Power System Planning e—— ess of Planning Electric Energy Systems consist of generating a set of planning scenario, ambitious or optimum or pessimistic. Scenario can be optimist In India, the various types of scenarios for electric power are drawn by the planning commission, CEA, state electricity boards, research organizations, individual research workers etc. Electrical utilities should prepare integrated resource plans. These Long term plans seek to develop the best mix of demand and supply options to meet consumer needs for electric energy services. Table 1.5 : Simulation Programs for System Plan / Analysis programs ‘Application a Generation reliability Generation reserve requirement to meet specified reliability criterion, System reliability Generation cost Cost of fuel, operation and maintenance Risk analysis Resource uncertainties | Optimum generation mix | Best combination of different types and sizes of generating unity | _ considering capital and production costs and minimizing revenue requirements Power flow Steady-state system studies Transient stability System stability assessment Dynamic stability Possibility of cascade tripping, system isolation and blackouts Short circuit To design protective relaying systems and to select the circuit breakers Sub synchronous oscillations | To determine damaging generator shaft torques Loop flow To determine possibility of unauthorized use of transmission lines of @ particular utility Transmission expansion Optimum range for transmission line expansion 1.5 THE ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS : Regulations shape and influence the functions and processes. The regulations generally concern, . Price setting: consumer tariff, wheeling charges, long-term bulk-power Purchase agreements. Quality of service standard and monitoring. . Compliance with public service obligations. . Ensuring fair and open competition or the harnessing of competitive forces, as appropriat?- 1 2. 3 4. Dealing with consumer complaints, 5. 6. Monitoring investment in and repair of infrastructure. de Third party use of networks.D+ ner System Planning e—————__ ‘The process of Planning Electric Energy Systems consist of generating a set of Planning scenari, Scenario can be optimistic/ambitious or: optimum or pessimistic. In India, the various types of scenarios for electric power are drawn by the planning commission, CEA, state electricity boards, research organizations, individual research workers etc. Electrical utilities should prepare integrated resource plans. These Long term plans seek ty develop the best mix of demand and supply options to meet consumer needs for electric energy services. Table 1.5 : Simulation Programs for System Plannin, Analysis programs é Application Generation reliability Generation reserve requirement to meet specified reliability criterion, | System reliability 4 Generation cost Cost of fuel, operation and maintenance | Risk analysis Resource uncertainties | Optimum generation mix | Best combination of different types and sizes of generating units | considering capital and production costs and minimizing revenue | requirements Power flow Steady-state system studies | 4 ‘Transient stability System stability assessment j Dynamic stability Possibility of cascade tripping, system isolation and blackouts | Short circuit To design protective relaying systems and to select the circuit breakers | Sub synchronous oscillations | To determine damaging generator shaft torques | Loop flow To determine possibility of unauthorized use of transmission lines of a | particular utility ‘Transmission expansion Optimum range for transmission line expansion 15 THE ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS 4 ae Regulations shape and influence the functions and processes. The regulations generally concern, 1. Price setting: consumer tariff, wheeling charges, long-term bulk-power Purchase agreements. 2. Quality of service standard and monitoring, 3. Compliance with public service obligations. 4. Dealing with consumer complaints. 5. Ensuring fair and open competition or the harnessing of competitive forces, as appropriate. 6. Monitoring investment in and repair of infrastructure. 7. Third party use of networks.' The current regulations enacted by the Government of India are primarily administered by CEA initsrole as technical and economic advisor to the Minister of Power, with input from state, regional and central government entities, 9 Introduction of Power Planning Fig. 1.16 : Electricity Regulation For example, there is need for rules regarding transmission access to private generators and for checking the potential for anticompetitive use of monopoly power. Tariff regulations at the bulk power level are primarily covered under section 43A of the Electricity (Supply) Act of 1948. Fig. 1.17 : Electricity Regulation:Power Systom Planning Electricity Acts : (Indian Telegraphic Act, 1885) : This act covers the privileges and powers ofthe government to place the telegraphic lines and posts. Penalties and certain other supplementary provisions regarding electric power lines. (indian Electricity Act, 1910) This is an act to amend the law relating to the supply and use of electrical energy. It regulates: 1, Licences : Grant of licences; revocation or amendment of licences; purchase of undertakings; annual account of licensees. 2, Works : Provision as to opening and breaking up of streets, railways and tramways; notice of new works; laying of supply lines; notice to telegraph authority; overhead lines; compensation for damage. 3. Supply : Point of supply; powers of lincences to enter premises, restrictions on licensees; obligation on licensees to supply energy; powers of the state governments to give direction toa licensee, power to control the distribution and consumption of energy; discontinuance of supply to consumers; meters. 4. Transmission and Use of Energy by Non-licensees : Sanctions required by non-licensees in certain cases; control of transmission and use of energy. 5. General Protective Clause : Protection of railways, aerodromes, canals, docks and piers; protection of telegraphic and electric signal lines; notice of accidents and enquiries; proh of connection with earth and power to government to interfere in certain cases of default. 6. Administration and Rules : Advisory boards; appointment of electrical inspectors. 7. Criminal Offences and Procedure : Theft of energy; penalty for maliciously wasting energy or injuring works; penalty for unauthorized supply of energy by non-licensees; penalty for illegal or defective supply or for non-compliance with order; penalty for interference with meters or licensee's works and for improper use of energy; offences by companies; institution of ‘prosecution. 8. Supplementary Provisions : Exercise in certain cases of power of telegraph authority; arbitration; recovery of sums; delegation of certain functions of the state government to the inspection staff; protection for acts done in good faith; amendment of Land Acquisition Act, 1884;repeals and savings. (The Electricity (Supply Act) Act, 1948) This act rationalizes the production and supply of electricity and generally provides for taking measures conducive to its development. It provides for: 1. The Central Electricity Authority : Constitution ; powers to require accounts, statistics and returns; direction of central government to the Authority; power of central government to make rules; powers of authority to make regulations. naiIntroduction of Power Planning = @iz8) 2, State electricity boards, generating companies : State electricity consultative councils and local advisory committees; constitution and composition of state electricity boards; interstate agreement to extend board's jurisdiction to another state; formation, objects, jurisdiction etc., of generating or transmission companies. 3. Power and duties of state electri boards and generating or transmission company, coordination with regional electricity boards and regional load dispatch centres. 4. The board's finance accounts and audit. 5. Miscellaneous items such as effects of other laws : Water power concessions to be granted only to the board or a generating company; coordination between the boards and multipurpose schemes; powers of entry; annual reports, statistics and returns arbitration; penalties; cognizance of offences; direction by the state government; provision relating to income-tax; members officers and other employees of the board to be public servant; protection of persons acting under this act; saving of application of Act. (The Indian Electricity Rules, 1956) It contains 143 rules along with detailed annexure and covers: 1. Authorization to perform duties 2. Inspection of electric installations : Creation of inspection agency; entry and inspection; inspection fees; appeal against an order; submission of records by supplier or owner. 3. Licensing: Application, contents and form of draft license; advertisement of application and contents thereof: approval of draft licence and a notification for grant of licence; commencement of licence; amendments of licence; preparation and submission of accounts and model conditions of supply. 4. General safety precautions : Regarding construction, installation, Protection, operation and maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus; service lines and apparatus on consumer's premises; identification of earthed conductors; accessibility of bare conductors; provisions applicable to protective equipment; instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric shocks; intimation of accidents; precautions to be adopted by consumers, owners, electrical contractors, electrical workmen and suppliers; periodical inspection and testing of consumer's installations. 5. General conditions relating to supply and use of energy : Testing of consumer's installation; precaution against leakage; declared voltage and frequency of supply; placing and sealing of energy and demand meters; point of supply; precautions against failure of supply. 6. Electric supply lines, system and apparatus for low, medium, high and extra high Voltages : Testing of insulation resistance; connection with earth; voltage tests systems; general conditions as to transformation and control of energy; approval by inspector; use of energy; pole-type substations; discharge of capacitors; supply to neo-signs; supply to HV electrode boiler; supply of X-ray and high frequency installations.G26) wer System Planning 7. Over headlines : Materials and strength; joints; clearances and supports, erection of or alteration of buildings; structures; conditions to apply where telecommunication lines and power-lines can be carried on the same supports; lines crossing; service lines; protection against lightening, unused overhead lines. 8. _ Electric traction : Additional rules for electric traction; voltage of supply; difference of potential on return; current density in rails.: size and strengths of trolley wires; records. 9. Additional precaution for mines and oil fields. 10. Miscellaneous Provisions. Rules relaxation by the government; relaxation by the inspector; supply and use of energy by non licensees and others; penalty for breaking seal and other penalties for breach of rules; repeal (Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980) The Act stipulates the forest clearance requirement for the forest area where hydro plants | (reservoir etc.), and transmission lines are planned. The guidelines for taking power lines through the forest area are, Where routing of power lines through the forest areas cannot be avoided, these should be aligned in such a way that it involves the least amount of tree cutting. 2. As faras possible, the route alignment through forest areas should not have any line deviation, 3. The maximum width of right-of-way for the power lines on forest land shall be as follows: Line voltage (kv) Width of right of way 7 i 7 33 15 66 18 110 22 132 27 220 35 400 $2 800 85 4. Below each conductor, width clearance of 3m would be permitted for taking the swinging of stringing equipment. 5. Intheremaining width, right-of-way up to a maximum of 8.5 metres (for 800kV lines), trees will be felled or looped to the extent required, for preventing electrical hazards by maintaining the Following, The sag and swing of the conductors are to be kept in view while working out the minimum clearance mentioned below,+ introduction of Power Planning Line voltage (kv) ‘Minimum clearance between conductors and trees (m) u 2.6 33 28 66 34 110 37 132 40 220 46 400 35 6. Inthe case of lines to be constructed in hilly areas, where adequate clearance is already available, trees will not be cut. 7. Where the forest growth consists of coconut groves or similar tall trees, widths of right-of-way greater than those indicated above may be permitted in consultation with the CEA. ‘Town and country planning acts : These acts are of interest before erecting a plant, a substation or overhead line. It is necessary to seek approval of planning authorities whenever these acts are applicable Environment laws : Environment laws such as Water (Prevention and Control of Poliution) Act, 1974; Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986are important for getting pollution clearance from the competent authorities in case of generating plants 1.6 LOAD FORECASTING © aes 1.6.1 Loads © 17° 910" * Throughout the world, electrification is an ongoing process. The reason for this phenomenon is the preference for electrical energy. ~ * The increasing demand in the Asian region is due to several factors such as population growth, growth of per capita income, migration to urban areas and increase in energy using product. * Demand forecasts are used to determine the capacity of generation, transmission and distribution System and energy forecast to determine the type of generation facilities required. © There are five broad categories of loads-domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural and residential. Commercial and agricultural loads are characterized by seasonal variafions.- Industrial loads are considered base loads that contain little we: weather dep ‘dependent variation. Their generation characteristics are given below, 1. Domestic - This type of load consists mainly of lights, fans, domestic appliances such as heaters, refrigerators, air conditioners, mixers, ovens, heating ranges, small motors for pumping, and various other small household appliances. The various factors are: demand factor 100 percent, diversity factor 1.2-1.3 and load factor 10-15 percent.