Intellectual
Revolutions that
Changed Society
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Learning Outcomes and
Performance Indicators
1. Trace the events, discoveries, developments, and
achievements that led the intellectual revolutions and
early cradles of science.
2. Discuss the different contributions of important
personages in the reformation of science.
3. Describe how the reformation of science transformed
the views of society about nature.
4. Create a e-brochure featuring one major contribution of
Mesoamerica, Asia, Middle East, and Africa.
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Content Outline
🚀Intellectual Revolution 🚀Cradles of Early Science
▪ Copernican Revolution ▪ Meso-American
▪ Darwinian Revolution ▪ Asian
▪ Freudian Revolution ▪ Middle East
▪ Information Revolution ▪ African
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Copernican
Revolution
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Pre-Copernican
Revolution Thoughts
✓ Earth was
round
✓ World was
made up of
four elements
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Aristotle
(384–322 BCE.)
• Earth was the center of the universe and
that the Sun, Moon, planets, and all the
fixed stars revolved around it
Aristotle
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(384–322 BCE)
✓ “Ptolemaic System” or
Geocentric Theory
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Claudius Ptolemy
(100-170 C.E)
✓ Polish mathematician and astronomer, who
challenged the Ptolemaic model.
✓ introduced three celestial motions:
a. Diurnal rotation of the earth on its axis
Why Does the Sun
"Rise" and "Set"?
Nicolaus Copernicus
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b. The earth, and the planets, revolve around
the sun.
c. A conical axial motion of earth to explain
the fixed orientation of earth in space
Nicolaus Copernicus
✓ Copernicus was subjected to
persecution as a heretic
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✓ Worked on the problem of the orbit of Mars
using the astronomical observation and records
of Tycho Brahe
✓ Concluded that that Mars' orbit was elliptical
Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion (1609)
✓ scientific laws describing orbital motion
(created to describe the motion of
planets around the Sun) which provided
an evidence to Heliocentric model
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Johannes Kepler
Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
The Law of Ellipses
✓ The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical
in shape, with the center of the sun being
located at one focus.
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Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
✓ The Law of Equal Areas
✓ An imaginary line drawn from the center of the
sun to the center of the planet will sweep out
equal areas in equal intervals of time.
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Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
✓ An imaginary line drawn from the center of the
sun to the center of the planet will sweep out
equal areas in equal intervals of time.
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Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion
The Law of Harmonies
✓ The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two
planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their
average distances from the sun.
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✓ “Father of Modern Observational Astronomy”
✓ “Father of Modern Physics”
✓ “Father of Science”
✓ “Father of Modern Science”
✓ designed the first telescope with lens
✓ accused of heresy in 1633
✓ the Church officially and publicly
forgave Galileo for his crimes in 1992
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Galileo Galilei
The Starry Messenger (1610)
Callisto
Ganymede
Europa
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Io ✓ Jupiter has four moons
✓ The Sun has dark spots/
sunspots and it rotates
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✓ Earth’s moon has a rough and uneven surface (mountains, valleys, and
craters)
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✓ Venus had phase which meant that it orbited the sun
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Darwinian
Revolution
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✓ English biologist, naturalist, and geologist
✓ noticed the species of finches on the Galapagos Island
✓ Finches might have slowly adapted to the local conditions
over a long period leading to the formation of distinct
species on each island
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Charles Darwin
Theory of Evolution
by Natural Selection
✓ organisms have the ability to adapt to their
environment and would gradually change into
something that would be more competitive to
survive, a process known as evolution
✓ new species arises from pre-existing species
✓ posited that populations pass through a
series of natural selection in which only the
fittest would survive
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Principles of Natural Selection
1. Variation
✓ Individuals in a population exhibit variation in behavior and
appearance
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2. Inheritance
✓ Inherited traits that are advantageous for survival are more
likely to be passed on to subsequent generations. For natural
selection to occur, an individual must have a heritable trait that
is strongly influenced by environmental conditions.
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3. High Rate of Population
Growth
✓ Populations produce more
offspring each year than the
environment can support,
leading to a struggle for
resources. Each generation
experiences significant
mortality as members of the
population compete for the
limited availability of natural
resources. Only then, the
surviving individual can pass on
the characteristics to the next
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generation.
4. Reproductive Advantage
✓ The visible expressed characteristics of
organisms can change over time. These
advantageous traits are passed along to
offspring and confer a reproductive benefit
in a population having a favorable trait.
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Principles of Evolution
1. Competition
✓ Each generation produces more individuals in a
given environment. These individuals, however,
compete with each other for natural resources.
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Types of Competition
Intraspecific competition
✓ occurs among members of the same species
✓ leads an organism to have better adaptation in the
population
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Interspecific competition
✓ members of two different species compete
✓ may lead the other species to go extinct
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2. Heritable Differences
✓ The variation is preferred and
essential, as it will provide a
higher chance of species survival.
Heritability is a concept that
melanism of the peppered moth in England entails how much variation in a
given trait is qualified for genetic
variation. It is said to be specific
from one population in the same
environment and changed over
time as circumstances change.
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3. Survival of the Fittest
✓ Genetic variance of an individual
tends to be well-suited to their
environment for survival and
reproduction. Fitness refers to
Fitness of the dark moths advantageous traits- endurance,
strength, speed, social skills,
intelligence, etc. that help
organisms to survive.
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4. Descent with Modification
✓ A formation of a new species from a common ancestor due
to reproductive isolation. There is a diversion of genetic
characteristics that allow organisms to emerge distinctly
from a common ancestor.
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Long- necked tortoise (Galapagos) Land tortoise
The Descent of Man
✓ Darwin introduced the notion that all organic life, including
people, falls under the purview of evolution. His works
opposed the views of the religious or biblical designs which
states that humans are created by a God.
✓ In the introduction to the book Darwin writes: The sole object of
this work is to consider, firstly, whether man, like every other species, is
descended from some pre-existing form; secondly, the manner of his
development; and thirdly, the value of the differences between the so-
called races of man.
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The Tree of
Life
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Freudian
Revolution
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✓ Austrian neurologist known as the “Founder of
Psychoanalysis”
✓ His work made a great impact on the scientific
way of understanding human nature which
revolutionized the field of psychology, shifting it
into a field of science rather than classified
under philosophy. In his works, he believed that
events in our childhood have a great influence
on our adult lives, shaping our personality.
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Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
✓ a method for treating
mental illness and also
a theory which explains
human behavior and
emotion
✓ the purpose of this
therapy is to make the
unconscious conscious
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✓ Conscious Mind. This focuses on our present state of mind.
✓ Preconscious Mind. This mind is what you can retrieve from
memory. These memories and ideas might be unconscious at a
certain moment, but are not repressed.
✓ Unconscious Mind. This
consists of primitive
impulses, wishes or
desires that are facilitated
by the preconscious mind
such as frightening or
painful events for a person
to acknowledge. These
desires are expressed in
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“slip of the tongue” or
“Freudian slip”.
Structural Model of the Mind
✓ Id. comprises two kinds of biological instincts (or drives)
*Eros, or life instinct, helps the individual to survive; it directs
life-sustaining activities such as respiration, eating, and sex
(Freud, 1925). The energy created by the life instincts is known
as libido.
*Thanatos or death instinct, is
viewed as a set of destructive
forces present in all human beings
(Freud, 1920). When this energy is
directed outward onto others, it is
expressed as aggression and
violence.
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✓ Superego. drives us to
follow rules based on the
principle of morality that
caused us to be socially
responsible and behave in
an acceptable manner
✓ Ego. desires an acceptable
way to satisfy the demands
of id since it controls the
conscious and unconscious
mind
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Information
Revolution
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✓ a British mathematician and philosopher
who made significant contributions to
mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic,
philosophy, mathematical biology, as well
as to the emerging fields known as
computer science, cognitive science,
artificial intelligence, and artificial life
✓ Father of Modern Computer Science
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Alan Turing
✓ An abstract computing model that
does calculations by reading from
and writing to an endless tape.
Turing machines offer an effective
computational paradigm for
addressing computer science issues
and testing the limits of
computation. This machines served
as mathematical model laid
foundation to the development of
the modern computers that we use
in the present
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Turing Machine
✓ Turing reasoned that a computer was sentient if it behaved,
responded, and interacted like a sentient being.
Turing
Test
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✓ Turing set out to decipher the difficult Enigma code, which was
employed in German naval communications and was widely believed
to be impenetrable.
✓ Turing introduced the use of electrical
technology to achieve faster mechanical
working rates in order to sustain
progress on code-breaking. Turing
succeeded in deciphering numerous
German transmissions, turning into a
priceless tool for the Allies.
Enigma
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Code
Cradles of
Early Science
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Development of Science in Mesoamerica
✓ They are considered as the
mother culture of Mesoamerica.
The top of their society lived in
ceremonial centers, which
The Olmecs (1500– 400 B.C.)
includes priests and nobles and
the normal people dwelt in
farming villages surrounded by
the elites. Their rulers portrayed
their rituals on colossal heads
carved from volcanic rocks
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✓ They are believed to be one of the
most scientifically advanced
societies in Mesoamerica. They
developed methods in farming such
as raised bed farming.
✓ They have organized city – state,
although not bound politically, but
economically they developed
numbering system like the concept
of zero.
MAYANS (300 B.C. – 900 A.D.)
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✓ One of the world’s first systems of
writing known as “Mayan
Hieroglyphics” were used in
recording their astronomical
observations, rituals and religion.
Unfortunately, their writings were
burnt when Spanish conquerors
invaded them.
✓ Developed ways in measuring time,
using two calendar systems – 365
days’ solar calendar and a 260 days’ MAYANS (300 B.C. – 900 A.D.)
ritual calendar.
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✓ They constructed roads paved with stones.
✓ They were able to grow crops in all types
of land by constructing irrigation system
and technique for storing water for their
crops.
✓ Constructed the first suspension bridge.
✓ The Incas used a system of knotted ropes
to keep records that can only be INCA
interpreted by experts known as the
“quipu”.
✓ They built buildings that can surmount
earthquakes and other disasters.
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✓ Even though they believed that
diseases were a punishment from
gods, they still use herbs and
medicine for treatment. AZTECS (12TH –
✓ They built empire consist of a ruler 15TH CENTURY)
with his council which includes
nobles, priest, and military leaders.
✓ Built “chinampas”, known as
floating gardens to plant their
crops.
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✓ They put value on education where
children are mandated to get education
despite of their social status, gender or
age.
✓ Chocolates – Aztecs highly regarded cacao
beans and used it as one of their tributes
to their gods.
AZTECS (12TH –
✓ They also invented a light narrow boat
15TH CENTURY)
used for travelling in water systems called
the “canoe”.
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Development of Science in Asia
✓ The whole of Roman Empire gave a
high regard to the metallurgical works India
of India and considered it to be the
best.
✓ Before 2500 B.C. they developed a
system of traditional medicine known
as “Ayurveda”.
✓ Some of their works includes the ideas
of spherical self-supporting Earth and
their 360 days’ calendar divided into 12
parts with 30 days each.
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India
✓ The earliest traces of mathematical
knowledge are believed to have
appeared in the Indus Valley
Civilization as they tried to
standardized measurement with high
accuracy and designed ruler – the
“Mohenjo Daro ruler”
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✓ known for their traditional medicines,
using different plants and animals to
cure human illness like the practice
of acupuncture
✓ Some of their notable inventions
such as compass, papermaking,
gunpowder, and printing tools that
China
became popular in the West by the
end of the Middle Age
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✓ Al Idrisi produced accurate maps in 1166
including world map with continents, mountains,
rivers and famous cities
✓ Muslims are regarded as great navigators for the
expeditions of other countries. Al
✓ They used zero and decimal system. Drisi
✓ The Arabs use human cadaver to understand
anatomy and physiology
✓ Avicenna wrote an encyclopedia of medical
knowledge
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Middle East
✓ They used the first method of counting as
substantiated by the Lebombo Bone, the oldest
known mathematical artefact in the world
✓ They developed advance techniques for furnace
which is hotter than the ones used by the
Romans
✓ One of the wonders of the world, the 11
interconnected rock – hewn churches of Lalibela
in Ethiopia
Africa
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✓ They pioneered some medical practices such
as installation of false teeth, filling of dental
cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction,
vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting and
autopsy
✓ They built boats with different sizes, with the
largest that can carry up to 80 tons
✓ They used plants like the bark of Salix capensis
as source of aspirin, kaopectate for treating
diarrhea and Rauwolfia vomitoria in producing
reserpine used for hypertension and snakebite
Africa
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Thank
you!
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Use short bond paper. Indicate your name, section, and
the date of submission. (60 points)
Exit
Ticket
A. Scientific Events, Discoveries, Personages, and Developments that
Reformed Science
1. Describe ONE major contribution of each of the following periods
which contributed to the development of science, technology, and
society. Include image/s.
a. Mesoamerica
b. Asia
c. Middle East
d. Africa
2. Research on contributions that are NOT stated on the module.
3. Cite your sources.
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Exit
B. Role of Religion to the Scientific Community Ticket
Read each question carefully and answer briefly and
concisely.
1. Do you think the Church should intervene in scientific
activities? Explain.
2. Which theory of the origin of life is more credible to you?
Creationism or Evolution? Cite evidences that could support
your theory.
3. Cite relevant contribution of religion to Science.
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