Unit 3: The Artist and His

✓ Stippling - Uses the sharp point of the

pencil to make dot patterns in some
parts of the drawing.
Medium ✓ Blending - May be accomplished by
using the finger or a paper stump to

Lesson 1: The Process of Art gradually change the tone from dark to
light.

Production 2. Ink
• It is one of the oldest materials for
➢ Production is at the heart of making art. drawing that is still in use. It allows for a
Artists and theorists have long great variety of qualities, depending on
acknowledged its importance as both an the tools and technique used in the
artistic action and an idea to be explored. application.
➢ It can be the process of bringing a song or
musical to life or honing that work to 3. Pastel
perfection. Production might bring out
• This is composed of dry pigment held
images of factory production lines, or even
together by a gum binder and
the theories of scientists and philosophers
compressed into sticks.
after the mind has conceived it through a
certain process.
i. 3 Kinds of Pastel
✓ Soft Pastel
MEDIUM
✓ Hard Pastel
• When an artist is ready to express himself ✓ Oil Pastel
in art and to give shape to his vision, his
first thought would be on what medium to ii. Pastel Technique:
use. ✓ Stippling - Using pastel of different
colors to produce small marks, thus,
TECHNIQUE creating a pattern.
• The technique of the artwork shows the ✓ Feathering - Using the point of the
level of familiarity with the medium being pastel to make parallel strokes creating
manipulated. a feather-like effect.
✓ Scumbling - It is like layering but using
CURATION pastel. The side of the pastel is lightly
• Derived from the word “curare” which drawn on top of an existing color but
means to take care. It is a process that still making the color of the first layer
involves managing, overseeing and visible.
assembling or putting together a ✓ Impasto - The technique of thickly
presentation or exhibit for some type of applying the pastel by pressing it hard
artistic collection. on the paper creating an opaque effect.
✓ Sgraffito - Technique that applies a thick

Lesson 2: The Different Media of

deposit of pastel on the support then
using a blunt pen, scrapes it off to
reveal the underlying color.
the Visual Art
4. Charcoal
I. Graphic or Two – Dimensional • An organic medium that comes from
Arts burnt wood.
A. Drawing
• The fundamental skill needed in the i. 2 Kinds of Charcoal:
visual arts. ✓ Compressed Charcoal - The vine
charcoal which comes in thin sticks that
a. Different Media for Drawing: is easy to blend and erase.
✓ Manufactured Charcoal - Made from
1. Pencils loose charcoal mixed with a binder and
• Made of graphite which comes in pressed into sticks.
different hardness from soft to hard or
thickness from thick to needle-like. 5. Paper
• The most common surface used in two-
i. Shading Techniques: dimensional art.
✓ Hatching - A series of thin parallel lines
that run in the same direction. i. 3 Types of Paper:
✓ Cross-hatching - A series of thin parallel ✓ Hot-pressed Paper - Smooth
lines and criss - crossing it with another ✓ Cold-pressed Paper - Has moderate
set of tin parallel lines. texture.
✓ Rough Paper - Has the most texture
(tooth).
B. Painting 2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed)
• It is the process of applying paint onto a • Instead of the surface of the plate for the
smooth surface (ground/support) like image, the lines of the image are cut or
paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster. incised to a metal plate.
a. Pigment
• Part of the paint that gives color. 3. Surface Printing (Flat)
• Include all processes in which printing
b. Different Media for Painting: is done from a flat surface.

1. Watercolor II. Plastic or Three –

• Pigments are mixed with water and Dimensional Arts
applied to paper. A. Sculpture
• Originated from the Latin word
2. Gouache “sculpere” which means to carve. It is
• The pigment has been mixed with water defined as the art or practice of creating
and added with a chalk-like material to three-dimensional forms or figures.
give it an opaque effect.
a. 3 Kinds of Sculptures:
3. Oil Paints
• Pigments are mixed with oil as its 1. Freestanding
binder. It is a dense painting medium • Sculptures which can be viewed from all
and gives rich, beautiful colors. sides.
Discovered by a Flemish painter, Jan
Van Eyck in the 15th century. 2. Relief
• Sculptures in which the figures project
4. Tempera from a background.
• Pigment is mixed with egg yolk
(sometimes with the white) as binder. i. Two Variations of Relief Sculpture
✓ Low Relief (bas relief) - Figures are
5. Fresco slightly raised/projected from its
• Pigment is mixed with water and applied background.
on a portion of the wall with wet plaster. ✓ High Relief - Almost half of the figures
It is used for mural paintings. project from its background, more
shadows are created.
6. Acrylic
• Modern medium with synthetic paint 3. Kinetic (mobile)
using acrylic emulsion as binder. • A sculpture that is capable of movement
by wind, water or other forms of energy.
C. Mosaic
• Wall or floor decorations made of mall

Lesson 3: The Process of Creating

tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored
stones or glass called tesserae.

D. Collage
• Derived from a French word “coller”
Sculpture
which means to stick. This is a A. Subtractive Process
technique of making art by gluing or • Involves removing or cutting away
pasting on firm support materials or pieces of the materials to form the
found objects. figure.

E. Printmaking B. Additive Process

• Process used for making reproductions • The process involves the construction
of graphic works. Allows for the of a figure by putting together bits of the
repeated transfer of a master image material or by welding together metal
from a printing plate (matrix) onto a parts to create figures.
surface.
C. Process of Substitution
a. Printmaking Techniques: • This process is also known as casting.
This method involves using a mold to
1. Relief Painting (Raised) produce a 3D figure in another material.
• The oldest method of printmaking. The
technique involves cutting away certain D. Different Media of Sculpture:
parts of the surface and leaving the a. Stone- A natural medium. Hard and
‘raised’ part to produce the image. relatively permanent.
 Lesson 5: Media of Architecture
b. Wood - Also a natural medium. It varies
in hardness and durability depending
on the kind of tree it came from.
A. Compressive Strength
c. Metal - It has three unique qualities:
tensile strength, ductility and • Refers to those materials that can
malleability. support heavy weights without
d. Plaster - It is finely ground gypsum crumbling or breaking down.
mixed with water and poured into mold.
e. Terra cotta (cooked earth) - Baked clay B. Materials that are used for Creating
or clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high Building and Infrastructures:
temperature.
f. Glass - Made by heating and cooling a a. Stones and Bricks
combination of sand and soda lime. • Stones are favored over other
g. Plastic - Synthetic medium made from materials for its durability,
organic polymers. adaptability to sculptural treatment
and its use for building simple
structures in its natural state.

Lesson 4: Architecture b. Lumber (wood)

• All parts of a building can be
➢ Art of designing buildings and other constructed using wood except the
structures which will serve a definite foundations.
function.
c. Iron and Steel
A. Construction Principles: • Provide stronger and taller
structures with less use of material
a. Post and Lintel when compared to stone or wood.
• Makes use of two vertical supports
(post) and spanned by a horizontal d. Concrete
beam (lintel). It was invented by the • Mixture of cement and water, with
Greeks. aggregates of sand and gravel.

b. Arch
• A Roman invention that consists of
separate pieces of wedge-shaped Lesson 6: Literature and the
blocks called voussoirs arranged in a
semi-circle.
Combined Arts
i. Structures that can be built from the A. Literature
Principles of Arch • Art of combining spoken or written
✓ Barrel Vault - A succession of arches. words and their meanings into forms
✓ Groin Vault - A structure that is formed which have artistic and emotional
by intersecting arches resulting in four appeal.
openings.
✓ Dome- Structure with the shape of an B. Types of Literature:
inverted cup.
a. Poetry
c. Truss • It used to follow strict rules s to the
• System of triangular forms assembled number and length of lines and
to form a rigid framework. stanzas but in recent years they
have become more free-flowing
d. Cantilever
• A structure that makes use of a beam or b. Fiction
slab that extends horizontally into • Written work that is not real and
space beyond its supporting post. which uses elaborate figurative
language.
e. Buttress
• A structure that is built as a support for c. Non-fiction
the wall. • Subject matter comes from real
life.

d. Drama
• Includes all plays or any written
works that are meant to be
performed.
Lesson 7: Music, Media in Music,
c. Pop Music
• Began in the 1950s and is inspired in the
tradition of rock and roll.
some Genres of Music d. Jazz
A. Music • Originated in the African-American
➢ Defined as the art of combining and communities in the late 19th and early
regulating sounds of varying pitch to 20th centuries.
produce compositions that express
various ideas and feelings. e. Blues
• Originated from the African Americans
B. Media in Music in the deep South of the United States in
the late 19th Century.
a. Vocal Medium
• The oldest and most popular medium f. Rock Music
for music is the human voice. • Form of popular music that evolved
from rock and roll and pop music.
i. Classification of Human Voice (Komien,
2008): g. Alternative Music
✓ Soprano - Highest female singing voice. • A style of rock music that emerged from
✓ Contralto - Female singing voice that is the independent music of the 1980s and
low and rich in quality. gained popularity in the 1990s.
✓ Tenor - Highest adult male singing
voice.
✓ Bass - Male singing voice that is low and
rich in quality. Lesson 8: Dance, Types of Dances
✓ Baritone – Male singing voice that is
between tenor and bass. A. Dance
➢ Is said to be the oldest of the arts. It is
b. Instrumental Medium the man’s gestures that express
• Materials that produce / create sound. emotions through rhythmic
movements.
i. Traditional Instruments of Music:
✓ String Instruments - Provide basic B. Types of Dances:
orchestral sounds. Two kinds are:
a. Ethnologic (ethnic)
➢ Bowed strings that produce tones by • Includes folk dances associated with
means of a bow of horse hair. national and/or cultural groups.
➢ Plucked strings that produce tones
by plucking the strings with a finger b. Social or Ballroom
or with a plectrum held in one’s • Type of dancing that are generally
hand. performed in pairs.

✓ Woodwind Instruments - Create sounds c. Ballet

by blowing into them. • Originated in the royal courts of the
✓ Brass Instruments - Have cup-shaped Medieval era.
mouthpieces and expands into a bell-
shaped end. d. Social or Ballroom
✓ Percussion Instruments - Makes sound • Sometimes called contemporary or
by hitting them. interpretative dances. They represent
✓ Keyboard Instruments - Make sound by rebellion against the classical
means of a keyboard which consist of a formalism of ballet.
series of black and white keys.
e. Musical Comedy (musicale)
C. Some Genres of Music: • Refers to those dances performed by
one dancer or a group of dancers.
a. Classical Music
• European tradition that covered the
years of 1750 to 1830. Forms such as
the symphony, concerto, and sonata
were standardized.

b. Folk Music
• Originated in the traditional popular
culture or is written in such a style.
Lesson 9: Drama and Theatre and
d. Experimental films
• Sequence of images, literal or abstract,
which do not necessarily form a
Genres of Drama narrative.

A. Drama e. Educational Films

➢ Genre of literature that is intended to be • Specifically intended to facilitate
acted-out or performed on stage in front learning at home or classrooms.
of an audience.
c. People Behind a Motion Picture
B. Theatre
➢ Combined art that includes music, a. Actors
dance, painting, sculpture, and • Play the roles of the characters.
architecture.
b. Producer
C. Genres of Drama (DiYanni, 2000): • handles finances.
a. Tragedy c. Screenwriter
• literature’s greatest dramatic genre. • develops stories and ideas for the
screen or adapts interesting written
b. Melodrama pieces of work as motion pictures.
• Emphasizes the never-ending battle
between good and evil wherein good d. Director
always wins. • Studies the script, plans and visualizes
how the film should be portrayed and
c. Comedy guides the actors and the production
• Exact opposite of tragedy. crew as they carry out the project.
d. Satire
• Portrays human weakness and
criticized human behavior to pave the
path to some form of salvation for
human actions.

e. Farce
• Light humorous play in which the
emphasis is on the jokes, humorous
physical action, exaggerated situations
and improbable characters.

Lesson 10: Cinema, Genres of

Motion Pictures and People
Behind Motion Pictures
a. Cinema
➢ Series of images that are projected onto
a screen to create the illusion of motion.

b. Genres of Motion Pictures:

a. Feature Films
• Commonly shown in movie theaters.

b. Animated movies
• Use images created by artists/
animators.

c. Documentary movies
• deal primarily with facts, not fiction.
Unit 4: Elements and Principles of
Art
Lesson 1: Line and Kinds of Line
➢ A line can be defined in several ways: It is
a path made by a moving point;
➢ A series of dots;
➢ A prolongation of points or according to
Paul Klee is a dot that went for a walk.
➢ Captures its essence in the visual arts is it
being an intended mark made by the artist
to convey meaning beyond its physical
description.
Lesson 2: Properties of Color and
Kinds of Lines
How Colors Relate and Light and
A. Straight Lines
• are geometric, impersonal and differ in Shadow
the direction that they take. The straight
lines may move from left to right, start COLOR
from the top going down, slant or move ➢ Color is composed of a series of wave
up and down forming angles. Whatever lengths which strike the retina of the eyes.
is the direction, each kind indicates a ➢ A ray of light contains all the colors of the
specific type of emotion. visible spectrum- red orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo and violet (ROYGBIV).
a. Horizontal Lines ➢ The visible spectrum was discovered by sir
• move from left to right or vice versa. It is Isaac Newton when light was allowed to
a line that appears to be laying down. pass through a glass prism.
➢ Passing white light through a prism breaks
b. Vertical Line it into a band of the visible colors (just like
a rainbow).
• start from bottom to top or vice versa. It
is a line that appears to be standing.
A. Properties of Color
c. Diagonal lines
i. Hue
• are slanting lines. In the visual art,
• It is the name given to the color, for
diagonals suggest two meanings, a
example; red, green, violet and blue.
positive and a negative one. On the
positive diagonals indicate action and
✓ For pigments, RED, YELLOW and
movement i.e. to move forward and act.
BLUE are called primary hues. They
On the negative, it conveys a feeling of
are considered primary because
uncertainty, stress and defeat.
these hues cannot be produced from
combining any hues.
d. Zigzag lines
✓ When two primary hues are mixed in
• Are angular lines that resulted in abrupt
equal amounts, secondary hues are
change in the direction of a straight line
produced. These are ORANGE,
thus forming angles. The lines are
GREEN and VIOLET.
unpleasant and harsh which portrays
✓ Mixing equal amounts of the primary
tension, conflict, chaos, or violence.
and secondary hues produces
intermediate hues which are RED
e. Curved lines
ORANGE, BLUE GREEN and BLUE
• are technically curvilinear lines. Curve VIOLET.
lines suggest grace, movement and ✓ Combining in equal mixture any two
flexibility indicative of life and energy. secondary hues produces the
When a curve line moves continuously tertiary hues.
in opposite directions, it forms a wavy
line which shows fluidity because of the
gradual change in direction.
 ii. Value a. Chiaroscuro
• refers to the lightness or darkness of a • the technique of manipulating light
color. The value of any hues can be and shadow in painting. Masters who
changed by adding a neutral such as have perfected the use of this
black or white. This results in changing technique are Da Vinci, Michelangelo,
the quantity of light the hue reflects. Rembrandt, and Caravaggio.
• Rembrandt and Caravaggio went a
✓ Shade - When black is combined step further and exaggerated the use
with hue. of shadows to an extreme called
✓ Tint - When white is added with hue. tenebrism or “dark manner”.
• In the local scene, Fernando
iii. Intensity Amorsolo, also mastered chiaroscuro,
• denotes the brightness or dullness of a but his focus was more on the
color. It gives color its strength. Colors manipulation of light rather than
differ in intensity or vividness. shadow.

✓ Hues become less intense (dull)

Lesson 3: Shape and Classification

when white is added because color
becomes lighter in value.
✓ The hues’ intensity diminishes when
black is added and as the value
darkens.
of Shapes
✓ If gray is added, the result will be a Shapes
variation in intensity without any ➢ In visual arts, a shape is formed when two
change in value. ends of a line meet to enclose an area. The
area may stand out from the surface
B. How Colors Relate because of a difference in color, value or
texture. They may also present themselves
i. Color Harmony as flat or two-dimensional and solid or
• is one method of establishing color three dimensional on a picture plane.
quality in a composition. There are
several ways of creating harmony that Picture plane
an artist can use. The most common are ➢ Any flat surface onto which the artwork is
the following: created.

a. Monochromatic Harmony Negative Shapes

• When a single color in the ➢ these are between the shapes that are not
composition is varied in intensity and occupied by any form. In painting, these
value by adding white or black. spaces can be as important as the shapes
themselves. In sculpture and architecture,
b. Complementary Harmony the shape of the artwork can be determined
• results when two colors that are by viewing the work against its background
opposite each other in the color wheel (Marquardt & Eskilson, 2005).
are placed side by side.
A. Classification of Shapes:
c. Analogous Harmony
• results when hues that are adjacent or a. Natural or organic shapes
beside each other in the color wheel is • Those are seen in nature like the
used in a composition. shape of leaves, animals, mountains,
flowers and seashells.
d. Color Temperature
• refers to the relative warmth or b. Abstract shapes
coolness of a color. Warm colors are • Those that have little or no
colors that have YELLOW as its resemblance to natural objects.
dominant component white cool
colors have blue as their dominant c. Non – objective or biomorphic shapes
component. • Seldom have reference or
recognizable objects, but most often
ii. Light and Shadow (Value) show a similarity to some organic
• Light and shadow focuses on what is forms.
known as achromatic value. This refers
to the changes in the amount of d. Geometric shapes
reflected light which ranges from black • These are triangles, rectangles,
to gray to white and vice versa. An artist squares, cylinders, cubes.
who has mastered the manipulation of
achromatic value in a composition gives
his work the illusion of depth and form.
 Lesson 4: Texture, Methods of
d. Perspective
• deals with the effect of distance on the
appearance of objects. It enables the
creating Space and Movement viewer to perceive distance and to see
the position of objects in space.
i. Texture
➢ refers to the feel or tactile quality of the ✓ Linear perspective
surface of an object. It has to do with the • give the perception distance by
characteristic of the surface, whether it means of converging lines. It has
is rough or smooth, fine or coarse, to do with the direction of lines
polished or dull, plain or irregular. They and with the size of objects.
also add richness and vitality in
paintings.
✓ Aerial perspective (gradient)
ii. Visual Texture • the effect of haze, mist or
➢ in such cases where touching the atmosphere on the object. Near
artwork is not allowed, textured can be objects are seen in detail with the
perceived by the eyes. full intensity of color and as
objects recede, details are lost
iii. Space and objects appear grayer.
➢ An illusion in the graphic arts. It is
created by techniques that add depth v. Space in sculpture
and distance to two-dimensional art. In ➢ may be viewed in two ways: it may be
sculpture and architecture, however, considered a single solid object or an
space is actually present. assemblage of solids that exhibits
space; or space may be perceived as it
A. Methods of Creating Space: enters into relations with its
surroundings－extending into it,
a. Overlapping planes (interposition) enveloping it, or relating across it.
• create space when an object covers a
part of another object which is behind it. vi. Space in architecture
➢ is created and defined by the shape,
b. Relative Size position, and the materials employed by
• objects that appear large/big indicate the architect.
nearness and small-sized objects as
distant. Aside from creating the illusion vii. Movement
of space, this can also be interpreted as ➢ Over the years, artists of the visual arts
power and import. have manipulated the medium and
elements in order to portray motion in
c. Position on the picture plane (relative their artworks. They have also
height) experimented on which techniques to
• In some paintings, spatial employ to be able to incorporate in their
representation is based upon the works the perception of movement.
position of objects relative to the
bottom of the frame. Those objects A. Two ways to present motion or movement
found at the bottom of the frame will in their art
appear closer to the viewer. Farther
distances are indicated by the positions a. Actual movement
of the objects higher on the picture • in art, specifically in sculptures results
plane. The point of reference is the in kinetic art. Actual movements may
horizon line which is the line at the eye be achieved naturally using wind and
level. A picture plane can be divided into water or mechanically through some
three parts; energy source (batteries or electricity).

✓ Foreground – the bottom part. b. Implied movement

✓ Middle ground – where the horizon • results when a variety of lines are used
is. together, repeated, change in position,
✓ Background – the topmost part. or decreased/increased in size. This
gives the impression of movement in a
iv. Color stationary two-dimensional art.
➢ also used to give the illusion of
distance. Warm colors advance and
make objects look closer while cool
colors recede making objects look
farther away.