UNIT3 @ LANGUAGE FOCUS REFERENCE Present perfect: affirmative and negative a a a A a nl ill ces ll, Ihave searched, I"ve searched. You have searched, You've searched He has played, He's played. She has played, She's played. Ithas played. Its played, We have blogged. We've blogged, You have blogged, You've blogged. They have blogged. They've blogged. Ss have not searched haven't searched, Youhave not searched. You haven't searched. He has not played. He hasn't played, She has not played She hasn't played. Ithas not played. Ithasn’t played. We have not blogged. We haven't blogged, You have not blogged, You haven't blogged. Theyhave not blogged. They haven't blogged. In affirmative sentences, we usually use the short forms ('s/'ve) in spoken English. ve sent an email In negative sentences, we usually use short forms (haven't / hasn't) for both spoken and written English. She hasn't been to London. Do not confuse the short form of has () with the short form of is (also 5}. He's had breakrast. He's eating. Use We use the present perfect to talk about experiences that we have had or haven't had at some time in the past. I've created a website She's uploaded some photos, You haven't visited that chat room. We never use the present perfect to talk about an event that happened at a specific time in the past. We use it when the time of the event is not Important or is not known. She's been to Australia, 78 @ Language focus reference Present perfect: regular and irregular verbs For regular verbs, the past participle is the same as the past simple form, See the rules for the formation of regular -ed endings on page 74 There are no rules for the formation of irregular verbs. You have to learn the form whenever you learn a new verb. Here are some typical irregular verb patterns. catch caught caught have had had [alors thesame sis put put put cut cut cut begin began begun ee break broke broken do did done 0 went gone See the list of irregular verbs on page 104. Present perfect: questions Have | chatted with you? Where have | been? Have you chatted with Where have you been? him? Where has he been? Where has she been? Where has it been? Has he been with us? Has she been with us? Has it been with us? Have we chatted? Why have we stopped? Have you chatted? Why have you stopped? Have they chatted? Why have they stopped? Use We use the present perfect to ask about past experiences. We sometimes use ever in questions to mean ‘at any time in your life until this moment. Have you ever played an online game? Has she ever downloaded a film? iciUNIT 3 @ LANGUAGE FOCUS PRACTICE Present perfect: affirmative and negative 1 Write sentences using the present perfect. 1 /not email / you Lhaven't emailed you. 1 she /create /a great webpage we / not cycle / to schoo! he / not study / French it / not save / the files 5 |/use /a smartphone they / not log on / to your webpage you / email /the club he / not share / the files Present perfect: regular and irregular verbs 2. Complete the sentences using the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets. He _hasn'tfelt (not feel) well for along time. 1 You (eat) all my chocolates! 2 They ____(sell) alot of DvDs. 3 |____ (not travel) to the USA. 4 She (meet) Kylie Minogue. 5 We (not write) an essay. 6 It___ (copy) two hundred files. 7 You ____ (not make) any money. 8 James (fly) in a plane. 9 We (run) five kilometres, 10 Maria (drink) mango juice. 11 Mycousins (not chat) on the internet. 12 |_____ (spend) all my money. Present perfect: questions 3. Write questions using the present perfect. where / they / stay Where have they stayed? 1. who / take / my box 2 which / films / you /see 3 what / you / buy 4 where / she /live 5. which / books / you / read 6 why /Tim / sell / his laptop 7 how / they / travel 8 what / you / send 4 Write questions using the present perfect and shave you ever. Then write true answers. message anyone? Have you ever messaged anyone? Yes, (ve messaged my bestfriend alot. / No,l've never messaged anvone, 1 blog 2 chat online 3 buya laptop 4 download music 5. create a personal webpage 6 upload files Language focus practice @ 79UNIT 4 @ LANGUAGE FOCUS REFERENCE Adverbs of degree Use We use adverbs of degree such as: a bit, incredibly, rnot very, quite, really and very, before adjectives and adverbs to add the idea of how much’. That CD isa bit expensive. rm incredibly hungry. He tent very tolerant. Note that we can only use these adverbs with gradable adjectives. For example, interesting is gradable — books can be more or less interesting, But we can't use these adverbs with non-gradable adjectives such as impossible or dead, Present perfect + still, yet, just and already Use We use just, stil, et and already with the present perfect. Justis used to reinforce the idea that an action has only been completed very recently. It is used in affirmative sentences, and comes between the auxiliary has / have and the past participle. ‘She's just won a talent show. We've just met that film star. We use still to reinforce the idea that something hasn't changed. Itis used in negative sentences and it comes before has / have. It's very late, but you stil haven't done your homework. {still haven't watched that new DVD. We use yet in negative sentences and questions to talk about something that hasn't happened but that we expect to happen. It comes at the end of the phrase. They haven't bought the concert tickets yet. (But we think they will soon) Has he finished his new album yet? (We think he will finish it soon.) We use already with the present perfect to show that something has happened before now. It comes between the auxiliary has / have and the past participle. We've already seen that singer in concert. She's already read that magazine. 80 @ Language focus reference Present perfect + for and since Use Forcan be used with the present perfect or the past simple. With the present perfect, for describes the duration of an action or event which started in the past and continues into the present. Its followed by a period of time: for three months, for five days, etc. Ibis placed before the time expression: ‘She's worked here for five years. (And she still works here.) Ben has bean inthe band fortwo years. (And he's still init) With the past simple for describes an action which started and finished in the past. ‘She worked here for five years. (But she doesn't work here now.) ‘Adrian was inthe band for sic months. (But he isn’t init now) Since is used with the present perfect, and it tells ‘you when an action started. itis placed before the time expression. He's lve inthis town since 2004. We've known Laura since May. Present perfect and past simple Use The past simple is used to talk about an action or @ period of time in the past which is completed. We watched that new pop video this afternoon. (It is now evening) He played tennis at two o'clock, (He isn't playing tennis now.) ‘The present perfect is used to describe events which started in the past and continue in the present We've had this car for three years. (And we've still gotit) You've studied at this school since 2010, (And you're still studying here.) Different time expressions are used with each form. The past simple uses time expressions which pinpoint specific moments in the past: yesterday, last night, last week, last year, at six otlock, etc. The present perfect uses expressions which describe the point at which an action started, or a period of time. cca Saas sciUNIT 4 @ LANGUAGE FOCUS PRACTICE Adverbs of degree 1 Rewrite the first sentence using one of the adverbs in brackets. We're tired. But we can play two more games of tennis. (very / a bit) 1 She goes to bed late. Usually at two o'clock inthe morning. (really / not very) 2 This exam is difficult. | can't do any of the questions. (a bit / incredibly) 3. The tickets for the concert are expensive They're £200. (quite / very) He's tall. But a lot of people are taller than him. (quite / incredibly) 5 This film is interesting. | don’t want to Present perfect + for and since 3 Complete the phrases with for or since. ——for___ three months last August a few weeks yesterday 1998 about six years was ten along time sounena Complete the sentences using the present perfect form of the verbs in the box and for or since. notsee live learn work not do play not appear She sllved in Rome for five years. watch it. (not very / really) 1 The singers on TV ___2009. 2 You in that restaurant. We're hungry. So can we have a snack, five months. mae GTbie nee) 3 He for the same team he was twelve. 41 my cousins __ October. Present perfect + still, yet, just and zie any homework a weeks. 6 He. English ___ three years. already 2 Order the words to make sentences and questions. comic / have / you / finished / yet / this /? Have vou finished this comic vet? 1 to /still / bed / hasn't / Emma / gone 2 already / bought /I've /CD / that 3 have /to/ been / they / yet / Paris /? 4 tidied / the / still /they / haven't / classroom 5 show / already / started / the /has 6 hasn't / my / yet / woken up / brother Present perfect and past simple 5 Complete the sentences using the present perfect or past simple form of the verbs in brackets. She hasn't had (not have) a holiday for six months. vk achild 2 He's very intelligent, He all his exams last year. 3 We (be) at this school since we were five years old. (stay) in that hotel when | was (pass) a (you / try) Japanese food? ca (see) that Brad Pitt film at Christmas. @ (they / visit) Portugal last July? Language focus practice @ 81TRREGULAR VERBS” was. /W0Z, W2Z/, be Mbit, bu cena tern been bist a {become —7br kvm became _/b'kem! ‘become [br Kain! | a begin_/brain ———Phegan fbr gien begun organi 4 bite bast bit_ bw bitten —/"bitn | break _/breikl broke _/bra0Kd [broken _braukani bring “bray ‘brought _/rozt brought _/brxt tould “iid ‘built ult built ible burn — bsnl burnt / burned _/bsint, band! —[burnt/ burned _/bs:nt, ba:nd) buy _fbau! bought _/basv bought pst! : can_/keel could _7kud! zi ; catch _/Kiel caught _/koxt caught haa! | 3 choose _/tfusz! chose _/ifauz! chosen _/'tfaozn! 2 ‘come Tear came _/kei [come 7kam! ] ; [eut_ikaw/ cut That) Teut_ZRat [do feu! did did done _/dan/ a drink _/dzipK) drank _/drenk drunk ‘drank drive _/dra drove —irouv driven deni eat_Tiv ate_ ei eU eaten itn fall fod fell_fel fallen fon q find _/faind? found _faund? found faund/ | a fly Man flew Mus! flown loon! 3 forget _iI5'get forgot _/1n\90t forgotten _/fo\apin! get_iget! Tgot_iaot got _ got! ] ‘getup gel “an gotup got ap gotup got ap give {qv gave igeiv/ given _/'givai | o_Tqau went _/vent one _igon have _/haev) had hed had hed hide tha hid dl hidden ida! Thurt hs: hurt fat hurts | : Keep _/ki:p) Kept _/kept! kept ‘kept know _/nau) Thnew jus Known 000) [earn —s:ns learnt learned sent, laind learnt learned sent, sind | leave —/lisv! Teft_ieft eft_ilefu i lose fuzz lost _/lost lost lost make _/meik made /meidl made_/meid! meet mis rmet_Tmet! met_imet! i pat_ipuu put _/puti put_/put! ; read _ rid read_ted read_ted ' ride _/raid! rode _/r50d ridden aida | run a fran Tren! [run _/ean! 7 say_/se! said_ised said ‘sed _ see_ isi saw 183: seen _sizn! send_isend sent _/seni sent _/sent sing_sin/ [sang _isen/ sung (Sun) [stow sat_ set sat_iet sleep _slzp slept (slept slept_islept i speak_/spik spoke _/spauk spoken_/'spoukan! i [spend ‘spend spent_Spenti spent_/spent! {swim —iswim swam _swaem swum _/swam! take_teik took tok! taken _texkani teach _ tia taught to: taught ta tell_iel told taut told auld! think Bink thought _/02: thought Os: throw _/Orau! threw [ar thrown —/0roun/ [understand /anda'stend! [understood /anda\stod understood _(anda'stod! [wear _/weatn) wore >) worn worn! win win) won /wan ‘won ian! write rat wrote _/rsu writen _/nital 104 @ Irregular verbs