WOOD &

PLASTICS
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 - MATERIALS
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Natural wood has certain properties that make it an
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification attractive building material:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration • Natural warmth - to the touch; wood insulates
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment • Workability, easily shaped with simple tools
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD • Infinite variety; no two trees, or even pieces from the
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working same tree, are alike
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
• strength-to-weight ratio for bridges, boats, homes,
3.04 Physical Properties furniture
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood • Flexibility; watch how huge trees bend before the wind
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard • Fire protection; wood chars and therefore burns slowly,
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
doesn’t melt or crumble
4.06 Fibercement Board • Color: natural, through wood’s ability to receive many
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
types of stains and finishes
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.01 CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Woods are generally classified into:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
a. Softwoods come from the conifers (evergreens)
2.04 Deterioration which have needles instead of leaves, e.g. pine
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD b. Hardwoods come from the broad-leaved or
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working deciduous trees. Most Philippine timber are of this
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood latter kind
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood The terms “hardwood” and “softwood” are often
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard misleading because they have no direct relation to the
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board actual physical hardness or softness of the wood, so
4.06 Fibercement Board that a hardwood may actually be softer than a
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK softwood.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.02 STRUCTURE OF WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Sapwood
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - is the softer, younger outer portion
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration of a tree that lies between the
2.05 Preservation cambium (formative layer just under
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD the bark) and the heartwood.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
- It is more permeable, less durable
3.04 Physical Properties and usually lighter in color than the
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood heartwood.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.02 STRUCTURE OF WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Sapwood
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - the portion of the log near
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration the periphery which is
2.05 Preservation generally lighter in color
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD than the central portion.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
- contains living cells and
3.04 Physical Properties takes an active part in the
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood life process of a tree.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard - Because it contains more
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board organic matter than the
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
central core of the log, it
5.01 Mouldings is more susceptible to
6. PLASTICS IN blueing fungi and wood-
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification boring insects, and is not
6.02 Thermoplastics durable.
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.02 STRUCTURE OF WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Heartwood
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - the older, harder central
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration portion of a tree.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD - usually contains deposits
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working of various materials that
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
frequently give it a darker
3.04 Physical Properties color than sapwood.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard - is denser, less permeable
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard and more durable than
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board the surrounding sapwood.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings - The central core of the
6. PLASTICS IN log, it is composed of
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification inactive cells and serves
6.02 Thermoplastics only as a mechanical
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics support
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.03 PROPERTIES OF WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. Hardness. This is measured by the compression
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure which a piece of timber undergoes when a weight
2.03 Seasoning is applied to it.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD b. Flexibility. The amount of piece will bend before
3.01 For Construction breaking . Softwoods are generally brittle while
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses most hardwoods are flexible.
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES c. Strength
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard d. Durability.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.04 DEFECTS OF WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. Decay – Caused by the attack
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure of fungi.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD b. Checks –Cracks or lengthwise
3.01 For Construction separation across the annual
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses rings of growth caused by
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties irregular shrinkage during DECAY
4. WOOD COMPOSITES drying. Checks are formed
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard when the circumference
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard shrinks more than the interior
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board section of the log.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN c. Shakes – These are cracks CHECKS
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
between and parallel to the
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
annual rings of the growth.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.04 DEFECTS OF WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER d. Knots – These are irregular
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure growths in the body of a tree
2.03 Seasoning which interrupt the smooth
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation curve of the grain. The fibers of
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD the tree are turned from their
3.01 For Construction normal course and grow around
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses the knot at that point of the tree.
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard e. Pitchpockets – These are well- KNOTS
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard defined openings between
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board annual rings containing solid or
4.05 Particle Board
liquid pitch.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
f. Wane – This is the lack of wood
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
on the edge or corner of a
Plastics piece. PITCHPOCKETS
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.04 DEFECTS OF WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods g. Warping - Any variation with
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification the plane surface of the piece
2.02 Measure caused by unequal shrinkage
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration of the board. There are
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment several forms of warp:
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working Crook –a distortion of the board
Stresses in which the edge is convex or
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties concave longitudinal.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
Bow –a distortion of the
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
board in which the face is
4.05 Gypsum Board convex or concave
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board longitudinal.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings Cup –a distortion of the board
6. PLASTICS IN in which the face is convex or
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification concave across the board.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
Twist –a distortion of the board
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, in which one corner is raised.
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.05 METHODS OF SAWING WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods A log of wood can be cut in two different ways to make
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification lumber:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration a. Plainsawing
2.05 Preservation refers to lumber cut tangent to the annual rings or growth
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD or, in commercial practice, cut with annual rings at an angle
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working 0 to 45.
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties Plainsawn limber is preferable when a pleasing pattern is
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood required, as in wall paneling.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 1. WOOD USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 1.05 METHODS OF SAWING WOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Quartersawing
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification refers to wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning parallel to the rays or, in commercial practice, cut with the
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation annual growth rings at an angle 45 to 90.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Quartersawn lumber is desirable because it has less
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses shrinkage than plainsawn lumber, and this is important
3.03 Weights of Wood where joints must be kept tight.
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.01 CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Wood that is used in construction is called LUMBER.
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
Lumber is classified by its size or dimensions measured
2.04 Deterioration in inches, for example, a piece of lumber measuring 2
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment inches by 4 inches is called 2 x 4.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working Generally, they are available in even-numbered widths:
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood 4, 6, 8, 10,12 inches.
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood There are four available classifications of lumber:
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard a. Strips. Lumber less than 2” thick and less than 8”
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board wide.
4.05 Particle Board
b. Board Lumber. Pieces less than 2” thick and at
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings least 8” wide.
6. PLASTICS IN c. Dimension Lumber. Pieces more than 2” and less
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
than 5” in any dimension.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
d. Timbers. Pieces 5” or more on the smallest
Plastics dimension
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.01 CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER The two most common classifications are
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure - Dimension Lumber and
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration - Board Lumber.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD It is important to realize that the stated size of lumber is
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working not its actual finished size.
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties Nominal size is the size of lumber when it is cut from the
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood log. After cutting, the lumber is dried and then planed on
4.02 Hardboard all four sides to achieve smoothness. The finished size is
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
therefore smaller.
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, STRIP LUMBER DIMENSION LUMBER
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.01 CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL SIZE
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure For Dimension Lumber:
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 2 x 4 1½ x 3½
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD 2 x 6 1½ x 5½
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working 2 x 8 1½ x 7½
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood 2 x 10 1½ x 8½
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES 2 x 12 1½ x 11½
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard For Board Lumber:
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board 1 x 4 ¾ x 3½
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board 1 x 6 ¾ x 5½
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings 1 x 8 ¾ x 7½
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE 1 x 10 ¾ x 9½
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics 1 x 12 ¾ x 11½
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.02 MEASUREMENT OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
Lumber is sold in lengths from 6’ up to 20’ in increments
2.01 Classification of 2’. Special lengths greater than 20’ are also available
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning but cost more per board foot than the standard lengths.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment Lumber measure is the board foot which may be
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD described as the measure of a piece of wood 1” thick,
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working 12” (or 1’) wide and 12” (or 1’) long.
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties Board Feet = Thickness (in.) x Width (in.) x Length (ft.)
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
12
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.02 MEASUREMENT OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
Examples:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Compute the number of board feet in (a) a piece of ¾” x
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 8” x 10’; (b) 10 pcs. of 2” x 6” x 14’; (c) 5 pcs. of 1” x 4” x
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
10’
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working 1 x 1 x 8 x 10 = 6-2/3 or 7 bd. ft.
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood 12
3.04 Physical Properties 10 x 2 x 6 x 14 = 140 bd. ft.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood 12
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard 5 x 1 x 4 x 10 = 16 – 2/3 or 17 bd. ft.
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board 12
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK All lumber is sized according to its rough dimensions
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
as it comes from the saw. It size, however, is reduced
ARCHITECTURE after being surfaced or dressed by a planer.
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Thus, for example, 2 x 4 surfaced on four sides
Plastics (S4S) will only be 1-3/4 x 3-3/4. Dressed lumber costs
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, slightly more than rough.
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
Moisture has a big influence on the behavior and
2.01 Classification properties of wood. While water has been in wood
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning since its formation, yet after a tree is cut, water
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation becomes detrimental to it. It makes wood liable to the
2.06 Treatment
attack of insects and fungi and unfit for use.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses Water occurs in wood as free water found in cell
3.03 Weights of Wood cavities and intercellular spaces of the wood, and as
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES absorbed or hygroscopic water held in the cell walls.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard When surface moisture comes in contact with the air
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard it evaporates, the water equilibrium in the log is upset
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
and moisture from the interior travels towards the
4.05 Particle Board surface.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN This is the beginning of the drying of wood in the log.
ARCHITECTURE The free water passes out first before the absorbed
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics water in the cell wall vaporizes.
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER When all free water is removed but all absorbed
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure water remains, the so-called “fiber-saturation point”
2.03 Seasoning (approximately 30% moisture content (M.C.) for all
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
species) is reached.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working Shrinkage of the wood occurs at moisture content
Stresses percentages below the fiber saturation point.
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES The drying of the wood continues until the vapor
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
pressure in the air just balances the vapor pressure
4.04 Fiberboard on the wood surface.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
This condition of dryness of the wood is called
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings “equilibrium moisture content” (E.M.C.) and in the
6. PLASTICS IN Philippines this is equivalent to from 12 to 16 percent
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification moisture content.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
The process of removing moisture from green wood
2.01 Classification (wood from freshly-cut logs) is called seasoning.
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Seasoning may done by:
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment a. AIR-DRYING in which the lumber is exposed to the air.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. KILN-DRYING in which warm moist air or superheated
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification steam is used to heat the wood and drive out moisture.
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation The ideal condition in seasoning is for the moisture
2.06 Treatment from the interior of the wood to replace the surface
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction moisture which vaporizes. When the moisture from the
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses surface escapes faster than that which travels from the
3.03 Weights of Wood interior to the surface, then there is equal drying in the
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES board and if the difference in moisture content is big,
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard shrinkage and then stress in the wood develops,
4.03 Chipboard causing seasoning checks.
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Seasoned lumber has many advantages over green
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification lumber:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a. It lessens the liability of the wood to be attacked by the
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation fungi causing blueing and decay, and by some wood-
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
boring insects.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working b. Reduction of weight.
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties c. Increased strength.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood d. Minimum shrinkage after the lumber is in place (thus
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard avoids opening up of joints in doors, windows, siding,
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board etc.).
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
e. Reduced checking and warping.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN f. Increased nail-holding power of the wood (nails do not
ARCHITECTURE hold well when driven into green or unseasoned lumber
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics because of its softness).
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, g. Improvement of the wood for the application of paint
FILM AND FOAM and to receive wood preservatives, fire retardants.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.03 SEASONING OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
The advantages of kiln-drying over air-drying are:
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a. Greater reduction in weight.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
b. Control of moisture content to any desired value.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses c. Reduction in drying time.
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES d. Killing of any fungi or insects.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard e. Setting the resins in resinous wood.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board f. Less degrade (Degrade is the loss in quality during
5. MILLWORK seasoning of the lumber through unequal shrinkage
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN which causes checks and loosening of knots,
ARCHITECTURE warping).
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.04 DETERIORATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Decay
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure Molds, stains and decay in
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration wood are caused by fungi.
2.05 Preservation Their growth depends on mild
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD temperatures and dampness.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
Most decay occurs in wood with
3.03 Weights of Wood a moisture content above the
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES fiber saturation point. Usually
4.01 Plywood wood maintained at 20% M.C.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
or less is safe from fungus
4.05 Gypsum Board damage.
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK Wood that under water or continuously dry will not
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
decay. Care should be taken not to use wood where
ARCHITECTURE moisture can collect and remain.
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.04 DETERIORATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Insects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure There are several types of insects that attack wood:
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation • Subterranean termites which live in the ground and
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
build earthen tubes to reach their food – cellulose
3.01 For Construction which includes wood primarily but also paper and
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses pulp products. The channels formed as they eat all
3.03 Weights of Wood the wood substance tends to follow the grain.
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.04 DETERIORATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Insects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure • Subterranean termites
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration In general, a complete barrier must be made
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment between the wood and possible earthen tubes of the
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction termites by:
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood ✓ installing a shield made of metal or special
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
termite-proof materials.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard ✓ Termite proofing the wood used for construction
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board close to earth;
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK ✓ Poisoning the soil adjacent to the building.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN It is good practice to make a periodic check around
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification the building and under it for evidence of termites such
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting as earthen tubes. If signs of termites are noted,
Plastics intermediate destruction of the tubes and poisoning of
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
the surrounding earth is necessary.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.04 DETERIORATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Insects
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure • Non-Subterranean termites
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration The only relatively permanent method of arresting
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment attack is to use lumber that has been given full-
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction length termite proofing with wood preservatives.
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
Attention to structural features and sanitation are
3.03 Weights of Wood also important.
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard • Carpenter Ants and Powder-Pest Beetles
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
use wood for shelter rather than for food, but if they
4.06 Fibercement Board are not found and are left undisturbed they can do
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
extensive damage. They convert wood to powder,
5.01 Mouldings shredded fibers or pellets. Their channels are likely
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
to cut across the grain. The damage to wood by the
6.01 Classification various marine organisms, mollusks and
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting crustaceans in salt water or brackish water is best
Plastics arrested by heavy, thorough treatment with coal-tar
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM creosote or creosote-coal tar solutions.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Wood can be treated to prevent or at least delay
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification destruction by fungi, insects, bacteria, marine organisms,
2.02 Measure and fire.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment Wood preservatives used to forestall attack by decay,
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD fungi, harmful insects and marine borers are divided into
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working two general groups
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties a. Oil-Type Wood Preservatives
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard • Coal-tar creosotes.
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
Black or brownish oil made
4.06 Fibercement Board from distilling coal tar.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
Advantages are: highly toxicity
5.01 Mouldings to wood-destroying
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
organisms; insolubility in
6.01 Classification water; ease of application.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Disadvantages are its strong,
Plastics unpleasant odor, cannot be
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM painted, easily ignited when
8. LAMINATES first applied .
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Oil-Type Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
• Creosotes derived from wood, oil, and water gas.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration Has same advantages as coal-tar creosote but is
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment less effective .
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction • Creosotes solutions
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood a mixture of coal-tar or petroleum oils and 50 to 80%
3.04 Physical Properties by volume of coal-tar creosotes.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard Has same advantages as coal-tar creosotes but is
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard less effective
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Oil-Type Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
• Pentachlorophenol
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration a mixture of petroleum oils and 5% and
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment pentachlorophenol.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Has high protection against decay fungi and
Stresses termites; can be painted; has no unpleasant odor;
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties is less easily ignited than coal-tar creosotes.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Provide less protection against marine borers.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard Pentachlorophenol is also dissolved in oil, leaving a
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board clean brown-colored surface. It was used
4.05 Particle Board extensively for lumber and posts when introduced
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings in the 1930s, but now is specified almost
6. PLASTICS IN exclusively for the treatment of utility poles and
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
cross arms.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Water-borne Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
• Chromated Zinc Chloride.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration Gives protection against decay, insects and fire;
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment can be painted; has no objectionable odor.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Disadvantages are: wood cannot be used in
Stresses contact with the ground or water
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES • Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Water-borne Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification • Ammoniacal Copper Arsenate (ACA)
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration CCA and ACA are dissolved in water for pressure
2.05 Preservation treating, producing a product that is clean and
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD odorless.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
Both preservatives bond with the wood after
3.03 Weights of Wood pressure treating in a chemical process known as
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES fixation, producing treated wood that is highly
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard leach-resistant and safe to use in applications with
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
regular human contact.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board Provides good protection against decay and
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
insects; can painted; has no objectionable odor.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN Wood can be used in contact with the ground but
ARCHITECTURE generally recommended for contact with water.
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Water-borne Wood Preservatives
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
Preservative Applications
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation Creosote Railway ties, mine timbers, poles,
2.06 Treatment foundation piles, marine piles and
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction bulkheads
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses Pentachlorophenol Utility poles, cross arms, bridge timbers
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties and ties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood ACA Piles, utility poles, marine timbers,
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard construction lumber
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board CCA Guide rail posts, utility poles, bridge
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board timbers, piles, structural glued-laminated
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings timbers, landscape timbers, posts,
6. PLASTICS IN boardwalks, permanent wood
ARCHITECTURE foundations and residential construction,
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics decking and fencing
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.05 PRESERVATION OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods The methods of applying preservatives are:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
a. Pressure treatment. Consists in placing the
2.03 Seasoning wood in cylinders into which the preservative is
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation pumped under pressure
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction b. Hot and Cold Bath Method. This consists first in
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses placing the wood in a bath of hot preservative for
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties an hour or more. It is then withdrawn and quickly
4. WOOD COMPOSITES placed in a bath of cold preservative. This is
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard generally used for creosote preservative
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board c. Dipping or immersing the wood in a hot
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
preservative for a short time
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE d. Brushing
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.06 TREATMENT OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods There are two methods of treating wood to increase its
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification fire-resistance:
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a. Covering the wood with a compound or material.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation Such superficial coatings or layers protective materials
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD retard the normal increases in temperature under fire
3.01 For Construction conditions and thereby decrease the rate of flame
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses spread. This in turn lessens the rate of flame penetration
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties and therefore the destruction of wood in contact with fire.
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
Coatings or layers of protective material over the surface
4.03 Chipboard are good only for interior purposes because they are not
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board durable when exposed to the weather. These are water-
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board soluble, fire retardant chemicals generally are trade-
5. MILLWORK marked formulation of ammonium phosphate, borax or
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
sodium silicate combined with other materials to provide
ARCHITECTURE adherence to the wood, brush-ability, appearance and
6.01 Classification color.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics There are also chemicals with low water soluble such as
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, zinc borate, chlorinated paraffin and chlorinated rubber
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES which are used for fire retardant coatings.
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 2. LUMBER
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 2.06 TREATMENT OF LUMBER
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER b. Impregnating the wood with a chemical which the
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure wood itself not support combustion. The chemicals
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
commonly used for impregnation are:
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment - monobasic ammonium phosphate
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction - dibasic ammonium phosphate
3.02 Allowable Working - ammonium sulfate
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood - borax, boric acid and
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES - zinc chloride
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER AND PLYWOOD:
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board
WOLMANIZED Lumber and Plywood
5. MILLWORK Preservative : Wolman salts.
5.01 Mouldings TANALIZED Lumber and Plywood
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
Preservative - Tanalith G Wood Preservative salts.
6.01 Classification PERMANIZED Lumber and Plywood
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Preservative – B-S-25.
Plastics BOLIDEN Lumber and Plywood.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure Wood Composites are those products made from a
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
mixture of wood and other materials. Most wood
2. LUMBER composites are produced in large sheets, usually
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure 1220mm (4’) x 2440mm (8’).
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 4.01 PLYWOOD
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Plywood is the most common
3.02 Allowable Working wood composite. It gets its
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood name from its construction: it is
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES made of several thin plies, or
4.01 Plywood veneers, of wood that have
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard been glued together. Each ply
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board or veneer is glued so that its
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board grain is at right angles to the
5. MILLWORK grain of the previous ply.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE The outside plies are called the face and the back, and
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
the center plies are called the core. The cross-layering
6.03 Thermosetting make plywood very stable and strong.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.01 PLYWOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
Coatings or layers of
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
protective material over
2.04 Deterioration the surface are good
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment only for interior purposes
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD because they are not
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working durable when exposed to
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood the weather.
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard These are water-soluble, fire retardant chemicals
4.03 Chipboard generally are trade-marked formulation of ammonium
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
phosphate, borax or sodium silicate combined with
4.05 Particle Board other materials to provide adherence to the wood,
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
brush-ability, appearance and color.
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE There are also chemicals with low water soluble such
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics as zinc borate, chlorinated paraffin and chlorinated
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
rubber which are used for fire retardant coatings.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.01 PLYWOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods a. Standard Sizes of Plywood:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Plywood is commonly available in:
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 3’ x 6’ (900mm x 1800mm) and
2.06 Treatment 4’ x 8’ (1220mm x 2440mm)
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working Standard thicknesses are:
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood 3/16” (4.5mm) for double wall partitions and ceilings
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES ¼” (6.0mm) for double wall partitions
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
3/8” (10.0mm) for drawers and shelves
4.03 Chipboard ½” (12.0mm) for drawers and shelves
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board ¾” (19.0mm) for drawers, shelves, cabinet and
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board closet doors
5. MILLWORK 1” (25.0mm) for cabinet and closet doors, and sub-
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
floors
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.01 PLYWOOD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods b. Advantages of Plywood:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning • the approximate equalization of strength properties
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation along its length and width;
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction • greater resistance to checking and splitting; and
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
• less change in dimension due to moisture content
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard c. Types of Plywood:
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board • Ordinary Plywood
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board • Form Plywood
5. MILLWORK • Marine Plywood – waterproofed
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
• Fancy Plywood:
ARCHITECTURE ✓ Narra bookmatched ✓ Dao bookmatched
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics ✓ Kalantas Rotary cut ✓ Rosewood
6.03 Thermosetting ✓ Tanguile Ribbon-grained ✓Tanguile
Plastics
✓ Lauan Rotary cut
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.02 HARDBOARD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods This is a paneling material
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification made by reducing and
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning refining wood chips into
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation small, threadlike fibers, and
2.06 Treatment then pressing them under
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction heat in hydraulic pressure
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses into dense, smooth, and
3.03 Weights of Wood very rigid panels.
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood In the production process the pulp is exploded under
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard pressure. Heat and steam is applies to leave a fine, fluffy
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board brown fibers. These fibers are transformed into mats,
4.06 Fibercement Board which are held together with lignum and other glues. The
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK mats are than pressed between steam-heated metal
5.01 Mouldings plates to give grainless sheets with one smooth, glossy
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE surface and one textured surface. To prevent warping,
6.01 Classification moisture is added in a humidification chamber.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.02 HARDBOARD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Hardboards are a cheaper option than plywood
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification where strength is not required.
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation Hardboard has a smooth surface on one side and a
2.06 Treatment screened surface on the other. It is sometimes
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction known as Masonite, after the man who invented it.
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood There are three types of hard board:
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood a. Standard hardboard
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard is light brown in color and has a fairly hard, smooth
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
surface on one side and a screened impression on
4.05 Particle Board the other. It is flexible and easy to bend. It is suitable
5. MILLWORK for interior use only and where it is not subject to
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN moisture.
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification b. Panel hardboard
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
is somewhat denser than the Standard but not as
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, dense as Tempered.
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.02 HARDBOARD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods c. Tempered hard board
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification is the densest type, made by impregnating standard
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning board with tempering compound of oils and resins and
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation baking it polymerize the tempering materials. It is dark
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD brown in color, brittle and stiff, with improved machining
3.01 For Construction qualities and greater resistance to moisture and water
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses penetration, making it ideal for exterior use
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Hardboard is usually in panel size of 4’x8’ (1220mm x
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard 2440mm) with thicknesses of 3mm 1/8” (), 3/16” (4.5mm)
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board or ¼” (6mm), and is obtainable either with a plain,
4.06 Fibercement Board textured, or perforated surface.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings Brand names of Hardboard:
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE LAWANIT standard and tempered boards
6.01 Classification LAWANEX panel boards
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting MASONITE standard, panel and tempered hard board
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.03 CHIPBOARD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods Chipboard is made by bonding together wood particles
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification with an adhesive under heat and pressure to form a
2.02 Measure rigid board with a relatively smooth surface, often
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration faced with veneer. It is made by binding phenolic resin
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment or urea formaldehyde glue.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Board
4.05 Particle Board Chipboard is available in a number of densities;
5. MILLWORK normal, medium and high-density.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN - Normal density is fairly soft and 'flaky‘
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics - High-density is very solid and hard (often used for
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics worktops and fire doors)
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM - Medium density is somewhere in between
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.04 FIBERBOARDS and MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER Fiberboards are finishing materials made from
2.01 Classification vegetable fibers such as corn or sugarcane stalks
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning pressed into sheets. It is not very strong, but has
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation good insulating properties therefore it is usually used
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD for ceiling only.
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
It is generally 4’x8’ (1220mm x 2440mm) panel size, in
3.04 Physical Properties thicknesses of 3/16” (4.5mm) or ¼” (6mm), ½” (12mm)
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood and ¾ “ (19 mm).
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard Acoustic fiber board is manufactured from wood, straw,
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd bagasse pulp pressed into boards with or without holes or
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
slots. Thicknesses of acoustic fiber board vary from ½ “
5.01 Mouldings to 2” (12 to 50mm) in ½” (12mm) increments.
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification Brand names of Fiberboard:
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting CELOTEX, CANEX, HOMASOTE, PHILTEX, BONOTEX
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.04 FIBERBOARDS and MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods MDF is a type of hardboard
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification which is made from wood
2.02 Measure fibers glued under heat and
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration pressure. MDF has many
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment qualities that make it an ideal
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD alternative to plywood or
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working chipboard.
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
It is dense, flat, stiff, has no
4.01 Plywood knots and is easily machined.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard Its fine particles provide a
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board material without a recognizable
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board "grain".
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN Unlike plywood, MDF contains no internal voids, and will
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification produce better edges providing that it is correctly
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting machined.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.05 GYPSUM BOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods This is a non-combustible
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification building board with a gypsum
2.02 Measure core enclosed in tough,
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration smooth paper. It is designed to
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment be used without addition of
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD plaster for walls, ceilings or
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working partitions. It is extensively used
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood in “dry-wall” construction,
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
where plaster is eliminated
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard Brand Names:
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard BORAL
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd ELEPHANT
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE Square Edge (S.E.) Tapered Edge (T.E.)
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics for coverstrip jointing; for smooth seamless
6.03 Thermosetting visible butt - jointed
Plastics jointing; jointless wall
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
panelling with clamp fixing and ceiling panelling
FILM AND FOAM and free suspension.
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.05 GYPSUM BOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods The types of Gypsum Board are:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure a. Wall Board
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration This type is used for surface layer on interior walls and
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment ceilings. The regular wallboard comes with grey liner
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction paper backing and special paper finish on the facing
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
and edges suitable for decoration. The foil-backed
3.03 Weights of Wood gypsum board has aluminum foil bonded to the liner
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES paper to serve as vapor barrier and thermal insulation.
4.01 Plywood Predecorated gypsum board comes with a decorative
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
vinyl or paper sheet on its face.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board b. Backing Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings This is used as base layer in multi-ply construction,
6. PLASTICS IN where several layers of gypsum boards are desired for
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification high fire resistance, sound control and strength in walls.
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.05 GYPSUM BOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods c. Core Board
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification To save space, this type is used as a base in a multi-ply
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning construction of self-supporting (studless) gypsum walls.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation It comes in 1” (25mm) thickness or 2- factory-laminated,
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD ½ “ thick layers of backing board .
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
d. Type X Gypsum Board
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES For use in fire-rated assemblies, this may be wallboard,
4.01 Plywood backing board, or coreboard made more fire-resistant
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
by addition of glass-fiber or other reinforcing materials
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board e. Water-Resistant Backing Gypsum Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings This type comes with water-resistant gypsum core and
6. PLASTICS IN water-repellant face paper. It maybe used as base for
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification walls of bathrooms, showers, and other areas exposed
6.02 Thermoplastics to wetting.
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.05 GYPSUM BOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER f. Gypsum Sheathing
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure This type is used as fire protection and bracing of
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
exterior frame walls. It must be protected from the
2.06 Treatment weather by an exterior facing.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working g. Gypsum Formboard
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties This type is used as a permanent form in the casting of
4. WOOD COMPOSITES gypsum concrete roof decks.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.06 FIBERCEMENT BOARDS
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER Fiber-reinforced cement board is comprised of 72%
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure Portland Cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
derived from recycled materials, and 8% calcium
2.05 Preservation carbonate.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 4. WOOD COMPOSITES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure 4.07 PARTICLE BOARD
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER Particleboard is made of small wood chips and base
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure materials including cotton stalk, rice straw, bagasse,
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
conventional wood chips and sawdust that have been
2.05 Preservation pressed and glued together.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 5. MILLWORK
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure Millwork consists of finished lumber which is further cut
1.03 Properties
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
and processed at a lumber mill. Millwork includes doors,
2. LUMBER windows, mouldings, trim and other ornamental forms of
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure wood.
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation 5.01 TYPES OF WOOD MOULDINGS
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Types of wood mouldings are:
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses a. crown
3.03 Weights of Wood b. bed
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES c. cove
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard d. quarter-round
4.03 Chipboard e. half-round
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
f. nose and cove
4.05 Particle Board g. stop
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
h. astragal
6. PLASTICS IN i. Screen moulding
ARCHITECTURE jj. panel strip
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics k. picture moulding
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 5. MILLWORK
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 5.01 TYPES OF WOOD MOULDINGS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties The term PLASTICS is essentially a commercial
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods classification to which no strict scientific definition can be
2. LUMBER applied. It is used to describe a product of synthetic origin
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
which is capable of being shaped at some stage of its
2.04 Deterioration manufacture, but is not rubber, wood, leather or metal.
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
It is made from a number of common substances such as
3.02 Allowable Working coal, salt, natural gas, cotton, wood and water, from
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood which relatively simple chemicals known as monomers
3.04 Physical Properties are built up into chainlike molecules of high molecular
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood weight called polymers.
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board These polymers have low extensibility, can be molded,
4.06 Fibercement Brd extruded, cut or worked into a variety of shapes and
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK objects, rigid or non-rigid, relatively light, which are
5.01 Mouldings formed by condensation polymerization and by vinyl
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE polymerization.
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting Plastics can be hard, soft, clear, opaque, light, heavy,
Plastics heat resistant or easily softened by hot water.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.01 CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods In a broad sense, there are three (3) types of Plastics:
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
- Cellulose plastics
2.03 Seasoning - Synthetic resin plastics
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation - Plastics derived from proteins and natural
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
resins
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working Synthetic resin plastics are subdivided into two (2) classes:
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood a. Thermoplastics
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES soften when heated and harden when cooled
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard regardless of the number of times the process is
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard repeated. They have a molecular structure which is
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd essentially linear or threadlike in form.
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK b. Thermosetting plastics
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN Thermosetting plastics, sometimes called thermocuring
ARCHITECTURE plastics, set into shape permanently when heat and
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics pressure are applied during the forming stage. They
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics have a molecular structure in a 3-dimensional
7. PLASTIC SHEETS, arrangement
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. ACRYLIC
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning Popular brands are “LUCITE” and “PLEXIGLASS”, this
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation material combines the transparency of glass (but not
2.06 Treatment scratch-proof quality) with plastics’ shatterproof quality.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction Used principally for skylights, skydomes, safety glass,
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
paints, adhesives, finish hardware lighting fixtures
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM PLEXIGLASS
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER b. CELLULOSICS
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
primarily cellulose acetate or butyrate, used principally
2.05 Preservation for paints and lacquers, and transparent sheeting.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses c. POLYETHYLNE (PE)
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES - Ziegler PE is a hard, strong,
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard tough and rigid thermoplastic for
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard household and industrial
4.05 Gypsum Board applications.
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings - ICI PE developed by Imperial Chemical Industries
6. PLASTICS IN of Britain is a high-pressure, low-density PE that is
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification flexible, tough and slightly resilient thermoplastic used
6.02 Thermoplastics in construction as pond or lagoon lining, and water-
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics vapor barriers and dampproofing.
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER d. POLYSTYRENE
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning In spite of its sensitivity to solvent action, its is one of
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation most important thermoplastics because of its excellent
2.06 Treatment transparency and rigidity and its easy moldability. It is
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction non-water absorbent, it is found in colorful, but brittle
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
wall tiles. It is one of several plastics used in lighting
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
fixture diffusers. In foam form, it has become an
4. WOOD COMPOSITES important thermal insulator. Also found in paint for
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard concrete.
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER e. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning is a largely amorphous, rigid, tough, solvent-resistant,
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation flame-resistant thermoplastic. Used for resilient floor
2.06 Treatment tile, films, pipes, and for paint lacquers, adhesives and
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction safety glass.
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER f. POLYCARBONATES
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning a family of linear polyesters, is a white, substantially
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation amorphous, very tough and strong material with good
2.06 Treatment heat resistance up to 150 deg C and excellent
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction dimensional stability. It is injection-molded to produce
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
plates, rods, gears, and other shaped parts that
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
advantageously replace die-cast metal parts. Used for
4. WOOD COMPOSITES skylights.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER g. POLYPROPYLENE
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning tough plastic with good resistance to heat and chemical
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation action.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER h. NYLONS
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning The term nylon refers to a family of polymers called
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation linear polyamides. It is desired for the following
2.06 Treatment properties: exceptionally strong, elastic, abrasion
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction resistant, easy to wash, resistant to damage from oil
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
and many chemicals, can be precolored or dyed in
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
wide range of colors, and resilient .
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER i. FLUOROPLASTICS
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning are a class of paraffinic polymers that have some or all
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation of the hydrogen replaced by fluorine. The fluoroplastic
2.06 Treatment group is characterized by excellent chemical
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction resistance, excellent heat resistance, good electrical
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
properties, and excellent wear resistance. However,
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
despite these attributes, perhaps the most desired
4. WOOD COMPOSITES characteristic of this group of plastics is their ability to
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard resist abrasion .
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.02 EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER j. ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning is a styrenic resin with improved toughness and heat
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation resistance. ABS exhibits high gloss, low shrinkage, and
2.06 Treatment good dimensional stability, is widely used in injection
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction molding of appliances, furniture, and automotive parts.
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
ABS also has high melt strength suitable for the
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
production of extruded sheet, some of considerable
4. WOOD COMPOSITES size and thickness. Applications include panels for
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard large appliances and thermoformed items such as hot
4.03 Chipboard tubs and recreational vehicle parts .
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.03 EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER a. MELAMINE and UREA
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning hard, durable and dimensionally stable, these similar
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation plastics are resistant to chemicals, electric potential,
2.06 Treatment and heat. Melamine is well known for its use in molded
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction dishes, while urea is useful for incandescent light
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
diffusion and for baked enamels .
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.03 EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER b. EPOXY
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning used in buildings for its remarkable adhesive qualities.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation It may also be used for special paints that are
2.06 Treatment chemically resistant and for special caulking
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction compounds.
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.03 EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER c. ALKYDS
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning appear chiefly as molded electrical parts, and as the
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation vehicle in paints, lacquers, and enamels .
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
d. PHENOLICS
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN used for paints, baked enamels, adhesives,
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification impregnating resins for paper and wood, and finish
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting hardware.
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.03 EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER e. POLYESTER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration
the plastic most commonly
2.05 Preservation used in large glass-fiber
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD reinforced translucent
3.01 For Construction panels that are strong,
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses rigid, and impact-resistant.
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties Also used for impregnating
4. WOOD COMPOSITES paper and wood, as
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard laminating material, and for
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard contact adhesive.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 6. PLASTICS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties 6.03 EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
f. URETHANES
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning used in paint coatings, and as foams, are self-adhesive.
2.04 Deterioration
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK g. SILICONES
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN used for clear, water-
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
repellant paints for
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
concrete and masonry
Plastics surfaces above grade .
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 7. PLASTICS SHEETS, FILM AND FOAM
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties a. SHEETS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
Usually made of acrylate, polyester, or polystyrene
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning
plastics, either plain or reinforced with glass-fiber, are
2.04 Deterioration available in flat or corrugated sheets and various
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment deformed shapes.
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working Thicknesses vary from 1.5mm to 2.38mm (1/16 to 3/32
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood inches).
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Plastic sheets can be used to replace glass in any type
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard of windows or doors, skylights, shower enclosures, or in
4.04 Fiberboard any area where a translucent, transparent or opaque
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
material in a wide variety of colors are needed in the
5. MILLWORK interior.
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
As corrugated sheet, plastics make good roofing
6.01 Classification material and other similar uses as sheet plastic .
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 7. PLASTICS SHEETS, FILM AND FOAM
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties b. FILM SHEETS
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification As water barrier or dampproofing material, it is
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning generally made of polyethylene and polyvinyl and
2.04 Deterioration come in thicknesses ranging from 1 to 10 mils
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment (0.001 to 0.01 inch) and in rolls of 50’ length and 3’
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction to 40’ width.
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood For building construction, 2, 4 and 6 mils are most
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES commonly used.
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
Over tamped earth or sand fill, use 4 mil.
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board Over gravel and stone, use 6 mil.
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
Use the widest width possible and lap 6” (150mm)
ARCHITECTURE where necessary .
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 7. PLASTICS SHEETS, FILM AND FOAM
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties c. FOAM
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification Used as flotation material, thermal insulators, and
2.02 Measure
2.03 Seasoning shock-resistant mountings. Offers possibilities for
2.04 Deterioration lightweight materials of high strength .
2.05 Preservation
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
3.03 Weights of Wood
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood
4.02 Hardboard
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
1. WOOD IN
ARCHITECTURE 8. LAMINATES
1.01 Classification
1.02 Structure
1.03 Properties Lamination is the process applied to paper or fabric
1.04 Defects
1.05 Sawing Methods impregnated with thermosetting resins.
2. LUMBER
2.01 Classification
2.02 Measure Cotton cloth and paper are used as filler materials,
2.03 Seasoning
2.04 Deterioration usually in sheet forms, that are bonded together by
2.05 Preservation heat and pressure to form an integral body.
2.06 Treatment
3. PHILIPPINE WOOD
3.01 For Construction The thickness of the laminate is determined by the
3.02 Allowable Working
Stresses
number of sheets placed between the two steel pans
3.03 Weights of Wood or platens of the press used in the process.
3.04 Physical Properties
4. WOOD COMPOSITES
4.01 Plywood Decorative laminates of various wood-grain, marble,
4.02 Hardboard and colored patterns are extensively used for
4.03 Chipboard
4.04 Fiberboard tabletops and wall facings .
4.05 Gypsum Board
4.06 Fibercement Brd
4.05 Particle Board
5. MILLWORK
5.01 Mouldings
6. PLASTICS IN
ARCHITECTURE
6.01 Classification
6.02 Thermoplastics
6.03 Thermosetting
Plastics
7. PLASTIC SHEETS,
FILM AND FOAM
8. LAMINATES
WOOD SPECIES

PHILIPPINE
ROSEWOOD
Scientific Name : Petersianthus Quadrialatus
Weight : About 650 Kgs/m3
Color : Very Dark With Lighter Flames Naturally Occurring
Description : Philippine Rosewood is a very beautiful dark and
flamy wood. Used for local boat making due to it's
strength and durability, and for interiors and flooring.
WOOD SPECIES

TEAK
Scientific Name :Tectona Grandis
Weight :Abt 600kgs./ m3
Color :Brown
Description :Teak is one of the world's best timbers. Used in furniture,
decking, and various kitchen accessories. Especially
well suited for outdoor use.
WOOD SPECIES

PHILIPPINE MAHOGANY
Scientific Name : Shorea Negrosensis
Weight : Abt 500kgs/m3
Description : Also known as Lauan. the Philippine Mahogany is
considered the very best in Asia. - The types growing in
LUZON are generally harder and darker, while
MINDANAO origin is a lighter and milder type..
WOOD SPECIES

YAKAL
Scientific Name : Shorea Laevis
Weight : Abt 700 Kgs/m3
Color : Yellow To Golden Red
Description : Yakal is a hard and golden Mahogany type which is
used for high-grade construction, bridges and wharves,
mine timber, and other installations requiring high
strength and durability.
WOOD SPECIES

ALMON - RED MAHOGANY

Scientific Name : Shorea Almon
Weight : 450-500kgs/m3
Color : Uniform Light Red
Description :Almon grows in the southern island of Mindanao. It is
uniform in colour and weight, and is mild and easy to
work.
WOOD SPECIES

BRAGAS – SOUTHERN MAHOGANY

Scientific Name :Eucalyptus Deglupta
Weight :400-600kgs At 15%
Color :Reddish / Brown
Description :Also known as Mindanao Gum or Rainbow Eucalyptus.
Both natural and planation growth. - Furniture and
cabinet making.
WOOD SPECIES

BAGTICAN – WHITE LAUAN

Scientific Name : Shorea And Parashorea
Weight :Abt 400-600kgs/m3
Color :Pale To Light Red
Description :Light red or white Lauan and Bagtikan species are
widespread in the Philippines, but vary in weight from
north to south. - Often used for joinery.
WOOD SPECIES

IGEM
Scientific Name : Podocarpus Imbricatus
Weight : 450-600kgs
Color : Light Yellow To White
Description :Igem is mainly used as a Ramin replacement for
mouldings and frames.
WOOD SPECIES

ACACIA
Scientific Name : Acacia Auriculaeformi, Racosperma Aurculiforme
Weight : Abt. 4-500kgs/m3
Color : Dark Brown, With Very Distinct Sap Wood (yellow)
Description : The Acasia grows wild everywhere in the Philippines,
and is often used for local handicrafts, and especially
suited for turning into bowls and plates.
WOOD SPECIES

NARRA
Scientific Name : Pterocarpus Indicus
Weight : Abt 600 Kgs/m3
Color :Deep Orange Golden To Darker Red Tones
Description :Narra is considered the most valuable wood in the
Philippines, and is therefore very restricted. Special
permits are required for export of finished products. -
Most often used for furniture, flooring, and panels.
WOOD SPECIES

PILI
Scientific Name :Canarium Luzonicum
Weight : Abt 500kgs/m3
Color : Whitish, Light Brown
Description :Fruit tree with a nut fruit, also sometimes called olive.
Found mainly in the Philippines. Common in primary
forests and low and medium altitudes.
WOOD SPECIES

COCONUT WOOD
Scientific Name : Cocos Nucifera
Weight : Abt 600kgs/m3
Color :Brown
Description : Coconut is very widespread all over the Philippines,
and it used extensively in the local construction industry.
- It is a very hard wood which is excellent for turning into
small bowls, jewelry accessories, but also used for
cutting boards, flooring and much more
WOOD SPECIES

OAK WOOD
Scientific Name : Quercus Rob.
Weight :About 600kgs/m3
Color : Pale/light
Description :Our Oak primarily comes from Northern Europe and is
lighter in colour, and more dense than it's North
American equivalent. Lead time for production in Oak will
most often be about 6 months, until produciton is stable, after
which 3 months production time is normal.
WOOD SPECIES

BEECH WOOD
Scientific Name :Fagus Grandifolia
Color :Pale White.
Description :Mostly closed, straight grain; fine, uniform texture. Our
Beech comes from Northern and Central Europe.
WOOD SPECIES

CHERRY
Scientific Name :Prunus, Serotina
Color :Golden Light Brown
Description :North American Cherry is one of Americas favorite
cabinet and furniture woods, prized for its rich reddish
color and fine graining.
WOOD SPECIES

MAPLE
Scientific Name :Acer Saccharum
Color :Creamy White To Light Reddish Brown
Description :American white Maple is widely used for furniture, and
is often used for very pale products with a soft sanded
surface.
WOOD SPECIES

MOUNTAIN PINE
Scientific Name : Pinus
Weight : Abt 350-400kgs/m3
Color :Light Reddish
Description :Pine is grown above 1000 meters in the Philippines. - It is
relatively fast grown, but we are able to offer most of
our products free of knots.
DIVISION 07:
THERMAL AND MOISTURE
PROTECTION
 Moisture Protection

 Most building materials are

subject to some degradation by
exposure to moisture. Building
systems must be designed to
resist the transfer of moisture to
the inside of the structure.
 Moisture comes in several forms
Moisture comes in several forms

 Liquid
 Vapor
 Ice
WATERPROOFING/
DAMPPROOFING
 Waterproofing

 Waterproofing is the application

of a material to prevent the
transfer of moisture in liquid
form to the inside of a structure
in the presence of hydrostatic
pressure.
 Dampproofing

 Dampproofing is the application

of a material to reduce the
likelihood of moisture transfer to
the inside of a structure.
 Dampproofing assumes no
hydrostatic pressure is “pushing”
the moisture toward the building.
 1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

A mortar or concrete is considered impermeable when it

does not permit passage or flow of water through its
pores or voids.

The absorption of a mortar or concrete is the property

of drawing in or engrossing water into its pores or
voids by capillary action or otherwise.

If the pores or voids between particles are sufficiently

large and connected from surface to surface of the wall,
the concrete will be permeable to water.

If the pores or voids are very minute, but connect with

one another, theoretically they may act as capillary tubes,
but the capillary forces will tend to hold the water and
prevent the passage of water.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

The various methods of waterproofing concrete may be

classified as follows :

a. Impermeability through a Dense Concrete

Accurate grading and proportioning of the concrete
materials in order to secure a concrete so dense as to
be waterproof.

b. Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

Applying waterproof coatings or washes to the
concrete after it is in place.

c. Integral Waterproofing Compounds

Mixing foreign substances with the concrete.

d. Membrane Waterproofing
Surrounding the concrete with layers of waterproofing
materials.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

a. Impermeability through a Dense Concrete

Portland cement mortar and concrete can be made
practically waterproof or impermeable without the
use of any integral waterproofing materials; but in
order to obtain such impermeable concrete or
mortar considerable care should be exercised in
selecting good materials :
• Well-graded sands containing considerable
graded fine material are preferable for making
impermeable concrete, or fine material in the
form of hydrated lime, finely ground clay, or an
additional quantity of cement will be of value.
• The consistency of the concrete mixture should
be wet enough so that it can be puddled, mixture
should be well spaded against the forms to avoid
the formation of pockets on the surface.
• Care should be taken not to over trowel which
may cause erasing the coating will be effective.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

Permeable concrete results from :

• Defective workmanship, resulting from improper

proportioning, lack of thorough mixing, separation
of the coarse aggregate from fine aggregate in
transporting and placing the mixed concrete, lack
of density through insufficient tamping or spading,
improper bonding of work joints .

• The use of imperfectly sized and graded

aggregates.

• The use of excessive water, causing shrinkage

cracks and formation of laitance-seams .

• The lack of proper provision to take care of

expansion and contraction, causing subsequent
cracking .
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

b. Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

The materials employed as surface coatings may be

classified as follows :
 Alum and soap mixtures applied in alternate
mixtures (known as the Sylvester process),
which penetrates the pores of the concrete
forming insoluble compounds due to chemical
action between the alum and soap solutions,
and these compounds prevent percolation.

- use in proportions of ¾ gal. of soap to 1 gal. of

water, and 2oz. of alum to 1 gal. of water, both
substances to be perfectly dissolved in water
before using.

- should be applied with a soft, flat brush (one

for each solution), the soap boiling hot and the
alum solution at 60 to 70F.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

b. Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

 Alum, lye and cement washes .

 Cement grout, with or without the addition of

water-repellants.

 Paraffin and other

mineral bases, applied
cold in solution or
prepared in melted.

 Miscellaneous
materials of unknown
composition sold under
various trade names.
What's the Difference: Epoxy vs.
cement grout
 Portland-cement grout is cheap and easy to work with
Sold as a dry mixture, cement-based grout is suitable for most
applications. It’s readily available in a variety of colors and is
more forgiving to work with than epoxy grout. Unlike epoxy
grout, its residue can be buffed off tile the day after it’s applied.
However, epoxy-grout ingredients are packaged to ensure
accurate mixing. Cement grout can be mixed incorrectly if too
much or too little water is added, possibly weakening the grout
while also causing color to fade or to be inconsistent. Also,
cement-grouted joints require grout sealer, but epoxy-grouted
joints don’t.
Epoxy grout is expensive but more durable
Epoxy grout has several appealing qualities, including its strength, its stain-
and chemical-resistance, and its availability in a broad range of colors. These
qualities make it the best choice for heavily trafficked locations or in areas
that often come in contact with powerful cleaning agents.
Epoxy grout is applied the same way as cement grout. It’s spread over tile
with a float and packed into the grout joints. Excess grout is then removed.
Although this technique is the same for both types of grout, the stress level is
much higher when working with epoxy. This is because epoxy has a shorter
working time than cement, especially in warmer temperatures. Also, hardened
epoxy is hard to remove, so it’s crucial to remove residue completely. Any
epoxy left on the tile surface for an extended length of time will likely become
a permanent feature.
Another epoxy-grout shortcoming is the possibility of its color darkening or
yellowing under exposure to the sun, although that is less likely to occur with
new epoxy-grout formulas.

18
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

b. Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

 Specially prepared bituminous products, e.g.,
“FLINT-KOTE”, “JOHN-MANSVILLE”, etc
 Asphalt emulsions - Generally called Asphalt
Base Clay Emulsions, minute asphalt particles
dispersed in water and maintained in suspension
(until applied) by a mineral colloid emulsifying
agent. When the water vehicle evaporates,
resilient reinforced weatherproof film remains
which resist the passage of free water but allows
movement of water vapor through the film and are
classed as breathing films.
 Cutback Asphalts - composed of a variety of
products from thin liquids to heavy paste, often
one or more asphalts dissolved in solvent are
filled with minerals and fibers to meet
requirements of different coating uses and
provide tough, durable films resistant to the
passage of water vapor.
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

c. Integral Waterproofing Compounds

These are manufactured and sold under various

trade names, and are available in powder or liquid
form, e.g.:

“SAHARA”
“POZOLITH”
“AQUELLA”
Truscon “ZILICON”
“ANTI-HYDRO”
The addition of the integral waterproofing
compounds will not, however, compensate for lean
mixtures, nor for poor materials, nor for poor
workmanship in the fabrication of concrete
1. WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01 WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

d. Membrane Waterproofing

Layers of waterproofing materials used in this

method range from ordinary tar paper laid with
coal-tar pitch to asbestos or asphalted felt laid in
asphalt.
 Thermal Protection

• Critical for building to provide comfortable

spaces for occupants.

• Owners and designers must also consider the

overall impact of their designs on the
environment and how a building consumes
energy.
2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

a. Sheet Metal Roofing

• Galvanized Iron Roofing – various corrugations

and rib sections.
• Aluminum Roofing – various corrugation and
rib sections

b. Plastic Roofing
• Plastic – various corrugation and rib sections
• Polycarbonate – corrugated and flat sheets

c. Tile Roofing
• Clay
• Concrete

d. Shingles
• Wood
• Tar
 A. SHEET METAL ROOFING

Metal (steel, aluminum, tile and copper): Metal roofs are some of the
coolest roofs around, both in temperature and style for new homes. Metal
roofs are available in copper, aluminum, and stainless steel, and often
have a high percentage of recycled content. They offer high insulation
solar reflectance, and durability, often lasting twice as long as wood or
asphalt. Metal shingles typically simulate traditional roof coverings, such
as wood shakes, shingles, slate and tile. Aside from its longevity, metal
shingles are much lighter than most materials and very resistance to
adverse weather.

House Style: Bungalow, ranch, contemporary, cottage

Life Span: At least 50 years
Green Factor: Very green because they are highly
energy-efficient and environmentally friendly
2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

a. Sheet Metal Roofing

• Galvanized Iron Roofing

 Corrugated galvanized iron sheets are

manufactured in lengths of 5 to 12 ft. in 1 ft.
increments, the 8 ft length being the most
commonly used.
 Width of sheets is 32”. Each sheet has 10
corrugations with a pitch of 3”.
 For roofing, Ga. 26 is generally specified, Ga.
24 is preferred.
 Galvanized iron sheets are also sometimes
used as siding for industrial buildings. When
used as siding, courses shall be lapped at
least 6”.
2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

a. Sheet Metal Roofing

• Aluminum Roofing
 Corrugated aluminum is rigidized sheet
fabricated of special aluminum alloys
specifically developed for this purpose.
 Has a high insulating value and is about one-
sixth lighter than similar materials.
 Is silvery in color, strong and does not stain
adjoining materials.
 It reacts, however, with dissimilar materials,
lead-base paints green or damp wood, certain
wood preservatives, lime mortar, concrete, and
other masonry materials and must be insulated
from contact with these materials .
 Width of sheets are 32-5/8”, 32”, 31-1/2”, 31-
1/8”, and 30-5/8”; lengths are from 6 to 12 ft. in
1 ft. increments. Number of corrugations for 32”
sheets and wider is 12; sheets of narrower
width have 10 corrugations.
 Standing Seam Metal

Standing seam is one of the most popular metal roofing systems because of
its beauty, durability, longevity, simplicity, versatility, and bold looks.
Homeowners considering installing standing seam on their property, often
do so because they like the modern style of raised seams giving their home
that bold, contemporary look and feel, along with unmatched durability,
longevity, and energy efficiency.

Residential standing seam panels are generally 12 to 19 inches wide. They

are typically made out of painted galvanized steel/G-90 Steel (zinc-coated
steel), galvalume steel (zinc and aluminum alloy coated steel) offers better
protection from corrosion than galvanized steel), or pre-painted aluminum.
Two Types of Standing Seam:

A field-locked (mechanically locked) standing seam requires

special crimping tools to crimp down/lock the seams during
the installation.

A snap lock standing seam system is a bit pricier, but the

seams can be locked by a simple snapping of the panels
together.
 METAL TILE SHEETS
Steel tile is an elegant and durable roof covering suitable for all
types of steep roofs. Combining traditional and modern solutions
it is used for raising houses, outbuildings, sacral buildings and for
renovation of old roofs.
Steel tile is profiled out of sheets coated with zinc on both sides
and covered with several layers of varnish, which guarantees
longevity. It is one of the lightest roof materials, which is a big
advantage, as it does not require the use of heavy roof truss
structure. The weight of materials is very significant in the case of
old roof renovation, because after changing the tiles to light steel
tiles the roof structure does not need strengthening. One square
meter of steel tile roofing weighs about 4,7 kg, which makes it
almost 10 times lighter than traditional ceramic tiles.
Steel Tile is unique in providing full-length custom-cut
panels up to 30 feet in length. There are several
advantages to using a Steel Tile metal roofing system,
including minimal on-site preparation, faster installation
per square foot, resulting in time and cost savings. Fewer
horizontal seams reduce the possibility of leaks unlike
smaller multi paneled clip-on roofing systems. Steel Tile
metal roofing panels weigh less than half the weight of
traditional shingles per sq.ft and in many cases the panels
can be applied directly over the old shingles, saving
removal and dumping fees.
METAL TILE SHEETS
STAINLESS STEEL ROOF
 COPPER ROOFS

Copper roofs offer corrosion resistance, durability, long life, low

maintenance, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, and
sustainability benefits. Copper roofs are often one of the most architecturally
distinguishable features of prominent buildings, including churches,
government buildings, and universities.] Today, copper is used in roofing
systems, flashings and copings, rain gutters and downspouts, domes, spires,
vaults, and various other architectural design elements. At the Lyle Center
for Regenerative Studies copper is used for regenerative principles of
sustainable design: if the building were to be dismantled the copper could be
reused because of its high value in recycling and its variety of potential uses.
A vented copper roof assembly at Oak Ridge National Laboratories(U.S.)
substantially reduced heat gain versus stone-coated steel shingle (SR246E90)
or asphalt shingle (SR093E89), resulting in lower energy costs.[
2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

b. Plastic Roofing
• Corrugated or Ribbed Roofing

 Corrugated sheets are manufactured in in

same widths and lengths as Metal Sheet
Roofing.
 Metal reinforced plastic roofing is available.
 Ideally used in sites of high salinity levels.

• Sheet Roofing

 Polycarbonate Sheets.
 Ideally used in greenhouses, patios, outdoor
sheds, and skylights.
 2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

c. Tile Roofing

• Clay Tiles

• Concrete Tiles
2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

c. Tile Roofing
• Clay Tiles
 CLAY & CONCRETE TILES

Clay & Concrete Tiles: Clay tiles are very heavy, requiring additional roof
framing, but they are non-combustible and extremely durable. Clay roofing
tiles can come in lighter colors, which adhere to the cool roof standards and
can reflect well over 50% of the sun's solar energy. Concrete roofing tiles
offer elegant, enduring aesthetics for your home's design and added value.
Concrete tiles are very versatile and provide greater protection to the
homeowner. These flexible tiles come in so many different hues, shapes,
textures and styles that they don't even look like tiles at all. Shingle, shake
and slate are just some of the varieties of tile.

House Style: Mediterranean, European, Mission and some

contemporary or ranch-style homes
Green Factor: If a local source is available, clay tiles are
definitely one of the greenest roofing choices. Concrete is highly
energy-efficient and can be made from a sustainable mixture
2. PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01 TYPES OF ROOFING

d. Shingles
• Wood Shingles
• Tar/Asphalt Shingles
 WOOD SHINGLES AND SHAKES

Wood shingles and shakes: Wood shingles and shakes can be

purchased in cedar, redwood, southern pine and other woods, cedar
being the most costly. Wood shingles are cut by machine, while
wood shakes are handmade and have a rougher look. Since most
wood shingles and shakes only have Class C fire ratings or no
ratings at all, be sure to check your local building codes before
deciding on this type of roofing. You can purchase Class A wood
shingles with fire-resistant treatment for an additional cost.

House Style: Ranch, cottage, bungalows, cottage, historic and

contemporary
Green Factor: A natural product, but very high maintenance, poor
fire rating and they tend to rot, split and mold.
 ASPHALT SHINGLES

Asphalt shingles: Over 75% of American roofs have asphalt shingles due to low
cost, ease of installation, and resiliency. Unfortunately, asphalt shingles have a
low insulative value and a shorter lifespan than many other roofing materials
available today. They are also made from petroleum products and are not usually
recyclable because of the layer of fiberglass added to the shingles. Standard
asphalt shingles come in a variety of colors, longevity options, and price points
and are always going to be your cheapest option for your roof, but they have the
worst environmental track record.

House Style: Can be used for any architectural style

Life Span: 15 to 30 years
Green Factor: Least-green roofing option
3. JOINT SEALANTS

3.01 TYPES OF JOINT SEALANTS

a. Bituminuous Cement

is a black substance available in solid, semi-solid,

or liquid states at normal temperatures.

composed of mixed indeterminate hydrocarbons,

appreciably soluble only in carbon disulfide or
other volatile liquid hydrocarbon.

used for sealing built-up roofing, and joints and

cracks of concrete pavements.
3. JOINT SEALANTS

3.01 TYPES OF JOINT SEALANTS

b. Silicone Sealant
 End of
Div 07 THERMAL AND
MOISTURE PROTECTION
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
1. GLASS AND GLAZING

Glass is a hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by

fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that
cools to a rigid condition without crystallization. It is used in
building construction in various forms.
Foamed or cellular glass is used as rigid, vapor proof
thermal insulation.

Glass fibers are used in textiles and for material

reinforcement. In spun form, glass fibers form
glass wool, which is used for acoustical and
thermal insulation.

Glass block is used to control light transmission,

glare, and solar radiation.

Glass, however, is used most commonly to glaze

the window, sash and skylight openings of
buildings.
1. GLASS AND GLAZING

The three major types of flat glass are the following:

Sheet glass is fabricated by drawing the molten glass from a

furnace (drawn glass), or by forming a cylinder, dividing it
lengthwise, and flattening it (cylinder glass). The fire-
polished surfaces are not perfectly parallel, resulting in some
distortion of vision. To minimize this distortion, glass should
be glazed with the wave distortion running horizontally.

Plate glass is formed by rolling molten glass into a plate that

is subsequently ground and polished after cooling. Plate
glass provides virtually clear, undistorted vision.

Float glass is manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a

surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly. The
resulting flat, parallel surfaces minimize distortion and
eliminate the need for grinding and polishing. Float glass is
the successor to plate glass and accounts for the majority of
flat-glass production.
1. GLASS
Other types of glass include the following:

• Annealed glass is cooled slowly to relieve internal

stresses.
• Heat-strengthened glass is annealed glass that is
partially tempered by a process of reheating and sudden
cooling. Heat-strengthened glass has about twice the
strength of annealed glass of the same thickness.
• Tempered glass is annealed glass that is reheated to just
below the softening point and then rapidly cooled to induce
compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the
glass and tensile stresses in the interior. Tempered glass
has three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to
impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after
fabrication. When fractured, it breaks into relatively
harmless pebble-sized particles.
• Laminated or safety glass consists of two or more plies of
flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of
polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the fragments if the
glass is broken. Security glass is laminated glass that has
exceptional tensile and impact strength.
1. GLASS …other types

• Wired glass is flat or patterned glass having a square or

diamond wire mesh embedded within it to prevent shattering
in the event of breakage or excessive heat. Wired glass is
considered a safety glazing material and may be used to
glaze fire doors and windows.
• Patterned glass has a linear or geometric surface pattern
formed in the rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse
light.
• Obscure glass has one or both sides acid-etched or
sandblasted to obscure vision. Either process weakens the
glass and makes it difficult to clean.
• Spandrel glass is an opaque glass for concealing the
structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by
fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or
heat-strengthened glass.
• Insulating glass is a glass unit consisting of two or more
sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space
to provide thermal insulation and restrict condensation; glass
edge units have a 3/16” (5) air space; metal edge units have
a ¼” or ½” (6 or 13) air space.
1. GLASS …other types

• Tinted or heat-absorbing glass has a chemical admixture

to absorb a portion of the radiant heat and visible light that
strike it. Iron oxide gives the glass a pale blue-green tint;
cobalt oxide and nickel impart a grayish tint; selenium
infuses a bronze tint.

• Reflective glass has a thin, translucent metallic

coating to reflect a portion of the light and radiant
heat that strike it. The coating may be applied to
one surface of single glazing, in between the
plies of laminated glass, or to the exterior or
interior surfaces of insulating glass.
1. GLASS …other types

• Low-emissivity (low-e) glass

transmits visible light while
selectively reflecting the longer
wavelengths of radiant heat,
produced by depositing a low-e
coating either on the glass itself or
over a transparent plastic film
suspended in the sealed air space
of insulating glass.
 1. GLASS

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

inch (mm) inches (mm) psf*

Sheet Glass AA, A, B SS 3/32 (2.4) 60 x 60 (1525 x 1525) 1.22

DS 1/8 (3.2) 60 x 80 (1525 x 2030) 1.63
Float or Plate Mirror ¼ (6.4) 75 sf (7 m2) 3.28 * Verify maximum sizes with
Glazing 1/8 (3.2) 74 x 120 (1880 x 3050) 1.64 glass manufacturer
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.28
*Any glass 1/8” or thicker can
Heavy Float or Glazing 5/
16 (7.9) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.10 be tempered, except for
Plate 3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.92 patterned or wired glass;
½ (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54 tempered glass can also be
5/8 (15.9) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 8.17 incorporated into insulating or
laminated glass units
¾ (19.1) 115 x 200 (2920 x 5080) 9.18
* Reflective coatings may be
7/8 (22.2) 115 x 200 (2920 x 5080) 11.45 applied to float, plate,
Patterned Glass Various 1/8 (3.2) 60 x 132 (1525 x 3355) 1.60 tempered, laminated or
patterns 7/32 (5.6) 60 x 132 (1525 x 3355) 2.40 insulating glass
Wired Glass Polished-mesh ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
Patterned- ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
mesh 7/32 (5.6) 54 x 120 (1370 x 3050) 2.82
Parallel wires ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
3/8 (9.5) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 4.45
Laminated Glass (2) 1/8” float ¼ (6.4) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 3.30
Heavy float 3/8 (9.5) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 4.80
½ (12.7) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 6.35
5/8 (15.9) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 8.00

*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
 1. GLASS

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

inch (mm) inches (mm) psf*

Tinted Glassd Bronze 1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64

Gray 3/16 (4.8) 120 x 144 (3050 x 3660) 2.45
* Solar energy transmission
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.27 reduced 35% to 75%
3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.90 •Visible light transmission
½ (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54 reduced 32% to 72%
1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64
3/16 (4.8) 120 x 144 (3050 x 3660) 2.45
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.27
3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.90
1/2 (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54

Insulating Glass Glass edge units

(2) 3/32” sheets 3/16” air space 3/8 (9.5) 10 sf (0.9 m2) 2.40 * R-value = 1.61
(2) 1/8” sheets 3/16” air space 7/16 (11.1) 24 sf (2.2 m2) 3.20 * R-value = 1.61
Metal edge units * R-value = 1.72
(2) 1/8” ¼” air space ½ (12.7) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27 * R-value = 2.04
Sheet, plate or float ½” air space ¾ (19.1) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27 * R-values for units w/
(2) 3/16” ¼” air space 5/8 (15.9) 34 sf (3.2 m2) 4.90 ½” air space and low-e
Plate or float ½” air space 7/8 (22.2) 42 sf (3.8 m2) 4.90 coating:
(2) ¼” ¼” air space ¾ (19.1) 50 sf (4.6 m2) 6.54 e = 0.20, R = 3.13
Plate or float ½” air space 1 (25.4) 70 sf (6.5 m2) 6.54 e = 0.40, R = 2.63
e = 0.60, R = 2.33

*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
 2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS

Nails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end pointed
and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood or
other building materials as a fastener.
Material • Nails are usually of mild steel, but may also be of aluminum,
copper, brass, zinc or stainless steel.
• Tempered, high-carbon steel nails are used for greater
strength in masonry applications.
• The type of metal used should be compatible with the
materials being secured to avoid loss of holding power and
prevent staining of the materials.
Length and • Nail lengths are designated by the term penny (d).
Diameter of • Nails range in length from 2d, about 1” (25) long, to 60d
the Shank about 6” (150) long
• Nail length should be about 3 x thickness of the material
being secured
• Large diameter nails are used for heavy work while lighter
nails are used for finish work; thinner nails are used for
hardwood rather than for softwood.
 2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS
Form of the • For greater gripping strength, nail shafts may be serrated,
Shank barbed, threaded, fluted or twisted.
• Nail shafts may be cement-coated for greater resistance
to withdrawal, or be zinc-coated for corrosion resistance.
Nail Heads • Flat heads provide the largest amount of contact area and
are used when exposure of the heads is acceptable.
• The heads of finish nails are only slightly larger than the
shaft and may be tapered or cupped.
• Double-headed nails are used for easy removal in
temporary construction and concrete formwork
Nail Points • Most nails have diamond-shaped points.
• Sharp-pointed nails have greater holding strength but
may tend to split some woods; blunt points should be
used for easily split woods.
 2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS

Power-Driven • Pneumatic nailers and

Fasteners staplers, driven by a
compressor, are capable of
fastening materials to wood,
steel or concrete.
• Power-driven fasteners use
gunpower charges to drive
a variety of studs into
concrete or steel.
2. HARDWARE
2.02 SCREWS

Screws are metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded

shanks and slotted heads, designed to be driven into wood or the
like by turning, as with a screwdriver. Because of their threaded
shafts, screws have greater holding power than nails, and are
more easily removable. The more threads they have per inch,
the greater their gripping strength. Screws are classified by use,
type of head, material, length and diameter.
• Material: steel, brass, aluminum, bronze,
stainless steel
• Lengths: ½” to 6” (13 to 150)
• Diameters: up to 24 gauge
2. HARDWARE
2.02 SCREWS

The length of a wood screw should be about 1/8” (3) less than
the combined thickness of the boards being joined, with ½ to 2/3
of the screw’s length penetrating the base material. Fine-
threaded screws are generally used for hardwoods while
coarse-threaded ones are used for softwoods.
Holes for screws should be predrilled and be equal to the base
diameter of the threads. Some screws, such as self-tapping
and drywall screws, are designed to tap corresponding female
threads as they are driven.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

Bolts are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at

one end, designed to be inserted through holes in assembled
parts and secured by a mating nut. Carriage bolts are used
where the head may be inaccessible to the placement of a nut or
where an exceptionally long bolt would be needed to penetrate a
joint fully.
• Lengths: ¾” to 30”
(75 to 760)
• Diameters: ¼” to
1-¼” (6 to 32)
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS
• Washers are perforated disks of metal, rubber or plastic
used under the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint to distribute
pressure, prevent leakage, relieve friction or insulate
incompatible materials.
• Lock washers are specially constructed to prevent a nut
from shaking loose
• Load-indicating washers have small projections that are
progressively flattened as a bolt is tightened, the gap
between the head or nut and the washer indicating the
tension in the bolt.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS
• Expansion bolts are anchor bolts having a
split casing that expands mechanically to
engage the sides of a hole drilled in
masonry or concrete.
• Molly is a trademark for a brand of
expansion bolt having a split, sleevelike
sheath threaded so that turning the bolt
draws the ends of the sheath together and
spreads the sides to engage a hole drilled
in masonry or the inner surface of a hollow
wall.
• Expansions shields are lead or plastic
sleeves inserted into a predrilled hole and
expanded by driving a bolt or screw into it.
• Toggle bolts are used to fasten materials to
plaster, gypsum board and other thin wall
materials. They have two hinged wings that
close against a spring when passing through
a predrilled hole and open as they emerge
to engage the inner surface of a hollow wall.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS
• Rivets are metal pins that are used for permanently joining
two or more structural steel members by passing a headed
shank through a hole in each piece and hammering down
the plain end to form a second head. Their use has been
largely superseded by the less labor-intensive techniques
of bolting or welding.

• Explosive rivets, used when a joint is accessible from

one side only, have an explosive-filled shank that is
detonated by striking the head with a hammer to
expand the shank on the far side of the hole.
2. HARDWARE
2.04 ADHESIVES
Adhesives are used to secure the surfaces of two materials
together. Numerous types of adhesives are available, many of
them being tailor-made for use with specific materials and under
specified conditions. They may be supplied in the form of a solid,
liquid, powder or film; some require a catalyst to activate their
adhesive properties. Always follow the manufacturer’s
recommendations in the use of an adhesive. Important
considerations in the selection of an adhesive include:
• Strength: Adhesives are usually strongest in resisting tensile
and shear stresses and weakest in resisting cleavage or
splitting stresses.
• Curing or setting time: This ranges from immediate bonding to
curing times of up to several days.
• Setting temperature range: Some adhesives will set at room
temperature while others require baking at elevated
temperatures.
• Method of bonding: Some adhesives bond on contact while
others require clamping or higher pressures.
• Characteristics: Adhesives vary in their resistance to water,
heat, sunlight and chemicals as well as their aging properties.
2. HARDWARE
2.04 ADHESIVES

Common types of adhesives:

• Animal or fish glues are primarily for indoor use where
temperature and humidity do not vary greatly; they may be
weakened by exposure to heat or moisture.
• White or polyvinyl glue sets quickly, does not stain and is
slightly resilient.
• Epoxy resins are extremely strong, waterproof and may be
used to secure both porous and nonporous materials; they
may dissolve some plastics. Unlike other adhesives, epoxy
glues will set at low temperatures and under wet conditions.
• Resorcin resins are strong, waterproof and durable for
outdoor use, but they are flammable and their dark color may
show through paint.
• Contact cement forms a bond on contact and therefore does
not require clamping. It is generally used to secure large sheet
materials such as plastic laminate.
 END OF
DIVISION 08
DOORS AND WINDOWS