LLUSTRATIONS:

I. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

A. Glassware

1) Plain test tubes: to hold, mix, or heat small quantities of solid or liquid chemicals, especially for
qualitative experiments and assays.

a. 15 x 100 mm

b. 13 x 100 mm

c. 12 x 75 mm

2) Evacuated test tubes: The evacuated tube system is the most commonly used means of collecting
specimens. This system is preferable to the needle and syringe since it allows the blood to pass directly
from the vein to the evacuated tube.

a. Red top (plain)

b. Blue top

c. Gray

d. Green

e. Yellow

f. Lavender, etc.

3) Centrifuge tubes: Centrifuge tubes are used to contain liquids during centrifugation, which separates
the sample into its components by rapidly rotating it around a fixed axis.

a. Plain

b. Graduated

4) Special tubes:

a. BUN tube-green/yellow-top : A common blood test, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test reveals
important information about how well your kidneys are working. A BUN test measures the amount of
urea nitrogen that's in your blood.

b. NPN tube- : What is the use of NPN tube?

The NPN compound present in highest concentration in the blood is urea (Fig. 12.1). Urea is the major
excretory product of protein metabolism. The measurement of urea is used to evaluate renal function,
to assess hydration status, to determine nitrogen balance, to aid in the diagnosis of renal disease, and to
verify adequacy of dialysis.

c. Folin-Wu tube : used to prevent reoxidation of Cu2O by atmospheric oxygen, even before adding
phosphomolybdic acid.
5) Cuvettes : a piece of laboratory equipment that is intended to hold samples for spectroscopic analysis.

a. Glass cuvettes (13x100 mm) : typically for use in the wavelength range of visible light, whereas fused
quartz tends to be used for ultraviolet applications.

b. Plastic cuvette (micro method) : used in the visible range for colorimetric assays and the UV range for
DNA, RNA, and protein analysis.

6) Pipettes:

a) Measuring types:

a.1. Serologic pipettes: used in laboratories to transfer liquids. These pipettes come with graduations on
the side that help measures the liquid (in milliliters or ml) to be dispensed or aspirated. They are most
recommended for use because of their preciseness in measuring the smallest increment levels.

10 mL, 5 mL, 2 mL, 1 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.1 mL

a.2. Mohr pipette : also known as a graduated pipette, is a type of pipette used to measure the volume
of the liquid dispensed, although not as accurately as a volumetric pipette. These use a series of marked
lines (as on a graduated cylinder) to indicate the different volumes. They come in a variety of sizes, and
are used much like a burette, in that the volume is found by calculating the difference of the liquid level
before and after.

b) Transfer types:

b.1. Volumetric : are designed to be highly accurate for a specific volume. They can be used to transfer
that volume of liquid for use in creating a solution or dilution.

b.2. Ostwald-Folin pipette : Oswald-Folin pipettes are a type of volumetric pipette with bulbs near the
delivery tip (see Figure 2). They are TD pipettes, but are designed for use with more viscous fluids such
as blood or serum.

b.3. Pasteur pipette : are commonly used in laboratories to dispense small amounts of liquid medicines.
They are tapered to a narrow opening point at the lower end and fitted with a plastic or rubber bulb at
the upper end. The liquid is transferred with the help of a rubber bulb which is fitted on the top of the
pipette.

c) Automatic pipette : Automated pipetting systems fall under the category of liquid handling
instruments, which are typically used for copying, aliquoting, pooling and mixing and the serial dilution
of liquids.

23) Flasks:

a. Volumetric - used for accurate dilutions and preparation of solutions and any other liquids needed at
the laboratory workflow.

b. Erlenmeyer- used to contain liquids and for mixing, heating, cooling, incubation, filtration, storage,
and other liquid-handling processes
24) Beaker useful as a reaction container or to hold liquid or solid samples. They are also used to catch
liquids from titrations and filtrates from filtering operations

25) Graduated Cylinder used to measure the volume of a liquids, chemicals or solutions during the lab
daily work. Graduated cylinders are more precise and accurate than the common laboratory flasks and
beakers.

26) Funnel - separating solid substances from solution. May be made of ceramic or plastic. Used for
filtering; the bottom of the frit is a porous glass surface, which allows material to be trapped.

27) Stirring rod piece of laboratory equipment used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory
purposes. They are usually made of solid glass, about the thickness and slightly longer than a drinking
straw, with rounded ends.

28) Thermometer - It is developed for measuring the human body temperature. It is a long narrow glass
tube with a bulb containing mercury at the end.

29) Reagent bottles: The reagent bottle is a special container for various liquids and solid reagents in the
laboratory. The shape of the reagent bottle is mainly divided into narrow mouth and wide mouth. Since
reagent bottles are only used for normal temperature storage reagents, they are usually made of
sodium calcium plain glass.

a. Amber glass is hydrolytic-resistant, and helps filter both UV and blue light. Using amber borosilicate
glass with airtight closures protects acids, alkalis, and other caustic or light-sensitive lab materials from
losing strength, or changing composition.

b. Clear glass Transparent reagent bottles are used to store general reagents.

B. Blood collection set:

1) Hypodermic syringe (plastic or glass) commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body
or extract fluids from it. They may also be used to take liquid samples from the body, for example taking
blood from a vein in venipuncture.

2) Hypodermic needle (gauge 21 or 23, etc.) ollow needle commonly used with a syringe to inject
substances into the body or extract fluids from it

3) Tourniquet (Rubber & Automatic) allows for pressure to be applied to the arm so that venous blood
returning to the heart can be slowed down.

4) Cotton balls/pads ncluding cleaning out wounds with hydrogen peroxide or iodine, applying
antiseptics or topical ointments, cleaning minor cuts and skin irritations, and stopping blood after an
injection is given or blood withdrawn

5) Arm support

6) Plaster tape (micropore) Use to secure dressings and lightweight tubing and for repeated taping on
fragile skin

7) Labelling materials (masking) torage helps preserve your experimental materials, keeps unnecessary
costs down, and prevents accidents.
8) Vacutainer (evacuated) set tube, adapter and needle, etc. A vacutainer blood collection tube is a
sterile glass or plastic test tube with a colored rubber stopper creating a vacuum seal inside of the tube.
The evacuated tube system is the most commonly used means of collecting specimens. This system is
preferable to the needle and syringe since it allows the blood to pass directly from the vein to the
evacuated tube.

9) Lancet (Needle type & Feather type lancet) small devices that provide a way to take blood samples.

10) Butterfly needle set - used to access a vein for drawing blood or giving medications. Some medical
professionals call a butterfly needle a “winged infusion set” or a “scalp vein set.” The set gets its name
because there are plastic “wings” on either side of a hollow needle used to access the vein

11)Microtubes

C. Other materials:

1) Disposable pipette tips (10uL, 200uL, 1000uL, 10mL) Plastic pipettes such as polystyrene are basically
disposable, so there is no cleaning time involved and pre-sterilized items are convenient in preventing
contamination. Pipettes are generally used for moving small amounts of liquid or when measuring and
dispensing liquid in mL units.

2) Wash bottles wash-bottles are used to supply precise and small quantities of various liquids. Working
with chemicals, which are sometimes dangerous, requires a high level of responsibility and
concentration.

3) Test tube rack - test tube rack is a piece of laboratory equipment used to hold multiple test tubes
upright at the same time. They are especially useful for organizing test tubes when different solutions
are being worked on or collected at once.

4) Parafilm/Nescofilm/filter paper- Parafilm M® is a moisture-resistant thermoplastic used in research,

5) Rubber pipettol - In the clinical laboratory, rubber tubing or bulbs are used when pipeting to avoid
mouth contact of a pathogen. The design of pipettes differs according to the viscosity of the fluid
measured

6) Timing device - Laboratory Digital Timers precisely measure time for procedures and lab work that
require precise operations. With time-sensitive products, having a faulty or inefficient timer can make all
the difference in the final product.

D. Laboratory equipment:

1) Spectrophotometer (Digital and Analog) - used to quantitate the amount of a chromogen produced in
a chemical reaction between an analyte in a clinical sample and the reagents selective for that analyte.

2) Clinical centrifuge (the 3 types of centrifuge)

3) Water bath aboratory equipment that is used to incubate samples at a constant temperature over a
long period of time. Water bath is a preferred heat source for heating flammable chemicals instead of an
open flame to prevent ignition
4) Balances:

4.a. Analytical analytical balances are used in laboratories to efficiently perform specific tasks such as
weighing test materials and sampling amounts, formulation, density determination, purity analysis,
quality control testing and material and conformance testing.

4.b. Rough some of them used sliding scale, some have single or double pan and others utilize dial-
operated functions

5) Hot air sterilizer - Hot air sterilization is one method of effectively killing microbes of all kinds,
especially bacteria, viruses and molds on heat-resistant materials. Contamination control during the
incubation of cell cultures in a CO₂ incubator is of the greatest importance

6) Pipette washer Pipet washers thoroughly clean pipets quickly and easily. You can soak pipets for
hours by turning the water off once the washer is full. Holds up to 24 pipets and can also be used to
clean glass tubing.

7) Refrigerator laboratory refrigerators are used to cool samples or specimens for preservation. They
include refrigeration units for storing blood plasma and other blood products, as well as vaccines and
other medical or pharmaceutical supplies.