QUALIFYING

EXAM
REVIEWER
2023

REVIEWER IN ECT
The word ETHICS is derived from a Greek word “Ethikos” or “Ethos” which means character.

The word MORALS is derived from a Greek word “Mos” which means custom.
Morals are the customs established by a group of individuals, while ethics defines the character of an
individual.

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of conduct of an individual or a group.

3 major areas of study within ethics recognized today

• Metaethics – deals with the nature of moral judgement. It looks at the origins and meaning of ethical
principles.
• Normative ethics – is concerned with the content of moral judgement and the criteria for what is
right or wrong.
• Applied ethics – looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and capital punishment.

These are two general domains of ethics:

1. Descriptive ethics – consists in the study of what person (or societies) actually believe or act on, in
terms of right and wrong, virtue and vice, goodness and badness.
2. Evaluative ethics – inquiry into what should be evaluated as right or wrong, virtue or vice, good and
bad.

Personal morality is important for personal well-being and for our relationships with our fellow humans.

A code of ethics and professional conduct outlines the ethical principles that govern decisions and
behavior at a company or organization.

Difference Between Ethics, Morals and Laws

Ethics is the moral principle that governs a person’s behavior or the conduct of an activity.

Morals are concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness and badness of
human character

Law is the system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes or regulates the actions of its
members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties.

MORALITY governs private, personal interactions

ETHICS governs professional interactions

LAW governs society.

Law is heteronymous – being imposed upon men upon the outer life of men.

Moral is autonomous – coming from the inner life of men

ETHICAL BEHAVIOR – is self-regarding behavior that positively affects positively the world around us.

UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR – is self-regarding behavior with a negative contribution to the world around us.

MORAL IMPERATIVES – moral behavior is self-regarding behavior influenced by moral imperatives.

DIVERGING ETHICAL AND MORAL JUDGEMENTS – morality and ethics are closely related. Usually
what is good is right and what is evil is wrong.

Philosophers who study ethics are called ethicists.

People who are indifferent to right or wrong are considered AMORAL.

People who do evil acts are considered IMMORAL.

Traits are the product of a consistent display of a particular behavior, like some people are known to be:

• Courageous
• Quick-witted
• Diligence and Work ethics
• Thoughtfulness
• Temperance
• Respectfulness

as positive traits.

Aristotle was born in the Greek colony of Stagira in Macedonia.

Nicomachus – father of Aristotle

Aristotle was the tutor of Alexander the Great.

Plato believes that the good or purpose of the human person is to be found in another realm, which he
called the world of forms.

Aristotle believes that the proper good of the human person is achievable in the world through the practical
cultivation of virtue.

Nicomachean Ethics – a book written by Aristotle, a guide for living well

Ethics as the Art of Living Well

Eudaimonia (eudemonia in some countries) – or happiness is the chief good for the human person.

Happiness is the self-sufficient, final and attainable goal of human life.

Self-sufficient because it makes human life complete.

According to Aristotle – “Eudaimonia is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue.”

Soul – is the part of the human being that animates the body. The soul is composed of rational and irrational
elements.

Rational part is divided into 2 parts;

a. Speculative – responsible for the knowledge

b. Practical – responsible for choice and action.

Irrational part has 2 parts;

c. Vegetative – in charge for nutrition and growth of the human being, breathing to digestion
d. Appetitive – shares in the rational element of the soul.

Examples of classical ethical framework

• Virtue ethics
• Deontological ethics
• Natural ethics
• Utilitarianism
• Asian ethics

VIRTUE in Greek is arête which means excellence.

Virtue Ethics – teaches that an action is RIGHT if and only if it is an action that a virtuous person would
do in the same circumstances and that a virtuousas virtuous person is someone who has a particular good
character.

Kinds of Virtues

• Moral virtue – has to do with excellence in the performance of decisions relating to moral and
practical activity.
• Intellectual virtue – one’s capacity to harness reason’s contemplative capacity for arriving at
knowledge.
• Phronesis is the human person’s instrument in dealing with moral choice.

DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS

• From the Greek word “deon” meaning “duty”

• Focuses on moral duties, obligations, intentions that guide our ethical decision-making
• Certain actions are right or wrong in themselves regardless of the consequences.

UTILITARIANISM

Gets its norm from the term “utility” which in this concept does not mean “useful”, but, rather, means
pleasure or happiness.

• Intrinsic value – it is simply good in itself.

• Instrumental values – when it is a means to some end.
Two principles of consequentialism

• Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act.
• The better consequences an act produces, the better or more that act.

Two types / branches of utilitarianism

• Act utilitarianism – is the belief that it is the right action that brings the greatest happiness to the
greatest number of people.
• Rule utilitarianism – is the belief that an action can be morally right if it conforms to the rules that
will lead to the greatest good or happiness.

Jeremy Bentham – founder of utilitarianism

Bentham describes utility or “the property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage,
pleasure, good or happiness to prevent the happening of pain, evil or unhappiness.

“Utilitarianism focuses on the son happiness of a person rather than his feelings.”

Natural Law – a system of rights or justice held to be common to all humans and derived from nature rather
than from the rule of society or positive law.

Natural rights are those endowed by birth and are to be protected by the government, life right to life,
liberty and property.

Human rights are rights deemed by society.

The Filipino value system or Filipino values refers to the set of values that a majority of the Filipino have
historically held important in their lives.

Markers of being a Filipino

• Citizenship
• Culture
• History

Filipino Values and Traits

I. Filipino hospitality
A. Offering something to eat or even a place to stay
B. Bring out their best sets of plates and chinawares
C. Spending a lot money and going into debts just to satisfy them
D. In local shop, salesmen greet their customers with warm welcome and say thank you
E. They give tours to the friends who will with their hometown and treating them to the best restaurant
and delicacies for free
F. During festivals or fiestas, Filipinos serve heaps of festive food and invite the whole barangay
G. They are also fond of giving pasalubong or tokens from their traulls and pabaon or farewell gifts to
their visitors

II. Respect for elders

Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying “Mano po” and constantly using “po” at “opo”
in conversation. There is also a wide array of references to elder people such as ate or kuya, tito and tita,
lolo and manong or aling for older people outside the family.

III. Close Family Ties

H. Maintain a tight relationship regardless that the children already have their own family.
I. Fond of family reunions during birthdays, holidays and fiestas.
IV. Cheerful personality

Filipinos have the habit of smiling and laughing a lot

They smile when they are happy, sad and sometimes even when they are angry even during trying to
maintain a positive outlook in life

V. Self-sacrifice
J. Filipinos go out of their way to extend their help to friends
K. They wish comfort and little lives to their loved ones
L. They even go abroad to earn more money and save up for them
M. Some eldest children give up their school to work and provide for the rest of the family and educate
his siblings
VI. Bayanihan

The bayanihan spirit is giving without expecting something in return

VII. “Bahala Na” Attitude

The Filipino version of the famous line “Hakuna Matata” meaning no worries. Originated from “Bathala Na”.
Bathala means God – leaving everything into God’s hands

VIII.Colonial Mentality

Is regarded as the back of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favour foreign products more than
their own

IX. Manaňa Habit

This is the Filipino term for procrastination derived from “mamaya na” which means doing things that could
have been done at the present at a later time

X. Ningas Kugon (Cugon)

Refers to the attitude of eagerly starting things , but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing
difficulty just as fast as the fire has ignited.
XI. Pride

When two parties are not in good terms, they find it hard to apologize and wait until the other party asks for
an apology first

XII. Crab Mentality

Just like crabs, in a container, they pull each other down and ruin each other’s reputation rather than
bringing them up, which results in no progress

XIII.Filipino Time

Filipinos have their common attitude of arriving late at commitments

Filipino Markers
Filipino markers - hallmarks of our being a Filipino

• Proverbs or Salawikain - are sayings that convey a lesson on Filipino practices, beliefs and
traditions.

Damiana Eugenio - mother of Phil. folklore

6 categories of proverbs

• Proverbs - expressing a general attitude towards life and the laws that govern life
• Ethical proverbs - recommending certain virtues and commending certain vices

Proverbs expressing a system of values

Proverbs expressing general truths and observations about life and human nature

• Humorous proverbs
• Miscellaneous proverbs
• Superstitions
• Myths and legends - stories that aim to explain of things and teach valuable lessons
• Heroes and icons - serve or reminders of true patriotism and nationalism

Ethics in Japan

The code of etiquette in Japan governs the expectations of social behavior in the country and is considered
very important.

Unethical and Questionable Practices at Home

• Favoritism
• Maltreatment
• Parents teach their children to hold grudge
• Parents lie to their children
• Children lie to their parents

Types of Unethical Workplace Ethics

• Stealing credit
• Stealing time
• Misrepresentation
• Stealing money
• Inappropriate use of computer

Unethical Practices in the Store

• Not following the queue

• Shoplifting
• Returning the products inappropriately
• Not leading the customer.
Unethical Practice in the Market

• Don’t try to force your customer into buying

• Don’t try to sell crap
• Avoid not having good customer support.
• Always over deliver – never under deliver.
• Don’t give customers something different – this will only worsen the situation.

Unethical Practices at School

• Academic misconduct
• Endangering health and safety
• Sexual misconduct
• Destruction of property
• Plagiarism
• Use of dangerous weapons or devices
• Dishonest conduct
• Theft/ unauthorized use of property
• Alcohol / drugs
• Unauthorized presence
• Disorderly or description conduct
• Hazing

Unethical Practices in the Office

• Bringing home office supplies and equipment e.g.: paper clips, bond paper
• Rumor mongering
• Sharing stories during office hours
• Doing children’s homework in the office
• Using the office computer doing children’s homework.

Unethical Practices in the Government

• Dishonesty – any act which shows lack of integrity or a disposition to defraud, cheat.
• Falsification of Official Documents – as a rule is the misrepresentation of a thing, fact or
condition, certifying that a thing is true when it is not, whether one has the right to make the
representation or certification.
• Refusal to Perform Official Duty – any act of conduct of officer or tribunal under a duty to perform
signifying instruction not to perform.

Value Added Qualities – are the specific personal traits and qualities that are valued in the workplace.
 • Cheerfulness – will make your co-workers want to work with you and enjoy working with you.
• Sense of Humor
• Diplomacy – the skill to maintain good relations with others without offending them.
• Tactfulness – tact is the ability to do or say the right thing when dealing with people or difficult
situations.
• Empathy – empathy is the ability to participate in another person’s feelings or ideas, to understand
and feel another person’s emotions, to walk in another’s shoes.
• Sympathy – identifying with and even taking on another person’s emotions.

Negative Traits to Avoid

Resentment – feeling of displeasure over something you believe correctly to be a wrong, insult or injury.

Envy – is desiring something someone else has

Jealousy – is feeling a rivalry toward one who you believe has an advantage over you.

Self-pity – is feeling sorry for yourself and your situation without looking at the good things in your life.

Keys to Getting Along with Others

Cooperation – is the ability to work well with others, keeping in mind that you are all working toward a
common goal.

Politeness – is exhibiting courtesy and consideration to others. Politeness contributes to a pleasant,

cooperative and productive working environment.

Patience – is the capacity to bear pain or trials calmly and without complaint. “Have patience. All things are
difficult before they become easy.”

Enthusiasm – means to inject energy into your work. People who are enthusiastic are inspired to do their
work.

Dependability – a dependable coworker will be punctual, committed to deadlines, helpful, patient and
positive.
Loyalty– is believing in your place of employment and being committed to it.

Teacher a person who facilitates learners to gain

knowledge, skills, and values that enhance
development. A person who has the knowledge,
skills, attitude, and special training in teaching,
explaining, and educating. (R.A. 9155)

Professional a person who is characterized by or conforming to

the technical or ethical standards of a profession.
A person who exhibits courtesy,
conscientiousness, and generally manners that
 are acceptable resulting improvement of the
organization he belongs to.

Behavior the way in which one acts or conducts oneself,

especially toward others and to the organization he
or she is serving.

School is an educational institution, private, and public,

understating operation with a specific age group of
pupils or students pursuing defined studies at
defined level, receiving instruction from teachers,
usually located in a building or a group of buildings
in a particular physical site. (R.A. 9155)

Learner any individual seeking basic literacy skills and

functional life skills or support services for the
improvement of the quality of his/her life (R.A.
9155)

Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

Pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (e). Article 11, of R. A. No. 7836. Otherwise known as the
Philippines Professionalization Act of 1994 and Paragraph (a), section 6. P.D. No. 223. As amended, the
Board for Professional Teachers hereby adopt the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers.

PREAMBLE
Teachers are duly licensed professionals who possess dignity and reputation with high moral values as
well as technical and professional competence in the practice of their noble profession, they strictly adhere
to. Observe, and practice this set of ethical and moral principles, standards, and values.

ARTICLE I – SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Section 1. The Philippine Constitution provides that all educational institution shall offer quality education
for all competent teachers committed of its full realization. The provision of this Code shall apply, therefore,
to all teachers in schools in the Philippines.

Section 2. This Code covers all public and private school teachers in all educational institutions at the
preschool, primary, elementary and secondary levels whether academic, vocational, special, technical, or
non-formal. The term “teacher” shall include industrial arts or vocational teachers and all other persons
performing supervisory and /or administrative functions in all schools at the aforesaid levels, whether on
full time or part-time basis.

ARTICLE II – THE TEACHER AND THE STATE

Section 1. The schools are the nurseries of the future citizens of the state: each teacher is a trustee of the
cultural and educational heritage of the nation and is under obligation to transmit to learners such heritage
as well as to elevate national morality, promote national pride, cultivate love of country, instill allegiance to
the constitution and for all duly constituted authorities, and promote obedience to the laws of the state.

Section 2. Every teacher or school official shall actively help carry out the declared policies of the state and
shall take an oath to this effect.

Section 3. In the interest of the State and of the Filipino people as much as of his own. Every teacher shall
be physically, mentally and morally fit.

Section 4. Every teacher shall possess and actualize a full commitment and devotion to duty.
Section 5. A teacher shall not engage in the promotion of any political, religious, or other partisan interest,
and shall not directly or indirectly, solicit, require, collect, or receive any money or service or other valuable
material from any person or entity for such purposes

Section 6. Every teacher shall vote and shall exercise all other constitutional rights and responsibility.

Section 7. A teacher shall not use his position or facial authority or influence to coerce any other person to
follow any political course of action.

Section 8. Every teacher shall enjoy academic freedom and shall have privilege of expounding the product
of his research and investigations: provided that, if the results are inimical to the declared policies of the
State, they shall be brought to the proper authorities for appropriate remedial action.

ARTICLE III – THE TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITY

Section 1. A teacher is a facilitator of learning and of the development of the youth: he shall, therefore,
render the best service by providing an environment conducive to such learning and growth.

Section 2. Every teacher shall provide leadership and initiative to actively participate in community
movements for moral, social, educational, economic and civic betterment.
Section 3. Every teacher shall merit reasonable social recognition for which purpose he shall behave with
honor and dignity at all times and refrain from such activities as gambling, smoking, drunkenness, and other
excesses, much less illicit relations.

Section 4. Every teacher shall live for and with the community and shall, therefore, study and understand
local customs and traditions in order to have a sympathetic attitude, therefore, refrain from disparaging the
community.

Section 5. Every teacher shall help the school keep the people in the community informed about the
school’s work and accomplishments as well as its needs and problems.

Section 6. Every teacher is intellectual leader in the community, especially in the barangay and shall
welcome the opportunity to provide such leadership when needed, to extend counseling services, as
appropriate, and to actively be involved in matters affecting the welfare of the people.

Section 7. Every teacher shall maintain harmonious and pleasant personal and official relations with other
professionals, with government officials, and with the people, individually or collectively.

Section 8. A teacher possesses freedom to attend church and worship as appropriate but shall not use his
positions and influence on proselyte others.

ARTICLE IV – A TEACHER AND THE PROFESSION

Section 1. Every teacher shall actively ensure that teaching is the noblest profession and shall manifest
genuine enthusiasm and pride in teaching as a noble calling.

Section 2. Every teacher shall uphold the highest possible standards of quality education, shall make the
best preparations for the career of teaching, and shall be at his best at all times and in the practice of his
profession.

Section 3. Every teacher shall participate in the Continuing Professional Education (CPE) program of the
Professional Regulation Commission and shall pursue such other studies as will improve his efficiency,
enhance the prestige of the profession, and strengthen his competence, virtues, and productivity in order
to be nationally and internationally competitive.

Section 4. Every teacher shall help, if duly authorized, to seek support from the school, but shall not make
improper misrepresentations through personal advertisements and other questionable means.

Section 5. Every teacher shall use the teaching profession in a manner that makes it a dignified means for
earning a decent living.
ARTICLE V – THE TEACHERS AND THE PROFESSION
Section 1. Teachers shall, at all times, be imbued with the spirit of professional loyalty, mutual confidence,
and faith in one another, self-sacrifice for the common good, and full cooperation with colleagues. When
the best interest of the learners, the school, or the profession is at stake in any controversy, teachers shall
support one another.

Section 2. A teacher is not entitled to claim credit or work not of his own and shall give due credit for the
work of others which he may use.

Section 3. Before leaving his position, a teacher shall organize for whoever assumes the position such
records and other data as are necessary to carry on the work.

Section 4. A teacher shall hold inviolate all confidential information concerning associates and the school
and shall not divulge to anyone documents which have not been officially released or remove records from
the files without permission.

Section 5. It shall be the responsibility of every teacher to seek corrections for what may appear to be
unprofessional and unethical conduct of any associates. However, this may be done only if there is
incontrovertible evidence for such conduct.

Section 6. A teacher may submit to the proper authorities any justifiable criticism against an associate,
preferably in writing, without violating the rights of the individual concerned.

Section 7. A teacher may apply for a vacant position for which he is qualified: provided that he respects
the system of selection on the basis of merit and competence: provided, further, that all qualified candidates
are given the opportunity to be considered.

ARTICLE VI – THE TEACHER AND HIGHER AUTHORITIES IN THE PROFESSIONS

Section 1. Every teacher shall make it his duty to make an honest effort to understand and support the
legitimate policies of the school and the administration regardless of personal feeling or private opinion and
shall faithfully carry them out.

Section 2. A teacher shall not make any false accusations or charges against superiors, especially under
anonymity. However, if there are valid charges, he should present such under oath to competent authority.

Section 3. A teacher shall transact all official business through channels except when special conditions
warrant a different procedure, such as when special conditions are advocated but are opposed by
immediate superiors, in which case, the teacher shall appeal directly to the appropriate higher authority.

Section 4. Every teacher, individually or as part of a group, has a right to seek redress against injustice to
the administration and to extent possible, shall raise grievances within acceptable democratic possesses.
In doing so they shall avoid jeopardizing the interest and the welfare of learners whose right to learn must
be respected.

Section 5. Every teacher has a right to invoke the principle that appointments, promotions, and transfer of
teachers are made only on the basis of merit and needed in the interest of the service.

Section 6. A teacher who accepts a position assumes a contractual obligation to live up to his contract,
assuming full knowledge of employment terms and conditions.

ARTICLE VII – SCHOOL OFFICIALS TEACHERS AND OTHER PERSONNEL

Section 1. All school officials shall at all times show professional courtesy, helpfulness and sympathy
towards teachers and other personnel, such practices being standards of effective school supervision,
dignified administration, responsible leadership and enlighten directions.

Section 2. School officials, teachers, and other school personnel shall consider it their cooperative
responsibility to formulate policies or introduce important changes in the system at all levels.
Section 3. School officials shall encourage and attend the professional growth of all teachers under them
such as recommending them for promotion, giving them due recognition for meritorious performance, and
allowing them to participate in conferences in training programs.

Section 4. No school officials shall dismiss or recommend for dismissal a teacher or other subordinates
except for cause.

Section 5. School authorities concern shall ensure that public school teachers are employed in accordance
with pertinent civil service rules, and private school teachers are issued contracts specifying the terms and
conditions of their work: provided that they are given, if qualified, subsequent permanent tenure, in
accordance with existing laws.

ARTICLE VIII – THE TEACHERS AND LEARNERS

Section 1. A teacher has a right and duty to determine the academic marks and the promotions of learners
in the subject or grades he handles; such determination shall be in accordance with generally accepted
procedures of evaluation and measurement. In case of any complaint, the teachers concerned shall
immediately take appropriate actions, of serving due process.

Section 2. A teacher shall recognize that the interest and welfare of learners are of first and foremost
concerns and shall deal justifiably and impartially with each of them.

Section 3. Under no circumstance shall a teacher be prejudiced or discriminated against by the learner.

Section 4. A teacher shall not accept favors or gifts from learners, their parents or others on their behalf in
exchange for requested concessions, especially if undeserved.

Section 5. A teacher shall not accept, directly or indirectly, any remuneration from tutorials other what is
authorized for such service.

Section 6. A teacher shall base the evaluation of the learner’s work only on merit and quality of academic
performance.

Section 7. In a situation where mutual attraction and subsequent love develop between teacher and
learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost professional discretion to avoid scandal, gossip and preferential
treatment of the learner.

Section 8. A teacher shall not inflict corporal punishment on offending learners nor make deductions from
their scholastic ratings as a punishment for acts which are clearly not manifestation of poor scholarship.

Section 9. A teacher shall ensure that conditions that contribute to the maximum development of learners
are adequate and shall extend needed assistance in preventing or solving learner’s problems and
difficulties.
ARTICLE IX – THE TEACHERS AND PARENTS
Section 1. Every teacher shall establish and maintain cordial relations with parents and shall conduct
himself to merit their confidence and respect.

Section 2. Every teacher shall inform parents, through proper authorities, of the progress and deficiencies
of the learner under him. Exercising utmost candor and tact in pointing out learners' deficiencies and in
seeking parent’s cooperation for the proper guidance and improvement of the learners.

Section 3. A teacher shall listen to parent’s complaints with sympathy and understanding and shall
discourage unfair criticism.

ARTICLE X – THE TEACHER AND BUSINESS

Section 1. A teacher has the right to engage, directly or indirectly, in legitimate income generation: provided
that it does not relate to or adversely affect his work as a teacher.
Section 2. A teacher shall maintain a good reputation with respect to financial matters such as in the
settlement of his debts and loans in arranging satisfactorily his private financial affairs.

Section 3. No teacher shall act, directly or indirectly, as agent of, or be financially interested in. any
commercial venture which furnish textbooks and other school commodities in the purchase and disposal of
which he can exercise official influence, except only when his assignment is inherently, related to such
purchase and disposal: provided they shall be in accordance with the existing regulations: provided, further,
that members of duly recognized teachers cooperatives may participate in the distribution and sale of such
commodities.

ARTICLE XI – THE TEACHER AS A PERSON

Section 1. A teacher is, above all, a human being endowed with life for which it is the highest obligation to
live with dignity at all times whether in school, in the home, or elsewhere.

Section 2. A teacher shall place a premium upon self-discipline as the primary principle of personal
behavior in all relationships with others and in all situations.

Section 3. A teacher shall maintain at all times a dignified personality which could serve as a model worthy
of emulation by learners, peers and all others.

Section 4. A teacher shall always recognize the Almighty God as guide of his own destiny and of the
destinies of men and nations.

ARTICLE XII – DISCIPLINARY ACTIONS

Section 1. Any violation of any provisions of this code shall be sufficient ground for the imposition against
the erring teacher of the disciplinary action consisting of revocation of his Certification of Registration and
License as a Professional Teacher, suspension from the practice of teaching profession, reprimand or
cancellation of his temporary/special permit under causes specified in Sec. 23. Article HI or R.A. No. 7836
and under Rule 31. Article VIII of the Rules and Regulations Implementing R.A. 7836.

ARTICLE XIII – EFFECTIVITY

Section 1. This Code shall take effect upon approval by the Professional Regulation Commission and after
sixty (60) days following its publication in the official Gazette or any newspaper of general circulation,
whichever is earlier.
 REVIEWER IN PURPOSIVE
COMMUNICATION
An essential tool for human survival is communication.

What is Communication?

• Communication is the process of using messages to generate meaning. (Pearson et al.,2011)

• Communication is a systematic process in which people interact with and through symbols to
create and interpret meanings. (Wood,2012)
• In its simplest form, communication is the transmission of a message from a source to a
receiver. (Baron, 2011)
• Communication is the process of sending information to oneself or another entity, usually via
a language. (Palta,2017)
• Broadly speaking, communication is a process of sharing opinions and information, ideas,
and feelings (Jimenez & Alparo, 2000).
• Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages sometimes through spoken
or written words, and sometimes nonverbally through facial expressions, gestures, and
voice. (Ober & Newman, 2013)

PRINCIPLES IN COMMUNICATION

1. Communication is transactional. It is a two-way process that involves an exchange. When a

message is sent, a reply is expected.
2. Communication is inevitable. It is impossible not to communicate. The moment you wake up,
you already start communicating by merely thinking of how your day will look like. In other words,
communication is an indispensable part of daily life.
3. Communication is goal-oriented- When you communicate, you have a goal in mind. You
communicate to express feelings, ideas, and emotions; to inform; persuade; entertain; ask
questions; to build and maintain a relationship and to influence others are some of the purposes
of communication.
4. Communication is complex. It entails a lot of processes, which can occur simultaneously or
successively. It requires you to know your audience, determine your purpose, identify your topic,
expect objections, establish credibility, present information clearly and objectively, and develop a
practical, useful way to seek feedback.
5. Communication can be learned. Despite its complexity, it is a skill that can be learned.
6. Communication is relational. The process of how meaning is created also echoes two vital
aspects or the relationship of the communicators. Immediacy and control. Immediacy is the
degree of liking or attractiveness in a relationship while control is the degree to which a
participant shows dominance or power.
7. Communication is guided by culture. It may be defined as a system of knowledge shared by a
relatively large group of people. The system includes shared beliefs, values, symbols, and
behaviors.
8. Communication has various levels. Various levels of communication: intrapersonal (self-talk),
interpersonal (interaction between two persons), small group (involves 3-20 people), and public or
mass (more than twenty people), extended, organizational (formal- upward, downward,
horizontal, and crosswise)
9. Communication can be in the form of written, verbal, non-verbal, and visuals.
 A. Written Communication- Texts or words encoded and transmitted through memos, letters, reports,
online chat, SMS, emails, journals, and other written documents.

B. Verbal Communication- It involves an exchange of information through face-to-face, audio and/or

video call or conferencing, lectures, meetings, radio, and television.

C. Non-Verbal Communication -Sending and receiving messages without the use of words.

Examples of Non-verbal

Kinesics- Movements

Haptics- Touch

Proxemics- Distance

Chronemics- Time

Oculesics- eye movements

D. Visuals- A visual is something such as a picture, diagram, or piece of film that is used to show or
explain something. It involves the use of

Images, Logo, Graphs, Maps, Charts

The Communication Process

Communication process refers to the transmission or passage of information or message from

the sender through a selected channel to the receiver overcoming barriers that affect its pace.

It involves elements such as source, message, encoding, channel, decoding, receiver, feedback, context,
and barrier.

Source- the speaker or sender of the message

Message- information or ideas from the speaker

Encoding- transferring the message

Channel- the means to deliver the message (face-to-face, telephone, and emails etc.
Decoding - interpreting an encoded message.

Receiver- recipient of the message.

Feedback- The action or the responses of the receiver to the message from the sender.

Context- the situation or the environment in which communication takes place.

Barriers- the factors which may affect the communication process.

Examples of Communication Barriers;

• Culture Noise
• Individual difference Past experiences
• Language use Status
Communication Models

The definition of communication and its element can also be further understood in the light of a
framework or model to see their interrelatedness. The common models of communication that have
been utilized over the years are as follows.

Aristotle's Linear Model

The earliest model comes from Aristotle at around 500 B.C. in this model, well explains that the speaker
should adjust their messages according to their audience and the occasion to achieve a particular effect.
The Aristotle’s communication model revolves around the speaker as the main concept of this theory is
that, speaker plays the most important role in communication and it is the only one who holds the
responsibility to influence his/her audience through public speaking. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a
speech to the audience.

The audience is passive, influenced by the speech.

The Shannon and Weaver Model of communication is a mathematical theory of communication that
argues that human communication can be broken down into six key concepts: sender, encoder, channel,
noise, decoder, and receiver. It is known as the “Mother of all models” because of its wide popularity.
The model is also called the “Telephone Model,” since it was developed because of the technology of the
telephone and the experience of “noise” coming from

The receiver has to decode the message before understanding it and interpreting it. The receptor
machine can also act as a decoder in some cases. The channel can make noise and the receiver might
not have the capacity to decode, which might cause problems in the communication process.

The Osgood-Schramm (Interactive Model) of communication is defined as a circular model that shows
that messages go in two directions. The model has four key principles: (1) Communication is circular not
linear; (2) Communication is usually equal and reciprocal; (3) Messages require interpretation; (4) there
are three steps for communicating: encoding, decoding and interpreting.

Transactional Model

This model was adapted from Wood (1997) in response to the failure of interactive models to portray
dynamism of human communication.

Ethics in Communication

•
Ethical communicators are honest. Be truthful with your opinion and be accurate with your
judgment. Good communicators never lie and deceive other people.

• Ethical communicators value diversity and respect others’ opinions and privacy. Respect
means showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas even if you do not agree with
them. Show compassion and consideration with the beliefs, status, affiliations, and privacy of
others. Accept that others have different views or opinions, which may conflict with yours. So,
listen and process the views of other people, and learn how to reconcile their opinions with your
own.
 •

• Ethical communicators observe freedom of expression effectively. Be careful of what and

how you say words depending on the type of people you are communicating with.
•
Ethical communicators are well aware of the consequences of their thoughts and actions.
The way you communicate can build or ruin your reputation. Thus, you need to take
accountability for what you are doing and what you are saying. Acknowledge your responsibility
for all your actions, good or bad.

Remember

• Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages sometimes through spoken
or written words, and sometimes nonverbally through facial expressions, gestures, and voice.
(Ober & Newman, 2013)
• Guidelines for Effective Communication. Be clear with your purpose, support your message
with facts, be concise, provide specific information in your feedback, adjust to the needs,
interests, values, and beliefs of your audience, observe communication ethics, and be your
natural self and appear very confident.
• The Process of Communication is the steps we take in order to successfully communicate.
Components of the communication process include Source, Message, Encoding, Channel,
Decoding, Receiver, Feedback, Context, Barriers.
• Ethical Communication is dealing with values, righteousness, and behavior appropriate for
human communication particularly in a multicultural situation, it is fundamental to responsible
thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within and
across, contexts, cultures, channels, and media.

Communication in Multicultural Settings

Communication and Globalization

What is Globalization?

Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence and integration of the world's
cultural, political, economic, and technological domains of countries, brought about by cross-border
trade in goods and services, technology, flows of investment, people, and information.

Benefits of Globalization

1. Access to New Cultures

Globalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including food, movies, music, and art.
This free flow of people, goods, art, and information is the reason you can have Thai food delivered to
your apartment as you listen to your favorite UK-based artist or stream a Bollywood movie.
2. The Spread of Technology and Innovation

Many countries around the world remain constantly connected, so knowledge and technological
advances travel quickly. Because knowledge also transfers so fast, this means that scientific advances
made in Asia can be at work in the United States in a matter of days.

3. Lower Costs for Products

Globalization allows companies to find lower-cost ways to produce their products. It also increases global
competition, which drives prices down and creates a larger variety of choices for consumers. Lowered
costs help people in both developing and already-developed countries live better on less money.

4. Creates More Employment Opportunities

With fewer barriers to the import/export market, the cost of producing goods or offering services would
decrease. People consume more and create additional job opportunities around the world. By creating an
environment where free trade encouragement readily exists, more innovation, creativity, and engagement
would occur at every level of society. It has led to many millions of

CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Benefits the Wealthy More Than the Poor.

While many have lifted out of poverty, not everybody has benefited. Many argue that globalization
operates mostly in the interest of the richest countries, with most of the world’s collective profits flowing
back to them and into the pockets of those who already own the most. Leading charity Oxfam says that
when corporations such as Starbucks can legally avoid paying tax, the global inequality crisis worsens.
Basically, done wisely globalization could lead to “Unparalleled peace and prosperity.” “Done poorly, to
disaster.”

2. Transfer of Disease

As globalization spreads across the world through local and international travels, Tuberculosis, HIV,
certain influenza strains (Covid19), and other communicable diseases produce outbreaks at epidemic
and/or pandemic levels.

3. Struggled Jobs and Commerce Move Elsewhere.

While some areas have flourished, others have floundered as jobs and commerce move elsewhere. Steel
companies in the UK provided several jobs to people but when China began producing cheaper steel,
steel plants in the UK closed and thousands of jobs were lost.

4. Impacts the Environment Negatively.

We have already seen what free trade does to the environment. Greenhouse gas emissions rose in
2018 despite efforts to reduce them. Micro-plastics invaded our oceans, creating negative impacts on
marine life. The waters of our planet are slowly acidifying, creating economic and health impacts
every day. Over 200,000 Americans die each year because of pollution exposure. If caps are taken
off of what is not permitted through globalization, then this issue will continue growing worse.
English is in fact the global language, but what does it mean to say that a language is a global?
(David Crystal, 2003)

Filipinisms refer to words that are loosely translated from common Tagalog expressions and cause
confusion when applied in conversations with native English speakers.

Race and Ethnicity

Racism is a form of discrimination against a person or persons of a different race in general, it is best to
avoid identifying people by race or ethnic group.

Gender and Sexual Orientation

Sexism refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on sex or gender. To be inclusive of all
people in general references one should favor gender-neutral words and phrases over gender-biased
words.

Social Class

Class discrimination or classism is a form of prejudice against the person or people because of their
social class.

Age

Ageism is a form of discrimination against the other people because of their age

Disabilities

Discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of understanding and awareness.

Here are eight ways to tell if a website is reliable.

1. Look for Established Institutions

The internet is full of websites that were started five minutes ago.

2. Look for Sites with Expertise

You wouldn't go to an auto mechanic if you broke your leg, and you wouldn't go to the hospital to
have your car repaired. T

3. Steer Clear of Commercial Sites

Sites run by companies and businesses—their websites usually end in .com—are more often
than not trying to sell you something.

4. Beware of Bias

Reporters write a lot about politics, and there are plenty of political websites out there.

5. Check the Date

You need the most up-to-date information available, so if a website seems old, it's probably best
to steer clear. One way to check: Look for a "last updated" date on the page or site.

6. Consider the Site's Look

 If a site looks poorly designed and amateurish, chances are it was created by amateurs. Sloppy
writing is another bad sign. Steer clear. But be careful: Just because a website is professionally designed
doesn't mean it's reliable.

7. Avoid Anonymous Authors

Articles or studies whose authors are named are often—though not always—more reliable than
works produced anonymously. It makes sense: If someone is willing to put their name on something
they've written, chances are they stand by the information it contains. And if you have the name of the
author, you can always Google them to check their credentials.

8. Check the Links

Reputable websites often link to each other. You can find out which other websites link to the site
you're researching by conducting a link-specific Google search. Enter the following text into the Google
search field, replacing "[WEBSITE]" with the domain of the site you're researching

9. Beyond the Headline

If a headline seems sensational or radical, carefully read the article to determine the source of the
pronouncement. If the actual story contradicts the headline, and if the points aren’t backed up with solid
scientific research, it’s a red flag that this website might prioritize clicks over correctness.

10. Solid Science

Speaking of solid scientific research, check out what kind of evidence the website uses to support
their position. If an article includes links, are they to peer-reviewed articles, or to unfamiliar blogs and low-
impact news sites? Reliable websites are transparent about their sources and help the reader gain a
deeper understanding of the topic, rather than relying on opinion pieces or second-hand news. Our 11
Tips for Reading a Scientific Study can help you determine if the science cited is up-to-muster.

5. Audience

Who is engaging with the site? If reputable professionals (such as RDs, MDs, PhDs, or other
experts) are referencing or sharing information from the site, that offers added confidence that it is a
source of solid information.

6. Ask Questions

If something doesn’t quite feel right, it probably isn’t.

Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images,
animations, video and interactive content.

Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving
visual media.

Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-
creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects.

PowerPoint, web-based and online presentations- Online presentation software specializes in letting
you create interactive content. It also features many animation effects.

GENERAL GUIDELINE FOR CREATING AN EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION

Minimize the number of slides. To convey a clear message and to keep your audience attentive
interested, keep the number of slides in your presentation to a minimum. (should not exceed 15 slides).
Choose a readable font style. Avoid narrow fonts such as Arial Narrow and fonts that include fancy
edges like Blackadder ITC.

Choose a readable font size. A one-inch letter is readable from 10 feet away, a two-inch letter from 20
feet away and a 3-inch letter from 30 feet away.

Use bullet points or short sentences. You want your audience to listen to you and not read the text on
the screen. Bullets and short sentences also make it easier for the audience to read.

Use art to convey your message. Use graphics to help you tell your story but don't overwhelm your
audience by adding too many in one slide.

Use labels for charts and graphs. Use only enough text to make label elements in a chart or graph
comprehensible.

Use subtle backgrounds consistently. Choose an appealing but consistent theme that is not too eye-
catching or distracting.

Use high contrast between background and text color. Set the contrast between a light background
with light colored text.

Check the spelling and grammar. This is to earn and maintain the respect of your audience.

Add references. References can be added on the slide where the information is or it can be at the last
slide.

Material- It refers to your topic which can be about your experiences, observations, inspiration, or
anything you are interested in talking about.

Message-It refers to the content or the main point of your speech.

Speech to inform seeks to provide the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea
presented by the speaker the lectures or of your teachers are best examples of this type

2. Speech to entertain seeks to provide the audience with entertainment.

3. Speech to persuade seeks to provide the audience with favorable or acceptable ideas that can
influence their own ideas and decisions.

• Ethos, Pathos, and Logos are modes of persuasion used to convince audiences.
• Ethos or the ethical appeal, means to convince an audience of the author's credibility or
character. Greek word for “character.”
• Pathos or the emotional appeal, means to persuade an audience by appealing to their emotions.
• Logos or the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason.
• To persuade your audience, proper of Ethos, Pathos and Logos is necessary.

Methods of Delivery

Methods of delivery refer to the style of delivery. These methods are manuscript, memorized,
impromptu, and extemporaneous.

Manuscripts. The speech is delivered by speakers who intend to read aloud their speech word for word
to the audience.

Memorized. The speech is delivered by speakers who intend to memorize their speech word for word.

Extemporaneous speech. This is delivered by speakers who intend to present a well-crafted speech.
A business letter is a document that conveys information from one company to another, or between
such organizations and their customers, clients, or other external parties.

Openings should be clear and direct, that is, they should immediately tell the reader the purpose of the
letter. The following two examples show the difference between an indirect and direct opening.
Indirect: Thank you for your email of Mail 11 in which you inquired about the availability of sprinkler
parts H640V
Direct: You will be glad to know that we have an ample supply of H640V parts.

The body contains a brief introductory paragraph

The closing or concluding paragraph wraps up the main points while building goodwill via what is called
a positive or forward-looking final message.

A memorandum, more commonly known as a memo, is a short message or record used for internal
communication in a business.

Memo, which is internal communication, immediately gives the date, the addressee and sender, and the
subject of the memo in a standard format.

The memo subject line is of prime importance.

 REVIEWER IN SINESOS
Si Karl Heinrich Marx ay Prussian-Aleman na pilosopo, ekonomista, sosyologo, historyan, hornalista, at
rebolusyonaryong sosyalista.

Marxismo – ang tema ng pelikula ay ang paglalaban ng malakas at mahina; mayaman at mahirap na
kadalasang nauuwi sa pagkagapi ng walang kakayahang lumaban.

Realismo – Damang-dama dito ang pagpapakita ng mga tunay na kaganapan.

Formalismo – Tinatawag ding pag-aanyo o ang bagay na hinahanap ay kung papaano inihalayhay ang
pagkakasunud-sunod ng pangyayari sa pelikula.

Feminismo – Ipinakikita naman dito ang kakayahan ng isang babaeng makapagpasunod sa mga tao
dahilan sa kanyang adbokasiya.

Sequence Iskrip - Ang pagkakasunod sunod ng mga pangyayari sa isang kwento sa pelikula.

Sinematograpiya - Ang pagkuha ng wastong anggulo upang maipakita sa isang manonood ang tunay
na pangayari sa pamamagitan ng wastong timpla ng ilaw at lente ng kamera.
Tunog at musika - Ang pagpapalutang ng bawat tagpo at pagpapsidhi ng ugnayan ng tunog at linya ng
mga dayalogo.

Pananaliksik o research - Isang napakahalagang sangkap sa pagbuo at paglikha ng dokumentaryo

dahil sa pamamagitan nito ay naihaharap nang mahusay at makatotohanan ang mga detalye ng
palabas.

Disenyong pamproduksyon - Ang nagpapanatili sa kaangkupan ng lugar, eksena, pananamit at

sitwasyon para sa masining na paglalahad ng biswal na pagkukwento.

Pagdidirihe - Mga pamamaraan at diskarte kung paano patatakbuhin ang kwento sa telebisyon o
pelikula.

Pag eedit - Ito ay pagputol at padugtong-dugtong muli ng mga eksenang nakunan na.

Mga Gabay para sa Pagsusuri ng Isang Pelikula

• Tauhan – Malinaw ba ang karakterisasyon ng mga tauhan. Lumutang ba ang mga katangin ng
tauhan upang makilala ang bida (protagonista) at ang kontrabida (antagonista)?
• Istorya o Kwento – May kaibahan ba ang istorya sa mga dating napanood mo na o ito’y isang
gasgas na kwento lamang? Malinaw bang naihanay ang mga pangyayari sa pelikula upang lubos
na maunawaan ng mga manonood?
• Dayalogo – Matino ba o bulgar ang mga salitang ginamit sa kauuan ng pelikula. Angkop ba ang
lenggwahe sa takbo ng mga pangyayari?
• Titulo o pamagat – Mayroon ba itong panghatak o impact? Nakikita ba kaagad at nauunawaan
ng manonood ang mga simbolisno na ginamit sa pamagat?
• Sinematograpiya – Mapusyaw ba o matingkad ang kabuuang kulay ng pelikula? Nakatulong ba
ang paggamit ng visual effects sa paglutang ng mga pangyayari sa kwento?
• Tema o paksa – Mayroon bang “puso” ang pelikula? May taglay ba itong kaisipan at diwang titimo
sa isip at damdamin ng mga manonood na kaugnay ng kanilang mga karanasan sa buhay?

Mga Karaniwang Uri ng Anggulo at Kuha ng Kamera sa Pelikula.

• Establishing/Long Shot-Sa ibang termino ay tinatawag na “scene setting”. Mula sa malayo ay

kinukuhanan ang buong senaryo o lugar upang bigyan ng ideya ang manonood sa magiging takbo
ng buong pelikula o dokumentaryo.
• Medium Shot-Kuha ng kamera mula tuhod paitaas o mula baywang pataas.
• Close-Up Shot-Ang pokus ay nasa isang partikular na bagay lamang.
• Extreme-Close Up- Ang pinakamataas na lebel ng “close-up shot.” halip na sa buong mukha.
• High Angle Shot-Ang kamera ay nasa bahaging itaas, kaya ang anggulo o pokus ay nagmumula
sa mataas na bahagi tungo sa ilalim.
• Low Angle Shot-Ang kamera ay nasa bahaging ibaba, kaya ang anggulo o pokus ay nagmumula
sa ibabang bahagi tungo sa itaas.
• Birds Eye-View-Maaari ring maging isang “aerial shot” na anggulo na nagmumula sa napakataas
na bahagi at ang tingin ay nasa ibabang bahagi.
• Panning Shot-Isang mabilis na pagkuha ng anggulo ng isang kamera upang masundan ang
detalyeng kinukunan.

Dimensyong Panliteratura
Isa sa mga mabisang paraan ng pagsusuri ng isang pelikula bukod sa mga elemento nito ay batay sa
aspeto o dimensyon:

• Panlipunan/Sosyolohikal

Pagsusuri sa dinaranas ng tauhan sa lugar na kinabibilangan at sa nakasasalamuha na sumasalamin sa

tunay na pangyayari sa lipunan.

• Pangkaisipan/Sikolohikal

Pagsusuri sa kabuuang kaisipan o mensahe hango sa napanuod at kaugnayan sa tunay na pangyayari sa

buhay.

• Kalagayang pang-ekonomiya

Pagsusuri sa kalagayan at kabuhayan ng tauhan sa pelikula

• Pansarili o Personalisasyon

Pagsusuri sa napanuod batay sa kaugnayan nito sa sarili o personal na karanasan at kalagayan sa buhay.

• Pangkasaysayan/Historikal

Pagsusuri sa kaugnayan sa nakalipas na pangyayari o kasaysayan.

SWOT Analysis-Ito’y isang paraan ng pagsusuri ng kapaligiran at ang kompanyang nakatayo sa

loob nito.

Dekada ‘70
Ang uring ito ng pelikula ay nauso sa pagpapakita ng panahon ng Batas Militar. Dito’y ibinabandila ang
reyna ng EDSA Revolution, si Corazon C. Aquino kung saan sinasabing nabawi na ang Kalayaan laban
sa dating naghaharing si Ferdinand E. Marcos mula sa Martial Law.
 REVIEWER IN STS
Science comes from a Latin word “scientia‟, meaning “knowledge‟. It may be defined as the system of
knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific method.

Technology, for its part, comes from Greek word “techne‟ meaning “art or craft‟ and logia, meaning a
“subject or interest‟.

Science, Technology and Society (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific
research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.

An antecedent is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something.

ANCIENT PERIOD

Cuneiform. One of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the development of the first writing system.

The Great Ziggurat. Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians, it is also called the
mountain of God.

Sumerian Wheel. These were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes.

Potter’s Wheel. A heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis. It is
believed that the Sumerians invented the potter’s wheel.

Paper. The ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material similar to thick paper. It is made from
the pith of the papyrus plant Cyperus papyrus.
Hieroglyphics. A system of writing using symbols developed by Egyptians.

Shadoof. A hand-operated device used for lifting water.

Antikythera mechanism. Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece.

Aeolipile. It is also known as Hero’s engine. A steam-powered turbine.

MIDDLE AGES

Heavy Plough. Through the invention of heavy plough, it became possible to harness clay soil.

Gun powder. Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemist accidentally invented black powder or gun powder.
Paper Money. The first known versions of paper money is similar to stamping.
Mechanical Clock. The development of mechanical clocks paved the way for accurately keeping track of

time.

Spinning Wheel. A machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth
on a loom.

Printing press. Invented by Johannes Gutenberg for more reliable way of printing using a cast type.

Compound microscope. Zacharias Janssen is credited for the invention of the first compound microscope
in 1950, together with his father Hans.

Telescope. Galileo Galilei’s remarkable technological contribution.

Engine-Powered Airplane. Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and operating the
first engine-powered aircraft. They demonstrated this by showing the slightly-tilted wings, which they
referred to as aero planes.

Television. The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the invention of the modern
television. Baird successfully televised objects in outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925,
moving objects in 1926 and projected colored images in 1928.

Telephone. This invention of Alexander Graham Bell became important at that time.

Dr. Abelardo Aguilar

He discovered the widely used antibiotic known as “Erythromycin”. The drug’s propriety name is Hotycin
and Ilosone. It was obtained from a species of fungi known as Aspergillus in 1952.

Angel C. Alcala

Filipino biologist who was named a National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014. He is the first scientist to
develop a project to create artificial coral reefs. He became a Director of the Institute of Marine Biology at
the UP.

Magdalena C. Cantoria

She had an extensive education in the field of pharmacy and botany and done basic studies on the
pharmacognosy of agar, rauwolfia, datura, mint and Piper species.

Fe Del Mundo

She invented the incubator and the jaundice relieving device as her contribution to the world of Technology.
She made more studies regarding children and helped in building the Children Hospital Center in
Banawe,Quezon City.

Pedro B. Escuro

He made significant contributions to rice breeding as a plant breeder and a professor. He provided
leadership in the development, isolation and release of Nine Seed Board Rice Varieties.

Agapito Flores

He has been acclaimed by some as being the inventor of the first fluorescent lamp.
Dr. Carmen L. Intengan

She is a researcher and a science administrator who contributed much to the

advancement of nutrition in the country.

“Nutrition is definitely the key to a healthy individual. Healthy individuals make a

healthy nation.”

Figure 27. Dr. Carmen L. Integan

Roberto Del Rosario

Roberto del Rosario is the president of the Trebel Music Corporation and the inventor of the Karaoke Sing
Along System in 1975. He has patented more than twenty inventions making him one of the most prolific
Filipino inventors.

Francisco Quisumbing

He invented the Quink trademark ink. Quink stands for Quisumbing Ink, it cleans the pen as it writes and
dries quickly on paper but remains liquid inside the pen.

Geminiano T. De Ocampo

He is the most notable ophthalmologist in the country who introduced corneal transplantation in the
Philippines and designed a corneal dissector.

Dr. Ramon Gustilo

He is a Renowned Filipino scientist and a doctor with specialization in orthopedic surgery. He invented
different hip replacement systems for hip joints.