Chapter 1
1. Unit conversion 注意单位 可能出描述题
2. Understand system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process, and cycle
3. Properties of a system: what are intensive properties? (density, specific volume) and what
are extensive properties? (mass, volume)
4. Temperature in different scale and their conversion
5. Gage pressure, absolute pressure, atmospheric pressure, vacuum
Chapter 2 外部功
1. Forms of energy, total energy, internal energy
2. Dynamic forms of energy (energy interaction): heat transfer and work
3. Mechanical energy - directly and completely converted to mechanical work. kinetic
energy, potential energy, flow energy due to pressure, no thermal energy
4. Energy transfer by heat (due to temperature difference, from hot to cold)
5. Energy transfer by work
6. Heat and work: boundary phenomena, path functions
st
7. The 1 Law of thermodynamics, energy balance
Energy balance
Energy change of a system
Energy transfer
• For stationary system (closed system): ∆𝐸 = ∆𝑈
• Three mechanism of energy transfer: heat, work and mass flow
8. Energy conversion efficiency
9. Heating value of the fuel
10. Overall efficiency, if more than one kind of energy transfer
Chapter 3
1. Pure substance
2. Phase change processes
3. Properties of P-v, T-v, P-T diagrams:
• Compressed liquid region, saturated liquid-vapor region, superheated vapor
region, saturation temperature/pressure, critical point
4. Enthalpy-a combination property: h = u + Pv
5. Determine the states of the substance:
• Saturated liquid, saturated vapor, saturated liquid-vapor mixture (with quality x),
superheated vapor, compressed liquid, and find the right table to solve your problem.
The method to determine the state is to compare the properties like temperature,
pressure, internal energy and enthalpy with the saturated values
6. Compressed liquid: table or approximation method
y → v, u, or h A general approximation is to treat compressed liquid as
saturated liquid at the given temperature
7. Saturated liquid-vapor mixture (x is the quality, yf is the properties of saturated liquid, yg
is the properties of saturated vapor, yfg is the difference of yf and yg):
8. The Ideal-gas equation of state (applicable at low pressure and high temperature
compared to the critical pressure of temperature)
9. Compressibility factor:
Using PR, TR or vR to find the compressibility factor in the generalized compressibility chart
注意和Pr 区分
Chapter 4:
1. Moving boundary work:
• For constant volume process
• For constant pressure process
• For isothermal compression of an ideal gas
2. Polytropic process
For ideal gas, it is the isothermal process
3. Energy balance for closed system
For a cycle
∆𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 0
4. Specific heat:
• Valid for any substance undergoing any process
• cv is related to the changes in internal energy and cp to the changes in enthalpy
5. Three ways to calculate ∆u，∆h，and specific heat of ideal gas
近似值，未必准
6. Specific heat for incompressible substances (liquid and solid)
Chapter 5
1. Conservation of mass:
• Mass remains constant in closed systems
• Mass crosses the boundaries in control volume (open system)
2. Mass flow rate:
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐴𝑐
3. Mass balance:
4. Mass and energy balance for steady flow processes
𝑑𝑚𝑐𝑣
= 𝛥𝑚̇𝑐𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑡
5. Flow energy
6. Total energy of a flowing fluid
h = Pv + u
When the kinetic and potential energies of a fluid stream are negligible
7. Energy and mass balance for nozzles, diffusers, turbine, compressor, throttling valves
• Nozzles and diffusers (heat transfer, work, kinetic and potential energy are neglected):
• Turbines (heat transfer, work, kinetic and potential energy are neglected):
• Compressors and fans (heat transfer, work, kinetic and potential energy are
neglected):
• Throttling valves:
• Mixing chamber: 𝑚̇𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚̇𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 Nozzle｣ di user
8. Unsteady flow processes:
Chapter 6
nd
1. Understand the 2 Law of Thermodynamics - one way in certain direction
2. Thermal energy reservoirs
3. Heat engine: convert heat to work, operate on a cycle
4. Thermal efficiency
5. We cannot save the Qout to the cycle.
6. Kelvin-Planck statement:
• No 100% heat engine
• Impossible to receive heat from a single source
7. Refrigerators and heat pumps: transfer heat from a low-T medium to a high-T one
8. Coefficient of Performance (COP) for refrigerators (Desired output is QL)
9. COP for heat pumps (Desired output is QH)
10. Clausius Statement:
• Work input is necessary
11. Reversible and irreversible processes
• Reversible processes is an idealized process
• All the processes occurring in nature are irreversible (irreversibilities)
12. Carnot cycle (reversible, a model, an idealized case)
13. Carnot principles (between the same two reservoirs)
• Efficiency of an irreversible heat engine < Efficiency of a reversible one
• Efficiencies of all reversible heat engines are the same
14. Thermodynamic temperature scale
1 K = 1ºC
15. Carnot heat engine:
16. Carnot refrigerator and heat pump:
Chapter 7
1. Clausius inequality
The equality is only for internally reversible process (idealized case)
2. Entropy change
3. For internally reversible isothermal heat transfer processes:
4. The increase of entropy principle
The equality is only for internally reversible process
For irreversible process, some entropy is generated: Sgen due to the presence of irreversibility
5. Entropy change of pure substances:
• Saturated liquid-vapor mixtures:
• Compressed liquid:
• For a closed system:
6. Isentropic processes:
7. What is entropy? - understand the physical meaning
• A measure of thermal randomness or molecular disorder
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8. The 3 Law of Thermodynamics:
• The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero
9. For an internally reversible process, the first Tds, or Gibbs equation
10. Entropy change of liquids and solids
For isentropic process
11. Entropy change for ideal gas
For constant specific heats (approximate analysis)
12. Isentropic processes of ideal gases
13. Entropy Balance
Increase of entropy principle
Entropy change of a system
14. Entropy transfer mechanism: entropy is not transferred by work
• Heat transfer: (T is not constant)
• Work:
• Mass flow:
15. Entropy generation
• For closed system (heat transfer only):
(Q = 0)
• For open system (including heat transfer and mass flow):
