3

1 The diagram shows the apparatus a student used to prepare a dry sample of chlorine gas. Chlorine
is more dense than air.

concentrated ..........................................
hydrochloric
acid

..........................................

manganese(IV) oxide
flask 1 concentrated
sulfuric acid

(a) Complete the boxes to name the apparatus. [2]

(b) Use the diagram to identify two mistakes the student made.

1 .................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

2 .................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Suggest one reason why the gas produced in ask 1 is passed through concentrated
sulfuric acid.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Describe a test for chlorine.

test .............................................................................................................................................

observations ..............................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) Suggest why this experiment is done in a fume cupboard.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

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 4

2 A student investigated the reaction between aqueous sodium carbonate and aqueous barium nitrate.

● A burette was filled with aqueous sodium carbonate.

● Seven test-tubes were labelled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.
● A measuring cylinder was used to pour 6 cm3 of aqueous barium nitrate into each of the seven
test-tubes in a test-tube rack.
● 1.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 1.
● 2.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 2.
● 4.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 3.
● 5.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 4.
● 6.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 5.
● 7.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 6.
● 8.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 7.

A glass rod was used to stir the contents of each of the test-tubes. The contents of the test-tubes
were left to stand until the solid formed had settled. A ruler was used to measure the height of the
solid formed in each test-tube.

(a) Use a ruler to measure the heights of the solid formed in each test-tube shown in the diagram.
Record the heights of the solid formed in the table and complete the table.

test-tube number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
volume of aqueous
sodium carbonate / cm3

solid
height of solid / mm

[3]
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(b) Plot the results on the grid. Draw two intersecting lines of best t. Label the x-axis.

100

80

60
height of
solid / mm
40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

[4]

(c) From your graph, deduce the height of the solid formed when 3.0 cm3 of aqueous
sodium carbonate is added to 6 cm3 of aqueous barium nitrate.

Show clearly on the grid how you worked out your answer.

.............................. mm [2]

(d) Describe the trend in the heights of the solids formed in test-tubes 1 7.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(e) Predict what would happen if the experiment were continued using three further test-tubes
each containing 6 cm3 of aqueous barium nitrate and separately adding 9.0 cm3, 10.0 cm3 and
11.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate to each one.
Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(f) Suggest one change to the apparatus used which could be made to obtain more accurate
results.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(g) Suggest a different method to measure the amount of solid formed during the experiment.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(h) Suggest how the reliability of the results could be checked.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 18]
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3 Two substances, solution F and solid G, were analysed. Solution F was dilute hydrochloric acid.
Tests were done on solution F and solid G.

tests on solution F

Complete the expected observations.

Solution F was divided into four equal portions in four test-tubes.

(a) The pH of the rst portion of solution F was tested.

pH = .............................. [1]

(b) Magnesium ribbon was added to the second portion of solution F. The gas produced was
tested.

observations ..............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Dilute nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate were added to the third portion of solution F.

observations ........................................................................................................................ [1]

(d) Dilute nitric acid and aqueous barium nitrate were added to the fourth portion of solution F.

observations ........................................................................................................................ [1]

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tests on solid G

Some of the tests and observations are shown.

tests on solid G observations

The appearance of solid G was studied. white solid

test 1

Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to solid G. rapid effervescence

The gas produced was tested. limewater turned milky

The solution formed was divided into two portions

for test 2.

test 2

An excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide was white precipitate formed which

added to the rst portion of the solution from test 1. was insoluble in excess

An excess of aqueous ammonia was added to the no precipitate formed

second portion of the solution from test 1.

(e) Identify solid G.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]
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4 Steel nails rust in the presence of air and water. Plan an investigation to:

● show that coating steel nails with paint helps to protect the nails from rusting
● show that coating steel nails with zinc helps to protect the nails from rusting
● determine which coating is more effective at protecting steel nails from rusting.

You are provided with:

● uncoated steel nails

● steel nails coated with paint
● steel nails coated with zinc
● common laboratory apparatus.

...........................................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................................

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...........................................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................................... [6]

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