l . When an organism dies the nitrogen in its body is released by the action of decomposer.

2. Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels

3. illustration of photosynthesis graphs: these graphs demonstrate that the rate of photosynthesis is
affected by changes in the plant's environment
4. Organisms such as plants that make their own food are called autotroph.
5. Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by bacteria
6. Refer to illustration graph 1 demonstrates that the rate of photosynthesis increases in response to
increasing light intensity, but only to a certain point
7. What is the pigment in chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis- chlorophyll
8. Which of the following would affect the rate of photosynthesis- light intensity, carbon dioxide
concentration and temperature.
9. Where does the Calvin cycle occur- stroma
10. The molecule referred to as 'molecule A' in the equation - ATP
11 . What process occurs in the mitochondria?- oxidative phosphorylation - using oxygen available
within the cell convert chemical energy from food in the cell to energy in a form usable to
the host cell.
12. Know equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration- Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2
→ 6CO2 + 6H2O. Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O
13. Products of the light reactions of photosynthesis- light energy converts carbon dioxide and
water (the reactants) into glucose and oxygen (the products).
14. In which of the following organelles is ATP produced- Mitochondria
15. When cells break down food molecules, energy- is temporarily stored in ATP molecules
16. The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis- The chemical reactions convert carbon dioxide into
glucose with the assistance of ATP and NADPH. These reactions occur in the stoma, the
inward space or fluid-filled region of a chloroplast
17. Glycolysis and aerobic respiration are different in that- Glycolysis occurs in the absence of
oxygen, while aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
18. The source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis- water. During photosynthesis, plants
take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Within the plant cell, the
water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it
gains electrons. This transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose
19. Based on the cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, one can say- that the ultimate
original source of energy for all living things on Earth is Sun
20. Chlorophyll is green in color bc- because it absorbs blue and red
21. The organelles associated with photosynthesis are- cholorplasts
22. Water and minerals needed by all organisms on Earth- pass back and forth between the biotic
and abiotic portions of the environment in a process called a biogeochemical cycle
23. The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down- in the
absence of oxygen is fermentation
24. Refer to the illustration above. On the pyramid, animals that feed on plant- second trophic level
25. The number of trophic levels in an ecological energy pyramid- is limited by the amount of energy
that is lost at each trophic level
26. What is the purpose of stomata- regulate the flow of gases in and out of leaves and thus
plants as a whole
27. Which type of cell has stomata- guard cells
28. The role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is to - absorb light from sunlight in plants
29. The organic material in an ecosystem is called- biomass
30. Energy is released to do work when the bond between- carbon atoms in ATP is broken.
31. In the graph: the effect of temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction- questions that go with
that. An increase in temperature typically increases the rate of reaction
32. Sequence of events in aerobic respiration- glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation
33. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking- food molecules During cellular respiration,
glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Energy released during the reaction is captured by the energy-carrying molecule ATP
(adenosine triphosphate).
34. The major atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis- oxygen
35. __ takes place with or without oxygen- Cellular respiration
36. You have been growing some animal cells in culture. The cells grow well for several weeks, and then
growth slows down.
You conduct tests and determine there is a lot of lactic acid in the culture fluid. How do you explain the
poor growth? (hint: why would you produce lactic acid) - There is not enough oxygen in the culture
fluid
37. Know Jason Priestly's experiment and what a candle needs to burn- oxygen
38. 20,000 kcals of energy available ... (know the Lindemans rule of efficiency from ecology).
39. What cell type has chloroplasts?-- plant cells
40. What is the correct order for the levels of organization? Ecology ques. atoms, molecules,
organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human organism
41. – 43. Know the difference between food web and food chain. A food chain outlines who eats
whom. A food web is all of the food chains in an ecosystem.
44. Food pyramid levels (know them and what eats what).

45. If a plant has 30,000 kcals of energy how much is available for the rabbit? How much is available for
the hawk that eats the rabbit? How much is available for the wolf that eats the hawk?
Plant 30,000 -> rabbit 3,000 -> hawk 300 -> wolf 30
46. Know definitions and examples of the following relationships: competition, parasitic, mutualistic, and
symbiotic.
competition—when two or more organisms rely on the same environmental resource
predation—behavior of one animal feeding on another
symbiosis—the close relationship of two dissimilar organisms
mutualism—a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
commensalism—a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one does not
benefit but is unharmed
parasitism—a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and one is harmed
47. Sea stars are strong predators ... - They eat mollusks like scallops, clams, and oysters, as well
as sea urchins, crustaceans, and fish.
48. How have humans affected species? What is their contribution to extinctions, invasive and
endangered Species?
Humans affected species by habitat destruction, fragmentation, and modification caused by
human-led activities. Effect on extinct species - Habitat destruction, pollution, the spread of
invasive species, overharvest from the wild, climate change, population growth and other
human activities.
49. Define habitat- the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.
50. Primary succession- happens when a new patch of land is created or exposed for the first
time. This can happen, for example, when lava cools and creates new rocks, or when a
glacier retreats and exposes rocks without any soil. During primary succession, organisms
must start from scratch.
51. Why can trees out-compete?- trees are more spread out, giving fast-growing species an
advantage when there is little competition from surrounding trees
52. Know the difference between primary and secondary succession- Secondary succession happens
when a climax community or intermediate community is impacted by a disturbance. This
restarts the cycle of succession, but not back to the beginning—soil and nutrients are still
present.
53. A population of 2,000 deer (graph interpretation)--
54. (see# 52.)
55. (see #52.)
56. What is carrying capacity- Carrying capacity can be defined as a species' average population
size in a particular habitat. The species population size is limited by environmental factors
like adequate food, shelter, water, and mates.
57. The two graphs show ... J vs. S shaped curve - A S-shaped population growth curve represents
logistic growth, whereas a J-shaped curve represents exponential growth. In logistic
growth, a population grows exponentially at first, but levels off as it reaches its carrying
capacity.
58. Ecology def.-- the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one
another and to their physical surroundings.
59. Insect relationship: pollen/nectar ... The insect's reward is fairly consistent: they are provided
nectar and/or pollen by the plant. As insects move from blossom to blossom collecting
nectar, they spread the plants' pollen to other blossoms on the same plant and to blossoms
on plants nearby. Many plants are not picky about which insects pollinate them.
60. Grazing cows disturb grass and cause insects to fly ... around the cows as they eat. In turn,
birds swoop in and eat the insects. What type of symbiosis occurs between cows and birds?
commensalism.
61. One difference between parasitism and predation- Predator is very active and uses intense
physical effort to catch the prey. Parasitism: Parasite is generally passive in its progression.
They hunt, kill and feed over their prey from the outside. Invade the living cells, utilizes
nutrition and other benefits from the host and cause harm to the host.
62. Define homeostasis. A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to
survive and function correctly.
63. What pattern of growth is shown by humans on Earth, whose population is out of control?--
Exponential
64. Define biodiversity- all the different kinds of life you'll find in one area—the variety of
animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural
world
65. Which of the following is a density-independent regulatory factor? Severe weather
66. A population of organisms grows when—birth rate exceeds death rate
67. A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place is called- A biological
community
68. An organism's niche includes- the range of physical and biological conditions in which an
organism lives and the way it obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce.
69. Which one of the following would be a good example of a common homeostatic mechanisms in
nature.-- as rabbits increase, coyotes increase, but as coyotes increase, there is a decrease in
rabbits.
70. Which one of the following would be an example of a biotic component in your environment? -
Examples of biotic factors include any animals, plants, trees, grass, bacteria, moss, or molds
that you might find in an ecosystem
71. Which population might be least likely to be devastated by a new disease outbreak? genetically
diverse population
- how does disease affect population size and diversity. Emerging infectious diseases can result in
species declines and hamper recovery efforts for at-risk populations
72. What is the difference between ecosystems and biomes? An ecosystem is not influenced by
latitude, whereas a biome is influenced. An ecosystem includes all of the biotic and abiotic
factors that are found in a given environment. A biome is a collection of different ecosytems
which share similar climate conditions.
73. What is carrying capacity? Give an example ... - Carrying capacity can be defined as a species'
average population size in a particular habitat. The species population size is limited by
environmental factors like adequate food, shelter, water, and mates. Trees in forest or Turtle
population In nature, the population of a given area may reach carrying capacity when the
maximum population size is reached for a given area with limited resources.
74.-80 Know where plants get water from. Their roots take up water and minerals from the
ground
Know diagram showing pictures of chloroplasts' thylakoids stroma and lumen with# 1,2,3,4,5 .. .
Know diagrams of wavelengths questions: Radio--Gamma rays ...