BIOMETRICS What is Biometrics?

Definition "Biometrics is the automated identification, or verification of humanidentity through the measurement of repeatable physiological, or behavioral characteristics Identification: The search of a biometric sample against a database of other samples in order to ascertain whether the donor is already contained in, or new to thedatabase. Verification: It refers to the 'one to one' comparison between a sample and another to ask the question, 'are you who you say you are.'T h e t e r m " b i o m e t r i c s " i s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e G r e e k w o r d s bio (life) andmetric (to measure). For our use, biometrics refers to technologies for m e a s u r i n g a n d a n a l y z i n g a p e r s o n ' s p h y s i o l o g i c a l o r b e h a v i o r a l characteristics, such as fingerprints, irises, voice patterns, facial patterns,and hand measurements, for identification and verification purposes. Figure 1 Explains the meaning of definition Identification and verification have long been accomplished by showing something you have , s u c h a s a l i c e n s e o r a p a s s p o r t . S o m e t i m e s i t a l s o required something you know , such as a password or a PIN. As we move into a time when we need more secure and accurate measures, we begin tolook at using something you are : biometrics.B i o m e t r i c s a r e a u t o m a t e d m e t h o d s o f r e c o g n i z i n g a p e r s o n b a s e d o n a physiological or behavioral characteristic.

History of BIOMETRICS: Chinese Precursor: Possibly the first known example of biometrics in practice was a form of f i n g e r p r i n t i n g b e i n g u s e d i n C h i n a i n t h e 1 4 t h c e n t u r y, a s r e p o r t e d b ye x p l o r e r J o a o d e B a r r o s . H e w r o t e t h a t t h e C h i n e s e m e r c h a n t s w erestamping children's palm prints and footprints on paper with in k t o distinguish the young children from one another. This is one of the earliestknown cases of biometrics in use and is still being used today. European Origins: U n t i l t h e l a t e 1 8 0 0 s , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n l a r g e l y r e l i e d u p o n " p h o t o g r a p h i c memo ry." In the 1890s, an anthropologist and police desk clerk in Parisn a m e d A l p h o n s e B e r t i l l o n s o u g h t t o f i x t h e p r o b l e m o f i d e n t i f y i n g convicted criminals and turned biometrics into a distinct field of study. Hedeveloped a method of multiple body measurements which got named after him (Bertillonage). His system was used by police authorities throughoutthe world, until it quickly faded when it was discovered that some people shared the same measurements and based on the measurements alone, two people could get treated as one. After the failure of Bertillonage, the polices t a r t e d u s i n g f i n g e r p r i n t i n g , w h i c h w a s d e v e l o p e d b y R i c h a r d E d w a r d Henry of Scotland Yard, essentially reverting to the same methods used bythe Chinese for years. Modern Times: In the past three decades biometrics has moved from a single m e t h o d (fingerprinting) to more than ten discreet methods. Companies involvedwith new methods number in the hundreds and continue to improve their m e t h o d s a s t h e t e c h n o l o g y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e m a d v a n c e s . P r i c e s f o r t h e h arware required continue to fall making systems more feasible for low andm i d - l e v e l b u d g e t s . A s t h e i n d u s t r y g r o w s h o w e v e r , s o d o e s t h e p u b l i c concern over privacy issues. Laws and regulations continue to be drafted and standards are beginning to be developed. While no other biometric hasyet reached the breadth of use of fingerprinting, some are beginning to beused in both legal and business areas

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BIOMETRICS Biometric devices consist of a reader or scanning device, software t h a t converts the gathered information into digital form, and a database thats t o r e s t h e b i o m e t r i c d a t a f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h p r e v i o u s r e c o r d s . W h e n c onverting the biometric input, the software identifies specific points of data as match points. The match points are processed using an algorithm into a value that can be compared with biometric data in the database.All Biometric authentications require comparing a registered or enrolled b i o m e t r i c s a m p l e ( b i o m e t r i c t e m p l a t e o r i d e n t i f i e r ) a g a i n s t a n e w l y captured biometric sample (for example, a fingerprint captured during alogin).

Figure 2 Enrollment and Verification Technique Erl et oe no n d: mM A sample of the biometric trait is captured, processed by a computer, ands t o r e d f o r l a t e r c o m p a r i s o n . B i o m e t r i c r e c o g n i t i o n c a n b e u s e d i n Identification mode, where the biometric system identifies a person fromthe entire enrolled population by searching a database for a match based solely on the biometric. For example, an entire database can be searched toverify a person has not applied for entitlement benefits under two differentnames. This is sometimes called one-to-many matching. Verification Mode : In this mode biometric system authenticates a persons claimed identityfrom their previously enrolled pattern. This is also called one-to-onematching. In most computer access or network access environments,verification mode would be used. A user enters an account, user name, or

inserts a token such as a smart card, but instead of entering a password, a simple glance at a camera is enough to authenticate the user. TYPES OF BIOMETRICS: There are two types of biometrics: behavioral and physical.Behavioral biometrics - Used for verification . Physical biometrics - Used for either identification or verification. Physical biometrics : Fingerprint - Analyzing fingertip patterns.

Facial Recognition - Measuring facial characteristics. Hand Geometry - Measuring the shape of the hand. Iris recognition - Analyzing features of colored ring of the eye. Vascular Patterns - Analyzing vein patterns. Retinal Scan - Analyzing blood vessels in the eye. Bertillonage - Measuring body lengths (no longer used). Behavioral biometrics: Speaker Recognition - Analyzing vocal behavior. Signature - Analyzing signature dynamics. Keystroke - Measuring the time spacing of typed words

CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMETRICS: Biometric characteristics can be divided in two main classes, as representedin figure on the right : Physiological are related to the shape of the body. The oldest traits,t h a t h a v e b e e n u s e d f o r m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 y e a r s , a r e f i n g e r p r i n t s . O t h e r examples are face recognition, hand geometry and iris recognition . Behavioral a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e b e h a v i o r o f a p e r s o n . T h e f i r s t character istic to be used, still widely used today, is the signature. Moremodern approaches are the study of keystroke dynamics and of voice. FUTURE OUTLOOK: According to most experts, the future of biometrics is dependant upon twocritical areas: standardization and the use of hybrid technologies . Standardization: Currently, the biometrics industry is very fragmented, with more than 150c o m p a n i e s w i t h t h e i r o w n p r o p r i e t a r y s y s t e m s a n d m e t h o d o l o g i e s . Standards have only recently been established in order to provide directionf o r t h e development of a common interfa ce that will allow for shared b i o m e t r i c t e m p l a t e s . T h e B i o A P I s t a n d a r d c r e a t e d b y t h e B i o A P I Consortium, a group of more than 60 vendors and government agencies,d e f i n e s a c o m m o n s t r u c t u r e f o r i n t e r f a c i n g w i t h b i o m e t r i c s . Y e t , competitive forces remain as technology giants like M i c r o s o f t h a v e abandoned the consortium and the BioAPI standard in order to developtheir own proprietary software standards. The development and acceptanceo f a primary standard is critical for the growth a nd applicability of the b i o m e t r i c s i n d u s t r y. O n l y a f t e r t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l s t a n d a r d i s m o r e established can systems integrate and interact efficiently . Hybrid Technologies: One of the critical concerns with the use of biometric technologies is that of privacy and security of stored personal biometric data. To have personaldata stored in a centralized database leaves the information potentially opento theft or compromise. The concept of combining smart card or public keyi n f r a s t r u c t u r e s w i t h b i o m e t r i c r e a d e r s w h e r e t h e b i o m e t r i c t e m p l a t e i s

stored on an individually controlled key has been suggested as a solutionf o r t h e p r i v a c y c o n c e r n a n d i s c o n s i d e r e d b y s o m e c r i t i c a l t o t h e advancement of biometric applications.Biometrics is a powerful combination of science and technology that can be used to protect and secure our most valuable information and property.The future holds no limits for this industry as more applications are found.Further, the technology itself continues to improve in terms of applicationa n d a c c u r a c y. F r o m t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t o t a l b o d y s c a n n i n g f o r h i g h e s t security areas to speed and accuracy of identification when shopping on line, the applications are boundless.Imagine a world where interstate air travel is allowed automatically via afull body scan that not only verifies identity but simultaneously searchesfor insecure or illegal paraphernalia. Where access to one is bank or creditaccounts is only granted after identification via iris or retina scan. Where as h o p p i n g t r i p i s m a d e p o s s i b l e b y a v e h i c l e t h a t o p e r a t e s o n l y w i t h biometric verification of ownership and payment is made via a fingerprintscan that links directly to one is credit account.I n t h e f u t u r e , w e w i l l l i v e i n a f a s t e r p a c e d , m o r e s e c u r e w o r l d w h e r e verification of one is identity is critical for daily activities. While somemight argue that privacy and personal "freedom" are sacrificed with thisl e v e l o f c o n t r o l , m o s t b e l i e v e t h a t i t i s t h e n e c e s s a r y p r i c e f o r a s e c u r e world environment

BASIC MECHANISM: The diagram shows a simple block diagram of a biometric system. When such a system is networked together with telecommunications technology, biometric systems become telebiometric systems. The main operations as y s t e m c a n p e r f o r m a r e enrollment and test . During the enrollment, biometric information from an individual is stored. During the test, b i o m e t r i c i n f o r m a t i o n i s d e t e c t e d a n d c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s t o r e d information. Note that it is crucial t h a t s t o r a g e a n d r e t r i e v a l o f s u c h systems themselves be secure if the biometric system is be robust. The first block (sensor) is the interface between the real world and our system; it hast o a c q u i r e a l l t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a . M o s t o f t h e t i m e s i t i s a n i m a g e a c q u i s i t i o n s ys t e m , b u t i t c a n c h a n g e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s desired. The second block performs all the necessary pre-processing: it hasto remove artifacts from the sensor, to enhance the input (e.g. removing b a c k g r o u n d n o i s e ) , t o u s e s o m e k i n d o f n o r m a l i z a t i o n , e t c . I n t h e t h i r d block features needed are extracted. This step is an important step as the c o r r e c t f e a t u r e s n e e d t o b e e x t r a c t e d a n d t h e o p t i m a l w a y. A v e c t o r o f numbers or an image with particular properties is used to create a template .A t e m p l a t e i s a s y n t h e s i s o f a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e source, in the optimal size to allow for adequate identifiability . BIOMETRICS COLLECTION Biometrics are typically collected using a device called a sensor. Thesesensors are used to acquire the data needed for recognition and to convert the data to a digital form.The quality of the sensor used has a significant impact on the recognition results. Example sensors could be digital cameras (for face recognition)or a telephone (for voice recognition)

BIOMETRIC TEMPLATES A biometric template is a digital representation of an individuals distinctc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , r e p r e s e n t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n e x t r a c t e d f r o m a b i o m e t r i c sample. Biometric templates are what are actually compared in a biometricrecognition system. Templates can vary between biometric mod alities aswell as vendors. Not all biometric devices are template based. For example,voice recognition is based on models. The difference between templatesand models is beyond the scope of this paper. BIOMETRICS IDENTIFICATION SCHEMES: There are several types of biometric identification schemes : Face : the analysis of facial characteristics Fingerprint : the analysis of an individuals unique fingerprints Hand geometry : t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e s h a p e o f t h e h a n d a n d t h e length of the fingers Retina : the analysis of the capillary vessels located at the back of the eye Iris : the analysis of the colored ring that surrounds the eyes pupil Signature : the analysis of the way a person signs his name. Vein : the analysis of pattern of veins in the back if the hand and thewrist Voice : the analysis of the tone, pitch, cadence and frequency of a persons voice. Comparison of various biometric technologies It is possible to understand if a human characteristic can be used for biometrics in terms of the following parameters: Uniqueness is how well the biometric separates individually fromanother. Permanence measures how well a biometric resists aging.

Collectability eases of acquisition for measurement. Performance accuracy, speed, and robustness of technology used.

 Acceptability degree of approval of a technology. Circumvention eases of use of a substitute .

BIOMETRIC MODALITIES: Different applications and environments have different constraints. For instance, adequate fingerprint samples require user cooperation; whereas, af a c e i m a g e c a n b e Captured by a surveillance camera. Furthermore,Fingerprints are not a v a i l a b l e f o r m a n y o f t h e s u s p e c t s o n W a t c h l i s t s . There are also multiple biometric modalities for technical and financialreasons. Many scientists become interested in developing a system basedo n t h e i r o w n r e s e a r c h . U p o n a s u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , v e n t u r e capitalist, interested in the implementation of such a system, commercializea product. Therefore, wide varieties of modalities are being researched andare available on the market. Fingerprint The patterns of friction ridges and valleys on an individual's fingertips are unique to that individual. For decades, law enforcement has been classifyinga n d d e t e r m i n i n g i d e n t i t y b y m a t c h i n g k e y p o i n t s o f r i d g e e n d i n g s a n d bifurcations. Fingerprints are unique for each finger of a person includingi d e n t i c a l t w i n s . O n e o f t h e m o s t c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e b i o m e t r i c technologies, fingerprint recognition devices for desktop and laptop accessare now widely available from many different vendors at a low cost. Withthese devices, users no longer need to type passwords - instead, only a touch provides instant access. Fingerprint systems can also be used in identificationmode. Several states check fingerprints for new applicants to social services benefits to ensure recipients do not fraudulently obtain benefits under fake names. New York State has over 900,000 people enrolled in such a system. Advantages: Subjects have multiple fingers. Easy to use, with some training Some systems require little space. Large amounts of existing data to allow background and/or watchlistchecks. Has proven effective in many large scale systems over years of use. Fingerprints are unique to each finger of each individual and the ridgearrangement remains permanent during one's lifetime

Disadvantages: Public Perceptions. Privacy concerns of criminal implications. Health or societal concerns with touching a sensor used by countlessindividuals. Face The identification of a person by their facial image can be done in a number of different ways such as by capturing an image of the face in the visiblespectrum using an inexpensive camera or by using the infrared patterns of facial heat emission. Facial recognition in visible light typically model keyfeatures from the central portion of a facial image. Using a wide assortmentof cameras, the visible light systems extract features from the capturedimage(s) that do not change over time while avoiding superficial featuressuch as facial expressions or hair. Several approaches to modeling facialimages in the visible spectrum are Principal Component Analysis, LocalFeature Analysis, neural networks, elastic graph theory, and multiresolutionanalysis. Some of the challenges of facial recognition in the visual spectrum includereducing the impact of variable lighting and detecting a mask or photograph.Some facial recognition systems may require a stationary or posed user in order to capture the image, though many systems use a real-time process todetect a person's head and locate the face automatically. Major benefits of facial recognition are that it is non-intrusive, hands-free, continuous andaccepted by most users. Advantages: No contact required. Commonly available sensors (cameras). Large amounts of existing data to allow background and/or watchlistchecks. Easy for humans to verify results. Disadvantages: Face can be obstructed by hair, glasses, hats, scarves etc. Sensitive to changes in lighting, expression, and poses faces changeover time.

 Propensity for users to provide poor-quality video images yet toexpect accurate results. Hand Geometry These methods of personal authentication are well established. Handrecognition has been available for over twenty years. To achieve personalauthentication, a system may measure either physical characteristics of thefingers or the hands. These include length, width, thickness and surface areaof the hand. One interesting characteristic is that some systems require asmall biometric sample (a few bytes). Hand geometry has gained acceptancein a range of applications. It can frequently be found in physical accesscontrol in commercial and residential applications, in time and attendancesystems and in general personal authentication applications Advantages Easy to capture. Believed to be a highly stable pattern over the adult lifespan. Disadvantages Use requires some training. Not sufficiently distinctive for identification over largeDatabases . Usually used for verification of a claimedenrollment identity. System requires a large amount of physical space. Speaker/voice Speaker recognition has a history dating back some four decades, where theo u t p u t o f s e v e r a l a n a l o g f i l t e r s w e r e a v e r a g e d o v e r t i m e f o r m a t c h i n g . S peaker recognition uses the acoustic features of speech that have b e e n found to differ between individuals. These acoustic patterns reflect botha n a t o m y ( e . g . , s i z e a n d s h a p e o f t h e t h r o a t a n d m o u t h ) a n d l e a r n e d behavioral patterns (e.g., voice pitch, speaking style). This incorporation of learned patterns into the voice templates (the latter called "voiceprints") hasearned speaker recognition its classification as a "behavioral biometric."S p e a k e r r e c o g n i t i o n s ys t e m s e m p l o y t h r e e s t yl e s o f s p o k e n i n p u t : t e x t - dependent, text-prompted and text independent. Most speaker verificationa p p l i c a t i o n s u s e t e x t dependent input, which involves selection and

enrollment of one or more voice passwords. Text-prompted input is usedwhenever there is concern of imposters. The various technologies used to p r o c e s s a n d s t o r e v o i c e p r i n t s i n c l u d e s h i d d e n M a r k o v m o d e l s , p a t t e r n m atching algorithms, neural networks, matrix representation and decisiont r e e s . S o m e s ys t e m s a l s o u s e " a n t i s p e a k e r " t e c h n i q u e s , s u c h a s c o h o r t models, and world models.A m b i e n t n o i s e l e v e l s c a n i m p e d e b o t h c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l a n d subsequent voice samples. Performance degradation can result from changesi n b e h a v i o r a l a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e v o i c e a n d f r o m e n r o l l m e n t u s i n g o n e telephone and verification on another telephone. Voice changes due to agingalso need to be addressed by recognition systems. Many companies marketspeaker recognition engines, often as part of large voice processing, controland switching systems. Capture of the biometric is seen as non-invasive. Thetechnology needs little additional hardware by using existing microphones and voice-transmission technology allowing recognition over long distancesvia ordinary telephones (wire line or wireless). Advantages Public Acceptance. No Contact Required . Commonly Available Sensors(telephones & microphones). Disadvantages Difficult to control sensor and channel variances that significantlyimpact capabilities. Not sufficiently distinctive for identification over large databases. Iris This recognition method uses the iris of the eye which is the colored area thats u r r o u n d s t h e pupil. Iris patterns are thought unique. The iris patterns areobtained through a videob a s e d i m a g e a c q u i s i t i o n s ys t e m . I r i s s c a n n i n g devices have been used in personal authentication applications for several years. Systems based on iris recognition have substantially decreased in pricea n d t h i s t r e n d i s e x p e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e . T h e t e c h n o l o g y w o r k s w e l l i n b o t h verification and identification modes (in systems performing one-to-manysearches in a database). Current systems can be used even in the presence of

eyeglasses and contact lenses. The technology is not intrusive. It does notr e q u i r e p h y s i c a l c o n t a c t w i t h a s c a n n e r . I r i s r e c o g n i t i o n h a s b e e n demonstrated to work with individuals from different et h n i c g r o u p s a n d nationalities Advantages No contact Required. Protected internal organ,less prone to injury. Believed to be highly stable over lifetime. Disadvantages Difficult to capture for some individuals. Easily obscured by eyelashes,eyelids,lens and reflections from the cornea. Public myths and fears related to scanning the eye with a light source. Acquisition of an iris image requires more training and attentivenessthan most biometrics. Lack of existing data deters ability to use for background or watch list checks. Cannot be verified by a human. SIGNATURE VERIFICATION This technology uses the dynamic analysis of a signature to authenticate a person. The technology is based on measuring speed, pressure and angle used by the person when a signature is produced. One focus for this technology has b e e n e b u s i n e s s a p p l i c a t i o n s a n d o t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s w h e r e s i g n a t u r e i s a n accepted method of personal authentication.

IRIS Recognition Technology History of iris recognition technology The idea of using iris patterns for personal identification was originally documented in an ophthalmology textbook by James Doggarts in 1949, andmay have been proposed as early as 1936 by ophthalmologist Frank Burch.B y t h e 1 9 8 0 ' s t h e i d e a h a d a p p e a r e d i n J a m e s B o n d f i l m s , b u t i t s t i l l remained science fiction and conjectureI n 1 9 8 7 t w o o t h e r o p h t h a l m o l o g i s t s , A r a n S a f i r a n d L e o n a r d F l o m , patented this idea, and in 1989 they asked John Daugman (then teaching atHarvard University) to try to create actual algorithms for iris recognition.These algorithms, which Daugman patented in 1994, are the basis for all current iris recognition systems and products The Daugman algorithms are owned by Iridian Technologies, and the p r o c e s s i s l i c e n s e d t o s e v e r a l o t h e r c o m p a n i e s w h o s e r v e a s s y s t e m s inte grators and developers of special platforms exploiting iris recognition. Iris structure

Figure 3 Iris Structure The iris is a protected internal organ of the eye, located behind the corneaand the aqueous humour, but in front of the lens. The false acceptance ratefor iris recognition systems is in 1 in 1.2 million, that is every 1 in 1.2million iris is found to be unique in its features. It is seen in cross-sectionin the anatomical drawing above. It is the only internal organ of the bodythat is normally visible externally. Images of the iris adequate for personalidentification with very high confidence can be acquired from distances of up to about 3 feet (1 meter).Among the visible features of an iris are the trabecular mesh works of connective tissue (pectinate ligament), the collagenous tissue of the stroma,ciliarys processes, contraction furrows, crypts, rings, a corona and

pupillary frill, colouration, and sometimes freckles. The striated anterior layer covering the trabecular meshwork creates the predominant textureseen with visible lightT h e h u m a n i r i s b e g i n s t o f o r m d u r i n g t h e t h i r d m o n t h o f g e s t a t i o n . T h e structures creating its distinctive pattern are complete by the eighth monthof gestation, but pigmentation continues into the first years after birth. Thel a y e r s o f t h e i r i s h a v e both ectodermal and mesodermal embryologicalorigin, consisting of (from back to fron t): a darkly pigmented epithelium; p u p i l l a r y d i l a t o r a n d s p h i n c t e r m u s c l e s ; h e a v i l y v a s c u l a r i z e d s t r o m a (connective tissue of interlacing ligaments containing melanocytes); and ana n t e r i o r l a ye r o f c h r o m a t a p h o r e s a n d m e l a n o c yt e s w i t h a g e n e t i c a l l y deter mined density of melanin pigment granules . T h e c o m b i n e d e f f e c t i s a v i s i b l e p a t t e r n d i s p l a yi n g v a r i o u s d i s t i n c t i v e feat ures such as arching ligaments, crypts, furrows, ridges, and a zigzag collarette. Iris colour is determined mainly by the density of the stroma andits melanin content, with blue irises resulting from an absence of pigment:longer wavelengths differentially penetrate while shorter wavelengths arereflected and scattered, a phenomenon resembling that which makes thesky blue . Physiological Properties of Iris Further properties of the iris that enhance its suitability for use in h i g h confidence identification systems include: Its inherent isolation and protection from the external environment. The impossibility of surgically modifying iris without unacceptabler i s k t o v i s i o n . I t s p h ys i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e t o l i g h t , w h i c h p r o v i d e s o n e o f several natural tests against artifice. A property the iris shares with fingerprints is the rand o m morphogenesis of its minutiae. Because there is no genetic penetrance in theexpression of this organ beyond its anatomical form, physiology, colour andgeneral appearance, the iris texture itself is stochastic or possibly chaotic . I t s d e t a i l e d m o r p h o g e n e s i s d e p e n d s o n i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e embryonic mesoderm from which it develops, the phenotypic expression evenof two irises with the same genetic genotype (as in identical twins, or the pair possessed by one individual) have uncorrelated minutiae .

The ease of registering iris image at some distance from a Subjec twithout physical contact, unintrusively and perhaps inconspicuously pupillary frill, colouration, and sometimes freckles. The striated anterior layer covering the trabecular meshwork creates the predominant textureseen with visible lightT h e h u m a n i r i s b e g i n s t o f o r m d u r i n g t h e t h i r d m o n t h o f g e s t a t i o n . T h e structures creating its distinctive pattern are complete by the eighth monthof gestation, but pigmentation continues into the first years after birth. Thel a y e r s o f t h e i r i s h a v e both ectodermal and mesodermal embryologicalorigin, consisting of (from back to front): a darkly pigmented epithelium; p u p i l l a r y d i l a t o r a n d s p h i n c t e r m u s c l e s ; h e a v i l y v a s c u l a r i z e d s t r o m a (connective tissue of interlacing ligaments containing melanocytes); and ana n t e r i o r l a y e r o f c h r o m a t a p h o r e s a n d m e l a n o c yt e s w i t h a g e n e t i c a l l y deter mined density of melanin pigment granules . T h e c o m b i n e d e f f e c t i s a v i s i b l e p a t t e r n d i s p l a yi n g v a r i o u s d i s t i n c t i v e feat ures such as arching ligaments, crypts, furrows, ridges, and a zigzag collarette. Iris colour is determined mainly by the density of the stroma andits melanin content, with blue irises resulting from an absence of pigment:longer wavelengths differentially penetrate while shorter wavelengths arereflected and scattered, a phen omenon resembling that which makes thesky blue . Physiological Properties of Iris Further properties of the iris that enhance its suitability for use in h i g h confidence identification systems include: Its inherent isolation and protection from the external environment. The impossibility of surgically modifying iris without unacceptabler i s k t o v i s i o n . I t s p h ys i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e t o l i g h t , w h i c h p r o v i d e s o n e o f several natural tests against artifice. A property the iris shares with fingerprints is the rand o m morphogenesis of its minutiae. Because there is no genetic penetrance in theexpression of this organ beyond its anatomical form, physiology, colour andgeneral appearance, the iris texture itself is stochastic or possibly chaotic . I t s d e t a i l e d m o r p h o g e n e s i s d e p e n d s o n i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e embryonic mesoderm from which it develops, the phenotypic expression evenof two irises with the same genetic genotype (as in identical twins, or the pair possessed by one individual) have uncorrelated minutiae .

 The ease of registering iris image at some distance from a Subject without physical contact, unintrusively and perhaps inconspicuously pupillary frill, colouration, and sometimes freckles. The striated anterior layer covering the trabecular meshwork creates the predominant textureseen with visible lightT h e h u m a n i r i s b e g i n s t o f o r m d u r i n g t h e t h i r d m o n t h o f g e s t a t i o n . T h e structures creating its distinctive pattern are complete by the eighth monthof gestation, but pigmentation continues into the first years after birth. Thel a y e r s o f t h e i r i s h a v e both ectodermal and mesodermal embryologicalorigin, consisting of (from back to front): a darkly pigmented epithelium; p u p i l l a r y d i l a t o r a n d s p h i n c t e r m u s c l e s ; h e a v i l y v a s c u l a r i z e d s t r o m a (connective tissue of interlacing ligaments containing melanocytes); and ana n t e r i o r l a ye r o f c h r o m a t a p h o r e s a n d m e l a n o c yt e s w i t h a g e n e t i c a l l y deter mined density of melanin pigment granules . T h e c o m b i n e d e f f e c t i s a v i s i b l e p a t t e r n d i s p l a yi n g v a r i o u s d i s t i n c t i v e feat ures such as arching ligaments, crypts, furrows, ridges, and a zigzag collarette. Iris colour is determined mainly by the density of the stroma andits melanin content, with blue irises resulting from an absence of pigment:longer wavelengths differentially penetrate while shorter wavelengths arereflected and scattered, a phenomenon resembling that which makes thesky blue . Physiological Properties of Iris Further properties of the iris that enhance its suitability for use in h i g h confidence identification systems include: Its inherent isolation and protection from the external environment. The impossibility of surgically modifying iris without unacceptabler i s k t o v i s i o n . I t s p h ys i o l o g i c a l r e s p o n s e t o l i g h t , w h i c h p r o v i d e s o n e o f several natural tests against artifice. A property the iris shares with fingerprints is the rand o m morphogenesis of its minutiae. Because there is no genetic penetrance in theexpression of this organ beyond its anatomical form, physiology, colour andgeneral appearance, the iris texture itself is stochastic or possibly chaotic . I t s d e t a i l e d m o r p h o g e n e s i s d e p e n d s o n i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e embryonic mesoderm from which it develops, the phenotypic expression evenof two irises with the same

genetic genotype (as in identical twins, or the pair possessed by one individual) have uncorrelated minutiae . The ease of registering iris image at some distance from a Subjectwithout physical contact, unintrusively and perhaps inconspicuously

 I t s i n t r i n s i c p o l a r g e o m e t r y, w h i c h i m p a r t s a n a t u r a l c o o r d i n a t e system and an origin of coordinates. The high level of randomness in iris pattern, creating interSubjectv a r i a b i l i t y s p a n n i n g a b o u t 2 5 0 d e g r e e s - o f f r e e d o m , a n d a n e n t r o p y (information density) of about 3.2 bits per squaremillimeter of iris tissue. Working Principle Of Iris Recognition Technology The iriss c a n p r o c e s s b e g i n s w i t h a p h o t o g r a p h . A s p e c i a l i z e d c a m e r a , typically very close to the subject, no more than three feet, uses an infraredimager to illuminate the eye and capture a very high-resolution photograph . Figure 4 Iris Image After Image Acquisition Process

This process takes only one to two seconds and provides the details of theiris that are mapped, recorded and stored for future matching/verification .The inner edge of the iris is located by an iris-scan algorithm, which mapsthe iris distinct patterns and characteristics. An algorithm is a series of directives that tell a biometric system how to interpret a specific problem.Algorithms have a number of steps and are used by the biometric system todetermine if a biometric sample and record is a matchA general iris recognition system for personal identification is composed of four steps i) Iris Image Acquisitionan image containing the users eye is captured by the high resolution Iris Camera. ii) Image Preprocessing the image is then preprocessed to normalize thescale and illumination of the iris and localize the iris from the acquiredimage. iii) Feature Extractionfeatures representing the iris patterns are extracted . iv) Pattern Matching

decision is made by means of matching. i) Iris Image Acquisition

An important and difficult step of an iris recognition system is imageacquisition. Since iris is small in size and dark in color, using somespecialized camera iris image can be easily acquired for analysis ii) Image Preprocessing The acquired image always contains not only the useful parts (iris) but also some irrelevant parts (e.g. eyelid, pupil etc.). Under some conditions, the brightness is not uniformly distributed. In addition, different eye -to camera distance may result in different image sizes of the same eye. For the p u r p o s e o f a n a l y s i s , t h e o r i g i n a l i m a g e n e e d s t o b e p r e p r o c e s s e d . T h e p reprocessing is composed of three steps Iris Localization. Iris Normalization. Image Enhancement. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Falseacceptrate(FAR) or false match rate (FMR The probability that the system incorrectly declares a successful match between the input pattern and a non-matching pattern in the database .It measures the percent of invalid matches. These systems are critical since they are commonly used to forbid certain actions by disallowed people. False rejectrate(FRR) or false non-match rate (FNMR The probability that the system incorrectly declares failure of match between the input pattern and the matching template in the database. It measures the percent of valid inputs being rejected. Receiver (or relative) operating characteristic (ROC Ing e n e r a l , t h e m a t c h i n g a l g o r i t h m p e r f o r m s a d e c i s i o n u s i n g s o m e parameters (e.g. a threshold). In biometric systems the FAR and FRR c a n t yp i c a l l y b e t r a d e d o f f a g a i n s t e a c h o t h e r b y c h a n g i n g t h o s e parame ters. The ROC plot is obtained by graphing the values of FAR and FRR, changing the variables implicitly. A common variation is the Detection error trade-off (DET), which is obtained using normal deviate scales on both axes. This more linear graph illuminates the differences for higher performances (rarer errors).

 E qual error rate (EER The rate at which both accept and reject errors are equal. ROC or DET plotting is used because how FAR and FRR can be changed, is shown clearly. When quick comparison of two systems is required, the ERR is commonly used. Obtained from the ROC plot by taking the point where FAR and FRR have the same value. The lower the EER, the more accurate the system is considered F ailure to enroll rate (FTE or FER) :The percentage of data input is considered invalid and fails to input into the system. Failure to enroll happens when the data obtained by the sensor are considered invalid or of poor quality . Failuretocapturerate(FTC) :Within automatic systems, the probability that the system fails to detect a biometric characteristic when presented correctly . Template capacity :The maximum number of sets of data which can be input in to the system

E qual error rate (EER The rate at which both accept and reject errors are equal. ROC or DET plotting is used because how FAR and FRR can be changed, is shown clearly. When quick comparison of two systems is required, the ERR is commonly used. Obtained from the ROC plot by taking the point where FAR and FRR have the same value. The lower the EER, the more accurate the system is considered F ailure to enroll rate (FTE or FER) : The percentage of data input is considered invalid and fails to input into the system. Failure to enroll happens when the data obtained by the sensor are considered invalid or of poor quality . Failuretocapturerate(FTC) : Within automatic systems, the probability that the system fails to detect a biometric characteristic when presented correctly . BIOMETRIC SECURITY A concern is how a person's biometric, once collected, can be protected.A u s t r a l i a h a s t h e r e f o r e i n t r o d u c e d a B i o m e t r i c s I n s t i t u t e P r i v a c y C o d e Biometrics Institute in order to protect consumer personal data beyond the current protections offered by the Australian Privacy Act . Sociological concerns As technology advances, and time goes on, more private companies and public utilities may use biometrics for safe, accurate identification. These advances are likely to raise concerns such as: Physical - Some believe this technology can cause physical harm to an individual using the methods, or that instruments used are unsanitary. For example, there are concerns that retina scanners might not always be clean. Personal Information - There are concerns whether our personal information taken through biometric methods can be misused, tampered with, or sold, e.g. by criminals stealing, rearranging or copying the biometric data. Also, the data obtained using biometrics can be used in unauthorized ways without the individual's consent. Danger to owners of secured items When thieves cannot get access to secure properties, there is a chance tha ers of secured itemst the thieves will stalk and assault the property owner to gain access. If the item is secured with a biometric device, the damage to the owner could be irreversible, and potentially cost more

than the secured property. In 2005, Malaysian car thieves cut off the finger of a Mercedes-Benz S-Class owner when attempting to steal the car . Cancelable Biometrics Physical features, such as face, fingerprint, iris, retina, hand, or behavioralf e a t u r e s , s u c h a s s i g n a t u r e , v o i c e , g a i t , m u s t f u l f i l l a c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a t o qualify for use in recognition. They must be unique, universal, acceptable, collectable and convenient to the person, in addition, to reliabilit y a t recognition, performance and circumvention. However, most importantly, permanence is a key feature for biometrics. They must retain all the above features in particular the uniqueness unchanged, or acceptably changed, over

the lifetime of the individual. On the other hand, this fundamental feature has brought biometrics to challenge a new risk. If biometric data is obtained,f o r e x a m p l e c o m p r o m i s e d f r o m a d a t a b a s e , b y u n a u t h o r i z e d u s e r s , t h e genuine owner will lose control over them forever and lose his/her identity . BIOMETRIC APPLICATIONS

Biometric Time Clocks Which are being increasingly used in various organizations to control employee timekeeping. Biometric safes and biometric locksProvides security to the homeowners. Biometric access control systems Providing strong security at entrances . Biometric systems are also developed for securing access to pc's and providing single logon facilities . Wireless biometrics for high end security and providing safer transactions from wireless devices like PDA's, etc. Identifying DNA Patterns of biometrics technology in identifying DNA patterns for identifying criminals, etc . Biometrics airport security devices are also deployed at some of the world's famous airports to enhance the security standards. BIOMETRICS DEVICES Optical Fingerprint Scanner Our biometric hamster is the next generation model of popular and versatile biometric fingerprint readers. Packaged in a comfortable, ergonomic design, this biometric scanner features

the industry's most rugged and advanced optical sensor using patented SEIR fingerprint biometric technology

Biometric Time Clocks -Which are being increasingly used in various organizations to control employee timekeeping. Biometric safes and biometric locksProvides security to the homeowners. Biometric access control systems Providing strong security at entrances .Biometric systems are also developed for securing access to pc's and providing single logon facilities .Wireless biometrics for high end security and providing safer transactions from wireless devices like PDA's, etc. Identifying DNA Patterns of biometrics technology in identifying DNA patterns for identifying criminals, etc .Biometrics airport security devices are also deployed at some of the world's famous airports to enhance the security standards. BIOMETRICS DEVICES Optical Fingerprint Scanner Our biometric hamster is the next generation model of popular and versatile biometric fingerprint readers. Packaged in a comfortable, ergonomic design ,this biometric scanner features the industry's most rugged and advanced optical sensor using patented SEIR fingerprint biometric technology

. OptiMouse OptiMouse is an innovative optical tracking mouse that can operate on almost any surface with exceptional response, it features the industry's most rugged and advanced optical sensor using patented SEIR fingerprint biometric technology . iGuard - Integrated Access Control and Time Attendance System iGuard is a complete solution combining a access control system and time attendance system. It utilizes patented embedded web server technology combined with biometrics and smart card authentication. This is the world's only available system that has achieved advanced operability using world-renowned TCP/IP networking protocol without having to compromise on security.

Personal Fingerprint Safes Biometric personal safes are revolutionary locking storage cases that open with just the touch of your finger. These products are designed as " access denial" secure storage for medications, jewelry, weapons, documents, and other valuable or potentially harmful items.

Biometric Fingerprint Door Locks Your fingerprint is the key with our revolutionary fingerprint door lock. This amazing new product replaces keyed locking mechanisms with a fingerprint sensor that actually recognizes who is and who is not authorized to enter. BIOMETRIC VERSUS FORENSIC

While both biometrics ad forensic involves human recognition biometrics is typically applied using automated techniques to prevent situation application such as gaining access to sensitive information or to a secured facility .Forensic applications typically occur after a crime has occurred, and may not use fully automated methods. Forensic methods are often used to assist in the legal process. Forensic usually requires days of processing and are held to much higher accuracy requirements. Where to use BIOMETRICS? Biometric use involve controlling access to physical locations(laboratories , buildings etc. Biometrics can be used to determine whether or not a person is already in database such as for social service or national id applications. Biometrics can be used in environments where recognition of an individual is required. Applications vary and range from logical access to a personal computer to physical access of a secured laboratory. They can be used in a variety of collection environments as identification systems. Biometrics are also used for accountability applications such as recordi ng the biometric identities of individuals. WIRELESS BIOMETRICS As biometrics systems improve, become smaller and require less power for operation, the potential to integrate into new application grows. The ability to operate the biometrics verification solution from battery supply is unprecedented. Previously, biometrics have been

used in combination with personal computers and based on a stringent platform to maintain reasonable performance. However, as the technology for fingerprint recognition is being miniaturized and streamlined for performance, new avenues of application can be found when technologies are integrated together in small, simple and stand-alone packaging. Wireless biometrics will consists of both the hardware and software for the fingerprint scanning devices that will be embedded in wireless handheld devices. The solution will come as a bundle of a range of validation, transaction management and content protection services based on the devices. TELEBIOMETRICS Telebiometrics applies biometrics to telecommunicatio n s a n d telecommunications to remote biometric sensing. With the emergence of multimodal biometrics systems gathering data from different sensors and contexts, International Standards that support systems performing biometric enrollment and verification or identification have begun to focus on human physiological thresholds as constraints and frameworks for "plug and play" telebiometric networks. Attending to these wetware protocols has become particularly urgent in the context of a recent study suggesting possible pathological effects from RFIDt r a n s p o n d e r s i m p l a n t e d i n d o g s . D o g s a r e f r e q u e n t l y u s e d a s m o d e l organisms in the study of human disease