Surveying (Chandra)

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1. Accuracy is a term which indicates the degree of c. true value.

conformity of a measurement to its
(a) most probable value. (b) mean value.
(c) true value. (d) standard error.

2. Precision is a term which indicates the degree of (d) repeated mea-

conformity of surements of the
(a) measured value to its true value. same quantity to
(b) measured value to its mean value. each other.
(c) measured value to its weighted mean value.
(d) repeated measurements of the same quantity to
each other.

3. Theory of probability is applied to (c) random errors.

(a) gross errors. (b) systematic errors.
(c) random errors. (d) all the above.

4. Residual of a measured quantity is the (a) difference of

(a) difference of the observed value from its most the observed val-
probable value. ue from its most
(b) value obtained by adding the most probable value probable value
to its true value.
(c) remainder of the division of the true value by its
most probable value.
(d) product of the most probable value and the ob-
served value.

5. If the standard deviation of a quantity is ± 13, the (b) 3.293.

maximum error would be
(a) 2.393. (b) 3.293.
(c) 2.933. (d) 9.233.

6. If the standard deviation of an observation is ± 10 m, (a) 6.745 m.

the most probable error would be
(a) 6.745 m. (b) 20 m.
(c) 10 m. (d) 0.6745 m.

7. The systematic errors (c) may be positive

(a) are always positive. or negative.

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(b) are always negative.
(c) may be positive or negative.
(d) have same sign as the gross errors.

8. Variance of a quantity is an indicator of precision.

(a) precision. (b) accuracy.
(c) randomness. (d) regular nature.

9. The adjusted value of an observed quantity may con- (c) small random
tain errors.
(a) small gross errors. (b) small systematic errors.
(c) small random errors. (d) all the above.

10. One of the characteristics of random errors is that (c) small errors oc-
cur more frequent-
(a) small errors occur as frequently as the large er- ly than the large
rors. errors.
(b) plus errors occur more frequently than the nega-
tive errors.
(c) small errors occur more frequently than the large
errors.
(d) large errors may occur more frequently.

11. If the standard error of each tape length used to mea- 0.02 m.
sure a length is ± 0.01 m. the standard error
in 4 tape lengths will be
(a) 0.01 m. (b) 0.02 m.
(c) 0.04 m. (d) 0.16 m.

12. A metallic tape is a metallic tape

(a) a tape made of any metal.

(b) another name of a steel tape.
(c) another name of an invar tape.
(d) is a tape of water proof fabric into which metal
wires are woven.

13. Spring balance in linear measurements is used (b) to apply the de-
sired pull.
(a) to know the weight of the tape
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(b) to apply the desired pull.
(c) to know the standard pull at the time of measure-
ment.
(d) none of the above.

14. Ranging in distance measurements is a process of es-

tablishing interme-
(a) another name of taping. diate points on a
(b) a process of establishing intermediate points on line.
a line.
(c) putting the ranging rod on the hill top for recipro-
cal ranging.
(d) a process of determining the intersectoion of two
straight lines.

15. Reciprocal ranging is employed when (d) the ends of the

(a) the two ends of a line are not intervisible. line are not visi-
(b) one end of a line is inaccessible. ble even from in-
(c) both the ends are inaccessible. termediate points.
(d) the ends of the line are not visible even from
intermediate points.

16. The following expression gives the relative accuracy dD/D= tan ±.
d±.
in linear measurements when the slope angle
is ±.

17. If the slope angle 64°082073 is measured to an accuracy

1/10000.
of 103 the expected relative accuracy in
the linear measurements is
(a) 1/10. (b) 1/100.
(c) 1/1000. (d) 1/10000.

18. The temperature correction and pull correction (a) may have
(a) may have same sign. same sign
(b) always have same sign.
(c) always have opposite signs.
(d) always have positive sign.

19. is negative.

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The sag corrections on hills
(a) is positive. (b) is negative.
(c) may be either positive or negative. (d) is zero

20. The correction for reduced length on the mean sea H.

level is proportional to
(a) H. (b) H2.
(c) 1/H. (d) 1/2H.

21. If the difference in the levels of the two ends of a 50 cs = 0.04cm.

m long line is 1 m and its ends are out
of alignment by 5 m then the corrections for slope (cs)
and alignment (cm) are related to each
other as
(a) cs = 4cm. (b) cs = 0.4cm.
(c) cs = 0.04cm. (d) cs = 0.004cm.

22. Stadia is a form of tacheometric mesurements that fixed angle inter-

relies on cept
(a) fixed intercept.
(b) fixed angle intercept
(c) varying angle intercept
(d) none of the above.

23. The tacheometric method of surveying is generally difficult terrain.

preferred for
(a) providing primary control.
(b) large scale survey.
(c) fixing points with highest precision.
(d) difficult terrain.

24. If two points A and B 125 m apart, have difference in 0.001 m.

elevation of 0.5 m, the slope correction to
the measured length is
(a) + 0.001 m. (b) 0.001 m.
(c) + 0.0125 m. (d) 0.001 m.

25. The branch of surveying in which an optical instru- Tacheometry.

ment is used too determine both horizontal
and vertical positions, is known as
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26. If the vertical angle from one station to another 100 m 4.

apart, is 60°, the staff intercept for a
tacheometer with k = 100 and c = 0, would be
(a) 1. (b) 4.
(c) 5. (d) 0.1.

27. Electronic distance measurement instruments use Light waves.

(a) X-rays. (b) Sound waves.
(c) Light waves. (d) Magnetic flux.

28. Modern EDM instruments work on the principle of the phase dif-
measuring ference between
(a) the reflected energy generated by electromagnetic the transmitted
waves. and the reflect-
(b) total time taken by electromagnetic wave in trav- ed electromagnet-
elling the distance. ic waves.
(c) the change in frequency of the electromagnetic
waves.
(d) the phase difference between the transmitted and
the reflected electromagnetic waves.

29. The range of infrared EDM instrument is generally 2 to 3 km.

limited to measuring the distances
(a) 2 to 3 km. (b) 20 to 30 km.
(c) 200 to 300 km. (d) more than 300 km.

30. Electromagnetic waves are unaffected by wind speed.

a) air temperature.
(b) atmospheric pressure.
(c) vapour pressure.
(d) wind speed.

31. A datum surface in levelling is a level surface.

(a) horizontal surface.
(b) vertical surface.
(c) level surface.
(d) non of the above.

32.
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Reduced level of a point is its height or depth above the assumed da-
or below tum.
(a) the ground surface.
(b) the assumed datum.
(c) assumed horizontal surface.
(d) the line of collimation.

33. The correction for the atmospheric refraction is equal + 1/7 of the correc-
to tion for curvature
(a) + 1/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth. of the earth.
(b) 1/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth.
(c) + 6/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth.
(d) 6/7 of the correction for curvature of the earth.

34. If the back sight reading at point A is greater than the B is higher than A.
fore sight reading at point B then
(a) A is higher than B.
(b) B is higher than A.
(c) height of the instrument is required to know which
point is higher.
(d) instrument position is required to know which
point is higher.

35. Change points in levelling are the staff stations

(a) the instrument stations that are changed from one where back sight
position to another. and fore sight
(b) the staff stations that are changed from point to readings are tak-
point to obtain the reduced levels of the en.
points.
(c) the staff stations of known elevations.
(d) the staff stations where back sight and fore sight
readings are taken.

36. Balancing of sights mean making the dis-

(a) making fore sight reading equal to back sight tance of fore sight
reading. station equal to
(b) making the line of collimation horizontal. that of the back
(c) making the distance of fore sight station equal to sight station from
that of the back sight station from the the
instrument station. instrument station.
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(d) taking fore sight and back sight readings at the
same station.

37. The height of instrument method of reducing levels is there are large
preferred when numbers of inter-
(a) there are large numbers of intermediate sights. mediate sights.
(b) there are no intermediate sights.
(c) there are large numbers of fore sights.
(d) there are no fore sights.

38. Sensitivity of a bubble tube depends on (d) all the above.

(a) the radius of curvature.
(b) the length of the vapour bubble.
(c) the smoothness of the inner surface of the buble
tube.
(d) all the above.

39. Reciprocal levelling is employed to determine the are quite apart

accurate difference in level of two points which and where it is
(a) are quite apart and where it is not possible to set not possible to set
up the instrument midway between the up the instrument
points. midway between
(b) are quite close and where it is not possible to set the
up the instrument midway between points.
the points.
(c) have very large difference in level and two instru-
ment settings are required to determine the
difference in level.
(d) are at almost same elevation.

40. When a level is in adjustment, the line of sight of the perpendicular to

instrument is the vertical axis
(a) perpendicular to the vertical axis of the instrument of the instrument
and parallel to the bubble tube axis. and parallel to the
(b) perpendicular to the vertical axis of the instrument bubble tube axis
and bubble level axis.
(c) perpendicular to the bubble tube axis and parallel
to the vertical axis.
(d) none of the above.

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41. A Dumpy level is preferred to determine the eleva- lying in moderate-
tions of points ly flat terrain.
(a) lying on hills.
(b) lying on a line.
(c) lying in moderately flat terrain.
(d) on a contour gradient.

42. A theodolite can measure (d) all the above.

(a) difference in level.
(b) bearing of a line.
(c) zenith angle.
(d) all the above.

43. The error in the horizontal circle readings, is due to (c) the line of col-
(a) the late axis bubble not being parallel to the line limation not be-
of collimation. ing perpendicular
(b) the line of sight not being parallel to the telescope to the trunion axis.
axis.
(c) the line of collimation not being perpendicular to
the trunion axis.
(d) none of the above

44. The error in the horizontal circle readings due the line (b) taking readings
of collimation not being perpendicular to on both the faces.
the trunion axis is eliminated by
(a) taking readings on the different parts of the hori-
zontal circle.
(b) taking readings on both the faces.
(c) removing the parallax.
(d) transiting the telescope.

45. Quadrantal bearing is always measured from (d) either the north
(a) the north end of the magnetic meridian only. end or the south
(b) the south end of the magnetic meridian only. end of the magnet-
(c) the north end or the south end of the magnetic ic meridian as the
meridian. case may be.
(d) either the north end or the south end of the mag-
netic meridian as the case may be.

46. 150°.
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If the departure and latitude of a line are + 78.0 m and
- 135.1 m, respectively, the whole circle
bearing of the line is
(a) 150°.
(b) 30°.
(c) 60°.
(d) 120°.

47. If the departure and latitude of a line are + 78.0 m and 156.0 m.
- 135.1 m, respectively, the length of the
line is
(a) 213.1 m.
(b) 57.1 m.
(c) 156.0 m.
(d) non of the above

48. Transit rule of balancing a traverse is applied when the angular mea-
(a) the linear and angular measurements are of same surements are
precision. more precise than
(b) the linear measurements are more precise than the linear mea-
the angular measurements. surements.
(c) the angular measurements are more precise than
the linear measurements.
(d) the linear measurements are proportional to l and
the angular measurements are proportional
to (1/l) where l is the length of the line.

49. The error due to the non-verticality of the vertical axis cannot be elim-
of a theodolite inated by any
(a) is eliminated in the method of repetition only. method.
(b) is eliminated in the method of reiteration only.
(c) is eliminated in the method of repetition as well as
in reiteration.
(d) cannot be eliminated by any method.

50. Random method of running a line between two points A and B are not
A and B is employed when intervisible even
(a) A and B are not intervisible even from an interme- from an intermedi-
diate point. ate point
(b) A and B are only intervisible from an intermediate
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point.
(c) the difference of level between the points is large.
(d) it is not a method at all for running a line.

51. The error in the horizontal circle reading of + 153.

41°59213.963 and vertical circle reading of + 36°52211.633
for any pointing due to the trunion axis not being
perpendicular to the vertical axis by
(90° - i) where i is 203, is
(a) + 153.
(b) + 183.
(c) - 153.
(d) - 183.

52. Theory of errors is applied to minimize the random errors.

(a) the gross errors.
(b) the systematic errors.
(c) the random errors.
(d) all the above.

53. Most probable value of a quantity is equal to observed value +

(a) observed value + correction. correction
(b) the observed value - correction.
(c) the true value + correction.
(d) the true value - correction

54. The method of least squares of determining the most £Residual^2 = a

probable value of a quantity is based upon minimum
(a) £Correction^2 = a minimum.
(b) £Error^2 = a minimum.
(c) £ Weight
( × correction)^2 = a minimum.
(d) £Residua^l2 = a minimum.

55. If the observations of a quantity contains systematic removing the sys-

and random errors, the most probable value tematic errors and
of the quantity is obtained by minimizing the
(a) removing the systematic and random errors from residuals from the
the observations. observations
(b) removing the systematic errors and minimizing
the residuals from the observations.
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(c) removing the random errors and minimizing the
systematic errors from the observations.
(d) minimizing the systematic and random errors
from the observations.

56. The most probable value of a quantity is the quantity the true value of
which is nearest to the quantity.
(a) the true value of the quantity.
(b) the true value of the quantity ± standard deviation.
(c) the true value of the quantity ± probable error.
(d) the observed value of the quantity ± weight of the
observation.

57. The theory of least squares is used in (d) all the above.
(a) the method of differences.
(b) in the normal equation method.
(c) the method of correlates.
(d) all the above.

58. In a braced quadrilateral the number of conditions 4

required to be satisfied for adjustment
excluding the condition imposed by least squares
theory, is
(a) 2.
(b) 3.
(c) 4.
(d) 5.

59. The spherical excess for a triangle of area 200 sq km 1.03.

is approximately
(a) 0.53.
(b) 1.03.
(c) 1.53.
(d) 2.03.

60. Correlate is the unknown multiplier used to determine condition equa-

the most probable values by multiplying tion.
it with
(a) normal equation.
(b) observation equation.
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(c) condition equation.
(d) condition imposed by the least squares theory .

61. Station adjustment of observation means making sum of the

(a) making sum of the angles observed around a angles observed
station equal to 360°. around a station
(b) checking the permanent adjustment of the instru- equal to 360°.
ment at every station.
(c) adjusting the instrument so that it is exactly over
the station.
(d) shifting the station location to make it intervisible
from other stations.
ANSWERS

62. The distance of visible horizon for a point having an 100 km.
elevation of 637.5 m is
(a) 6.735 km.
(b) 67.35 km.
(c) 10 km.
(d) 100 km.

63. A strongest route in a triangulation net has minimum value of

(a) minimum value of R. R.
(b) maximum value of R.
(c) minimum value of sqrt R.
(d) maximum value of sqrt R.

64. In a braced quadrilateral, the position of unknown four alternative

corner points can be determined by routes only.
(a) a single route only.
(b) two alternative routes only.
(c) three alternative routes only.
(d) four alternative routes only.

65. Phase correction is required when the observations Cylindrical signals

are made on
(a) Pole signals.
(b) Cylindrical signals.
(c) Pole and brush signals.
(d) Beacons.
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66. The errors in horizontal angle measurements due to (c) both the above
eccentricity of signal, is eliminated completely by method.
(a) the method of repetition.
(b) the method of reiteration.
(c) both the above method.
(d) none of the above.

67. The problem of reduction to center is solved by taking a satellite

(a) taking a long base line. station.
(b) removing the error due to phase.
(c) taking a satellite station.
(d) taking well-conditioned triangles.

68. A satellite station is a station close to the main

(a) close to the main triangulation station that cannot triangulation sta-
be occupied for making observations. tion that cannot be
(b) also known as an intersected point. occupied for mak-
(c) also known as a resected point. ing observations
(d) which falls on the circumference of the circle pass-
ing through three main triangulation
stations.

69. The horizontal refraction is minimum between 6 AM to 9 AM

(a) 6 AM to 9 AM.
(b) 10 AM to 2 PM.
(c) 8 AM to 12 Noon.
(d) 2 PM to 4 PM.

70. The vertical refraction is minimum between 10 AM to 2 PM

a) 6 AM to 9 AM.
(b) 10 AM to 2 PM.
(c) 8 AM to 12 Noon.
(d) 2 PM to 4 PM

71. A grazing line of sight is that line which touches the in-
(a) joins two stations which are not intervisible. tervening ground
(b) is at least 3 m above the intervening ground be- between two sta-
tween two stations. tions.
(c) touches the intervening ground between two sta-
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tions.
(d) joins the signals at two stations kept on towers.

72. Sum of the three angles of spherical triangle is always more

(a) is always less than 180°. than 180°.
(b) is always more than 180°.
(c) is less or more than 180° depending the location
of the triangle on spheroid.
(d) is equal to 180°.

73. circular curve is most suited for connecting two straights in

(a) two straights in horizontal plane only. horizontal plane
(b) two straights in vertical plane only. only.
(c) two straights, one in horizontal plane and the
second in vertical plane.
(d) two straights in horizontal plane or vertical plane.

74. A compound curve consists of two or more circu-

(a) two circular arcs of same radius only. lar arcs of differ-
(b) two circular arcs of different radii only. ent radii with their
(c) two circular arcs of different radii with their cen- centers of curva-
ters of curvature on the same side of the ture on the same
common tangent only. side
(d) two or more circular arcs of different radii with of the common
their centers of curvature on the same side tangent.
of the common tangent.

75. A reverse curve consists of two circular arcs of

(a) two circular arcs of different radii with their cen- same or different
ters of curvature on the same side of the radii with their cen-
common tangent only. ters of curvature
(b) two circular arcs of same radius with their centers on the opposite
of curvature on the same side of the side of the com-
common tangent only. mon tangent.
(c) two circular arcs of different radii with their cen-
ters of curvature on the opposite side of the
common tangent only.
(d) two circular arcs of same or different radii with
their centers of curvature on the opposite
side of the common tangent.
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76. A transition curve is a special type of curve which at the junction with
satisfies the condition that the circular curve,
(a) at the junction with the circular curve, the angle the angle between
between the tangents to the transition curve the tangents to the
and circular curve should be 90°. transition curve
(b) at the junction with the circular curve, the angle and circular curve
between the tangents to the transition curve should be zero
and circular curve should be zero.
(c) its curvature at its end should be infinity .
(d) its curvature at its end should be infinity.

77. The most widely used transition curve for small devi- cubic parabola
ation angles for simplicity in setting out is
(a) cubic parabola.
(b) cubic spiral.
(c) lemniscate curve.
(d) hyperbola.

78. The following curve has the property that the rate of Transition curve
change of curvature is same as the rate
of change of increase of superelevation:
(a) Reverse curve.
(b) Compound curve.
(c) Transition curve.
(d) Vertical curve.

79. A parabola is used for both summit and

(a) summit curves alone. (b) sag curves alone. sag curves
(c) both summit and sag curves. (d) none of the
above.

80. A parabola is preferred for vertical curves because it The rate of

has the following property: change of slope is
(a) The slope is constant throughout. constant through-
(b) The rate of change of slope is constant through- out.
out.
(c) The rate of change of radial acceleration is con-
stant throughout.
(d) None of the above.
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81. The shortest distance between the point of com- Long chord.
mencement and the point of tangency of a
circular curve is known as
(a) Long chord. (b) Normal chord.
(c) Sub-chord. (d) Half-chord.

82. The long chord of a circular curve of radius R with 2R sin(”/2).

deflection angle ”is given by
(a) 2R cos(”/2). b)
( 2R sin(”/2).
(c) 2R tan(”/2). d)
( 2R sec(”/2).

83. The lengths of long chord and tangent of a circular 120°.

curve are equal for the deflection angle of
(a) 30°. (b) 60°.
(c) 90°. (d) 120°.

84. The degree of a circular curve of radius 1719 m is 1°.

approximately equal to
(a) 1°. (b) 10°.
(c) 100°. (d) None of the above.

85. If the chainage of point of commencement of a circu- 17.52 m.

lar curve for a normal chord of 20 m is
2002.48 m, the length of the first sub-chord will be
(a) 2.48 m. (b) 17.52 m.
(c) 20 m. (d) 22.48 m.

86. If the chainage of point of tangency of a circular curve 3.39 m.

for a normal chord of 20 m is 2303.39
m, the length of the last sub-chord will be
(a) 3.39 m. (b) 16.61 m.
(c) 23.39 m. (d) none of the above.

87. For an ideal transition curve, the relation between the (c) l 1/ r
radius r and the distance l measured from
the beginning of the transition curve, is expressed as
(a) l r . (b) l r 2 .
(c) l 1/ r . (d) l 1/ r 2 .

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88. For a transition curve, the shift S of a circular curve LR^3/24R
is given by .

89. For a transition curve, the polar deflection angle s

± and ±
S = ”S /3.
the spiral angle ”s are related to each
other by the expression
(a) ±
S = ”S/2.
(b) ±
S = ”S /3.
(c) ±
S = ”S/4.
(d) ±
S = ”2^ S/3.

90. To avoid inconvenience to passengers on highways, 1/4.

the recommended value of the centrifugal
ratio is
(a) 1. (b) 1/2.
(c) 1/4. (d) 1/8.

91. The following value of the change in radial accelera- (c) 0.3 m/s2/sec.
tion passes unnoticed by the passengers:
(a) 0.003 m/s2/sec. (b) 0.03 m/s2/sec.
(c) 0.3 m/s2/sec. (d) 3.0 m/s2/sec.

92. The curve preferred for vertical curves is a parabola.

(a) circular arc. (b) spiral.
(c) parabola. (d) hyperbola.

93. If an upgrade of 2% is followed by a downgrade of 2%, 1000 m.

and the rate of change of grade is 0.4%
per 100 m, the length of the vertical curve will be
(a) 200 m. (b) 400 m.
(c) 600 m. (d) 1000 m.

94. For a vertical curve if x is the distance from the point Cx^2.
of tangency, the tangent correction is given
by
(a) Cx.
(b) Cx^2
(c) Cx^3.
(d) Cx^4.

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95. A third point C cannot be located using two points A (c) all the angles of
and B of known locations by measuring the triangle ABe.
(a) all the sides of the triangle ABe.
(b) two angles A and B and the length A B.
(c) all the angles of the triangle ABe.
(d) the angle A, and the lengths AB and Be.

96. Location of a point P by resection is done by observ- (c) three control

ing points from P.
(a) one control point from P.
(b) two control points from P.
(c) three control points from P.
(d) P from three control points

97. Co-planing is a process of transferring the

(a) bringing points in same horizontal plane. surface align-
(b) establishing points in a vertical plane at different ment underground
levels. through a narrow
(c) centering the instrument over the ground station shaft.
mark.
(d) transferring the surface alignment underground
through a narrow shaft.

98. Accurate surface alignment down a vertical shaft us- Weisbach triangle
ing two plumb wires is achieved by method:
(a) Weisb~ch triangle qlethod:
(b) reducing the s~ of triangle of error to zero.
(c) by adjuStip.g 'the"closing error.
(d) none of the above.

99. Sight rails are used for setting out the gradient of
(a) large;'imildings. trench of bottom
(b) bridges. or pipe invert.
(c) the gradient of canal bed.
(d) the gradient of trench of bottom or pipe invert.

100. Weisbach triangle method is a method used in transfer-

(a) of locating the plane table position on paper by ring the ground
minimizing the size of triangle of error. surface alignment
(b) used in transferring the ground surface alignment
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down the shaft using plumb wires. down the shaft us-
(c) of determining spherical excess in spherical trian- ing plumb wires.
gles.
(d) none of the above.

101. If area calculated by end - areas rule and prismoidal (a) is always posi-
rule are Ae and Ap. respectively, then tive.
(Ae - Ap)
(a) is always positive.
(b) is always negative.
(c) may be positive or negative.
(d) is equal to zero

102. Prismoidal correction is required to correct the vol- (d) by end-areas

ume calculated rule.
(a) using contours.
(b) using spot heights.
(c) for a curved section.
(d) by end-areas rule.

103. Curvature correction to the computed volume is ap- b) the successive

plied when cross-sections are
(a) the formation levels at the cross-sections are at not parallel to
different levels. each other.
(b) the successive cross-sections are not parallel to
each other.
(c) the distance between the successive cross-sec-
tions is quite large.
(d) none of the above.

104. Free-haul distance is (d) the distance up

(a) the length of a balancing line. to which carting of
(b) the distance between two balancing lines. excavated materi-
(c) the distance between two successive points al is done without
where the mass-haul diagram intersects the line extra payment
of zero ordinate.
(d) the distance up to which carting of excavated
material is done without extra payment.

105. (a) rises.

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A mass-haul diagram indicates cutting if the curve
(a) rises.
(b) falls.
(c) becomes horizontal.
(d) none of the above.

106. A mass-haul diagram indicates fill if the curve (b) falls.

(a) rises.
(b) falls.
(c) becomes horizontal.
(d) none of the above.

107. Maximum ordinate on a mass-haul diagram occurs (a) at the end of a

(a) at the end of a cut. cut.
(b) at the end of an embankment.
(c) where cut and fill are balanced.
(d) none of the above.

108. A minimum ordinate on a mass-haul diagram occurs (b) at the end of an

(a) at the end of a cut. embankment.
(b) at the end of an embankment.
(c) where cut and fill are balanced.
(d) none of the above.

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