CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Vocabbulary in English learning
2.1.1 Definition of vocabulary
2.1.2 Importance of vocabulary
2.1.3 Methods of teaching vocabulary
2.1.4 Challenges in learning English vocaburary
2.2 Some basic apps to learn Vocabulary
2.2.1 The scope of Duolingo, wordup
2.2.1.1 The scope of Duolingo
a. Definition of Duolingo
b. Advantages and disadvantages of Duolingo
2.1 Vocabulary in English learning
2.1.1 Definition of vocabulary
In a person's language, a vocabulary is a collection of well-known terms. A helpful
and essential tool for communication and learning is a vocabulary, which is typically
developed with age. One of the biggest difficulties in acquiring a second language is
building a large vocabulary. Today's vocabulary will also frequently be used in a variety
of expressions. The definition of concrete is the same as that of language. Another way to
think of vocabulary is as a collection of terms and their equivalents in a language.
The phrase "the total number of words in a language; a list of words with their
meanings" is how Hornby (1995) defines lexical. A new vocabulary entry, however, need
not be a singular word. For instance, although the words "post office" and "mother-in-
law" are made up of two or three words each, they collectively convey a singular concept.
A helpful practice is to refer to the lexical "item" rather than the "word" in all such
instances. Burns (1972) added the term "the store of words used by a person, class, or
profession" to the definition of vocabulary. As stated by Zimmerman, who was cited by
Coady and Huckin in 1998, "vocabulary is central to language and is of critical
importance to typical language learning," language is a set of words. In addition,
Diamond and Gutlohn (2006) stated in an essay on www.readingrockets.org that
vocabulary is the understanding of words and their meanings. We can infer from the
definitions given above that vocabulary is basically the total amount of words required to
help the speaker express his or her meaning and help convey ideas. That is why acquiring
new words is so crucial. All the words in a language that are understood by a specific
individual or group of people are referred to as that person's or group's "vocabulary,"
which is also referred to as wordstock, lexicon, or lexis (from the Latin for "name").
Vocabulary can be divided into two categories: active and inactive. The terms we
comprehend and regularly employ in spoken and written communication make up an
active vocabulary. The terms that make up passive vocabulary are ones that we may be
familiar with but rarely use in everyday conversation. David Wolman, a frequent
language writer, contributing editor at Outside, and longtime contributor at Wired, claims
that English has a "staggeringly bastard vocabulary," possibly more so than any other
language spoken on earth. In the Oxford English Dictionary, he calculates that between
80 and 90 percent of the terms are borrowed from other languages. He reminds us that
Old English already combined elements of Celtic, Latin, Germanic, and Old French, with
traces of Scandinavian and Old French impact as well. The majority of the terms in the
English language's vocabulary today are of Greek and Latin origin, but despite this,
English is a Germanic language, not a Romance language, according to Ammon Shea, the
author of several books on obscure words. The fact that it's reasonably easy to create
sentences without using words with Latin roots, but "pretty much impossible to make one
without words from Old English," he claims, serves as evidence for this. In the English
tongue, how many words are there exactly? To that query, there isn't really a response.
There must be agreement on what comprises actual vocabulary in order to arrive at a
plausible total. The Oxford English Dictionary's 1989 editors estimated that it had over
500,000 definitions in the reference book. It contains roughly 100,000 items in the typical
dictionary. The total number of words and word-like forms in modern English is more
than a billion words when you add up all of the lists of geographical, zoological,
botanical, and other specialized jargon. However, this estimate is unreliable but plausible.
Similarly, a person's vocabulary is more than just their overall word knowledge; it also
includes their usage of those words. Additionally, it considers what individuals have gone
through, considered, and either accepted or refused. Because of this, vocabulary is
measured in a flexible manner as opposed to a set one.
2.1.2 Importance os vocabulary
Vocabulary is the body of words that make up a language, and the significance of
vocabulary in reading appreciation can not be exaggerated. Without a good working
knowledge of words and their meanings, both written and verbal communication will be
muddied or inadequately understood. preceptors and parents can emphasize reading and
verbal commerce with children to help them make a strong working vocabulary. scholars
with poor reading appreciation chops either warrant the vocabulary or the word
recognition chops to make sense of the material. scholars with poor reading appreciation
do n’t tend to read veritably frequently, which causes them to miss out on learning new
words. Since utmost classes have some form of written study wastes, papers, or
handbooks, a limited vocabulary can affect numerous of their grades. Communication is
enhanced by knowing further words. They do n’t have to be big words, but the meanings
should convey what the person is trying to say. When people can not communicate easily
and directly, giving instructions or understanding them may be delicate. miscalculations
can be made, going time, trouble, and plutocrat in both academy settings and the plant.
The significance of vocabulary can extend to spellinginstruction.However, he'll either
skip it or stop reading, If the anthology can not make out a word. This can be fluently
illustrated by looking at inadequately- spelled and incomprehensibly written papers on
the Internet. When generalities can not be easily expressed, it's easy for compendiums to
click down and seek another source. Spelling crimes tend to spread, especially online,
making written communication delicate to understand. preceptors can emphasize the
significance of vocabulary beforehand in academy and continue to give scholars with
openings to make word chops. One way to do this is topre-teach crucial words in all
subjects. This strategy helps scholars grasp generalities that contain terms with which
they may be strange. Putting emphasis on root words, prefixes, and suffixes help scholars
in morphemic analysis, which combines this knowledge with the environment to figure
out a new word’s meaning. Multimedia tools are good ways to expose scholars to new
generalities and enhance their desire to make vocabulary chops. A 2012 study by
Meredith Rowe, an Associate Professor of Education in the Graduate School of
Education at Harvard, discusses the ideas of volume versus quality of speech used with
babies and toddlers. At early periods( between 12 and 24 months), the quantum of
language used is important. Parents and other caregivers should speak to the child all the
time and give harmonious word models. Children need to hear words modeled numerous
times before they will begin to use the words, so the more constantly they're exposed to
words, the better the liability that they will gain that word in their vocabulary. Between
24- 36 months, it's recommended that caregivers begin to use different words, with lesser
variety to expand vocabulary chops. Between 36- 48 months, vocabulary begins to be
more affiliated to quality. During this stage, it's important to give a child with narratives.
Caregivers can speak about history and unborn events and give explanations of these
effects. Begin using more sophisticated language and give exemplifications so the child
can learn to understand new words grounded on descriptions related to words they
formerly know. The important thing is to stay one step ahead of children in their
development — modeling words and expressions that are slightly beyond the child’s
position will help develop a stronger vocabulary. How do we help children do this? There
are numerous ways to bed vocabulary into children’s diurnal lives. Engaging in
exchanges and talking kiddies through their diurnal routines is a great way to make
vocabulary chops. generalities similar as body corridor are learned through diaper
changing, dressing and bath times. Talking during pretend play, block structure, mess
times, motor play, music and sensitive conditioning will introduce kiddies to a variety of
generalities and descriptive words( i.e., hot, cold, big, altitudinous, over, down, wet, dry,
presto, slow). Reading is another great exertion to develop vocabulary. Parents should n’t
feel like they've to stick to the words on the runner, moreover. Books with numerous
filmland and many words are great discussion starters. Caregivers can talk about what
they see on the runner, point out intriguing details, or follow the lead when their child
points to commodity. Avoiding vague words is important as well. While it’s easy to
gesture in a general direction and say “ that one ” or “ over there, ” noncommittal words
wo n’t increase a child’s vocabulary and knowledge the same way that pointing towards
an object and describing it will-- suppose of how numerous generalities the judgment “ I
see a big, green truck on the bottom shelf ” includes!
2.1.3 Methods of teaching vocabulary
A well- developed vocabulary is essential for pupil success, both in the classroom and
beyond. That’s why it’s so important to give scholars comprehensive vocabulary
instruction at every stage of their academic trip. still, like utmost areas in English
language trades instruction, there’s no single stylish system for tutoring vocabulary.
rather, successful vocabulary instruction blends circular and direct tutoring styles to help
scholars make stronger language chops. Read on to learn about four different vocabulary
tutoring strategies to work into your assignment plans!
Direct Roots- grounded Vocabulary
Studying Latin and Greek roots is clearly an effective way for scholars to make better
vocabularies. After all, over 60 of all English words contain Latin or Greek roots,
prefixes, and suffixes. However, they'll have a huge advantage when it comes to learning
new words and decoding word meanings on their own, if your scholars understand a
word’s etymology. While it’s possible to structure your entire vocabulary class around
Latin and Greek roots, you do n’t have to make any drastic changes to cover root study.
Just as you can educate scholars a many vocabulary words each week, you can educate
them a many roots, prefixes, and suffixes, fastening on generally used bones like uni-,
tele-, and- logy. One delightful way for scholars to study Latin and Greek roots is to have
them construct and define their own words using a many roots, prefixes, and suffixes. It
does not count if the words your scholars produce are" real" words. As long as scholars
can attach a realistic description to the words they make, they are on the right track. The
further practice your scholars get with roots, prefixes, and suffixes, the more confident
decoders they'll come, and scholars love conditioning in which they can show a little
creativity. Roots- grounded vocabulary literacy is also salutary for ESL scholars.
numerous languages, similar as Spanish and French, include words that are grounded on
Latin and Greek roots. For case, both the English word primary and the Spanish word
primero contain the Latin root prim-, which means “ first ”. By making direct connections
between roots and words in their native language, ESL scholars can learn to figure out the
meaning of strange English words.
Indirect Vocabulary in Context
Although learning words in insulation may help scholars study vocabulary lists in the
short term, using this system on its own presumably wo n’t help scholars retain that word
knowledge after test day. rather, try to educate vocabulary in environment. Not only will
this strategy help scholars determine word meanings from girding environment
suggestions, but it also invites them to actually suppose about what they ’re reading and
draw meaningful consequences from the textbook. One quick way of developing larger
vocabularies through reading is by helping your scholars learn to identify the following
environment suggestions Root words A frog’s life cycle is complete when it
metamorphoses into an grown-up. sense numerous frogs are rapacious, eating only
insects, fish, and small mammals. Compare/ Differ Unlike humans, a frog’s cognizance
are internal, hidden by a subcaste of skin. description Submarine frogs primarily live in
the water. Illustration Some frogs inhabit terrestrial surroundings, including
comeuppance, jungles, and mountains. Whether you are writing your own
exemplifications or opting specific passages to educate vocabulary, one thing is always
important You must make sure the selection you choose gives scholars enough
environment to determine the meaning of the word you are tutoring.
Direct Vocabulary from Literature
Want your scholars to flash back the vocabulary words you are tutoring them? Make new
words an integral part of your literature class. tutoring your scholars vocabulary words
that come from the books they are reading for class is a great way to combine erudite and
vocabulary study. Before starting a unit on a specific textbook, read through the book and
identify potentially grueling words from each chapter or section. Also, you can make
conditioning and exercises grounded on those words. The words you include in these
conditioning will be familiar when your scholars encounter them in the textbook. Another
approach is to identify themes in the textbook you are tutoring and produce vocabulary
word lists that relate to those ideas. This is a great way to bring in words not set up in the
textbook but that may be applicable — and vocabulary study needs to be applicable, or
scholars simply will not store the words you educate in their long- term recollections.
Direct sphere-specific Vocabulary
Tutoring sphere-specific vocabulary is more important than ever, thanks to the emphasis
placed on it in the Common Core State norms. sphere-specific words, occasionally called
Tier 3 words, are specialized terms or slang applicable to a specific subject, similar as
digression in mathematics, constitution in history, and illustrate in language trades. Some
league 3 words have multiple meanings for illustration, away from being a legal
document, constitution can also relate to a person's state of health. But their sphere-
specific meanings are important to any pupil who needs to write about or bandy those
words incontext. However, they'll be sure to encounter sphere-specific vocabulary words,
if your scholars read nonfiction or instructional textbooks. Before your class begins
reading, consider creating a list of the words your scholars should anticipate to encounter.
You may want to have scholars essay to define words in environment using some of the
preliminarily mentioned strategies before turning to the wordbook, though some
nonfiction textbooks make this task more delicate than others. However, you can
matriculate your scholars to help, if you find yourself floundering to come up with
sphere-specific vocabulary terms. Have them bandy and dissect terms from other classes,
like calculation or wisdom, that they may have trouble understanding. Not only will
exercises like these help strengthen vocabulary chops, they ’ll also support scholars ’
knowledge in other areas of academia.
2.1.4 Challenges in learning English vocabulary
Sesame words can be challenging to learn because they are hard to recall, easily
forgotten, difficult to apply in various situations, and have numerous definitions. This
makes students confused when they look up the definitions in the dictionary. The cause is
that students forget how many words they have acquired because they learn by topics
rather than going back and reviewing earlier topics. The process of learning vocabulary
through stories and novels aids in word retention based on context and increases interest
in reading and learning English. According to each student's reading ability, the
Bookworms and Xreading series are reputable and authoritative reading resources.
2.2.1 The scope of Duolingo, wordup
2.2.1.1 The scope of Duolingo
a. Definition of Duolingo
The most well-liked method of learning languages worldwide is through the
Duolingo language learning program. The goal of the business is to create the finest
education possible and make it accessible to everyone. Duolingo makes learning
enjoyable and is effective, according to study. You will acquire practical communication
skills while earning points and progressing to new stages with the help of brief, bite-sized
lessons. The business also developed the Duolingo English Test, an accessible and cost-
effective language certification option that is recognized by thousands of institutions
around the globe, in addition to its language learning appcore platform.
b. Advantages and disadvantages of Duolingo
* Advantages
Suitable for everyone learning English
Duolingo is an English learning platform that is perfect for everyone because its lessons
are personalized. Duolingo continuously asks learners if the pace and level of the lesson
is appropriate to personalize learning based on the learner's pace. And with Duolingo,
learners on the platform, even those who are just starting to learn English, don't need to
worry about the speed and level of the lesson.
Help learners memorize vocabulary
In addition, Duolingo lessons use the Spaced Repetition technique. This is a technique
that uses the repetition of knowledge to be learned over long periods of time and this
technique is intended to take advantage of the characteristics of human psychology and
memory. Duolingo lessons are always aimed at memorizing learners' vocabulary, so
Duolingo always repeats that vocabulary. With the application of this technique, learning
English, especially in learning and memorizing vocabulary, will be extremely effective.
Reduce stress in the process of learning English
Because Duolingo is designed as a game, the learning process of learners will be
extremely relaxing. Duolingo also makes learning experiences fun and motivating by
offering extra features like podcasts, stories, or leaderboards to compete with other
learners.
Convenience in learning English
Duolingo is an extremely convenient English learning application because learners can
learn on computers or even on their phones. Learners can take the time to learn anytime
and anywhere.
*Disadvantages:
How to learn speaking skills is not practical
Duolingo lessons all use pre-recorded or computer-generated voices, so sometimes
learners will be limited in learning how to reflect and communicate in real-life contexts.
Although the application has also included sample listening and repeating sentences to
help improve speaking skills, this does not improve the problem because in some cases
the technology does not have enough data and accuracy to recognize. whether the
learners' pronunciation is really good and easy to understand.
Can't choose vocabulary topic
Because learners have to complete all lessons on the same topic in one Unit, then they
can move on to another topic in the next Unit, so learners will not be able to choose and
learn vocabulary for the topic that they really are. need.
