1

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

CSA Central statistical authority

DA Development agent

DADI Domestic Animal Diversity-Information System

EARO Ethiopian agriculture research organization

FAO Food and agricultural organization

GDP Growth of domestic production

MOA Minister of agriculture

RDC Respiratory disease complex

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Above all, we would like to thank, the Almighty GOD, Alpha and Omega and his blessed mother Saint
Mary for allowing we to pursue our education as well as to start and finish this work. Conducting of this
research proposal could not if it were not a generous assistance of individuals and others. We are
particularly grateful to our advisor Abie Tolosa (MSc) for her encouragement, willingness to supervise
our research proposal and her valuable comments from early stages of proposing the proposal which
helped in the completion of the study.

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Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATION ........

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..

LIST OF TABLES.....

ABSTRACT.

1. INTRODUCTION.

1 1.1 Background.

1 1 2 Statement of the problem.

1.3 Objective.

2 1.4 Significant of the study.

3 1.5 Scope of the study 3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1. Sheep Production System and Husbandry in Ethiopia 3 2.2, Role of Sheep
for Livelihood of Smallholders in Ethiopia... sn, ee sere 2 ee ee uf 2.3. Factors Influencing Performance of
Sheep... we + 5 2.4. Feed and water shortage ey es) 25. Disease.. cvcccce 6 6 seen ae amen cases 0 cosas
cenasteasccsseceee 5 2.6. Market access and information cnccnnesecse meee ee ee tee serves ween
teen 2.7. Flock Structure and Ownership Patterns. . pry 2 2.8. Lambing Interval... .. 200-6 pony ond 2.9,
Litter size... 6 ee ne oe 2 2.10. Lamb moxtality... oe er | 2.11. Barth weight... . a) 2.12. Weaning weight.
a. |

ow AD

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2.13 Constraints of sheep in the study area 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS. .

ore bf

3.1, Description of the Study Area. - on teeotmene tlh 3.1.1. Geographical Location. - . wll 3.1.2. Climate
1... _ oe 11 3.1.3 Soul type, Land Preparation and grazmg . — 11

3.4, Data Analysis... we sess oan a eeeee ease seme teeee cee oe el AD 4work plane... esse + eZ

Sbugdet summary wc. ss “ wom «8 6. REFERENCE......s0. 5 5 ccs meee cesen 9 5 eenemna

susnennsnanenmacssusnsannuanecuuscessssnsnsseassanssanee®: 25 7. APPENDIX... 60 ane 2 oe SD

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ABSTRACT

Sheep production 1s practicese in most part Ethiopia in general and in Fitche m particular. Although
north shewa zone ts known in sheep population there ts limitation of documented information on this
sector. Therefore this study ts designed to identify the challenges and opportunity of sheep production
in and around Fitche town. A total of five kebelles are selected in and around Fitche town based on the
sheep population then fifty two households were addressed to make house hold interview by purposive
sampling method. The interview has been made by sem structured questioner to generate relevant
information Collected data were entered into micro soft excel 1997 2003 the analyzed by SAS 7008
Descnptive statistics and ranking index were used to descnbe the data. The male and female proportion
1s almost equal in urban part of this study and in the rural part there are more male respondents that
may indicate unequal labor responsibilty in sheep husbandry. The educational status of mayorty of the
respondent in rural area was none educated whereas most of the respondent were read and write in
urban part of this study. Most of the respondent report that they use extensive sheep production
system (55 17*s) so sheep grazing method ts free grazing. and the other production system 1s semi
intensive (44 83%) sheep production to generate income is the and for wealth indication are the primary
purpose of sheep production in the study area. The main source of feed for sheep production ts natural
pasture which counts about 82% of the respondents in the rural and 52% in the urban part of this study.
About 96 55% respondents accommodate their flocks im the yards in rural part of the study area and 65
22% in the urban area. Average market age of sheep 1s 6 69 and 7.83 in rural and urban area of study
respectively In this studying area the average ewes lambing interval ts 6 44 and 6 9 56 wn rural and
urban area respectively. Mayonty of respondents (around 50%) the respondent do not know the type of
disease that attack their sheep and they use government vetennary services to overcome disease
problem Feed shortage, disease and water shortage are the leading constraints of sheep production in
rural and urban part of this study. According to this study there are different opportunities to rear sheep
in the area; and farmers are not properly utilize the resource due to the different constraints which need
coordinate work by responsible groups to boost the productivity of the sector.

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Key words Production system, Feed resources, constraint, opportunity.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the study

Sheep production is a major component of the livestock sector in Ethiopia owing to the large population
of 25.5million head (CSA 2011) and the diverse genetic resources (Gizaw 2008). At the smallholder level,
sheep are the major source of food security serving a diverse function including cash income, savings,
fertilizer, socio-cultural functions and fibre (Gizaw 2008). Sheep are particularly important for the
pastoral:st/agro-pastoralist and for farmers in the subalpine highlands where crop production is
unreliable. Sheep are also important foreign currency earmers accounting for 34% of the live animal
exports. Sheep research and development have been practiced for decades in Ethiopia to improve the
productivity of the local flocks, increase off take fates, and increase their contribution to the livelihoods
of farmers and pastoralists, and to the national economy (Gizaw 2008)

Among the small ruminants, sheep contribute a substantial amount to the farming houschold income,
mutton and non-food products (manure, skm and wool). They are sowce of risk mitigation during crop
failures, of property security and of monetary saving and investment in addition to many other socio
economic and cultural functions (Tibbo, 2006) Sheep are the second most important species of livestock
in Ethiopia. The estumated sheep population is about 26 millton head (CSA 2008) and there are nine
identified breeds (Gizaw et al. 2007). Livestock production generates between 30 and 35% of the
Ethiopian agricultural GDP, 19% of total GDP, and more than 85% of farm cash income (Benin et al.
2006).

Sheep production and productivity in the country is constrained by feed shortages, diseases, poor
infrastructure, lack of market informanon and technical capacity, and an absence of planned breeding
programs and breeding policies. Institutions that are involved in research, extension, and services so far
have failed to have a positive influence on traditional sheep husbandry Practices. For instance, the
carcass weight per slaughtered animal remained at the bottom of the low and unimproved category at
about 10 kg, wah an average annual off-take rate of approximately 32% for the period 2000 102009
(FAO 20106).

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Evidence indicates that breeds and populanons that have evolved over the centuries in diverse,
stressful, tropical environments have a range of unique adaptive trats (e.g. Resstance to diseases,
adaptation to heat and solar radiation, tolerance to water scarcity, ability to use low quality feed, etc.}.
These traits enable them to survive and be productive in harsh environments (; Rege 1994, Baker and
Gray 2004).

Withm breed selection of the adapted indigenous genotypes 1s a viable and promusing strategy for
efficient, sustamable, on farm conservation and use (Simon1999, Ruane 2000; Olivier et al. 2002; Gizaw
et al. 2008), which ensures a contribution to the economy of communis depending on them (Mueller et
al. 2002, Mueller 2006) Sheep types in Ethiopia are highly affilhated to specific ethic communities.
Several traditional breeds in Edopia are reared by and named after specific communes (Gizaw et al,
2007).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Although Ethiopia and our study area have a high population of sheep but their productivity for ts low
due to production challenges and constraints, poor management system, hike feeding, watering and
health care management practice, and poor marketing system are limiting factor of production systems
in the area. In addition to this, poor Linkages have been observed among different organizations
mvolved with sheep. Therefore, it 1s a high time and an urgent need to investigate various management
factors (feeding, watering, housing, health care) related to sheep production and marketng techniques
in our study area. As a result, this title ts selected as a topic of study to justrfy this factors that
concerned with sheep productions based on the following objectives.

1.3 Objective

1.3.1 General objective

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To 1 dentify the challenges and opportumtes of sheep production systems in the study area. 13 2
Specific objectives a To identify the challenges of sheep production m and around Fiche town

To ident fy the constraints of sheep producton in and around Fitche town. 1.4. Significance of the study

In Salale fitche particularly, no formal and systematic analysis of livestock production and marketing has
been carried out. Hence, the information generated by the study is expected to identify major
challenges and strengthen the understanding of sheep production and making, constraints and
opportunities hopefully. The study will significantly contribute to outhne challenges and opportunities of
the sheep production system in order to make efficient use of the existing livestock population and
exploit their role as a principal source of rural livelihoods.

1.5. Scope of the Study

The study aim at identifying the potential, challenges, the extent of utilization of existing sheep
production and marketing system in the study area. This study is limite to five Keble, which is Salale Fitch
in North shwa zone of oromia regional state. This is mainly because of limted availability of resources to
undertake the study on a wider scale. Although the study has lamuts both in sample size and area
coverage. Moreover, the study can serve as starting point to undertake further

researcher in the study areas. 1.6 Research Question

« What are the Major challenges and constramts of sheep production and Marketing System sin the
study area?

* What kinds of opportunities have in the study area?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1. Sheep Production System and Husbandry

In several Sub-Saharan Affrcan countries similar to those in many other developing countnes muxed
crop/livestock production in subsistence manner 1s the predominant mode of agncultural production
system (Tesfaye et al., 2004). In Edhopia, the small ruminant production system in different agro-
ecological zones 1s not studied fully and farmers’ needs and production constraints have not been
identified. Improvement in small rumunam productivity which 1s low in Ethiopia can be achieved
through identificanon of producson constrants and introduction of new technologies or by refining
existing practices in the system (EARO, 2001).

According to Tibbo (2006), there are two sheep production systems in the country based on input
output flow. These are the traditional smallholder management system and the pnvate commercial and
parastal production system. The traditronal subsistence smallholder management system is the most
common one in the country and sheep are kept as an adjunct to other agricultural actives along with
other livestock species. But the parastatal and commercial

production system represents a mmor porvon of the sheep production system in the country. ‘When
closely examined, these two broad categones could be further classified as three mayor

different production systems, highland sheep-barely, mned crop-livestock and pastoral and agropastoral
production systems(Tibbo, 2006; Solomon et al, 2008) charactenzed by different

production goals and pnonties, management strategies and practices, and constraints (Denbe, 2009).

Getahun (2008) also reported four production system categories based on the prevalent agricultural
activity; smal] rummant in annual crop-based sysiems (Northem, North Westem and central Ethiopia),
small rummant sn perennial crop-based systems (mainly southern and southwestern highlands), small
rummant in cattle-based systems (agro-pasioral and ard areas), and

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small ruminant dominated systems (Marshal 2000) and Ethiopia 1s believed to be one of the

major gateways for domestic sheep migration from Asia to Afnca (Devendra and McLeroy 1982).

2.2. Role of Sheep for Livelihood of Smallholders

Production of Sheep can contnbute to the economy and environmental sustainability of the farm under
operation and add value to the farm's biological diversity and may fit economic and biological niches
that would otherwtse stay unfilled even m the future (Ann et al , 2000) Sheep play an immense role in
the livelihoods of rural farms and serve as a lnving bank for many farmers, and closely linked to the
social and cultural life of resource poor farmers (Workench, 2000), particularly youths and women
headed households. There us a linkage through manure since the manure of small ruminants 1s
commonly used to fertilize home gardens and crop lands (Legesse et al , 2008). Sheep are 9 the mayor
suppliers of meat for rural communites, especially during periods of public fesnvals (Tsedeke, 2007),
Ameha (2008) reported an estimated sheep skin output of 8 3 malhon in the year 2000 and contnbute
77 thousand metnc tons from mutton production. Low capital requirements for starting or expanding
small rumanant production means that risks are low and the enterpnse 1s well suited to low-nput
systems (Tibbo, 2006) Increasing human population, urbamizahon and incomes, coupled with changing
consumer preferences are creating more demand for these anumais and their products (Kosgay et. al.,
2008).

The main reasons household sale sheep are to generate cash for purchasing food and farm inputs,
school and medical expenses, pay credit, purchase Itvestock and build assets. Dunng drought, the nsk of
crop failures and food shortage sheep are the preferred one for sale and to satisfy the farmers need. In
addition to the live arumals, skms are important marketable byproduct mn Alaba (Denibe, 2009). Even if
skins are used for vanous household purposes. about 60% of total produced skins are marketed.
However, one-third of the total houschold sale skins to illegal traders (Tsedeke et al , 2011) and about
90% meat, 92% skin and hide export trade value from sheep and goat production in the country (FAO,
2004).

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2.3. Factors Influencing Performance of Sheep

Identification of constraints which can put obstacle for sheep production and genet improvement
programmer should be the prior step before trying for 1ts umplementation (Baker and Gray, 2004).
Disease, limited market access and mformation, feed shortage/frequent drought and water shortage are
among the mam sheep production constraints in the country. Disease, feed shortage, predators and
labor shortage are the most pertinent consrants for sheep preduction m Horro and Adryo Kaka (Bonga)
and had significant influence on sheep productivity (Zewdu, 2008 ).

2.4. Feed and water shortage

Feed shortage problem is similar throughout the country, beg senous in high human population areas
where land size is diminishing due to mtensive crop cultivation and soil degradation. The better use of
available feeds and the use of non-convenvonal feeds for supplementation are growing (Belete, 2009) to
alleviate the problem Seasonal feed shonages, both in quality and quantity, and the associated
reduction in livestock productivity in different parts of the country (Tessema et al , 2003). Water
shortages ts a common problem for both human and Irvestock consumption in most nft valley parts of
the country. It has been reported to be a linuting factor for animal productivity in most mid and lowland
areas of Southern region. In south-eastern part of the country there ts also cntical shortage of water;
however, there are

breeds adapted to lowland agro ecologies through thei phystological adaptation mechanisms (Belete,
2009).

2.5. Disease

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Diseases and parasites are also contributing for higher production losses, particularly in young stocks.
Respiratory Disease Complex (RDC) 1s among the most important diseases and associated complexes m
small rummants’ husbandry and management (Deribe, 2009) Early mortahties (as high as 50% in lambs)
are among the mos important losses associated to managements hke cold stress, starvation, mis-
mothering, etc. (Tibbo, 2006).

2.6. Market access and information

Ethiopta’s huge Investock population, proximity to the export markets and other conducive conditions
gave the country a comparative advantage m lrvestock trade (Belachew and Jemberu, 2003). There are
several livestock trading consrants im Ethopra. They also reported that inadequate market
infrastructure, absence of market information system, absence of market ontented livestock production
system, madequate number of exporting firms with low level of capacities, inadequate knowledge of
mterational trade, low level of quarantine facilities and procedures, prevalence of vanious diseases,
repeated bans, excessive cross-border illegal trade and stiff competition are the mayor challenges that
hinder the smooth ltvestock trade in Ethiopia. Due to lack of market information, the available livestock
markets m the country are loosely integrated. Lack of market information may also mcrease the
marketing cost. The highland areas in the country are Irvestock deficit due to higher population density
(Belachew and Jemberu, 2003).

The Ethiopian cattle, sheep and goat are the preferred livestock types in the Middle East Countries. This
1s due to the meat produced from this anumals ts organic in nature and the meat 1s of good taste
(Belachew and Jemberu, 2003). The major problems in traditional management system 1s that the
system 1s not market onented, underdeveloped marketing and infrastructure system, and poor financial
facilsty (Azage et al , 2006, Berhanu et al . 2006). Long market chain 1s an important bamer for
producers and inhibits them from direct benefiting through sell of ther anmals without ivolvement of
brokers (Endmas and Tsedeke, 2006). Poor markenng information and problems of credit facilites
(Berhanu et al., 2006, Endnas and Tsedeke, 2006) reduced the benefit gamed by the smallholders.
Inadequate infrastructure like road accessibility

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and marketing facilities are also contnbuting for the reduced benefit made from the sale of animals by
the producers (Tibbo, 2006).

Reports indicate that because of lack of standardized marketing systems with transparent market pnice
information farmers cannot receive their sufficient retum from sheep production as they gain according
to trader prices and also lack of access t domestic and export: markets hold back them from obtaining
incentive benefits. As the result of poor quality skins farmers received low pnices from skin marketing.
The extension system provides little or no technical support to farmers regarding production,
preservation and marketing of skin (Tsedeke et al , 2011). To boost the enormous contribution of the
livestock sector to the natonal economy, improving

animal productivity and establishing standardized marketing systems are very important.

2.7. Flock Structure and Ownership Patterns

Flock structure is defined as the proportion (in terms of head) of the flock of sheep, which 1s formed by
different age and sex classes of anmmals. Flock composition in terms of age and sex classes has been
taken as an indicator of the management objectives for the owner and the production (reproductive,
mortality and off take rate) of the flock (Ayalew et a] , 2002). The proportion of different age and sex
classes in the flock can form flock structure. Most of the nme flock structure can reflect obyectve and
strategy of the production Sheep ownership varies depending on the wealth status and the overall farm
production objectives (Denbe, 2009) In the highlands, sheep are kept in small flocks of about 5 sheep
per houschold by nearly 40 % of all smallholders. However, at higher altrtudes (2800-3000 m) one can
find flocks with 30 to more than 100 sheep (Awigichew, 2000; Samuel, 2005). An average flock size of
sheep of Alaba is 5 0 (Tsedeke, 2007} High percentage of single ownership was reported from traditional
sector of Ethiopian highlands (Amelmal, 2011), which gives guarantee for testng technologial
innovations. The owner and care taker relationship was also reported.

2.8. Lambing interval

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The interval between two successive partuntions is called lambing interval and it can be affected by
season of lambing or nutntonal accessibility, breed and number of panty of ewes and management
practice (Amelmal, 2011). Reproductive efficiency 1s related to the length of partuntion interval, ie. ewe
with long lambing interval has lower reproductive efficiency (Denbe, 2009). At least three tames lambing
1s expected per two years under normal circumstances (Girma, 2008).

2.9. Litter size

Litter size rate mainly influenced by breed, level of nutrition, and age Significantly age of the dam can
have effect on number of lambs per lambing. Until the age of five years or fourth panty hter size can be
mcreased then it decreased slightly above this age (Baker et al , 2002). The average litter size of Dorper
ewes is 1.19 to | 5 and was affected by ewe age, multiple birth rates increasing to an age of 4 years,
followed by a tendency towards a decline. Ewes born as multiples had a ngher litter size than single
contemporanes (Snyman and Herselman, 2005). According to Zewdu (2008) a twining rate of 39 9 % or
litter size of | 40 and 36 % of litter size of 1 36 were obtained for Horro and Bonga sheep breeds,
respectively and the two breeds showed relatively better multiple births under the existing feed
shortages. And report of Tesfaye (2008) where low twining rate of both Menz and Afar sheep breeds
was recorded.

2.10. Lamb mortality

Lamb losses durmg pre-weaning penod due to poor milking abhty of dam and poor management before
one year of age vary from 6 4 % to 45% (Denbe. 2009) This could be a major influencing factor of
productivity of a flock (Awigichew, 2000, Abegaz et al , 2002). Lamb mortality rate vanes from one flock
to another depending mostly on management level (Awigichew, 2000}.

Slow growth rate associated with mortality has been hmuting factors for profitability of the indigenous
sheep breeds and more than half of the causes of mortality were simular and attributed to pneumonia
as reported from the study on Hono and Menz sheep of Ethiopian highlands

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Mukasa Mugrewa et al , 2002; Tibbo, 2006) Mortality rate was higher for lambs born in dry season,
compared to those bom in the wet season (Denbe, 2009). Significant effect of season, flock size and sex
of animals on survival was reported (Gemeda et al , 2002) for Horro sheep. The same as to that coughing
(23 8%) and diarrhoea (23 5%) are among the mayor clinical signs for mortality of sheep.

2.11. Birth weight

Burth weight of animals is one of the most tmportant factors influencing the pre-weaning growth of the
young and has a positive correlation between birth weight and subsequent live body weight
development (Awgichew, 2000) For breeding (selection), feeding and health care and for market age
determination knowing the body weight of a sheep is important. However, this fundamental knowledge
1s often unavailable for sheep in the small scale farming sector, due to unavailability of scales (Zewdu,
2008). The average birth weight of pure and cross breed under intensive production system was 3 Skg
and 3kg, respectively (Gavoydian et al , 2013).

According to Sisay (2002) vanation exists between indigenous and exotic sheep breeds for body weight
traits. There are number of reports on body weight and linear body measurements among them
recently, Mengiste (2008) reported 28 3 for body wesght for Washera female sheep. Similarly the same
author reported 32 3 for body weight for Washera male sheep. Among the indigenous sheep breeds
Bonga male sheep had 48 kg body weight (Tibbo and Ginbar, 2004), So Bonga sheep can be mentioned
as large sized breed and supenor in its body weight.

2.12. Weaning weight

Weaning weight 1s a trait of great economic importance in meat sheep production since it has influence
on growth rate and survival (Taye et al , 2009). When Dorper ewes are mated annually, it is usually
attempted to market lambs directly from the ewes. Under accelerated lambing systems, where early
rebreeding 1s a pre requisite, it 1s necessary to subyect lambs to early weaning (Schoeman, 2000). Birth
type and sex are sources of variation in lamb pre-weaning growth rate (Taye et al , 2009) The indication
1s that lambs heavier at birth have larger adult weight and higher growth capacity (Awgichew, 2000,
Taye et al , 2009). Panty can also affect

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pre-weaning growth rate, from bath to 30 days of age. Lambs from second and third panty dams grew
better than first and fifth panties (Tibbo, 2006).

Dorper lambs that were weaned at 2 3 months with an average age of 52 8 days and an average live
weight of 18 2 kg had a survival of 0 96 from weaning to 100 days of age (Cloete et al, 2000). Simularty
that post weaning growth in these lambs 1s 0.206 kg per day to 100 days of age. Pre weanng
performance of Dorper sheep ranged from 0.24 to 0.28 kg per day. It also underlines the ability of the
Dorper breed to thrive under sub-optimal conditions. Dam age

affected lamb pre-weaning gain in Dorpers, the general pattern being an incline to a dam age of 46
years, followed by a decline (Schoeman, 2000).

413. Constraints of sheep in the study area

Idennfyng the constramts of sheep production is a basis to solve the problems and to improve sheep
genet resource and sheep productivity (Baker and Gray, 2003). Therefore, major constraints challenging
sheep production in the study area are presented in Table 9. The ranking index value for sheep
production constrasnt in this study shows feed shortage as the leading challenge both in the rural and
urban part of the study area. Next to feed shortage disease and water shortage are the constraints in
rural and urban part of this study. The third constraints in the rural and urban area of this study are
water shortage and disease/ack of labor forces Tespectively. Next to these constraints genotype,
predators and drought are hsted by few respondents as constraint of sheep production in the study
area. Good understanding of the relative importance of the different constraints 1s fundamental pnor to
initiating any genetic

improvement programmed (Baker and Gray 2003).

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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1. Description of the Stady Arca

3.1.1, Geographical Location

The study can carnes out in and around fiche town, which is located in northem shewa zone of Oromo
Regional State. It is situated at about 112km away from Addis Ababa to the north. along the road to
Bahurdar. Fiche has a latitude and longitude of 90480N 380440E and elevation between 2,738 and 2,782
meters above sea level (Data Base of G/Jarsoworeda 2003 E C),

3.1.2. Climate

The annual rainfall varies between 1200-1400mm. and the average annual temperature ranges from
150c 180c (Data Base of G Jarsoworeda 2003 E.C). The tropical and semi temperate climate of the area
favors Irvestock and crop production which are the man activities in the study area (Data Base of
G/Jarsoworeda 2003 E C).

3.1.3 Soll type, Land Preparation and grazing

Soil type of the expenmental site is dominantly black with medium moisture. The Land 1s preparing for
purpose of ploughed in Apni. the grazing land was kept to save edible crops. And sheep as well other
animals shift from grazing methods.

3.2. Sampling techniques

Before conducting the real research work general survey will Came out. Then discussion ts held with
district animal science expert and developmen agent (DA) to idenufy the potential kebelles on their
sheep population in and around Fitche town. Then sample kebelle wall selecte by purposive sampling
method. And house hokd/ respondents will be numerate with the same sampling technique. Accordingly
fife kebelles then ten household from 3 kebelle and eleven household from two kebelle which make a
total of fifty two house hold will include in this study.

page17
3.3. Method of Data collection

Before data collection we are select the targeted kebelle and targeted house hold which are located sn
and around Fitche town Pnmary data will collect by using questionnaires intermew prepare for this
purpose and checklists for focus group discussion and by observation. The questionnaires include
information’s on challenge and opportunites in sheep production around Salale area. Secondary data
will collects from distnct ammmal and forage production office.

3.4. Data Analysis

All data collected by household intermew, focus group discussion, observation and from secondary
source will be interre in Microsoft excel version 1997-2003. These data will analyze by descriptive
statistics particularly means and standard deviaton. frequency coum and ranking index. The data will be
subjected to descniphve statishics using staustical analysis software (SAS

2008). 4. Work plans Submission ‘completion date

S.no. activities 1 Preparation of of research January February March April May

proposal. 2 Whiting research proposal. x 3 Developing the interview.

4 Developing research question. x 5 Data collection and literature. x x 6 Data analyzing and writing up of
x x the result. 7 Submission of the first draft. x 8 correcting of the comment x 9 submission of the final
research x

to the advisor

10 senior research x presentation/defense 11 final research paper submission x

page18
5. Budget requirement

sno Item Unit No ofitem Total cost 1 aver Stack 2 Pen Stack 3 Binder Pack 4 Printin kt 5 Photo co Pae 6
Transportati Trip

on 7 Trainin cost 8 Flash Number

Total

page19
6. REFERENCE

Abegaz, S., Negussie E., Duguma G. and Rege J.E.O., (2002): Genetic parameter estimates for growth
traits in Horro sheep. Anim. Breed. Genet , 119.35-45

Ameha, S., (2008): Sheep and Goat Meat Characteristics and Quality. In: AlemuYami and R.C. Merkel
(Eds). Sheep and Goat Production Handbook for Ethiopia. Ethiopian Sheep and Goats Productivity
Improvement Program (ESGPIP), Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 323-328.

Amelmal, A., (2011): phenotypic characterization of indigenous sheep types of Dawuro zone and Konta
special woreda of SNNPR, Ethwopa. Msc. Thesis Haromaya University, Haromaya, Ethiopia, 25 30

Ann, W., Gegner L. And Earles R., (2000): Sustainable Sheep Production. NCAT Agriculture Specialists,
138.

Awgichew. K., (2000): Comparative performance evaluation of Horo and Menz sheep of Ethiopia under
grazing and intensive feeding conditions. Phd Dissertation, Humboldt Unversity, Berlin, Germany

Ayalew, W., ewbums, J.M King and Rischkowsky B.. (2002): Practicalities of sustaining a goat
crossbreeding programme in eastern Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Anim. Prod. 2: 71-85.

Azage, T., Berhanu G. And Dirk H.. (2006): Institutional arrangements and challenges in market onented
Itvestock agnculure in Ethiopa. ESAP (Ethiopian Society of Animal Production). In: Proceedings of the
14th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP) held in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia, 1 20

Baker, R L., Mugambi, J.M . Audho. J.O., Carles. A B. and Thorpe, W.. (2002): Comparison of Red Maasai
and Dorper sheep for resistance to gastro-intestinal nematode parasites productivity and efficiency in a
humid and semi and environment in Kenya. In: Proc. 7th World Congress of Genetics Applied to
Livestock Production. Montpellier, France, 639-642

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Baker, R.L. and Gray G.D., (2004): Appropriate breeds and breeding schemes for sheep and goats in the
tropics. In: Sam, R.A.. Gray, G.D.. Baker, R.L. (Eds.), Worm Control for Small Ruminants in Tropical Asia.
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University, Haramaya

7. APPENDIX

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF SHEEP PRODUCTION IN AND AROUND FITCHE TOWN

Questioner Questionnaire number (code) Date: enumerator: Region: ....... Zone: __Woreda:
kebele/PA/Village:

Part 1. Socio-economic characteristics 1.1 Sex of the respondent: Male Female

1 2 Age of the respondent: years

Educational status a.non educated b. read and write c. elementary 1.1. sheep Production system

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a. intensive b. semi-intensive c. Extensive 1.2. Purpose of keeping sheep (rank the purpose) Rankl.
Rank2. Rank3 a. income source —_b. wealth indicator _c. cultural activities _ _ d, manure — e skin Oe f.
wool _

g. other _—_—— eeeEeEeEeeeeseseseseeFs

1.3. Members of household and hired Labor responsible for sheep activities 2. Feeding, grazing and
watering

2.1. Feed source

a. Natural pasture

b. Established pasture

c.Hay = d. Crop residues Other.

2.2. Grazing method a. Free grazing b. Herded ¢ Paddock = .Other. -

2 3. How is sheep flock herded during the day tme?

a.Mand Far separated = b. Lambs are separated

c. All classes sheep herded together d . Sheep herded separately 2.4. Is there seasonal fluctuation in
feed supply?

a. Yes b. No

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2.5. At which season of the year do you experience feed shortage? __ 2.6. What is your copping
mechanism?

2.7. Supplementanon regime

a. Roughage

b. Minerals (salts)vitamins

c. Concentrates d.

None others (specify)

2.8. Source of water

a. Borehole/water well b. Dam/pond

c. River

Others (specify)

2 9. Distance to nearest watenng pomt Dry season;

a. at home

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b. <Ikm

c.1 Skmd.

Wet season;

a. dat home

b. <Ikm

c.1 Skm

2.10. Water quality a. Clean

b.Muddy

3. Housing 3.1. Housing/enclosure for sheep; a. Kraal c. Others (specify) 3.2. Type of housing materials a.
Iron sheets b. Grass/Bushesc Wood c. Stone/bnicks e. Earth

d. Spring e. Pipe water f. Ram water

d 610k e>l0k

d. 6-10 kn e.>10km

c¢ Salty

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d_ other

b. Yard

f. Concrete Others (specify) 4. Health

4,1. List types of diseases which occur frequently and affect the productivity of sheep in the area and
rank them based on importance 4.2. Access to vetennary services a. government vetennary service b.
private veterinary service 4,3. Distance to nearest vetennary services a. < km b. 1 Skm c. Sl0km =
d.>lokm

5. Breeding 5.1. Source of ram (s) a. Born in the flock b. Purchased ¢ borrowed from village d. other 5.2.
Do you practice selection for breeding ram? a. Yes b. No 54. if your answer is yes for 5 2 what is your
Selection cnteria for breeding ram? a. Appearance’ conformaton b. Color d. Character =f. Growth 1.
Pedigree —_k. Wool/haOthers (Specify) 5.5. Type of mating used a. controlled b. un controlled 6.
Castration and culling 6.1. Do you castrate?

a. Yes b. No 6.2. If yes, reasons for castration a Control breeding b. Improve fattemng c. Better
tanperament

6 3. At what age do you castrate?

6 4. Do you give supplementary feed for castrated sheep? a. Yes b. No

6.5. If yes, type of supplementary feed

6 6. Which class of sheep do you sell first in case of cash needed? 6.7. Average market age in months

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Male Female

68 Average culling age due to old age

Male Female

6 9. Method of sale

1. Sold atmarket 2. Sold to netghbor

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