fkdj yekaola Ndú;d lrkafka kï iy tu
yekao .Eremamqjla iys; tlla kï" len,s iys; wdydr" .Eremamq
fldgiska wek lgg .ekSu myiqjkq we;'
myiqfjka ys|f.k lEu .ekSu i|yd iqÿiq mqgqjla yd fïihla
;sìh hq;=h' Tyqg m%sh Wmojk by; lS WmlrK fïih u; ;eìh
yelsh'
ukig iykh f.k fok ix.S;hla weiSug fyda ne,Sug"
f¾äfhdajla fyda rEmjdyskS hka;%hla ;eîu ;=<ska" tu o¾Yk fyda
ix.S;h wiñka fyda n,ñka" lEu .ekSug fm<Uùula l< yelsh'

lEu ix.%y lsÍfï§ m%fõYï úh hq;= frda. ;;ajhka'

Èhjeähdj fyj;a uOq fïyh" yDo frda." jl=.vq frda. iy Wor
frda. fukau" wdhq¾fõo ffjoH l%uh wkqj" jd;h" ms; yd fiu
fldamùu ksid we;sjk frda. ;;ajhkao wdydr id;a;=fõ§
ie,ls,a,g fhduq l< hq;=h'
uOqfïyh frda.fhka fmf<k Tnf.a {d;shdf.a wdydrhg" iSks
iys; wdydr tl;= fkdúh hq;=h' n;a" mdka jeks msIaGh wêl
wdydr wvqúh hq;=h' ì;a;r fyda ud¿ jeks fm%daàka wêl wdydr
m%udKj;aj Èh hq;=h' ffjoHjrhd kshu lr we;s m<;=re" wdydr
fõ,g wvx.= úh hq;=h' Èhjeähd frda.fs hl=g Èkm;d Èh yels
fyd|u m<;=r jkafka mefmd,ah' uOqfïy frda.k
S f a .a uQ;%d myùu

40
wêl fyhsk"a uQ;%d lrk m%udKh wkqj c,h jeäfhka mdkh lsßu
wjYH fõ' tfiau uOqfïyh frda. ;;ajh" ld,hla mj;sk úg iy
frda.h ukd f,i md,kh lr .ekSula fkdue;s jq l," jl=.vqj,
o frda. ;;ajhka we;s ù" tys l%shdldß;ajh ÿ¾j, ùfuka" Èh hq;=
wdydrj, fjkialï lsÍug isÿjkq we;' fujeks wfhl= m%;sldrhg
,lafjk ksid Èh hq;= wdydr .ek o ffjoH Wmfoia ,efnkq we;'
tksid ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj wdydrh Èh hq;=fõ' úfYaIfhkau
jl=.vq frda.j,§" jl=.vq l%shdldß;ajh ÿ¾j, ùfuka" jl=.vq
j,ska fmfrk uQ;%d m%udKh wvqùu ksid" uQ;%d iu. msgù hk
hQßhd" hqßla wï,h yd l%sfhagkska jeks úI øjH reêrfha jeäjk
ksid tu úI øjH YÍrfha ksmoùug fya;=jk wdydr §u" wvqlsßug
isÿfõ' tksid ffjoH Wmfoia ;rfha ms<sme§u wjYHfõ'

Tfí {d;shdg jl=.vq frda.hlao @

wêl reêr mSvkh (High Blood Pressure) jeks yDo frda. ;;ajhla
mj;sk úg" ¨Kq wvq (salt free) wdydr fyda ¨Kq rys; wdydr §u
ffjoH Wmfoia wkqju lsÍug Tnf.a ie,ls,a, fhduq úh hq;=h'
Tfí {d;shd wêl reêr mSvkh (High blood Pressure) fyda fjk;a
yDo frda. ;;ajhlska fmf<kafka kï Tyqg fokq ,nk wdydrh
ms<sn|j Tn ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h' fuys§ ffjoH Wmfoia ms<sme§u
jeo.;a jk w;r my; i|yka lreKq ms<smeÈh hq;=fõ'

Tfí {d;shdg jl=.vq frda.hla ;sfío hkak myiqfjka ±k.;

yelafla flfiao @
YÍrfha r|d meje;sh hq;= c,h md,kh lrkafka jl=.vq ;=< isÿ
lrk uQ;%d fmÍfï l%shdj,sh u.sk's uQ;%d fmÍfï widudkH;d
;sfí±hs ±k .; yelafla uQ;%d msgjk m%udKh wkqjhs'
idudkHfhka uQ;%d lrk jdr .Kk fyda uQ;%d m%udKh wvq ùula
isÿfõ kï jl=.vq frda. ;;ajhla we;s nj wkqudk l< hq;= w;r
ffjoHjrfhl=g fmkajd ffjoH Wmfoia u; l%shd l< hq;=h'
fndfyda úg frday,lg we;=<;a lr m%;sldr lsßug isÿjkq we;'
- wêl reêr mSvkh ^idudkH reêr mSvkh riÈh ñ,s óg¾
120/80& ;sfí kï wdydr md,kh u.skao wêl reêr mSvkh
wvq lr .; yels nj u;l ;nd .kak' fï i|yd"

41
- l=âv iys; OdkH j¾." m<;=re iy t<j¿ j¾." fïoh rys;
lsß" ^non fat milk) wdydr fõ,g tl;= lrkak'
- f;,a ^fïoh& nyq, ;o r;= meye;s uia j¾. iy biaika"
fmdlsßiaika iy ±,a,ka jeks fldf<iagfrda,a nyq, wdydr
uq¿ukskua lmd yßkak' tfy;a Tfí {d;shdf.a wdydr fõ,g
fïoh wvx.= wfkl=;a wdydr tl;= úh hq;=h'
- wdydrj,g" ¨Kq tl;= lsÍfï§ wdydr reÑh we;sjk mßÈ iy
{d;shdf.a leue;a; mßÈ th isÿúh hq;=h' flfia jqjo ffjoH
u;ho ie,ls,a,g .kak'
- msisk jHCoack i|yd lrmsxpd" iqÿ¿EKq" l=re÷ fmd;= yd
f.drld tl;= lsÍfuka yd wdydrhg .ekSu u.ska wêl reêr
mSvkh wvqlr .; yelsh'
wêl reêr mSvkh" fjk;a yDo frda. we;s lsÍug fya;= jk nj;a"
tu yDo frda. u.ska jl=.vq frda. fukau fud<fha frda. ;;ajhka
we;slrk nj;a Tn u;l ;nd.; hq;af;a" Tfí {d;shdf.a wdydr
fõ, ms<sfh, lsÍfï§" tu lreKq ms<smeÈh hq;= fyhsks'
Tfí /ljrKh ,nk {d;shdg mdpkh mj;S kï" tkï Èklg
jeä jdr .Kkla Èhdre u<my lsßula mj;S kï" jydu
ffjoHjrfhl=g fmkajd wjYH ffjoH m%;sldr ,nd Èh hq;=h'
ffjoH u;h wkqj T!IO m%;sldro ,nñka ksjfia§ /ln,d .kafka
kï" Tyqg fmdaIKh ie,iSfï§ Tn my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
- úc,kh ùu j,lajd .ekSug;a" fmdaIKh mj;ajd .ekSug;a"
c,h we;=¿ m<;=re hqI iy le| j¾. jeämqr fokak'
- >K wdydr fjkqjg w¾O >K wdydr fokak'
- fmrd .;a iqma j¾. Èh yelshs'
- Èhr iys; u<my l< yeu jdrhlgu miq" c,h fyda fjk;a
m<;=re hqI jeks mdkhla fokak'
- iaj,am jYfhka iqÿ n;a Èh yelsh'
- c,h fjkqjg Ôjks mdkh ilia lr fokak'
- fldams" f;a iy fnda;,a lr we;s úúO mdk j¾. wdydr Ô¾K
moaO;sh W;af;ackh lrk ksid tu mdkj¾. §fuka j,lskk a '
42
 miajk mßÉfþoh

YdÍßl p,khka mj;ajd.ekSu'

weú§u" w; mh l%shdldßj ;nd .ekSu iy YdÍßl p,kh mj;ajd
.ekSu'
úhm;a ùu iu`. frda.S ùu iy wdndê; njg m;ajQ úg ldhsl
jYfhka fukau udkisl jYfhkao mqoa.,fhl= ÿ¾j, ùu
iajdNdúl ixisoaêhls' tfiau" frda.dndO lsisjla fkdue;sj
úhm;aj isák mqoa.,hkao ldhsl jYfhka ÿ¾j, Ndjhg m;afõ'
fudjqkf
a .ka iuyfrl=" udkisl jYfhka hym;a ;;ajhl miqfjk
w;r iuyfrla udkisl jYfhka ÿ¾j, Ndjhg m;afj;s' fmdÿfõ
.;a l," úhm;a mqoa.,hkaf.a" weú§u we;=¿ w;mh l%shdldÍj
mj;ajd .ekSu wvqù hk nj meyeÈ,sh'
Tfí i;aldrh ,nk {d;shdf.a" weú§u yd wfkl=;a YdÍßl
p,khka mj;ajd .ekSu ms<sn|j" ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj lghq;=
lsßu m%{df.dapr fõ' flfia jqjo" weú§u yd YdÍßl p,khka
mj;ajd .ekSu wjYHh' tfy;a" th l=uk uÜgulska mj;ajd .;
hq;=o hkak ms<sn|j Tn ;SrKh l< hq;=h'
weú§u" w;mh l%shdldÍj ;nd .ekSu yd YdÍßl p,khka mj;ajd
.ekSu" ldhsl fhda.H;djh (Physical fitness) i|yd w;HjYH fõ'
yDoh" fmky¿" jl=.vq iy wdydr Ô¾K moaO;sfha ukd
l%shdldß;ajh i|yd th w;HjYH fõ' tksid úhm;a jQ Tfí
{d;shdg wod, jk mßÈ weú§u yd YdÍßl p,khka mj;ajd
.ekSu i|yd Tn wjYH iydh ,ndÈh hq;=fõ'
Tfí {d;shdg Woõ Wmldr lrk Tno" ;reK fyda ueÈ jhia
uÜgul miqfjk jeäysá wfhl=fõ' tfia Woõ lrk Tnf.a"
Ydßßl fhda.H;dj mj;ajd .ekSuo" Tn lrk fiajhg w;HjYH
fõ' Woõ lsßu ;=<" Tn wdndê; ùu j,lajd .ekSuo jeo.;afõ'

43
Tfí {d;shdg weúo hdug Woõ lrkafka flfiao @
frda. ;;ajh fyda wdndO ;;ajh fyd|
w;g yefrk úg iy ffjoH Wmfoia
wkqj Tyqg weúo hdug wkque;sh ,eî
we;s úg" {d;shdg weúo hdug Woõ l<
yelsh'

msk;
a +rfhys ±lafjk wkaoug Woõ lrkak'

wef|ka fyda mqgqfjka ke.sgqjd .;a Tfí {d;shdf.a" ÿ¾j, jQ

me;af;ka Tn isg .kak' bkamiq" Tfí tla w;la Tyqf.a msgqmiska
úreoaO ÈYdfõ bfkys ;nkak' ke;akï t;ek bK máh w,a,d
.kak' Tfí wfkla w;ska" Tn isák me;af;a ;sfnk Tyqf.a w;
Tijd w,a,d .kak' Tyqf.a jï mdoh bÈßhg ;nk úg Tnf.a
ol=Kq mdoho tl úgu bÈßhg ;nkak' Tyqf.a ol=Kq mdoh
bÈßhg ;nk úg Tnf.a jï mdoh bÈßhg ;nkak' tfia wä
;nñka fofokdu fifuka .uka lrkak'

jeàula j<lajd .kafka flfiao @

Tn úuis,su;aj yd mfriaifuka Tfí {d;shdg weúo hdug Woõ
lsÍfï§ Tyq jefgkakg hk nj Tng ±kqfkd;a th md,kh lr
.ekSug Tng isÿfjkq we;'
jeàu j,lajd .ekSu ;uhs jeo.;a' tfy;a jeàu j,lajd .ekSu
l< fkdyels nj Tng oeKqk miqj;a jeáu j,lajd .ekSug
W;aidy .ekSfuka" fofokdu ìu weo jefgkq we;' tksid tjeks
wjia:djl§ Tn l< hq;af;a" my; ±lafjk whqfrka Tyqf.a jeàu
md,kh lr .ekSuhs'
1' jydu Tyqf.a msgqmig ù Tfí tla ll=,la Tyqf.a ;Ügï fol
w;rg isák fia ;nd f.k wfkla ll=, msgqmig ;ndf.k
44
 Tyqg fya;a;= jkak' ta iu.u" Tnf.a
fow;a Tyqf.a lsy,s s w;frka bÈßhg
f.k" Tyqf.a fow;a Tyqf.a mmqj u;
;nd" w;a folu ueKsla lgqj
fmfoiska ;Èka w,a,d f.k fmrg
;enQ Tfí ll=, u; {d;shd my<g
rEgd hdug bv yßkak'

2' Tyqf.a w;a fol ;Èkau

w,a,df.k" bÈßhg ;enQ Tfí
ll=, u; {d;shdg ys|
.ekSug bv fokak'

3' Tyq Tfí ll=, u; my<g rEgd

hdu;a iu. Tfí oKysi u; ys|
.;a úg oKysi my;a lrñka
Tyqg ìu jdäùug i,iajkak'
tfia jdäùfï§ my;a ù isák
Tnf.a bÈßmi u;g Tyq fya;a;=
jkq we;' bkamiq Tyqg ìu
È.dfjkakg yßkak'

ìu jegqk {d;shd ke.sgqjd .ekSu"

ìu jeà isák {d;shdg ke.sàug yelshdjla we;s nj fmfka kï
Tyq fl<ska lr ke.sgqjd .ekSug" l=vd nxl=jla fyda mqgqjla o
jdälrùu i|yd fjk;a Yla;su;a mqgqjla fyda ydkais mqgqjla wjYH
45
fõ' Tyq ke.sgqjd .ekSu i|yd my; ±lafjk mshjrhka wkq.ukh
lrkak'
1' m<uqj" Tn Tyq bÈßmiska
oKysia ìu ;nd jdäfjkak'
bkamiq Tyq isák bßhõfjkau
Tn foig yrjd .kak' Tfí
tla w;la Tyqf.a by< Wl=,
u; ;nd .ksñka wfkla w;
Tyqf.a ysig háka hjd Wrm;=
wegh u; ;nkak'
Tnj nod w,a,d .kakd f,i Tyqg mjikak'

2' oKysia u; isák Tn" 1" 2" 3

.Kka lrñka Tyqf.a Wl=, u;
;nd isák w; ;o lrñkau" ú¨U
u; ys|.kak' tfia lsßu ;=<
Tyqg ys| .ekSug yelsfõ'

3' wähla muK Wi Yla;su;a

nxl=jla Tyq <`.ska ;nd" th w,a,d
.ksñka oKysiska isg .ekSug Tyqj
Èßu;a lrkak'

4' Yla;su;a w;a we¢ iys; mqgqjla

Tyq <`.ska ;nd" mqgqfõ w;a we¢
;Èka w,a,d .ksñka ke.sàug"
Tyqj Èßu;a lrk w;r" ta i|yd
Tyqg iydh jkak'

46
ke.sgqjd .ekSug" ys÷jd .ekSug iy weú§ug Wmldr lr .ekSu
i|yd WmlrK we;'

tiùfï wdOdrl (Lifting Aids)'

Lifting Strap - tiùfï máh'
tiùfï máh {d;shdf.a bK jgd
hjd" ;rula ;o jk fia ne|.;
hq;=h' bkamiq" mqgqfõ fyda wefoys jdä
ù isák {d;shdj" máh fome;af;ka
w,a,d ke.sgqjd .; hq;=h' my;
i|yka msk; a +rfha ±lafjk whqßka
Tijd isgqjd.kak'

weú§u i|yd WmlrK (Walking Aids).

yerñáh - yerñáh ksjfia§u idod.;
yelsh' ,S nvq idmamqjlskao ñ,§
.; yelsh' yerñáfha wähg
rn¾ fldmqjla oud .;a úg"
,siaid hdu j,lajd .; yelsh'

lsys,slrej (Cructches). w;ajdrej" yerñáhg

jvd weú§ug Yla;shla ,ndfohs' tla
w;ajdrejla fyda w;ajdre folla
Wmldr lrf.k weúo hdug yelsfõ'

weúojkh (Walker).
frdao iúl< yd fkdl< weúojkhka
we;' fujeks WmlrK úl=Kk idmamq
k.rfhys we;' fuu WmlrKh Ndú;d
lsÍfuka weúo hdug myiqjla yd
Yla;shla f.kfohs'

47
frdao mqgqj (Wheel chair).
úúO wdldrfhka ilia lrk ,o frdao
mqgq we;' fujeks WmlrK i|yd fjkajQ
idmamq we;'
Tfí {d;shdg weú§ug fkdyels kï"
Tyq tyd fuyd f.k hdu i|yd frdao
mqgqj Ndú;d l< yelsh' frdao mqgq j¾.
folla we;'

1' {d;shd úiska w;ska mojk frdao mqgqj

2' {d;shdj ys÷jd w;ska ;,a¨ lrk
frdao mqgqj
idudkH u;=msg fmdf<dfõ frdao mqgqj
;,a¨ lrf.k hdu myiqh' ol=Kg fyda
jug yerùfï§ w;ska w,a,df.k ye`v,h
jug yd ol=Kg nr lrñka we,a,Sfuka
th l< yelsh'

frdao mqgqj msh .eghla fyj;a mählska neiaiùfï§' ' '

{d;shd frdao mqgqfõ jdälr f.k" mählska neiaiùfï§ m%fõYï
úh hq;=h' fuys§ my; i|yka mshjr wkq.ukh lrkak'
1' {d;shd jdälrjd .;a frdao mqgqj
ye`v,a folska w,a,df.k bÈßhg
;,a¨ lr f.k hdfï§" bÈßmiska
my<g ;sfnk mäh iómhg msgqmi
frdao fol <`.d jQ úgu" frdao mqgqfõ
msgqmi háka we;s ,Sjrh Tfí mfhka
md.d ;o lr" mqgqj my;a lrkak'
túg mqgqfõ bÈßmi frdao Wvg
tifjkq we;'

2' bÈßmiska Wvg tijqKq mqgqfõ miqmi frdao fol" mäh

fl<jrg ;,a¨ lrkak'

48
3' ±ka" bÈßmiska tiù we;s frdao mqgqfõ msgqmi frdao fol
fifuka mäfha my;g ;,a¨ ù hdug bv fokak' miqmi frdao
mäfha my<g meñKs miqj mqgqfõ bÈßmi frdao ìu .efgk
f,i my;a lrkak'

{d;shd iys; frdao mqgqj mähla ^msh.eghla& u;ska by<g ;,a¨

lrf.k hdu'
fuys§ my; i|yka mshjrhka wkq.ukh lrkak'

1' {d;shd ys÷jd.;a frdao mqgqj"

msh.egh foig yrjd Tn mqgqj
msgqmiska mqgqfõ ye`v,a fol w,a,d
.kak' bkamiq mqgqfõ bÈßmi tiùug
iy mqgqfõ msgqmi Tn foig ;rula
my;a lr .ekSug mqgqfõ msgqmi
my;ska we;s ,Sjrhg Tnf.a tla
mdohla ;nkak'

2' bÈßmi tijqkq mqgqj ±ka mj;skf a ka miqmi frdao fol u;h'
±ka Tn l< hq;af;a bÈßmi frdao fol msh.egh u;g jk
f;la mqgqj bÈßhg ;,a¨ lsßuhs'
3' ;=kja k mshjf¾§ Tn l< hq;af;a" fjr fhdod mqgqfõ miqmi
frdao fol msh.egh u;g tifjk mßÈ mqgqj Tijñka bÈßhg
;,a¨ lsßuhs'

weúojkh Ndú;d lsÍu'

weú§ug Wmldr lr .kakd ll=,a 4 ka
hq;= WmlrKhls' ll=,a j,g frdao
iúl< iy iú fkdl< weúojkhka
we;' Ndú;d lsÍfï§" th fomiska ;Èka
w,a,d .ksñka weúÈu l< hq;=h' frdao
fkdue;s kï" weúojkh Wiaiñka iy
bÈßhg ;nñka weúÈh hq;=fõ'

49
YdÍßl ksYpa ,;dj fyj;a fkdfi,aù isàu (immobility) ksid
we;súh yels w;=re wdndO j,lajd .ekSu'
jhia:Ndjh;a iu. l%ufhka weúo hdfï ÿ¾j,;d we;sfõ'
ys|f.k isg ke.sàug yd bkamiq isgf.k fl<ska isàugo wmyiq
fõ' isg .;a;;a fl<ska isáuo wmyiq fõ' Bg fya;=j YÍrfha
Yla;sh wvqùu muKla fkdfõ' Wl=,a ikaêh" oKysia ikaêh" ksis
f,i l%shd;aul fkdùu" tu ikaê yd iïnkaO fmaYS j, Yla;sh
fyj;a fmaYs ;dkh (muscle tone) wvqùu" ll=f,a iy Wl=,a
m%foaYfha wiaÓ nkaOkSka yd LKavrd ÿ¾j, ùu iy YÍr iunrj
;nd .ekSfï yelshdj ke;sj hdu ksid" fl<ska isgf.k isáu yd
weúohdu wmyiq fõ' tmuKla fkdj" w;mh È. yeßu yd yels,Su
mjd wmyiq fõ' fujka ;;ajhla iu. Tfí {d;shdg ikaê frda."
^wd;rhsáia& iy yDo frda. ;;ajhka fyda fmky¿ .; frda.
;;ajhka mj;s kï" we| úfõlh ,nd§u wjYH fõ' tys§ Tfí
{d;shdg wef|ka neihdu iïmQ¾Kfhkau ;ykï jk w;r" Tyqf.a
YÍr lD;H i|yd Tn iydh úh hq;=fõ' fujeks jq Tfí {d;shdg
id;a;= lsßfï§ ffjoHjrfhl=f.a fyda fN!; Ñls;ailfhl=f.a
(physiotherapist) fyda fyojßhlf.a fyda Wmfoia ,ndf.k" Tyqf.a
ikaê l%shdldß;ajh ;jÿrg;a ÿ¾j, ù hdu j,lajd .ekSu i|yd
tn l%shd;aul úh hq;=h'
Tfí {d;shd fujka ;;ajhl" we|gu iSud ù isà kï" Tyq isák
ia:dms; ^bßhõ& jßka jr fjkia lsßu iy je;sr isák úg
YÍrfha nr ord isák ;eka tkï" ;=káh yd Wl=, msgqmi" msg
m%foaYh" ú¿U m%foaYh iy ysi msgqmi jßka jr iïndykh lsÍu
yd msßisÿj ;nd .eksu w;HjYH fõ'
Tfí {d;shdg tfia id;a;= fkdlr isáhfyd;a my; ioyka lrk
w;=re wdndO fyj;a ixl+,;d (complications) we;súh yelsh'
we|jK fyj;a mSvk ;=jd<"
fmky¿ wdidok"
u<noaOh"
uQ;%d wdidok"
reêr ixirKfha wdndO'

50
 ihjk mßÉfþoh

we|jK'
we|jK we;sùu'
we|jK ms<sn|j" Tn úfYaIfhkau wjfndaOhla ,nd.; hq;=h'
fmr i|yka l< mßÈu È.= fõ,djla iy È.= ld,hla" tlu
bßhõfõ fyj;a tlu ia:dms;hl je;sr fyda ys|f.k isák úg
YÍrfha mSvk ia:dkhkays we;sjk ;=jd< we|jK fyj;a mSvk
;=jd, f,i yeÈkaúh yelsh' fuu mSvk ia:dkj, ;=jd, we;s
jqjfyd;a iqjlr .ekSu myiq fkdjk w;r" fndfyda úg isÿjkafka
;=jd,h f,dl=ùu iy .eUqreù wdidokh ùuhs' we|jK" Tfí
{d;shdg uy;a fõokdjla yd wmyiqjla f.k fohs' tfiau
we|jK we;sùu" Tnf.a id;a;=fõ wvqmdvqjla ksid isÿjkakla nj
wu;l fkdl< hq;=h' tksid jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka we|jK we;sùu
j,lajd .ekSuhs' tksid" we|jK we;sjk ia:dk kej;;a u;la lr
.ekSu jeo.;afõ'

ysi msgqmi
we|jK we;sjk ia:dk'
msk;
a +rfha olajd we;s Wrm;= weg
ia:dkj, weg yd iu
b;du;a iómj mj;sk ;=káh
w;r" È.= fõ,djla yd ^fld÷ weg uQ,h&
ld,hla tlu ia:dms;hl
je,ñg
isák úg" tu ia:dk u;
YÍrfha nr ord isàfï§ Wl=,a weg
we;sjk mSvkh ksid;a" tu
ia:dkj,g reêrh iemhSu
wvqùu ksid;a" iu
leãhdu ksid;a ;=jd,hla
we;sfõ' ú¨U weg

51
we|jK y÷kd.kafka flfiao @
by; i|yka l< mSvk ia:dkhkays" ifï idudkH meyeh fjkia ù
frdai meye .ekSu u.ska y÷kd.; yelsh'
fufia we;sjk iu frdai meye .ekSu" l%ufhka r;=mdgg yefrk
w;r iu mqmqrd hdu iy l=vd ìì,s we;sùu" tu ìì,s mqmqrd
;=jd,h u;=ùu" iu leã hdu iy ;=jd,h wjg me;sr hdu
we;sfõ' fufia ;=jd,h j¾Okh ùu meh 24 la ;=,§ we;sfõ' tksid
;=jd,fha uq,sl ,l=K ÿgq jydu ffjoH m%;sldr ,nd.; hq;=h'
tksid" Tn l< hq;= jeo.;au foh kï" we|jK we;sùu j,lajd
.ekSuhs' ta i|yd uq,slju Tn l< hq;af;a" we|jK we;sjk
YÍrfha mSvk ia:dk ms<snoj ks;r úuis,su;aj isàuhs'

we|jK we;sùu j,lajd .kafka flfiao @

fï i|yd my; i|yka mshjrhka wkq.ukh lrkak'
1' m<uqj we|jK we;sùu yd tys we;s Nhdkl ;;ajh ms<sn|j
yd j<lajd .ekSug l< hq;= foa ms<snoj Tyqj ±kqj;a lrkak'
2' ks;ru wef|ys je;sr fkdisg jßka jr wef|ka neiSug"
weú§ug yd ys| .ekSug Wojq lrkak'
3' wef|ys tlu bßhõfõ fkdisg fjk;a bßhõ j,g udre ùug
Wmfoia fokak' tfia lsÍug Wojq lrkak'
4' ;ksju wef|ys bßhõ udre lsßug fkdyels kï meh 2 g jrla
Tyqf.a bßhõ udre lsßug lghq;= lrkak' fuys§ Wvqne,s w;g
isá kï ol=Kq we,hg fyda jï we,hg yerùu fyda wef|ysu
ys÷jd we| úÜgug fya;a;= lr isàug;a mqgqjl jdälrjd
;eîug;a yelsh' iq¿ fõ,djla weúoaoùuo l< yelsh'
5' Tfí {d;shd ys| isák ;eka iy ksok we| frÈ f;;aj
fkd;nkak'
6' Tyqf.a bßhõ ^ia:dms;& udre lsÍfï§ b;du;a m%fõYfuka"
Tyqf.a w;a iy mdoj,g ydkshla fkdjk f,i" uDÿj yd
fifuka p,kh lrjkak'
7' we| we;sß,sj, uDÿNdjh b;d jeo.;a fõ' /<s .eiqk we|
we;sß,s Ndú;d fkdlrkak' we| froafoys /<s u.skoa mSvkhla
we;súh yels ksid" /<s we;s fkdjk f,i j. n,d.kak'
8' ifuys kSfrda.S nj i|yd fmdaIKh jeo.;a jk fyhska Èkm;d
iu;=,s; wdydr fõ,la ,nd§ugo j.n,d .ekSu jeo.;afõ'
9' mSvk ia:dkj, ifï meyeh fjkiaùula ÿgqjfyd;a
ffjoHjrfhl=g fmkajd wjYH m%;sldr ,nd fokak'

52
 i;ajk mßÉfþoh

wef|ys È.=l,la tla;eka ùu ;=<

we;sjk frda. ;;ajhka'
u<noaOh we;sùu'
u<noaOh we;sùuo fndfyda úg isÿ jkafka" c,h mdkh wvqùfuka
iy ldhsl jHdhdu fkdue;s ùfukah' tfiau" wdydrhg m,d
t<j¿" w, j¾. iy m<;=re jeks ;ka;=uh wdydr fldgia (fibre
foods) wvqùuo u<noaOh we;sùug fya;=fõ' tfyhska" Tnf.a
úhm;a {d;shd we|gu iSud ù ;sfí kï" u<noaOh we;sùu
j,lajd .ekSu i|yd" by; ±lajQ lreKq ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduq
fldg lghq;= lsßu wjYH jkq we;'

fmky¿ wdidok'
Tfí úhm;a {d;sjrhd È.= ld,hla" wef|ys tlu bßhõfõ je;sr
isàfï§" fmky¿ uq,fhys ;r<h /¢ isàu ksid" fmky¿
wdidokh úh yelsh' túg" fmky¿ ;=< ;sfnk jd;h .uka lrk
laf,dau kd,sldjka (bronchioles) wjysr ùfuka" yqiau .ekSu iy
msg lsÍu wmyiq fõ' tksid" fuu ;;ajh we;sùu u. yrjd .ekSu
i|yd" {d;shd tla w;gu je;sr isàu j,lajd .; hq;=h' fï
i|yd" Tyq ol=K we,hg yd jï we,hg yerùu fukau" Tyqg
myiq jk mßÈ" Tyq we| úÜgu wdikakhg f.k" fldÜg fol
;=kla tl u; tl ;nd" thg fya;a;= lr ;eîu l< yelsh' meh
2ka 2 g fufia Tyqf.a ia:dms; fjkia lsßfuka" fmky¿ wdidok
muKla fkdj we|jK we;sùuo j,lajd .; yelsh'

53
{d;sjrhdg wef|ys iqj myiqj ,ndfokafka flfiao @
ldhsl jYfhka fn,ySk njg m;ajQ Tfí úhm;a {d;sjrhdg"
wef|ys iqj myiqj isàug;a Tn Wmldr l< hq;=fõ' tu Woõj
;uka l< hq;= nj wjfndaO lr.ekSu iy ta i|yd lem ù
l%shdlsßu wjYH fõ' túg" tu ld¾hh fldmuK wmyiq jqj;a"
fjfyi f.k fokakla jqj;a" ld,h .; l< hq;= jqj;a" th Tn
lrkq we;'
fuys§ my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=h'
1' {d;sjrhdg iqÿiq we|la"
2' we| we;sß,s"
3' wef|a iqj myiqj i|yd wjYH fjk;a WmlrK"
4' we| ;=<u {d;sjrhdf.a ia:dms; fjkia lsßu"
5' {d;sjrhd wef|ka msg;g .ekSfï§ yd wef|ys ;eîfï§
Wmldr ùu"

iqÿiq we|la'
fuys§" ie,lsh hq;= m%Odk lreKq jkafka" Tnf.a {d;sjrhdf.a iqj
myiqj iy wdrCIdj fukau" id;a;= lrk Tfí myiqj iy
wdrCIdjhs' Tn ;reK cj iïmkak wfhl= kï" Tng myiqj yd
wdrCIdj i,id .ekSu wmyiq fkdfõ' Tno ueÈ jhfia fyda ueÈ
jhio miq l< wfhl= kï" wef|ys isák {d;sjrhdg id;a;=
lsßfï§" Tfí myiqj yd wdrCIdj i|yd" my; i|yka lreKq
ms<sn|j ie,ls<su;a jkak'

wef|ys Wi - m<,'
Tn fofokdgu myiq Wilska hq;= we|la ùu' Wi wvq we|la kï
jvd;a keù jev lsßug Tng isÿfõ' ksfjiaj, ;sfnk we|ka
fndfyda úg Wiska wvqh' tksid wdrCIs; f,i idod.;a we|
Tijkhka Ndú;d lr wef|ys Wi jeälr .; yelsh' msk; a +rh
n,kak' wef|ys m<, wä 3 la muK úh hq;af;a" Tng id;a;=
lsÍfï§ we| jgd hdug isÿjk ksidh' we| ia:dk.; lsÍfï§"
ì;a;s whskg lr ;eîu Tng wmyiqjla f.k fok ksid" ì;a;s
j,ska uE;a lr ;eîu iqÿiqhs'

54
 wdrlaIs; we|la

Wi jeä lr.;a we|la

we| we;sß,s yd fldÜg'

úhm;a" tfiau frda.S nfjka fmf<k" Tfí {d;sjrhdg id;a;=
lsÍfï§ fndfyda úg we|gu iSud jQ wfhl= kï" (bed ridden) Tyqg
wef|ys iqj myiqj ,ndÈh hq;=fõ' my; i|yka foa ms<sn|
ie,ls,su;a jkak'
1' we|g t<k we;sß,a,"
2' we| we;sß,a, u; fhdok rn¾ we;sß,a,la fyda bá frÈ"
3' rn¾ ^bá frÈ& we;sß,a, u; fh§ug frÈ we;sß,a,la
4' fmdrjd .ekSu i|yd we;sß,a,"
5' fldÜg lSmhla
6' uÿre ±,la

55
2 iy 3 we;sß,s wjYH jkafka" Tfí {d;sjrhd fkd±kSu wef|ys
u< uq;%d my lr.kakd wfhl= kï muKls' wef|ys ueo fldgfia
yria w;g fhdok fuu we;sß,s u.ska" we| we;sß,s iy fuÜgh
f;ófuka j,lajd .; yelsh'
wjYH jqjfyd;a Tyq wef|ys by fldgfia ys÷jd fya;a;= lr ;eîu
i|yd jeämqr fldÜg folla fyda ;=kla ;sîu iqÿiq fõ'
wef|ys iqj myiqj mej;Su i|yd" fhdod we;s we| we;sß,a, /,s
we;s fkdjk fia" wef|ys me;s 4 kau" fuÜghg hg lr ;eìh
hq;=h'

56
 wgjk mßÉfþoh

wef|ys iqj myiqj'

{d;shd we| u; ;eìh yels YdÍßl ia:dms; ^YdÍßl bßhõ&'
È.= ld,hla Tfí {d;sjrhd wef|ys tla w;lg yeÍ je;sr isàu
;=<" fmky¿ wdidok we;súh yels w;r" we|jK we;sùugo fya;=
fõ' tu ksid" Tyq wef|ysu úúO ia:dms;hka ;=< ;eìh yelsh'
my; i|yka jkafka fndfyda úg wmg fhdod .; yels
i:dms;hkah'
1' mDIaÀh ia:dms;h ^Wvql=re bßhõj&
2' ol=Kq md¾Yùh ia:dms;h ^ol=Kq we,hg&
3' jï md¾Yùh ia:dms;h ^jï we,hg&
4' *jq,¾ia ia:dms;h ^*jq,¾ bßhõj&

mDIaÀh ia:dms;h'
fuu ia:dms;fha ;nk úg" Tfí {d;sjrhdf.a ysi fldÜgh u;o
msg iy Wrysia folu we| we;sß,a, u;o fow;a fomiska my<g
isák fia fyda Worh fyda <h u; isák f,io ;eìh hq;=h' .fï
jyßka kï Wvqne,s w;g ;eîu hkqfjks'

ol=Kq md¾Yùh ia:dms;h'

fuysÈ" {d;sjrhdf.a ysi we;=¿ YÍrfha ol=Kq me;a; ol=Kq
we,hg yrjd ;nhs' tfia ;nk úg Tyqf.a ol=Kq my< .d;%dj"
È. w;g ;eìh hq;= w;r" ol=Kq w; Tyqf.a ol=Kq fofldmq,
fyj;a ol=Kq lka uq, hgg jk f,io

57
jï w;" yeß ;sfnk isrer u;o
;eìh hq;=fõ' jï my< .d;%dj"
oKysiska uola kjd oKysi
bÈßfhka ol=Kq w;g my;a lr
;eìh hq;=h'

jï md¾Yùh ia:dms;h'
fuys§" {d;sjrhd fmr i|yka l< whqfrkau jï we,hg yrjd
;nhs' {d;sjrhd wef|ys jï w;g yrjk w;r jï my< .d;%dj
we| È.g jk fia ;nk w;r ol=Kq my< .d;%dj oKysiska kjd
bÈßhg f.k we| fuÜgh u; ;eìh hq;=h' ol=Kq w;" yerjq
YÍrh u; isák fia ;eìh hq;= w;r" jï w; je,ñfgka kjd"
w;a, fofldmq, háka ;eìh hq;=h'

*jq,¾ia ia:dms;h'
fuys§ {d;sjrhd wef|ys by< fldgig f.k we| úÜgug fldÜg
3 la muK ;nd fyda 2 ½" x 2" ,E,a,la wxYl 45 muK fldaKhla
jk fia we| úÜgug ;nd" ta u; fldÜgd folla o ;nd" thg
fya;a;= jk mßÈ Tyqj ia:dms; lrkak'
{d;sjrhdf.a uqyK
q fia§fï§
yd Tyqg lEu leùfïoSo Tyqg
myiqjla f.k §u i|ydo fuu
ia:dms;fhys ;eìh yelsh'

{d;sjrhd wef|ys yrjd ;nkafka flfiao @

Tfí {d;sjrhd È.= ld,hla wef|ys je;sr isà kï iy Tyqg
wef|ys ol=Kq fyda jï mig yeÍug fkdkels kï fyda ys|.ekSug
fyda nei hdug fkdyels kï fyda ta i|yd Tyqg iydh Èh hq;=h'
tfia fkdlr isáhfyd;a fmr i|yka l< mßÈ we|jK we;sùu
j,lajd.; fkdyels jkq we;' tfiau Tyqf.a oK ysi ikaê"
58
je,ñg ikaê" Wrysi ikaê p,khla fkdue;slu ksid >k ù
keùug fkdyels jkq we;' tu ksid tu w;=re wdndO j,lajd
.ekSu wjYH fõ' ta i|yd meh 2 ka 2 g Tyqg wef|ys yrjd ;eîu
wjYH fõ'
wef|ys yrjd ;eîfï§" my; msk; a +rj, ±lafjk whqßka bgqlsÍu
Tng;a" {d;shdg;a myiqjla f.k fokq we;' fuys§ Tfí iydhg
;j;a wfhl= isàkï jvd;a myiq fõ'

mshjr 1
msk;
a +rh - 1 ys ±lafjk whqßka Tn ;ksju fyda iydhlhd iu.
^mjqf,a wfhl=& ;ukaf.a tla w;la {d;sjrhdf.a Wrysia yd Wl=,
w;ßka o" wfkla w; my< .d;%d foflys l<jd iy oKysia w;ßka
o ßx.jd hjkak'

fuys§ Tn isáh hq;=

ia:dms;h jkafka
msk;a +rfhys ±lafjk
mßÈ Tnf.a ol=Kq
mdoh oKysfika
kjdf.k iy jï mdoh
msgqmig f.k iy
iDcqj ;nd .ksñka h'

mshjr - 2
fuys§ Tn msk; a +rh 2 ys
±lafjk mßÈ Wvq w;g isák
{d;sjrhd ;ud foig uDÿ
f,i weo.; hq;=h'

59
mshjr - 3
fuys§" Tn wef|ys wfkla
mig f.dia {d;sjrhd ;ud
foig yrjd.; hq;=h' tfia
yerùfï§ hgjk mdoh
fl<ska isák fia ;eìh hq;=
w;r" wfkla mdoh oKysiska
kjd ;eìh hq;=h'

hg jk Tyqf.a w; uqLh wi<skao wfkla w; .d;%dj je,ñfgka

kjd fuÜgh u;o ;nkak' yrjk ,o ysi fldÜgh u; ;nkak'
je;sr isák {d;sjrhd wef|ka bj;g .kafka flfiao @
je;sr isák {d;sjrhdg" wef|ka nei hdu fyda wef|ys ys| .ekSu
;ksj l< fkdyels úg Tn ta i|yd Wmldr l< hq;=h' m<uqfjkau
{d;sjrhd wef|ys ys÷jd.kafka flfiao@
my; i|yka msk;
a +rhkays ±lafjk whqßka Tn l%shd;aul úh
hq;=h'

mshjr 1
we| whsfka isák Tn wi,gu .;a
{d;sjrhd Tn foig yrjd .kak'
tfia yrjd .ekSfï§ Tng wE;sska
;sfnk my< .d;%dj" oKysfika u|la
kjd ;nkak' bkamiq mska;+rh 1 ys
±lafjk whqfrka wehf.A mdohka
wef|ka my;g jefgk whqfrka
;nkak'

60
mshjr 2
B<`.g Tn l< hq;af;a
fojk msk; a +rfhka fmfkk
mßÈ Tnf.a tla w;laa Wl=,
u; o wfkla w; wehf.a
Wrysi háka o ;nd"
Wl=f,ys w; ;o lrk w;r
wfkla w;ska weh bosrshg
yd Wv w;g Tijkak'

mshjr 3
msk;a +rh 2 ys ±lafjk whqßka wehf.a
Wl=, u; ;nk ,o Tfí w; ;o
lrñka iy Wrysi háka ;enQ w;
Tijñka wehj wef|ys ys÷jd .kak'
bkamiqj weh frdao mqgqjg .ekSu fyda
mqgqjla u; ys÷jd ;eìh yelsh'

{d;sjrhd wef|ys ys÷jd .kafka flfiao @

Tfí {d;sjrhd yg wef|ys ys| .ekSug ;rï ldhsl Yla;shla
fkdue;s jqj;a" isys l,amkdj ;sfíkï wehf.ao iydh ,ndf.k
wef|ys ys÷jd ;eîug Tng iydh úh yelshs' m<uqj Tn l<
hq;af;a Tn lsÍug hk foa wehg mjid wehf.A iydh ,nd .ekSug
lghq;= lsÍuhs'

61
mshjr 1
msk;
a +rfha oelafjk mßÈ Tn {d;shdg uqyKq ,d wef|ys mfil
isáñka" Tnf.a tla ll=,la oKysfika kjd" wef|ys isák wehf.a
bKg wdikakj ;nd .kak'

Tnf.a wfkla ll=,

ìu ;ndf.ku" tla
w;la wehf.a Wrysia
háka ;nd" wfkla
w;ska {d;shdj wef|a
by<g .kak' wef|ys
wfkla mi isáñka Tn
l< fohu lsÍug Tng
iydh jk iydhlhdg
mjikak'

mshjr 2
2 jk msk; a +rfha ±lafjk mßÈ"
ó,`.g Tn l< hq;af;a Tnf.a
iydhlhd iu. {d;shdj
wef|ys by< fldgfia ys÷jd
.ekSuhs' fuys§ Tn iy
iydhl úiska tla w;la
{d;shdf.a Wrysi msgqmiska
;nd .ksñka iy wfkla w;
{d;shdf.aa w;a u; ;nd
.ksñka weh wef|a by<g
.;hq;+hs' bkamiq" {d;shdf.a
msgqmiska fldÜg lsym s hla ;nd
ys| .ekSug myiqj i,ikak'

62
 kj jk mßÉfþoh

fm!oa.,sl iajdia:;djh fyj;a mqoa.,sl msßisÿlu'

wms iefjdu ksfrda.l
S u mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd;a" fi!LH m%j¾Okh
i|yd;a" Èkm;d mqoa.,sl msßisÿlu mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd lghq;=
lruq' mqoa.,sl msßisÿlu mj;ajd .ekSfï§" wm úiska ie,ls,a,
fhduq l< hq;= YÍrfha fldgia f,i
1' iu ^uq¿ YÍrh&"
2' ysi ^ysfiys iu yd ysiflia&"
3' ksh"
4' w;a
5' o;a ^uqLh& oelaúh yelsh'

iu fldgia follska hqla;h'

1' wmsp¾uh fyj;a ndysr iu"
2' p¾uh fyj;a wNHka;r iu

ndysr iu hkq YÍrfha msg;g olakg ,efnk ffi, ia:rhhs' tys

ffi, Èkm;d ñh hk w;r" p¾uh ;=<ska jefvk ffi, ndysr
iug tl;= fõ' tksid" ndysr p¾ufha ñh hk ffi, u; oyäh
iy wNHka;r ifï we;s iafkayl .%kÓ a j,ska ksmojk iafkayl
fyj;a f;,a ksido" ¥,s wdÈfhkao iu wmú;% fõ' tksid Èkm;d
iu msßisÿ lsßu wjYH fõ'
ysfiys ifuka ksmojk f;,a j,g wu;rj" ndysrfhka .,ajk
f;,a yd l%Sï j¾. ksido iu wmú;% fõ'
lEu .ekSfï§ w;a iy ksh wmú;% jk w;r w;aj, ifï ì£ hk
ffi, u; iafkayl yd oyäh ksido úúO foa iam¾Y lsÍu ksido
iu wmú;% fõ' lEu .ekSfuka miqj ishqï lEu len,s uqLh

63
we;=<; Yaf,aIau, mg,fhys iy o;a w;r fukau o;a u;o
;ekam;a ù nelaàßhd iu. ñY% ùfuka uqLh iy o;a wmú;% fõ'
tfyhska" Èkm;d iakdkh u.ska uq¿ YÍrfhau ndysr iu msßisÿj
;nd .; yelsh' tfy;a" Èkh ;=< jßka jr úúO foa iam¾Y
lsÍfuka w;a iy ksh wmú;% jk fyhska" inka yd c,fhka fidaod
w;a iy ksh msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu wjYH fõ' uqLh yd o;a msßisÿj
;nd .ekSu i|yd" iEu m%Odk lEu fõ,lg miqj o;a ue§u l<
hq;=h'
Tfí {d;shdf.a iu msßisÿj iy úh,sj ;nd .eksu i|yd" lghq;=
lsÍu Tn i;= jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhls' Tyq Tfí wdOdrfhka fyda kdk
ldurhg /f.k hd yels kï iy tys§ Tyqg —j;=r u,˜ (shower)
hg ys|f.k iakdkh lsÍug myiqlï ie,ish yelsh' kdk ldurh
;=< my; i|yka myiqlï i,id ;nkak'

1' kdk ldurfha j;=r u, (shower) wi, ì;a;sfhys iú lrk ,o

w;ajdrej (grab rails)
2' j;=r u, (shower) hgg jk fia iakdkh lsÍug ;nk ,o
nxl=jla fyda mqgqjla "
3' kdk ldurfha ìug w;=rk ,o fkd,siaik iq¿ mdmsiakdjla
(nonslip mat)
4' inka
5' ;=jdhla
6' frÈ ;eîu i|yd mqgqjla

wef|ys fia§u'
Tyqg$wehg wef|ka neiSug fkdyelskï fyda ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj
wef|ka nei hdu ;ykï lr we;akï wef|ys fia§ula (bed bath)
lsÍug Tng isÿjkq we;'
fia§u i|yd my; i|yka foa we| lsÜgqfjka ;nd .kak'
u| WKqiqï c,h iys; fíiï folla' ;=jdhka lsym
s hla ^f,dl= l=vd&
iafmdkaÊ fyda fiaÿï frÈ len,s folla ^uqyKq w;amd" YÍrfha
msgqmi yd bÈßmi iy ,sx.sl fmfoia fia§ug&

64
 wef|ys fia§fï ms<sfj;'
wef|ys fia§ug m<uqj tys wjYH;djh Tyqg$wehg myod §
Tyqf.a$wehf.a leue;a; iy iydh ,nd .ekSug lghq;= lrkak'
1' {d;shdf.a ysi fldÜgh u; ;nd Wvqne,s w;g ^mDIaÁh
ia:dms;fhka& ;nd .kak' Tyqf.a ish¿ we÷ï bj;a lr" È.
froaolska fomd isg Wria fmfoi olajd wdjrKh lrkak' ysi
háka l=vd ;=jdhla ;nd fuÜgh f;óu j,lajd .kak'
bkamiq" mmqj m%foaYh o ;=jdhlska wdjrKh lrkak' m<uqj
uqyK
q fmfoi iy f., wjg fidaod yßkak' fï i|yd WKqiqï
c,fha nyd .;a iafmdkaÊ fyda inka ;jrd.;a fiaÿï frÈ
lene,s Ndú;d lrkak' bkamiq" inka fkdfhdod j;=frka
f;ud.;a iafmdkaÊ fyda fiaÿï frÈ lene,a,lska fia¥ fldgia
msiod yßkak' bkamiq l=vd ;=jdhlska msi oukak'
uqyK
q fia§fuka miqj" w;afol fidaokak' m<uqj" ;ukag wE;ska
;sfnk w;o bkamiq ;ud wdikakfha ;sfnk w; o fidaokak'
fidaok úg" w;a háka È. w;g ;=jdhla ;nd we| frÈ f;óu
j,lajkak' fmr fiau m<uqj inka iy j;=frka fidaod fojkqj
inka fkdfhdod f;;a l< iafmdkaÊ fyda fiaÿï frÈ
lene,af,ka msiod yer ;=jdhlska msiskak'
2' fojk mshjf¾§ mmqj iy Worh fldgia m<uq lS wdldrfhka
fidaokak' fia§ug m%:u {d;shdf.a msgg háka È. w;g f,dl=
;=jdhla ;nkak'
Tyqf.a Worh yd mmqj ksrdjrKh jk fia" fmdrjd we;s froao
my;a lr ;nkak' bkamiqj fmr i|yka l< whqßka mmqj iy
Worh fidaod" úh,jkak' bkamiq Tyqf.a msg fia§u i|yd
me;a;lg yrjkak ^jï md¾Yùh fyda ol=Kq md¾Yùh
ia:dms;fhka ;nkak& f., msgqmi isg ;Ügï m%foaYh olajd
by; i|yka l< whqfrkau fidaod úh,jkak' bkamiqj fmr
fiau {d;shdj mDIaÀh ia:dms;fhka ;nkak'
3' ;=kj
a k mshjf¾§" {d;shdf.a ll=,a iy mdo fia§u l< hq;=fõ'
md fidaok úgo m<uqj tla ll=,la yd mdoh fidaod úh,jd"

65
 bkamiq wfkla ll=, yd mdoh fidaod úh,jkak' fia§fï§ ll=,
háka ú¨U olajd ;=jdhla ;nd we| we;sß,s f;óu j,lajd
.kak'
4' isõjk mshjf¾§" {d;shdf.a ryia m%foaY" ,sx.sl wjhj yd
úgmh m%foaY fia§u l< hq;=h' fuys§ {d;shdg fidaod .ekSug
yelskï" inka .d f;;a l< iafmdkaÊ fyda fiaÿï frÈ lene,a,
Tyqg § fidaod .ekSug lsj yelsh' Tyqg tjeks yelshdjla
ke;akï" ;uka úiskau tu fldgia fidaod yßkak' fia§ug
m%:u" {d;shdf.a ;Ügï yd úgmh ^wfOdaud¾.h wjg& m%foaY
háka ;=jdhla fhdod" we| we;sß,s f;óu j,lajd .kak'
{d;shd wdjrKh lr we;s froao Worh fmfoig bj;a lr"
tu fldgi ksrdjrKh lrkak' ll=,a fol oKysiska kjd
fomig lr ,sx.sl fldgia fia§ug myiqjk f,i ksrdjrKh
lrkak'
bkamiq m<uqj ,sx.sl fmfoio fojkqj úgmh m%foaYho fidaod
úh,jkak'

ysi iy ysiflia i|yd id;a;=j'

Tfí {d;sjrhd È.= l,la we|gu iSudù isák wfhl= kï" ysi
fia§uo l< hq;= ld¾hhla jkq we;' fm!oa.,sl iajia:;djh
mj;ajd .ekSfï§" ysi iy ysiflia i|yd lrkq ,nk id;a;=j b;d
jeo.;afõ' Èkm;d ysi mkdjlska fyda nqreiq mkdjlska mSÍu u.ska
ysfia iug W;af;ackhla ,efnk w;r" ysfia ifuys ñh hk ffi,
fldgia bj;a lr .ekSug Wmldrhla ,efí' tmuKla fkdj
{d;sjrhdg iqj myiqjlao ,efnkq we;' Tfí {d;shdg ysi mSrd
.ekSug yelshdj we;akï" ta i|yd w;ska w,a,d .ekSug yelshdjla
we;s mkdjla fyda nqreiqjla Tyqg$wehg ,ndÈh hq;=h'
ysiflia È.g jeù we;akï" ;uka úiska fyda lrKjEñfhl=
f.kajd ysiflia fldgg lemSuo wjYH jkq we;' ysfiys ysiafidß
^ysfia ifuys ffi, .e,ù hdu& mj;S kï IeïmQ j¾.hlska
ysiflia iy ysfiys iu mú;% l< yelsh'

66
ysi fia§u'
Tfí {d;shdf.a ysi
fia§u i;shlg jrla
fyda lrkafka kï bka
{d;shdg uy;a
iykhla ,efí'
{d;sjrhdg Tfí
iydh we;sj kdk
ldurhg hd yels kï
fyda frdao mqgqj u.ska
f.k hd yels kï"
Tyqg ysi fidaod .;
yels w;r" ta i|yd
Tng iydh úh
yelsh'
{d;sjrhd iakdkh lrk úg" inkao fhdod .ksñka ysi fia§u
myiqfjka lr .; yelsfõ' tfy;a Tfí {d;sjrhd we|gu iSud ù
isák wfhl= kï wef|ys isáh§u ysi fia§u l< hq;=fõ'
úfYaIfhka" wef|ys je;sr isáh§u ysi fia§ug ma,diaála fíiï
iy jd;h mqrjd mqïnd .; yels rn¾ fíiï we;' tjeks fíiul
ysi ;nd ysi fidaok wdldrh fmkajd fok msk;
a +rh n,kak'
Tfí {d;sjrhd we|gu iSud fjñka wl%Shj isáu iy úhm;a ùu;a
iu.u úúO frda. i|yd T!IO j¾. .ekSu;a ksid ndysr isref¾
úúO ia:dkj, we;sjk" widudkH;djka ms<sn|j úuis,su;aj isàu
wjYHfõ' fï ms<sn|j {d;sjrhd úiska lrkq ,nk meñKs,s ;sfí
kï" th i;aldr ie,iSug Tng myiqjla fõ' tfy;a {d;sjrhd-
f.ka meñKs,s fkd,efnk l,ays" Tn tu ndysr YÍrdx. ms<sn|j
ksÍCIKh lr wjYH i;aldr ie,ish hq;=h'

67
68
 oijk mßÉfþoh

úuis,su;a úh hq;= ndysr YÍrdx.hkays"

widudkH;d iy l<hq;= i;aldr'

ndysr úuis,su;a úh hq;=

l< hq;= i;aldrh
YÍrdx. widudkH;d
fÄg Y%djh ^fl<& c,h we;=¿ fjk;a mdk j¾.
uqLh wvqùu fyda jeäùu jeämqr fokak' m<;=re jeämqr
fokak' fl< .eiSu i|yd
Ndckhla (sputum mug) we| wi,
lnvh u; ;nkak'
fkd.e,fmk o;a we¢ oka; ffjoHjrfhl=f.a ffjoH
o;a ksid ;,af,a iy Wmfoia wkqj lghq;= lrkak'
úÿreuiaj, we;sjk o;a ue§ug yd uqLh fidaod yeßug
;=jd, {d;shd Wkkaÿ lrjkak' uqL
fiaÿï ødjK we;' ffjoH Wmfoia
wkqj uqL fiaÿï Èhr Ndú;d
lrkak'

wefiys wdidok ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj wefiys

weia .e,aúh hq;= T!IO Èhr ìxÿ
Ndú;d lrkak'
kdih ysrùu ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj T!IOuh
kdih ^kdifhka ødjKh yd ødjKfhka (Nasal drops) u.ska
Yaf,aIau, ysrùu kdih msßisÿ lrkak'
ksid& kdid.%fhys
;=jd,

69
 ndysr úuis,su;a úh hq;=
l< hq;= i;aldrh
YÍrdx. widudkH;d
mdo uymge`.s,s bÈóu we|jK we;sùu j,lajd .ekSu
we`.s,s w;r jKùï i|yd mshjr .; hq;=h' we|jK
we;s ù kï ffjoH m%;sldr
ìì,s u;=ùu iy wjYHhs'
we|jK
ìì,s iy uymge`.s,s bÈóu iy
we`.s,s w;r jK ù we;akï
ffjoH m%;sldr ,nd fokak' mdo
wdndOhla kï mdo ms<sno
ffjoH úfYaI{fhl=g
(Podiatrist) o fmkajd m%;sldr
,nd.; yelsh'
ksh ì§ hk kshfmd;= mdo úfYaI{fhl=g fmkajd
(Brittle Nails) ffjoH m%;sldr fokak'

W.=r" lk" kdih ms<sno

lkafol l<d÷re (Ear wax) úfYaI{ ffjoHjrfhl=g
fmkajd m%;sldr lr .kak'
ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj m%;sldr
lrkak'
iu r;ameye jK" lsy< s s" ffjoH WmfoiA wkqj iu
bls,s fmfoiays isksÿ fudhsprhsi¾ j¾.hlskA
yd úh,s .sh iu (dry wdf,amkh lr úh,s Lj wvq
and flaky skin) lr.kak'

70
 tfldf<diajk mßÉfþoh

fm!oa.,sl fmkqu ms<sn| i;aldrh'

uy¨ úhg m;a jqjo" ;u fm!oa.,sl fmkqu (personal appearence)
ms<sn|j iEu wfhl=u ie,ls,su;a fõ' Tfí {d;sjrhd uy¨
úfhys wdndê;j isáho" ;u ndysr fmkqu fyd¢ka mj;ajd .ekSug
leue;sh' ulaki s doh;a" uy¨ jqj;a" wdndê; jqj;a" iEu
mqoa.,fhl=gu ;ud ms<sn|j" ;udf.au ye`.Sula tkï" wd;au
wNsudkhla we;' tu wd;au wNsudkh Okd;aulj mj;ajd .ekSug
Tyqf.a ndysr fmkqu wdl¾YkSh jk nj Tyq okshs'
tfy;a" Tyqf.a .eg¿j jkafka ta i|yd tÈfkod l< hq;= foa
;ukag ;ksj lsßug mj;sk wmyiq;djhkah' tfyhska Tyqf.a
fm!oa.,sl fmkqu fyd¢ka mj;ajd .eksu i|yd" Tyqg Woõ lsßu
Tn i;= j.lSu fõ'
Tnf.a id;a;= i;aldrh ,nkafka {d;sjßhla kï wehf.a uqyK q
w,xlrKh lsÍu (make up) i|yd ge,alï mjqv¾ j,g wu;rj
f;d,afm;s w,xlrKh i|yd ,smaiaálaia o ksh w,xlrKh i|yd
lshqfglaia o weysneu iy weia msydgq w,xlrKh ødjK (mascara)
jeks foa iy ifï úh,snj fkdfmkSu i|yd fudhsiaprhsi¾ j¾.
wehf.a leue;a; u; Ndú;d l< yelsh' tfy;a" ifï úh,snj
fndfyda úg we;sjkafka úhm;a ùu;a iu. c,h mdkh lsßu
wvqùu;a iu. jk ksid úhm;a msßñ iy ldka;djka i|yd wjYH
muK c,h îug Èu w;HjYH fõ'
Tn id;a;= i;aldr lrkqfha msßñ {d;sjrfhl=g kï" Tyqf.a
uqyf
q Ka fmkqu is;a weo.kakd mßÈ ;nd .ekSug" Èkm;d fyda
Èkhla yer Èkhla fyda /jq, nEu (shave lsru
S ) wjYH fõ' /jq,
nEfï l%u folla we;'
 f;;a /jq, nEu (wet shave)
 úh<s /jq, nEu (dry shave)
71
{d;sjrhd iy Tn leue;s mßÈ f;;a /jq,a nEula fyda úh<s
/jq, nEula l< yelsh' f;;a /jq, nEul§" tl w;lska uqyf
q Ka
iu ;Èka w,a,d" wfkla w;ska w,a,d .;a f¾irh wjYH muK
;Èka lïuq, my;g wÈkak' Wvq /jq, yd há /jq, nEfï§
{d;sjrhdg Wmfoia foñka Tyqf.a iydh ,nd.kak'

úh<s /jq, nEul§ úÿ,s

fIajrhla (electric shaver)
wjYH jk w;r úh<s /jq,
nEu" f;;a /jq, nEug jvd
myiq fõ'

tfy;a" th Ndú;d lrk wdldrh Tn m<uqj ±k.; hq;=h'

msk;
a +rfhys fmfkk mßÈ úÿ,s f¾irh Tyqf.a w;g §" Tyqf.a w;
u; Tfí w; ;nd" wjYH mßÈ f¾irh yiqrejñka /jq, nEu l<
yelsh' tfia ke;fyd;a Tyqg ;ksj /jq, nEug bv §" Tn
ksÍCIKh lrñka Woõ úh yelsh'

we÷ï wekaoùu'
Tfí {d;sjrhd${d;sjßh úhm;aj wdndê;j ÿ¾j, iajNdjfhka
isáho" ;ud ne,Su i|yd wuq;a;ka meñKs úg" Tjqka bÈßfha m%sh
ukdm fmkqfuka isàug leue;a; olajhs' Tyqf.a/wehf.a leue;a;
bgq lr .eksug Tn iydh úh hq;=h' tksid Tfí {d;sjrhd
{d;sjßh we| isàug leue;s iy wekaoùug myiq we÷ula
wekaoùug Tng isÿfõ' fuys§ we÷ï lÜg, lsym s hlau ;sîu
wjYH fõ' ukao" fndfyda úhm;a jqjka yg" u< uq;% msgùu md,kh
lr.; fkdyels ksid" u< uq;% iaj,am jYfhka msg ù we÷ï wmú;%
jk fyhsk's tjeks wmú;%ùï j,§ jyd y÷kd f.k msßisÿ lr
w¿;a we÷ï wkaojd" wmsßisÿ we÷ï fidaod msßisÿ l< hq;=fõ'

72
we÷ï f;dard .ekSfï§" úfYaIfhkAu myiqfjka wekaoúh yels iy
bj;a l< yels ieye,a¨ we÷ï úh hq;=h'
tfiau" we÷ï udre lsÍug b;du iqÿiq jkafka WoEik msßisÿ
lsÍfuka miqjhs' túg Tyqg/wehg ojfia b;sß ld,h iqj myiqfjka
isàug yelshdj iy udkisl ieye,a¨jla we;sjk fyhsk's
flfia jqjo" we÷ï we£u w;s fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhla jk fyhska"
Tfí {d;sjrhdg/{d;sjßhg ;ksju we÷ï ye| .ekSug yelshdj
;sfí kï" thg Tn bvÈh hq;=h' ukao tu`.ska id;a;=lrKfha§
ie,ls<su;a úh hq;= ldrKdjka jk id;a;=j ,nkakdf.a
fm!oa.,sl;ajh wdrCId lsßu iy iajdëk;ajhg .re lsßu l<
hq;= fyhsk's tjka wjia:djkays § Tn l< hq;= jkafka we÷ï
we|.ekSu i|yd wjYH mßÈ iydh ùu muKls'
fndfyda úg" we÷ï wekaoùu fyda we| .ekSug iydh ùug Tng
isÿjkq we;' tfiau" wm rfÜ úhm;a {d;Ska ksjfia isáhoS" jeä
jYfhkau w¢kq ,nk we÷ï j¾. Tn okS' msßñ kï irula yd
nekshula fyda lñihla tfia ke;skï È. l,siula fyda lñihla
jkafkah' ldka;djla kï lsfudakdjla fyda È. idhla iy í,jqihla
jkafkah' fï we÷ï wekaoùu fyda ye| .ekSug iydh jkafka
flfiao@ tfiau im;a;=jla iy fïia wekaoùug" fifrmamqjla ;=<g
mdo rejd .eksug iydh jkafka flfiao hk ldrKdo Tn o;
hq;=h'

wef|ys je;sr isáh§ irula wekaoùu'

we÷ï wkaojk iEu wjia:djl§u" {d;sjrhdf.a ryiHNdjh yd
fm!oa.,sl;ajh wdrCId jk wkaoug tu ld¾hh bgq l< hq;=h'
{d;sjrhd i|yd lrkq ,nk iEu i;aldr ld¾hl§ fukau"
fuys§o ;uka lsÍug wfmaCId lrk ld¾hh myod § Tyqf.a iydh
,nd .ekSug lghq;= lsßu wjYH fõ' m<uqfjkau" fjk;a
fmdrjkhlska {d;sjrhd wdjrKh lrkak' bkamiq {d;sjrhdf.a
mdo me;af;ka" ye| isák iru bj;a lrkak' bkamiq ;uka
wekaoùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk iru f.k Tyqf.a md me;af;ka
we;=¿ lr" fmdrjkh ;=<ska Tfí w;a folg fomiska we;=¿ lr

73
Tyqf.a Worh foig iru .kak' fï i|yd {d;sjrhdf.a o iydh
,nd.; yelsh'

{d;sjrhdg lñihla wkaojkafka flfiao @

fuys§o m<uqj {d;sjrhdg lsßug hk foh myod fokak'
{d;sjrhd yelskï wefoys ysªjd .kak' ye| isák lñih
.,jkak' fuys§ {d;sjrhd úiska {d;shd ye| isák lñifha tla
me;a;lsk"a lñi w; ;=<ska Tyqf.a w; bj;g .kak' bkamiq Tyqf.a
wfkla w;ska lñih bj;g .kak' wfkla lñih f.k th È. w;a
;sfnk lñihla kï" ta lñi w; fl<jßka Wvq w;g kjd" tu
lñi w; ;=<g Tyqf.a w; r|jd lñih wkaojd" Tyq msgqmiska
lñih f.k Tyqf.a wfkla w; lñih ;=<g rejd lñih
wkaojkak'

74
 fodf<diajk mßÉfþoh

u<uQ;% wixhuh mj;sk úg§'

u<uQ;% wixhuh (fecal and urine incontinence) iys; {d;sjrhdg
iydh jkafka flfiao @
u<uQ;% wixhuh hkq" u<uQ;% myùu iajhx md,khlska f;dr
ùuhs' uy¿ úfha§ hï hï frda. ;;ajhka fya;=fldg f.k u<
fyda uQ;% wixhuh we;sfõ' fï frda. ;;ajhka f,i"
1' YÍrfha me;a;la fyda bfkka my< fldgi mK ke;sùu'
(paralysis, hemiplegia)"

2' äfukaIshd (dementia) frda. ;;ajh"

3' úi{Ndjhg fyj;a wisysNdjhg m;ajq frda.k
S g
a (unconcious
patients)"

4' w;mh j,x.= ke;s YÍrh p,kh lsßug yd weúo hdug

fkdyels (immobile) mqoa.,hkag"
5' úhm;a ùfï§ uQ;% ud¾.fha iy wfOda ud¾.fha (Urethra and
rectum) msyg
s d we;s msgùï fodrgq fyj;a fõYagks (sphincters)
wl%Sh ùu'
tksid" Tfí úhm;a {d;sjrhdg/jßhg by; lS frda.dndO
;;ajhla mj;skf a ka kï wksjd¾hfhkau fkd±kS u<uQ;% msgùu
fyj;a u<uQ;% wixhuh we;sjk nj ±k isàu jeo.;a fõ'
tfiau" tu ;;ajh we;sùu {d;sjrhdf.a wvqmdvqjla fyda
fkdie,ls,a, fyda ;uka lshk foa ms<sn| fkd;ld yeÍula ksid
we;sjk fohla f,i is;d {d;sjrhd flfrys fldamhla ffjrhla
we;slr fkd.; hq;=h' th frda.S ;;ajh ksidu we;sjk iajdNdúl
fohla nj kej; kej;;a isyms ;a lr.; hq;=h' tfia jQ úg tjeks

75
wjia:dj,§ Tn lrkq ,nk i;aldrh .=Kd;aul tlla njg
m;afõ'
flfia jqjo" u<uQ;% wixhuh iys; úhm;a {d;sjrfhl=g i;aldr
lsßu iy ta i|yd ;u uki iQodkï lr .ekSu myiq fkdfõ'
tfy;a tu i;aldrh lsÍfï§ th myiq lr .eksu i|yd my;
i|yka iïm;a Wmfhda.S lr.; yelshs'
1' Tfí Ôj;ajk m%foaYfha isák ffjoHjrfhl=f.ka" fyo
ks<Odßfhl=f.ka fyda mjq,a fi!LH ks,OdßKshlf.ka Wmfoia
,nd.ekSu'
2' ;u m%foaYfha mj;ajdf.k hk jeäysá ksjdihl (Home for
elderly) id;a;= fiaúldjlf.ka Wmfoia ,nd.ekSu'

3' ;u m%foaYfha m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,hg wkqhqla;j isák

jeäysá ks<OdÍ iy iudc fiajd ks<Odßkaf.ka ,nd.; yels
uQ,Huh yd fjk;a wdOdr ,nd.ekSu'
4' wixhuh mj;sk {d;sjrhd msßisÿ lsÍfï§ mjqf,a wfhl=f.ka
fyda {d;sfhl=f.ka fyda wie,ajeis ys;j;a wfhl=f.a fyda
iydh ,nd.ekSu'
5' u<uQ;% wixhuh mqoa.,fhl=g id;a;= lsÍfï§ we| fmdaÉÑ yd
uQ;% fmdaÉÑ (bed pan and Urinals) fukau meïm¾ia (diapers)
Ndú;d lsßu'

u<uQ;% wixhuh mj;akd {d;sjrhdg/jßhg id;a;= lsßu myiq

lrjk øjH yd WmlrK fudkjdo @
1' {d;sjrhdg u<uQ;% msglsßu u;la lrñka iSkqj kdo jk fïi
Trf,daiqj"
2' fldfudaâ mqgqj (Commode chair)"
3' fldfudaâ tl u; ;nk (commode ring)"
4' meïm¾ia"
5' we| frÈ" fuÜgh yd fldÜgh wdrCId lr .ekSu i|yd rn¾
ISÜ (mackintosh)"
6' fuÜgh f;;a ùu j,lajd .ekSug fuÜgh rejd,sh yels c,h
Wrd fkd.kakd fuÜg wdjrKh'

76
Y%S ,xldfõ Tiqi,a YdLdjkays iy m%Odk *duis j,ska fukau Walk
Rite wdh;kfhkao by; i|yka WmlrK ñ<§ .; yelsh'
u,uQ;% wixhu iys; Tnf.a {d;shdf.a we| ^wixhuh we|& ilia
lsßug wjYH foa '
1' we| yd fuÜghg wu;rj fuÜgh f;;aùu j,lajk" c,h
Wrd fkd.kakd fuÜg wdjrKh"
2' we| froao (bed sheet)"
3' fldÜgh iy fldÜg wdjrKh (pillow & protector)"
4' we| froao f;;aùu j,lajd .ekSug we| yryd ouk rn¾ ISÜ
tl (mackintosh)'

jeisls<s wdOdrl (Toilet Aids).

jeisls<s hdu w;sYh fm!oa.,sl ldrKhla jk w;r" we|gu iSud
ù isák frda.dndê; wfhl=g jqjo" th tfiauh' tksidu" tjeks
wfhl=g u< uQ;%d my lsru S i|yd iydh me;Su;a" id;a;=lreg tu
iydh ,nd§u;a" wmyiqldÍ fohla ùu iajNdúlh' flfia jqjo Tn
úiska id;a;= lrkq ,nk {d;shd wef|ka nei hd fkdyels" we|gu
iSud jQ wfhl= kï Tyqg fyda wehg u< my lsÍu i|yd we|
fmdaÉÑhla (Bed Pan) yd uQ;%d mylsÍu i|yd uQ;%d fmdaÉÑhla (Urinal)
jeks jeisls<s wdOdrl imhd § ta i|yd iydh ùug Tng isÿfõ'
msßñka iy ldka;djka i|yd fjka jQ we| fmdaÉÑ iy uQ;%d fmdaÉÑ
we;' m%Odk fmf,a *duis j,ska fuu WmlrK ñ<§ .; yelsh'

msßñ we| fmdaÉÑhla .eyeKq we| fmdaÉÑhla

77
.eyeKq uQ;%d fmdÉÑhla msßñ uQ;%d fmdÉÑhla

we| fmdaÉÑhla fyda uQ;%d fmdaÉÑhla §fï wruqK jkafka" we|gu

iSud jQ mqoa.,hdg u< uQ;%d my lsÍu i|yd myiqlï ie,iSuhs'

we| fmdaÉÑhla ,nd§fï ld¾hh myiqfjka lsÍu i|yd" my;

i|yka foa tla;eka lr.kak'
1' {d;shd wdjrKh lsÍug ;srhla" ^{d;shd isákafka ksjfiys
ldurhla ;=< fkdfõ kï&
2' wdjrKh iys; we| fmdaÉÑhla
3' w;ajeiqï"
4' fldgq froaola fyda fjk;a froaola
5' we| frÈ fkdf;ó" wdrlaId lr.ekSu i|yd rn¾ ISÜ tlla
^mackintosh) iy wdjrK frÈ lene,a,la
6' u| WKqiqï c,h iys; Ndckhla
7' l=vd ;eáhl"
- È. ñgla iys; veys w`vq (long artery forcep) lsym
s hla
- f;;a iy úh,s mq¿ka fnda,
8' lvodis nE.hla iys;j l=vd ;eáhla
9' ;=jdhla

iydh jk l%ufõoh ^we| fmdaÉÑh oSu&

m<uqfjkau Tn l< hq;af;a" {d;shdf.a wjYH;djh jkafka u< my
lsÍu o ke;fyd;a uQ;% my lsÍuo hkak oek .ekSuhs' {d;shd
msßñfhl= kï" u< my lsÍug we| uQ;% my lsÍug uQ;% fmdaÉÑho
Èh hq;=fõ' {d;shd ldka;djla kï u<uQ;% folu i|yd we|

78
fmdaÉÑh Èh yels jk w;r" uQ;% my lsÍu i|yd muKla kï
ldka;d uQ;% fmdaÉÑh Èh yelsh' fuu i;aldr ms<sfjf;a§" Tn
inka fhdod oE;a fidaod" msiod" bkamiq w;ajeiqï me<| .; hq;=h'
{d;shdf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajh fukau iajdëk;ajh o wdrlaId lsÍu
Tnf.a j.lSu jkafkah' fuys§" fmdaÉÑh ;udg u ;nd.; yels nj
iy msßisÿ lr.ekSuo ;udgu lr.; yels nj {d;shd mjikafka
kï fmdaÉÑh iy msßisÿ lr .ekSug wjYHh foa Tyqg$wehg
fokak' ld¾hh wjika jQ miq ;ukag l;d lrk f,i mjid" Tn
t;ekska bj;a ù isàu iqÿiqh' {d;shd l;d l< miq Tn tys f.dia
fmdaÉÑh iy msßisÿ l< oE wvx.= nE.h bj;g f.k msßisÿ lr
;nkak'
we| fmdaÉÑh ;udg u
;nd .ekSug fkdyels
{d;shdg" Tn ta i|yd
iydh úh hq;=h' m<uqj
{d;shdg Wvql=re
bßhõfõ isàug mjid
ye| isák we÷u bfkka
by<g lr" fjk;a
froaolska {d;shd
wdjrKh lrkak'
bkamiq {d;shdf.a oKysia folu kjd .ksñka ú¿ôka Wvg
biafik f,i Wmfoia fokak' tfia tifjk w;f¾§" {d;shdf.a
tijqk ;Ügï háka isák f,iska wdjrKh iys; rn¾ ISÜ
w;=rkak' bkamiq we| fmdaÉÑfha wdjrKh bj;a lr" fmdaÉÑfha
my; me;a; by<g isák fia" fmdaÉÑh ;Ügï háka ;nkak'
bkamiq" {d;shdf.a msg m%foaYhg iy ysi hgg jk fia fldÜg ;=k
y;rla ;nd" bfkka by< tifjk mßÈ ;nkak' túg" Tyqg u<
my lsÍu myiq fõ'
fuys§ o wjYH jq úg ;ukag l;d lsÍug mjid ;u ld¾hh
lsÍug {d;shdg bv i,id Tn u|lg bj;aúh hq;=h'

79
we| fmdaÉÑh bj;a lsÍu'
{d;shd úiska Tng l;d l< miq Tn tys f.dia Tyq$weh msßisÿ
l< hq;= jkafkah' {d;shdg fifkyiska l;dlr wjidk oehs
wikak' wdjrKh lr we;s froao bfkka by,g lr" {d;shd
mfilg yrjñka we| fmdaÉÑh bj;g f.k fmdaÉÑ wdjrKfhka
jid" miqj bj;a lsÍu i|yd mfilska ;nkak' bkamiq mfilg
yerjQ {d;shd Wvql=re bßhõjg fyda *jq,¾ia bßhõjg yrjd
;nkak' mfilska ;enQ wdjrKh l< we| fmdaÉÑh jeisls<s
ldurhg f.k f.dia msßisÿ lr ;nkak'

we| fmdaÉÑh bj;a lsÍu'

80
 oy;=kajk mßÉfþoh

{d;sjrhdf.a fi!LH ;;ajh ms<sn|j iqmÍCIdldÍ ùu'

Tfí úhm;a {d;sjrhdf.a${d;sjßhf.a id;a;=j Ndrù isák

Tnf.a úfYaI jQ j.lSula jkafka Tyqf.a/wehf.a ldhsl yd udkisl
fi!LH ;;ajh ms<sn| úuis,su;aj isàu iy ta wkqj wjYH mshjr
.ekSuhs' Tnf.a {d;shd mÍCId lrkq ,nk ffjoHjrhd úiska
Tyqf.a$wehf.a ldhsl fi!LH ;;ajh kS¾Kh lr .ekSu i|yd"
ffcj ix{d mÍCId lr igyka lsßug Tng wjYH Wmfoia fokq
we;' tksid fuu ffcj ix{d hkq fudkjdo iy tajd uek
n,kafka flfiao hkak Tn ±k isàu wjYH fõ'

ffcj ix{d'
ffcj ix{d (vital signs) hkq" wm YÍrfha yDoh l%shdldß;ajh"
reêr Odjkh yd mSvkh" WIaK;ajh mj;ajd .ekSu fmky¿
l%shdldßFjh fyj;a Yajikh mj;ajd .ekSu jeks YÍrfha b;d
jeo.;a l%shdldß;ajhka fmkajd fok ñKqï f,i ±laúh yelsh'
tajd kï 1' reêr mSvkh (Blood Pressure) 2' YrSr WIaK;ajh (Body
Temperature) 3' kdä fõ.h 4' Yajikh (Respiration rate) f,i
±laúh yelsh'
Tn úiska /ln,d .kq ,nk" Tfí {d;shd T!IO m%;sldr ,nk
wfhl= kï" úfYaIfhkau yDo frda. fyda fmky¿.; frda. fyda
fjk;a widOH frda.S ;;ajhlska miqjk wfhl= kï" Tyqf.a ffcj
ix{d mÍCId lr igyka lsßu frday,a jdÜgqj,§ ks;r olakg
,efnk fohls' frday,a ;=<§ tu ld¾hh lrkq ,nkafka
ffjoHjreka iy fyo ks<OdÍka úisk's

81
fuu ffcj ix{d mÍCId lr ne,Su ;=<ska" frda.hg lrkq ,nk
m%;sldrj, id¾:lNdjh uek ne,Sug;a m%;sldrj, fjkila we;s
lsßug;a ffjoHjrekag yelshdj ,efí' Tfí {d;shdo by;
i|yka lsishï frda.hlg ffjoH m%;sldr ,nñka ksjfia miqfjk
wfhl= kï iy Tyqf.a kdä fõ.h" Yajik fõ.h" YdÍßl
WIaKFjh iy reêr mSvkh mÍCId lr igyka lsÍug ffjoH
Wmfoia § ;sfíkï th lrk wdldrh Tn ±k isàu;a" th bgq
lsÍu;a b;d jeo.;a fõ' th ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj bgq lrkafka
kï" ffjoHjrhd úiska {d;shdj mÍCId lsÍfï§" tu ffcj ix{d
f;dr;=re" ffjoHjrhdg frda. ;;ajh ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSug uy;a
fia WmldÍ fõ' ffcj ix{djkays idudkH uÜgug jvd jeä fyda
wvq fjkila we;s jqjfyd;a" {d;shd ffjoHjrfhl= fj; f.khdu
fyda ffjoHjrfhl= le|ùu jeks ;SrK .ekSug Tngo yelshdj
,efí'

kdä fõ.h (Pulse Rate).

úfõlSj isák jevysáfhl=f.a idudkH kdä fõ.h ñksÜgqjlg 60-
80 w;r fõ' idudkHfhka 72 la fõ' kdähla hkq yDofhka uy
Oukshg f,a ^reêrh& msg lsÍul§ Ouks ì;a;sj,g we;sjk
f;rmquhs' tu f;rmqu uy Oukshfha isg fn§ hk l=vd Ouksj,o
we;sfõ' Oukshla wiaÓhla u; .uka lrk ;ekay§ s " wf;a
ueowe`.s,a, iy onr.s,a, ;nd kdä fõ.h .Kka l< yelsh' ta
wkqj idudkHfhka kdä fõ.h n,k fmdÿ ia:dkh jkafka" wf;a
uymg we`.s,a, ;sfnk me;af;a ueKsla lgqj lsÜgqfjka fl<jr
jk r;akh s wiaÓh (radial bone) u;=msghs'

{d;shdf.a tu wiaÓh u;
Tfí wf;a ueo`.s,,a iy
on/`.s,a, uDÿ f,i ;o
lsÍfuka kdä fõ.h Tng
.Kkh l< yelsh' we`.s,a,g
±fkk tl f;rmqula hkq
tla kdähls'

82
wisysh frda.fs hl=f.a kï" kdä ne,sh hq;af;a f.f,ys W.=r
fomiska Èfjk iajdml Ouksh (carotid artery) fmr ls mßÈ
ueo`.s,a, yd onr`.s,a, ;o lr ne,Sfuks'
Tfí {d;shdf.a kdä fõ.h ne,Sfï§" Tyq$weh úfõlSj je;sr
isák fyda ys|f.k isák wjia:djla f;dard f.k by; ioyka l<
kdä .Kkh l< yelsh' bkamiq th igyka lrkak' ta i|yd ilia
lr .;a wNHdi fmd;la fyda fld<hla fhdod.; yelsh' my;
i|yka mßÈ igykla lrkak'
Èkh fõ,dj kdä fõ.h
2020.08.25 fm'j' 7'00 70/ ñksÜgq 1
2020.08.26 fm'j' 7'00 70/ñksÜgq 1

YÍr WIaK;ajh uek ne,Su ^WK ne,Su&'

idudkH YÍr WIaK;ajh *erkayhsÜ wxYl 96.80 F - 98.60 F w;r
fõ' fi,aishia wxYl jYfhka n,k úg 360C - 370C w;r fõ'
YdÍßl WIaK;ajh 98.60F (370C) g jvd jeä kï Tyqg$wehg
lsishï frda. ;;ajhla nj f;areï .kak'
YdÍßl WIaK;ajh jeäùu hkq frda.hla fkdj YÍr wNHka;rfha
fld;ekl fyda frda. ;;ajhla ^wdidokhla& we;s nj fmkajk
frda. ,laIKhla fõ'

uqLh u.ska YdÍßl WIaK;ajh uek ne,Su ^WK ne,Su&'

WK ne,Su i|yd mdúÉÑ lrk
WmlrKh y÷kajkafka WK lgqj
(thermometer) kñkah'

WKlgq j¾. foj¾.hla we;'

1' riÈh WK lgqj
(mercury thermometer)
2' äðg,a WK lgqj
(didgital thermometer)

83
wm fndfyda úg Ndú;d lrkafka riÈh WK lgqjhs' riÈh WK
lgqfjka WK ne,Sfï§" m<uqj WK lgqj inka ñY% j;=frka yd
msßisÿ j;=frka fidaod msßisÿ mq¿ka fyda msßisÿ frÈ lvlska msiod
úh,d.kak' bkamiqj WK lgqfõ riÈh uÜgu tys n,anh fyj;a
uqLh ;=<g we;=,a lrk fldgig tkf;la wvqlr .ekSu i|yd
WKlgqj" tys n¢ka w,a,d w; .id yßñka fid,jkak' riÈh
uÜgu my;g nei we;akï idudkHfhka *erkayhsÜ wxYl 95 g
(950F) jvd my;g nei we;akï iEfyhs'

WKlgqfõ fl<jßka w,a,d

uqLh ;=<g we;=,a lrk n,anh
iys; fldgi {d;shdf.a újD;
jQ uqLh ;=< Èj háka ;nd"
f;d,a jid .ekSug {d;shdg
mjikak' tfiau WKlgqj
o;aj,ska iemSula fkdl< hq;=
njo meyeÈ,s l< hq;=h' fufia
WKlgqj ñksÜgq 3-5 w;r
ld,hla uqLh ;=< ;nd .;
hq;=h'

3 jk mshjf¾§" WKlgqj uqj ;=<ska bj;g f.k th ;u weia

uÜgug Tijd" tys riÈh uÜgfï fl<jr we;s wxYlh l=ula±hs
lshjd n,kak'
4 jk mshjf¾§ WKlgqj fmr fiau fid,jd tys riÈh uÜgu
my;g wvqlrkak' bkamiq th inka ñY% c,fhka fidaod" msßisÿ
frÈ lvlska msioud WKlgq fldmqj ;=< nyd ;nkak'
5 jk mshjf¾§ Ydßßl WIaK;ajh fldmuK o hkak fmr i|yka
l< mßÈ igyka lr ;nkak'

Yajik jdr .Kk (Respiration rate) uek ne,Su'

ñksÜgqjla ;=<§ fldmuK jdr .Kkla Yajikh ^wdYajdi m%Yj a di
lsÍu& lrkafkao hkak .Kka lr ne,Su fuys§ isÿfõ' idudkH
jeäysáfhl=f.a ñksÜgqjla ;=<§ Yajik jdr .Kk 12-16 w;r fõ'
tfy;a weú§fï§ yd jHdhdï lsÍfï§ Yajik jdr .Kk jeäfõ'

84
thg fya;=j jev lsÍfï§ YÍrhg jeäfhka Tlaiscka jdhqj wjYH
ùuhs' Yajik jdrhla hkq wdYajdihla yd iu`. we;sjk m%dYajdih
fõ'
Yajik jdr .Kk uek ne,Su myiqh' mqoa.,hd ^{d;sjrhd& ksod
isák úg mmq fmfoi fyj;a Wria fmfoi Wia my;a ùu ksÍCIKh
lr ne,Sfuka o ys|f.k isák úg Wrysi iy Wria fmfoi Wia
my;aùu ksÍCIKh lsÍfukao Yajik jdr .Kk uek ne,sh
yelsh' Yajik jdr .Kk .Kkh lsÍfï§ w;a Trf,daiqj wjYH
fõ' w;a Trf,daiqj w;a, u; ;ndf.k fyda wf;a ne|f.k tu w;
je,ñfgka kjdf.k {d;shdf.a Wria fmfoi ksÍCIKh lrñka
ñksÜgqjla ;=<§ Yajik lrk jdr .kk .Kkh lrkak' bkamiq
igyka lrkak'
kdä fõ.h YÍr WIaK;ajh iy Yajik jdr .Kk .Kkh lsÍu
tlaúgu lsÍu myiqh' tys§ uqLh ;=< fyda lsy,
s a, ;=< WK lgqj
;eîfuka miqj m<uq ñksÜgqj ;=<§ kdä jdr .Kko fojk
ñksÜgqj ;=<§ Yajik jdr .Kk o ;=kja k ñksÜgqj wjika jk úg
WK lgqj bj;g f.k YÍr WIaK;ajho .Kkh l< yelsh'

ldhsl yd udkisl ;;ajh ms<sn|j iqmÍCIdldÍ ùu'

Tfí /ljrKh hgf;a isák úhm;a jQ {d;shdf.a ldhsl fukau
udkisl ;;ajh ms<sn|j Tn Èkm;d úuis,af,ka isàu wjYH nj
Tn ±kgu;a wjfndaO lrf.k we;ehs is;ñ' Tn" {d;shd ms<sn|
iqmÍCIdldÍ úh hq;= lrKq lSmhla my; olajd we;'
1' yqiau .ekSu ^Yajikh& lrk wdldrh iy ñksÜgqjla ;=<
Yajik jdr .Kk"
2' YdÍßl WIaK;ajh uek ne,su"
3' kdä fõ.h ^ñksÜgqjla ;=<§& uek ne,Su"
4' reêr mSvkh uek ne,Su"
5' reêrfha iSks m%udKh uek ne,Su"
6' ifuys widudkH;d ms<s|j iqmÍCIdj"
7' udkisl ;;a;ajfha fjkiaùï"

85
by; ±lajQ 1" 2" 3 hk lreKq" by;ska úia;r lr we;s fyhska 4"
5" 6 lreKq muKla fu;eka isg úia;r lrkq ,efì'

reêr mSvkh ^blood Pressure& uek ne,Su'

reêr mSvkh uek ne,Sfï§ jeo.;a jk m<uq jk ldrKh kï
mqoa.,hd úfõlSj yd Ydka;j isgk úgl§ uek ne,Suhs' fojk
ldrKh kï tlu ia:dkhlska tkï jï wf;ys Wv ndyqfjka fyda
ol=Kq wf;ays Wv ndyqfjka uek ne,Suhs' ;=kj
a k ldrKh kï
Èkfha kshñ; fõ,djla ;=<§ th ne,Suhs' flfia fj;;a Tnf.a
{d;sjrhdf.a reêr mSvkh uek ne,Su Tn úiska l< hq;= jkafka
{d;shd mÍCId lrk ffjoHjrhd úiska kshulr we;akï muKls'
{d;sjrhdf.a$jßhf.a ldhsl frda.S ;;ajhka fyda udkisl
;;ajhka u; reêr mSvkfha wvqjeäùï isÿúh yelsh' jeäysá
wfhl=f.a idudkH reêr mSvkh 120$80 f,i ±laúh yels jQj;a
úhm;a jQ uy¿ wfhl=f.a th fjkia úh yelsh' 120 fyj;a jeä
w.h u.ska fmkajkafka yDoh úiska reêrh uy Ouksh fj; msg
lsÍu i|yd ixfldapkh ^contraction& ùfï§ we;sjk mSvkhhhs'
tu mSvkh ±fkkafka uy Ouksh ^Aorta& we;=¿ tys YdLd Ouks
j,ghs' 80 fyj;a wvq w.h u.ska fmkajd fokafka yDo ixfldapk
folla w;r § isÿjk yDoh úia;drKh ùfï§ mj;sk mSvkhhs'
th o uy Ouksh we;=¿ YdLd Oukska u; we;s lrkakls'
ys|f.k isáh§ fyda wef|ys je;sr isáh§ reêr mSvkh uek ne,sh
yelsh' ffjoHjrfhl= fkdjk Tng reêr mSvkh uek ne,Su myiq
jkafka äðg,a reêr mSvk udkl WmlrKhla ^digital blood
pressure monitor& u.sk's tu WmlrKh *duishlska ñ<§ .;
yelsh' reêr mSvk udkl WmlrKfha fldgia folla we;' tkï
reêr mSvkh fmkajk fudksgrh iy wf;ys Wv ndyqfõ je,sñgg
by<ska nÈkq ,nk jdhq msrúh yels máhhs ^cuff&'
reêr mSvkh mÍCId lsÍfï§ reêr mSvk máh wf;ys je<ñg
ikaêhg w`.,a 1 ½ la muK by<ska w; jgd ;og neÈh hq;=h'
yDoh yd iudk uÜgfuka fuu máh ^cuff& isák fia w; háka
fldÜghla fyda ;=jdhla kjd ;eìh hq;= w;r" máh ^cuff& ne£fï§
lñi fyda í,jqia w;a by<g lr ;eìh hq;=h' reêr mSvk
udklfha we;s fnd;a;u ^button& ;o l< úg wf;ys ne¢ máfha
86
jd;h msÍ f.dia ta iu`.u jd;h ysia ù hhs' reêr mSvkh" udkl
WmlrKfha igyka ù ;sfnk wdldrh Tng Èiafjkq we;'
tys ±lafjk jeä w.hlska hq;= ñKqu ikHia: mSvkh ^cystolic
pressure& jk w;r wvq w.hlska hq;= ñKqu úkHia: mSvkh
^diastolic pressure& fõ' reêr mSvkhg wu;rj kdä jdr .Kko
tys igyka ù ;sfnkq Tng ±lsh yelsh'

reêrfha iSks m%udKh ^blood sugar& ne,Su'

jeäysá wfhl=f.a reêrfha iSks m%udKh idudkHfhka fvis ,Sgrhg
ñ'.%Eï 70-90 (mg/dL) w;r fõ'
reêr iSks m%udKh mÍCId lr n,k WmlrKh .aÆfldóg¾
^Glucometer& kñka ye¢kafõ'
reêrfha iSks m%udKh ñ'.%E 70 g jvd wvqùu ukao uOqrla;h
^Hypoglycemia& kñka ye¢kafõ' ukaouOqrla;h ;;a;ajfha§
lrleú,a," Ñ;a; jHdl+,;ajhg m;aùu oyäh ±óu yd YÍrfha
fjõ,Sula we;sfõ' jydu ffjoH m%;sldr ,nd Èh hq;=h'
reêrfha iSks m%udKh ñ' .%Eï 120 g jvd jeäkï tu ;;ajh wê
uOqrla;h ^hyperglycemia& kñka ye¢kafõ' fuu ;;a;ajfha§ isys
l,amkdj wvqùu" udkisl le<öu" ksÈu; iajNdjh" fmkSu
fnd|ùu" iy ks;r uq;%lsÍfï wjYH;djh ±lsh yelsh'
ukao uOqrla;hg jvd iudch ;=< nyq, jYfhkau mj;skf
a ka
wêuOqrla;hhs'
iudch ;=< uOqfïyh ke;fyd;a Èhjeähdj ^diabetes& jYfhka
y÷kajkafka fuu wêuOqrla;h ;;ajhhs' tfy;a ;ukag fuu
;;ajh ;sfnk nj ffjoHjrfhl= u.ska ±k.;a úg Tyq fyda weh
mjikafka —ug iSks˜ —ug iq.¾" —ug iSks jeäfj,d˜ jYfhks'
flfia jqjo Èhjeähdj fyj;a uOqfïyh hkq" fnda fkdfjk frda.
;;ajhls' th" fndfyda úg jl=.vq frda." yDo frda." wêl reêr
mSvkh iy wd>d;h fyj;a fud<fha f,a kyrhla fyj;a Oukshla
msmsÍu fyda wjysrùula ksid we;sjk wxYNd.h ^stroke and
paralysis& hk fjk;a fnda fkdfjk frda. j,g uQ,drïNhla
,ndfok frda. ;;ajhla nj Tn isys ;nd .; hq;=h'
reêrfha iSks m%udKH ^blood glucose level& uek n,kafka flfiao
hkak ms<n
s | Tn ±k isáh hq;= w;r" ta ms<sn| l=i,;djhlao
we;slr .; hq;=h' ta i|yd Tn okakd y÷kk fyo

87
ks,OdßKshlf.ka fyda ffjoHjrfhl=f.ka iydh ,nd .; yelsfõ'
flfia jqjo" fuu mÍCIKh b;d myiq tlla nj u;l ;nd.kak'
fï i|yd Ndú;d lrk WmlrKh .a¨fldógrh kï jQ
^Glucometer& b;d l=vd WmlrKhla jk w;r" th m%isoaO
*duishlska ñ<§ .; yelsh'
.a¨fldaógrh iys; WmlrK lÜg,h ;=< ,ekaiÜ ^Lancet& kï jQ
we`.s,s úÈkhla we;' we`.s,a,la úo reêr idïm,h .kq ,nkafka
tu.sk's tfia we`.s,a, ú§fuka miq we`.s,a, u;g u;=jk reêr
idïm,h .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ^strip& kï jQ b;d l=vd È.á yd
me;,s ;Sre má .a¨fldógrh iu.u we;'

mÍCId lsÍfï mshjr'

{d;shdf.a w;a, W;=rejd ksjd .;a msßisÿ c,fhka fidaod úh,d
.kak' bkamiq reêr idïm,h .kq ,nk we`.s,af,a fndfyda úg
fjo`.s,af,a ;=v fldgi fifuka ñßld ;o lrkak' túg we`.s,s
;=vg reêrh tl;= ù r;ameye .kS' bkamiq lancet tflka we`.s,a,
úÈkak' túg we`.s,s ;=vg reêrh ldkaÿfõ' bkamiqj
.a¨fldógrhg iú lrk ,o strip ^;Sre msáh& u;g we`.s,s ;=fvys
we;s reêrh ;jrkak' ta iu`.u .a¨fldógrfha fudksgrh ;=<
reêr iSks m%udKh igyka fõ' th lshjkak'

iu ms<sn| iqmÍCIdj'
iu ms<sn| iqmÍCIdj ldhsl id;a;=fõ b;d jeo.;a wxYhls'
ifuys we÷ñka jeiS we;s fldgia iy úfYaIfhka we|jK j,g
,lafjk fldgia ks;r Tfí fofk;g yiqúh hq;=h' Èkm;d
flfrk fia§ï lghq;= j,§ fï i|yd wjia:dj we;' ifuys úh,s
nj" iSÍï" l=vd ìì,s" me,Sï" bÈó .sh ,m" l=Iag iy l=vd ;=jd<
;sfí±hs ksÍCIKh lr mjqf,a ffjoHjrhdg mjid wod< m%;sldr
,ndfokak'
udkisl fi!LH ;;ajh fyd|±hs ks.ukh lrkafka flfiao @
ldhsl fi!LHh yd udkisl fi!LHh wms fndfyda úg fjkaj l:d
l<o ta folu tlsfkl ne£ mj;sk nj isys ;nd.; hq;=h' Tn
id;a;=j ,ndfok {d;shd i;=áka isákafka kï Tyqf.a$wehf.a
udkisl fi!LHh fyd| uÜgulska mj;sk nj ;SrKh l< yelsh'
udkisl fi!LHh ms<sn| levm; uqyK q hs' uqyKq fyd¢ka

88
ksÍCIKh lsÍfï§" l÷<" fõokdj" fYdalSnj" lK.dgqj" fldamh
ÿl jeks Ñ;a;fõ.hka uqyf
q Kka ms<sìUq fõ kï" udkisl fi!LHh
msßySula nj ks.ukh l< yelsh'
tfiau udkisl fi!LHh fyd| uÜgulska mj;S±hs fidhd ne,Sfï
;j;a fyd|u l%uhla jkafka Tyq$weh iu. l:d lsÍuhs' {d;shd
Tn iu. l:dlrk f;la fkdisg l:d lsÍug uq, mssßh hq;af;a
Tnhs'
- Tng ±ka ±fkkafka fldfyduo @
- Tng isf;kafka fldfyduo @
- Tng fldfyduo @
hkd§ jYfhka Tyqf.a$wehf.a woyia ±k .ekSug Tn wdrïNhla
Èh hq;=h'

wk;=reodhl ldhsl ,CIK'

úhm;a mqoa.,hskf
a .a ldhsl yd udkisl ;;ajhka yd ffcù
ix{djka ks;r fjkiaùï j,g Ndckh úh yelsh' widudkH
ffcj ,CIK y÷kd.ekSu;a ta i|yd mshjr .eksSu;a Tn i;=
ld¾hh fõ'
widudkH ffcj ,CIK .; hq;= l%shdud¾.

1' wmyiqfjka yqiau yqiau .ekSfï wmyiqjla mj;Skï iy ta

.ekSu i|yd T!IOhla kshu lr ;sfí kï
jydu th fokak' tfia ke;skï ffjoH
u;h úuikak' mjqf,a ffjoHjrhd fyda
iqjießh 1990 wu;kak'

2' yÈisfhau we;sjk - {d;shd myiq bßhõjl ;nkak'

Wria fõokdj fyj;a fndfyda úg ^*jq,¾ia ia:dms;h&
mmqfõ lelal=u - mmqj fmfoi msßuÈñka ikikak'
- mmqfõ fõokdj i|yd kshu l< T!IO
;sfí kï fokak'
- tfia fkdue;s kï ffjoHjrhd
wu;kak'
- iqjießh ^1990& wu;kak'

89
widudkH ffcj ,CIK .; hq;= l%shdud¾.

3' uqyf
q Ka tla me;a;l - {d;shd jï fyda ol=Kq md¾Yùh
úlD;s ùula fyda ta ia:dms;fhys ;nkak'
iu.u tla mfil w;a
md wl%Sh ùu'
4' yÈisfhau wisyù
s u - Yajikh lrkafka±hs ksÍCIKh
^wù{dksl ùu& lrkak' Wvqne,s w;g ksod isáh§ Èj
.s,Sf.dia yqiau .ekSu wjysr úh
yelsh' tfia ù we;skï me;,s
yekaolska Èj bÈßhg weo {d;shd
myiq ia:dms;hl ;nkak' ol=Kq fyda
jï md¾Yùh ia:dms;h jvd;a iqÿiqhs'
5' uqyf
q Ka bÈóula - ;on, wid;añl;djhla úh yelshs'
iu. Yajik wmyiqjla tksid mjqf,a ffjoHjrhd wu;kak'
^wudrefjka yqiau iqjießh 1990 wu;kak'
.ekSu&

6' yÈis f,a jukhla - jukh lsßug Ndckhla fokak'

ffjoHjrhdg fmkaùu i|yd th
;nd.kak'
- uqLh frÈ lvlska msi oukak'
- îug lsisjla fkdfokak'
- {d;shdf.a ìh mylr ikikak'
fuysÈ yDofhka msg lrk f,a
m%udKhka wvqùu iy fifuka isÿùu
fmkajhs'
7' kdä b;d ÿ¾j, - ffjoHjrhdg ±kqï fokak'
ùu$isyska ùu fukau - iqjießh 1990 wu;kak'
wl%uj;a ùu

90
 oyy;r jk mßÉfþoh

T!IO m%odkh lsßu ^fnfy;a §u&'

Tn id;a;= imamdhï lrk" Tfí {d;shd yg" ffjoHjrhd úiska
kshu lrk ,o T!IO §ug isÿfõ' tfiau ta ta T!IOh fokafka
l=ugo iy tu T!IOhkays w;=re wdndO yd úI ,CIK fudkjdo
hkak ms<sn|j" mjqf,a ffjoHjrhdf.ka fyda fyo ks<OdßKshl
-f.ka wid ±kqj;a ù isáuo jeo.;a jkq we;' Tn T!IO .ekSfï§
fukau Tfí {d;shdg T!IO §fï§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= rejkauh
kS;s ^golden rules& 5 la we;' tkï"
1' kshu T!IOh"
2' kshu mqoa.,hd ^Tfí {d;shd&"
3' kshu T!IO ud;%dj"
4' T!IOh fok kshu ud¾.h"
5' kshu fõ,dj"
fuu rejkauh kS;s ms<sme§u jeo.;a jkafka" T!IO §u u`.sk"a
YÍrh ;=<g ridhkslhka we;=¿ lrkq ,nk ksidh' T!IOhla hkq
ks;ru ridhkslhla jk fyhsks'

uqL ud¾.fhka T!IO §u'

T!IO §u jeä jYfhka isÿjkafka uqL ud¾.fhks' fm;s j¾." lr,a
j¾. iy Èhruh jYfhka fuu T!IO we;' fm;s yd lr,a j¾.
§u;a iu.u" th .s,Su i|yd j;=r Èh hq;=h' j;=r;a iu`.
T!IOh W.=frka my<g .s, ±uqfõo hkak" Tn iel yer o;
hq;=h' fm;s jYfhka Èh hq;=j we;s T!IO ffjoH wkque;shlska
f;drj l=vq lr fkdÈh hq;=h' iuyr fm;s j¾." ksoiqkla f,i
úugka-iS uqLh ;=<§u" isrerg Wrd .eksu i|yd fokq ,efí' tksid
fuu ldrKh {d;shdg myod Èh hq;=h' lr,a j¾. §fï§" lr,
jYfhkau" .s,Sug Èh hq;= úkd tys ;=< we;s l=vq bj;g f.k j;=r

91
fyda lsßj,g ñY% lr fkdÈh hq;=h' tfia l<fyd;a T!IOfha .=Kh
úkdY jk fyhsk's
Èhr jYfhka T!IO §fï§" T!IOh wvx.= fnda;,h fyd¢ka
fid,jd" T!IOh fyd¢ka ñY% ùug ie,eiaúh hq;=h' bkamiqj"
T!IO Èhrh ñKqï l=i,dkhlg .; hq;= jkafka" kshu lr we;s
ud;%dj wkqjh' fndfyda úg fuu ñKqï l=i,dk ^measurment cup&
fnda;,h nyd we;s fmÜáh ;=< we;'&

wdYajdi lrk fnfy;a ^inhalent medication&'

Yajik ld¾Yfha frda. ;;ajhkay§s " ^weÿu jeks& fndfyda úg
Yajik ud¾.fhka T!IO §u isÿfõ' fuys§ wdYajdih Wmfhda.S lr
.kssñka fnfy;a §u isÿfõ' fuh T!IO wdkklrKh (drug
inhalation) kñka ye¢kafõ'
Tfí {d;sjrhdg" weÿu jeks wNHka;r Yajik ud¾.fha frda.
;;ajhka ksid" Yajikh wmyiq jQ úg" wdkklh fyj;a
bkafya,rh u.ska T!IO §ug isÿfõ' bkafya,rhla Ndú;d lr
T!IO §u lrk wkaou" frdayf,a fyo ks<OdßKshlf.ka wid ±k
.; yelsh' flfia fyda Ndú;d lrkq ,nk T!IOh wmf;a fkdhk
whqßka bkafya,rh Ndú;d lrk wdldrh b;d fláhka Tng lshd
§ug woyia lrñ'
m<uqj" bkafya,rfha uqäh ^cap& .,jd" bkamiq" bkafya,rh Wv
w;g yrjd {d;shdf.a uqLhg th lsÜgq lr" tys uqjk,h ^mouth
piece& Tyqf.a uqLhg rejd láka yqiau .ekSug mjikak'
uqLfhka wdYajdi lsÍug;a kdifhka m%dYajdi lsÍug;a mjid" tfia
lrkjdo hkak ksÍCIKh lrkak' láka wdYajdi lsÍfï§" .eUqre
fyj;a §¾>" wdYajdihla l< hq;=h' tfiau" tu wdYajdih blaukska
fkdj fifuka l< hq;=h' fufia wdYajdi lsÍfï§" tu jd;h iu.
uqiqù tk T!IOh jd; ud¾.fha tkï iajrd,h" .%iksldj"
iajdikd,h yd wkqlf a ,dau kd,hka úia;drKh lr jd;h .uka
lsÍug myiq lrjhs' tla wdYajdihla ;;amr 10 la r|jd .; hq;=
nj mjikak' ;j;a wdYajdihla lsÍug fmr" úkdähl úfõlhla
.; hq;=h' T!IOh wdYajdi lsÍu ñksÜgq 12 g iSudl< hq;=h' tla
jrla T!IO wdkklrKh lsÍfuka miq meh 4 la ;=<" kej;
wdkklrKh fkdl< hq;=h' wdkklrKfhka miqj bkafya,rh
fidaod úh,sj ;nkak'

92
 myf<diajk mßÉfþoh

;=jd, i|yd id;a;= m%;sldr lsÍu'

;=jd< i|yd id;a;= m%;sldr lsÍu" ffjoH yd fyo ld¾h uKav,
úiska lrkq ,nk ld¾hhls' tfy;a" ksjfia isák {d;sfhl= /l
n,d .ekSfï§" ;=jd< i|yd lrkq ,nk id;a;=j ms<sn| Tn ±k
isáh hq;= w;r" ta ms<sn| l=i,;d ÈhqKq lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
ulakis doh;a" Tfí {d;shdo yÈisfha jeàulska fyda fjk;a
whqfrlska ;=jd<hla we;slr .; yels fyhsk's fï ms<s|j oekqj;a
Ndjhla we;slr .ekSfï§ m%foaYfha isák ffjoHjrfhl=f.ka fyda
fyo ks,OdßKshlf.ka Tng iydh ,nd .e; yelsh'
;=jd,hlg id;a;= lsÍfï§" ^ieryqï oeófï§& Tn w;ajeiqï
me<£u u.ska" ;=jd,fhka .,k f,a Tfí wf;ys fkd;ejfrk
w;r" Tfí wf;a ;sìh yels nelaàßhdjka ^úIîc& ;=jd<fhys
fkd;ejfrhs'
Tfí {d;shdg ;=jd<hla we;sjQ úg" m<uqj l< hq;af;a
ffjoHjrfhl=g fmkajd m%;sldr .ekSuhs' tfy;a" ffjoH m%;sldrh
,efnk ;=re ;=jd<hg m%:udOdr ,nd§ug Tn lghq;= l< hq;=h'
tfia l< hq;af;a ;=jd<fhka f,a .e,Sula ;sfí kï th j,lajd
.ekSug;a" ;=jd<h wdidokh ùu j,lajd .ekSug;ah'

w¿;ska ;=jd<hla isÿù f,a .,k úg Tn l< hq;af;a l=ulao@

m<uqj l< hq;af;a f,a .e,Su j,lajd
.ekSuhs' fï i|yd ;=jd,h jQ ;ekg b;d
msßisÿ frÈ lvla ;nd ;o lr Tijd
;nkak' bkamiq nekafâchlska fyda msßisÿ
frÈ máhlska ;=jd<hg fhdod we;s frÈ
lv ;og isák fia nÈkak'

93
f,a .e,Sfï fõ.h wvq lsÍu i|yd" ;=jd< jQ fldgi Tyqf.a yDoh
uÜgug by<ska jk fia Tijd ;eîu b;d jeo.;ah'
ffjoHjrhd fj; f.k hk f;la fyda ffjoHjrhd meñfKk f;la
;=jd< jQ fldgi Tijd ;nd .ekSug" {d;shdg iydh úh hq;=h'
ffjoHjrhd úiska ;=jd<hg m%;sldr ,ndÿka miq" ;=jd<h wdidokh
fkdjk f,i wdrCId lr .; hq;=h' ffjoH idhkhl§ ;=jd<h
mú;% lr ieryqula ^dressing& fhÈh hq;= w;r uqLfhka .ekSu
i|yd ^tkï îug& m%;Ô s jl T!IO Èh hq;=h' tu T!IO kshñ;
mßÈ" kshñ; fõ,djg" {d;shdg ,nd§u Tn úiska l< hq;= fõ' óg
wu;rj Tn" ;=jd<h jQ fmfoi yd ;=jd,h ms<sn| mÍCIdfjka
isáh hq;=h' {d;shd fia§fï§" tu fldgi fkdf;fuk mßÈ th
l< hq;= w;r fjk;a fohl fkd.efgk mßÈ wdrCId lr .;
hq;=h' ffjoHjrhd Wmfoia § we;s mßÈ lghq;= lrkak' ;=jd<h
iqj jk ;=re ieryqu wdrCId lr.; hq;=h' iuyr úg kej; jrla
mÍCId lr m%;sldr lsÍug ffjoHjrhd fj; f.k taug kshu
lrkq we;' ke;fyd;a ksjfia§u ieryqu udre lrk wdldrh
ms<sn| Wmfoia fokq we;'
tu ksid" Tfí ksjfia ;sfnk m%:udOdr fmÜáfhys" ;=jd<hlg
ieryqula ±óug fyda ;sfnk ieryqula bj;a lr w¨;a ieryqula
fh§u i|yd my; i|yka oE ;sìh hq;=h'
- f.daia ^lmd ilia l<&"
- lmq mq¿ka ^rjqï lr.;a&"
- iul ,djKsl ødjKh ^normal saline&"
- ma,diag¾"
- nekafâÊ ^fj¿ï má&"
- f*dafima w`vqjla ^ veys w`vqjla &"
- l;=rla'

ieryqula fhdod we;s ;=jd<h mÍCId lr ne,Su'

fhdod we;s ieryqu úh<sj ;sfí kï iy bÈóula" fyda Èhr
.e,Sula fyda wjg yu r;=ù ke;skï fyda fõokdjla ke;skï" ìh
ùug fya;=jla ke;' ;=jd<h iqj w;g yefrkq we;' tfy;a ;=jd<h
wjg ;jÿrg;a r;ameye .ekafõ kï" ;=jd<h ;=<ska ly meye;s

94
fyda uola fld< meye;s Èhr .,hs kï" ;=jd<h wjg iu WKqiï
kï" fõokdj ±fkk nj mjihs kï" ta ish,a, u.ska fmkajkafka
;=jd<h wdidokh jk njhs' tksid" jydu l< hq;af;a {d;shdj
ffjoHjrhd fj; f.k hduhs' by; i|yka l< frda. ,laIK
lsisjla ke;akï iy ffjoHjrhd Wmfoia ÿka wdldrhg ieryqï
fhdod Èk 2g miq ;=jd<fha ieryqï udre l< hq;=h'

;=jd<hl ieryqï ^dressing& udre lsÍu'

;=jd<hl ieryqï udre lsÍu" tkï oud we;s ieryqu bj;a lr
w¿;a ieryqula fh§u b;du;a j.lSfuka yd m%fõYfuka l< hq;=
ld¾hhla fõ' tksid ;=jd<h nrm;, tlla kï" fi!LH
jD;a;slfhl= ,jd ieryqï udre lsÍu l< hq;=fõ' tkï
ffjoHjrfhl= fyda fyo ks<Odßfhl= u.ska lrjd .; hq;=h'
tfy;a ;=jd<h fkd.eUqre" iq¿ ;=jd,hla kï iy ffjoHjrhd
Wmfoia § we;s wdldrhg ieryqï udre lsÍug Tng yelsh'
iq¿ ;=jd,hl ieryqï udre lsÍfï§ jqjo" ffjoHjrhd fyda fyo
ks<Odßjrhd ÿka Wmfoia ms<sme§u wjYH fõ' ;=jd,h wdidokh
ùu j,lajd .ekSu m%Odk mrud¾:h fõ'
;=jd<hlg ieryqï fh§ug iQodkï ùfï§ ta i|yd wjYH øjH"
tkï úIîcyrKh l< ^sterilized& mq¿ka iy f.daia len,s fukau
ma,diag¾" fj¿ï má" l=vd l;=rla" iul ,djksl Èhr ^normal
saline& fnda;,hla yd w;ajeiqï l=vd bkeu,a ;eáhl iQodkï lr
.; hq;=h'
m<uqj" {d;shdg lsÍug hk foh ms<sn| lreKq meyeÈ,s lr §"
ieryqu fh§ug myiq whqßka ;nd .; hq;=h' bkamiq Tnf.a w;a
inka fhdod" fyd¢ka fidaod msiod úh,sj ;ndf.k" w;ajeiqï
^gloves& iy uqj jeiau me<o .kak'
;=jd<hla i|yd id;a;= lsÍfï§" b;d jeo.;a isoaOdka;hla jkafka
yria wdidok ^cross infection& we;sùu" tkï Tnf.ka {d;shdg
fyda {d;shdf.ka Tng wdidok we;sùu j,lajd .ekSuhs' tksid
;=jd,hlg m%:udOdr id;a;= lsÍfï§" Tn w;aajeiqu iy uqj
jeiaula me<|Su ^gloves& w;HjYH fõ'
;=jd<h wdjrKh lr we;s ieryqu /|ùug fhdod we;s nekafâÊ"
fj¿ï má fyda ma,diag¾ b;d uDÿ f,i" iu fkdwefok f,i
fifuka bj;a lrkak' ieryqu iug ;oska we,S we;akï" iul

95
,djksl Èhr ^Normal Saline& iaj,amhla ieryqu u;=msgg fh§fuka
ieryqu myiqfjka bj;a l< yelsh' fufia bj;a lsÍfï§ f*dfima
^forcep& wvqjla Ndú;d lrkak'
bj;a lrkq ,nk fj¿ïmá iy ma,diag¾ fukau ;=jd<h msßisÿ
lrk mq¿ka fnda, ^cotton swabs& iy f.daia len,s wdÈh miqj
mq¿iaid ±óu i|yd lvodis nE.hla ;=<g rejkak'
;=jd<hg fhdod ;snq ieryqï bj;a lsÍfuka miqj" ;=jd<fha ;;ajh
fyd¢ka ksÍCIKh lrkak' ;=jd<h fldmuK ÿrg iqj fjuska
mj;So hkak n,kak' fkdtfia kï ly meyehg fyda fld< meyeh
.;a ierj mj;So" ;=jd<h jvd r;= meye ù bÈó ;sfío hkak
ksÍCIKh lrkak' tfia mj;S kï iy ;=jd<h fõokd iys; kï
tu ,CIK j,ska fmkajkafka ;=jd<h wdidokh ù we;s njhs'
tfia ;=jd<h mÍCId lsÍfuka wk;=rej" ;=jd<h msßisÿ l< hq;=h'
ta i|yd iul ,djKsl Èhrfhka ^Normal saline& f;uQ f.daia
lene,a,la u.ska ;=jd<h we;=,; isg msg;g msßisÿ lrkak
^msiskak&' bkamiq ;=jd<h jgd úh,s f.daia lene,a,lska msi msßisÿ
lrkak'
Tn me<| isák w;ajeiqu bj;a lr" w¿;a w;ajeiqula ye|.;
hq;=h' ta i|yd Tn f*dafima w`vqjl ^veys w`vqjl& r|jd .;a
fia,hska Èhrfhka f;uk ,o f.daia fyda mq¿ka fnda,hla u.ska
;=jd,fha we;=<; isg msg;g msi msßisÿ lrkak'
tfia ;=jd<h msßisÿ
lsÍfuka miqj ;=jd<hg
w¿;a ieryqula fhÈh
hq;=h' ta i|yd fkdf;uQ
úh,s f.daia len,s
lsyms hla ;=jd<h u;
;nd fj¿ï máhlska fyda
ma,diag¾ u.ska ;=jd,h
fj,kak'

;=jd<hg" ieryqï fh§fï§ mdúÉÑ lrk mq¿ka len,s" f.daia

len,s" fj¿ï má" ma,diag¾ hkdÈh Tn úiska lvodis nE.hlg
tl;= l< hq;=h' ieryqï ±ófuka wk;=rej" tu øjH ksis mßÈ
neyer l< hq;=h' mq¿iaid ±óu fyd|hs

96
 oyih jk mßÉfþoh

Ôú;fha wjika fudfyd; t<fUk úg'

Ôú;fha wjika fudfyd; t<fUk úg" mqoa.,fhl=f.a ldhsl"
udkisl" yd idudðl fi!LHh flfuka msßyS hdu idudkH fohls'
Tn fyd| ksÍCIKfhka isákafka kï" Tfí {d;shdf.a fi!LH
;;ajh" áflka ál msßyS hk wdldrh Tng fmfkkq we;' tfiau"
±fkkq we;' ldhsl Yla;sh flfuka msßyS hdfï§" hï fohla w;ska
w,a,d .ekSug$ys| .ekSug yd wef|ka ke.sg isàug ;snQ yelshdj
áflka ál ke;sù hkq Tng fmfkkq we;' fjk;a wh iu`. mej;s
l:dj wvqù" ke;sù hkq we;' Tn iu. mej;s l:dj wvqù" ke;sù
hkq we;' Tn l:d l<o" YÍrh iam¾Y l<o" m%;spdr fkdolajkq
we;'
uqyf
q Kka ±la jQ m%ikak;djh ÿreù f.dia ìhg m;ajQ iajNdjhla
±lafjkq we;' iuyr úg" kskf a oa isáh§ hful= iu`. l:d lrkq
we;' ke;fyd;a iskdfikq we;' tfia fkdue;s kï ìh ù lE .ikq
we;' iuyr wjia:dj,§" ;u ¥" mq;=k"a kEoEhska ±lSug leue;a;
olajkq we;' tfy;a fujka ,CIK lsisjla fkdue;sj" yÈisfhau
ñh hEuo isÿúh yelsh'
fujka wjia:djl§" ;uka úiska fuf;la l,a wdorfhka /ln,d
.;a {d;sjrhdf.a${d;sjßhf.a mj;akd yeisÍï ;;ajh ms<sn|j"
Tfí is; ;=< ìhla" pls;hla" ;s.eiaula fyda wjq,la we;súh
yelsh' iuyr úfgl" /ln,d .ekSfï ldhsl" udkisl mSvdj yd
f;fyÜgqj ksid" Tfí is; ;=< tjka ;;ajhka we;sfjñka yd
ke;sfjñka mej;sh yelsh'
flfia jqjo" fuys§ Tn Tfí isysh fyd¢ka mj;ajd .; hq;=h' l<
hq;a; l=ula±hs y÷kd.; hq;=h' mjqf,a wka whf.a iydh ,nd

97
.ekSug lghq;= l< hq;=h' mj;akd ;;ajh ms<sn| Tjqka ±kqj;a
lr" l< hq;= foa ms<sn|j Tjqka iu. idlÉPd l< hq;=fõ' mjqf,a
ffjoHjrhd f.kajd f.k" {d;shdf.a ;;ajh ms<sn| mÍCId lrjd
.ekSu;a" ffjoH Wmfoia wkqj wjYH mshjrhka .ekSu;a l< hq;=h'
tfiau" {d;sjrhdf.a bvlvï we;=¿ wfkl=;a ksYp a , yd pxp,
foam< ms<sn| Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a wka;su leue;a; m%ldY fï
jk;=re;a igyka lr fkdue;s kï" mjqf,a kS;s{hd u.ska ta ms<sn|
kS;suh lghq;= bgq lr .ekSu mjqf,a wfkl=;a whf.a tl`.;ajfhka
l< hq;=h'

98
99