MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMETAL SCIENCE

FOREST STRUCTURE, WOODY SPECIES DIVERSITY, AND THEIR

MANAGEMENT CONSTRAINTS IN PARTICIPATORY FOREST
MANAGEMENT AT COMMUNITY FOREST: IN THE CASE OF
DENEBA FOREST, Dodola DISTRICT, WEST ARSI ZONE, ETHIOPIA

MSc. THESIS PROPOSAL

ZARIHUN DEKO

MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY, ROBE, ETHIOPIA

AUGUST , 2023
FOREST STRUCTURE, WOODY SPECIES DIVERSITY, AND THEIR
MANAGEMENT CONSTRAINTS IN PARTICIPATORY FOREST
MANAGEMENT AT COMMUNITY FOREST: IN THE CASE OF
DENEBA FOREST, Dodola DISTRICT, WEST ARSI ZONE, ETHIOPIA

A THESIS PROPOSAL SUMBITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN PARTIALFULFIILMENT OF THE
REQUIRMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

ZARIHUN DEKO

MAJOR ADVISOR: ALIYI MAMA (Assistant Professor)

AUGUST, 2023
ROBE, ETHIOPIA

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 SCHOOL OF GRADUATIE STUDIES
MADDA WALABU UNIVERSITY
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL SHEET

As research advisors, we hereby certify that we have read and evaluated the r e s e a r c h
proposal prepared by ZARIHUN DEKO under our guidance, entitled “FOREST
STRUCTURE, WOODY SPECIES DIVERSITY, AND THEIR MANAGEMENT CONSTRAINTS
IN PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT AT COMMUNITY FOREST: IN THE CASE
OF DENEBA FOREST, Dodola DISTRICT, WEST ARSI ZONE, ETHIOPIA submitted for
examination with our approval.

Name of Advisor Signature Date

ALIYI MAMA (Assistant Professor) ___________ ____________

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................................III
LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................................V
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................VI
ABBREVIATION............................................................................................................................VIII
CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem.........................................................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of the study............................................................................................................2
1.3.1. General objectives.........................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific objectives.........................................................................................................2
1.4. Research questions...................................................................................................................2
1.5. Significance of the study..........................................................................................................3
1.6. Limitations of the study...........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................................................4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................4
2.1 History of Ethiopian forest.......................................................................................................4
2.2. Types of vegetation in Ethiopia...............................................................................................4
2.2.1. Dry evergreen Afromontane Forest of Ethiopia............................................................6
2.2.2. Moist evergreen Montane forest....................................................................................8
2.2.3 Desert and Semi-Desert Scrubland.................................................................................9
2.2.4 Acacia-Commiphora Woodland and bush land Ecosystem.........................................10
2.2.5 Wooded grassland of the western Gambella Region....................................................11
2.2.6 Combretum Terminalia wood land and wooded grass land.........................................11
2.2.7 Transitional Rain forest................................................................................................11
2.2.8 Reveriane vegetation....................................................................................................12
2.2.9 Ericaceous belt.............................................................................................................12
2.2.10 Afroalpine vegetation.................................................................................................12
2.2.11 Fresh water lakes, lake shores, marshes, swampes and flood plains vegetation........13

III
 2.2.12 salt-water lakes, lake shores, salt-marshes and pan vegetation..................................13
CHAPTER THREE.............................................................................................................................14
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................................................................................14
3.1 Description of the Study Area................................................................................................14
3.1.1 Location........................................................................................................................14
3.1.2. Topography and Climate.............................................................................................14
3.1.3. Geology and Soils.......................................................................................................14
3.1.4. Vegetation...................................................................................................................15
3.1.5 Human population........................................................................................................15
3.1.6 Land use and agriculture..............................................................................................15
3.2. Materials................................................................................................................................16
3.3. Methods.................................................................................................................................16
3.3.1 Reconnaissance survey.................................................................................................16
3.3.2. Sampling method.........................................................................................................16
3.3.3. Vegetation data Collection..........................................................................................16
3.4. Data Analysis.........................................................................................................................17
3.4.1 Vegetation Data Analysis.............................................................................................17
3.4.2. Structural Analysis......................................................................................................17
3.5. Regeneration Status of the Forest..........................................................................................18
3.6. Level of Community Participation in Forest Conservation...................................................18
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................20

IV
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

vii

V
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

VI
BA Basal Area
CF Community Forest
DBH Diameters at Breast Height
DF Deneba Forest
EFAP Ethiopian Forest Action Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EWNHS Ethiopia Wild life and Natural History Society
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FEE Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea
GPS Global Position System
IBC Institute of Biodiversity Conservation
IVI Importance Value Index.
m.a.s.l Meter Above Sea Level
MoA Ministry of Agriculture
NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
OFWE Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise
PFM Participatory Forest Management
RD Relative Density
RDO Relative Dominance
RF Relative Frequency
SNNPRS Southern Nations and Nationalities and Peoples Regional State
WBISPP Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project
WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centers

ABBREVIATION

VII
 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

Africa has 650 million ha of forest cover, or 17% of the world's total forest area (Amare B., Ali S.,
and Aster D., 2023). According to Amanuel A. and Gemedo D. (2018), afromontane vegetation
covers more than 50% of the continent of Africa. Ethiopia is a mountainous nation with a wide
variety of landscapes. Ethiopia has a rich biodiversity forest cover in tropical Africa as a result of its
diverse topography features (Kebede B., Soromessa T., and Kelbessa E., 2016). Ethiopia now has
the fifth-highest floral variety in tropical Africa as a result of this (Mekonnen A., 2019). According
to Mesfn, Zerihun, and Ermias (2018), 6,027 vascular plant species (including subspecies) have
been identified, with approximately 10 percent of them being endemisms. Ethiopia's reported forest
resources in 2015 (FAO, 2015) placed it among nations with 10–30% forest cover. According to the
FAO (2015) report, Ethiopia has a forest cover of 12.2 million ha (11%). Currently, Ethiopia has
about 17.35 million hectares of forests (15.7% of the country's area), which include bamboo, dense
woodland, natural forests, and planted forests (Girma Boz and Melesse Maryo, 2020).

At present, because of Ethiopian government-planned, community-based participatory afforestation

and reforestation practices at the national level, the forest coverage of Ethiopia has reached close to
15% (FAO, 2015). There are different factors contributing to the declining forest cover in Ethiopia
at such an alarming rate: rapid human population growth, poverty for clearing for cultivation,
overgrazing and exploitation of forest for fuel wood, construction materials, and access to
technology may enhance deforestation (Zewdu & Beyene, 2018). For instance, Ethiopia losses about
141,000 hectares of natural forest each year (FAO, 2010; Hanka, A., 2020). Loss of such forest
resources would have great implications for the environment, biological diversity, and socio-
economic set-up of the communities.

Adaba-Dodola Afromontane forest has been set as one of the primary biodiversity priority areas in
Ethiopia (Bekele Mechalu, 2017). Adaba-Dodola community forest (CF) of Deneba District which
is found in West Arsi Zone of Oromia Region can be raised as a role model to achieve sustainable
forest management through community empowerment. Even though the forest area can be raised as
a role model, the CF is still facing problems. Forest deforestation due to illegal charcoal and
firewood production, agricultural land expansion and livestock grazing are ongoing challenges for
conservation of the CF. Reduction in forest cover has a number of consequences, including soil

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erosion, reduced capacity for watershed protection with possible flooding, reduced capacity for
carbon sequestration, and loss of biodiversity. The level of community participation is to provide
reliable information for the development of an appropriate management and conservation plan.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Global changes influence interactions between people and the environment increasing
environmental problem. Such as frequency and impact of natural disasters. Fluctuations in
international weather patterns and e n v i r o n m e n t a l pollution are amongst others related to
the rapid reduction of forest cover and climate change the consequence of these environmental
problems in livelihoods in different parts of the world are widely a c k n o w l e d g e d , for example
resulting in projects concerning climate change adaptation and REDD (reducing emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation).

The participatory forest management (PFM) project at the Adaba-Dodola regional forest priority
areas will be initiated in 1999 (Yemiru et al., 2011). During 2003-2018 period 58521.611 hectares
of dense forest land of Adaba-Dodola Community Forest will be converted to other classes,
specifically, 10716.055 hectares will be converted from dense forest to grassland, 7.367 hectares
to water, 4844.615 hectares to settlement and 40739.815 hectares will be to open forest land (Nure
et al., 2020). The major factors for the forest land cover change in the Adaba-Dodola Community
Forest area are agricultural land & settlement expansion, firewood and charcoal production, demand
for construction materials and income growth. Not only led to deforestation these factors also
aggravated land degradation, soil erosion and biodiversity loss in the area (Nure et al., 2020).
Different studies will be done on in Adaba-Dodola Community Forest especially on the impact of
PFM practice in Adaba-Dodola forest (Tsegaye B et al., 2004); Co-Management of Forest
Resources for Sustainable Livelihoods in Adaba/Dodola (Yemiru T et al., 2010); Carbon stock in
Adaba-Dodola Community Forest of Danaba District (Muluken et al., 2015); Species Diversity and
Distribution Patterns of Woody Plants in Adaba-Dodola Afromontane Forest (Bekele M., 2017);
Assessment of Forest Land Cover Change and Its Driving Factors (Nure et al., 2020); and the role of
Dodola Community Conservation Area for large mammals conservation (Geremew M. and Zerihun
G., 2022).

Accelerated deforestation that arise largely due to the conversion of forests to other
agricultural land-use types and the over utilization of forest resources to satisfy the food and
energy requirements of the increasing population are major environmental concerns in
Ethiopia (Teketay , 2001). In the absence of suitable interventions, current patterns of

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deforestation will devastate the remaining forests in the near future. It is important to
document the remaining vegetation resources for proper forest management . Nevertheless,
such data on woody plant composition, community and structural complexity are lacking for
the Deneba forest, Dodola district.

1.3. Objectives of the study

1.3.1. General objectives

The general objective of the present study will be designed to examine Forest structure, woody
species diversity, and their management constraints in Dodola Participatory Forest Management at
Deneba Kebele Community Forest.

1.3.2. Specific objectives

1. To determine woody species diversity of Deneba community forest of Adaba–Dodola

Afromontane Forest.
2. To characterize stand structure of Deneba community forest
3. To assess management constraints of Deneba community forest.

1.4. Research questions

1. What are the main important woody species compositions in Deneba natural forest?

2. What is the vegetation structure of Deneba natural forest?

3. What is the management constraints of Deneba community forest?

1.5. Significance of the study

Since the study w i l l be focused on woody plant species composition, vegetation

structure and community participation in the conservation of the forests, the research w i l l
investigate the existing status of the forest to high light some problems that affect the natural
balance of the forest. Therefore, the results of the study will be expected to:-

 Create awareness and improving indigenous knowledge among the numbers

of the community.

 Suggest ways of improving natural resource management, especially

biodiversity conservation.

 Provide benefit for local farmers by maintaining and regulating the balance

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 of the nature.

 Provide the information for a forest research centers, Zone and Woreda
agricultural sectors.

 Serve as a reference material for those who conduct research in the same area.

1.6. Limitations of the study

As the scope of this study w i l l b e limited to Denebaforest of Dodola District, four

environmental protection and forest management officers, eight agricultural sector workers, six
forest guards, two Adaba-Dodola district experts and workers, forty local community members
and Deneba kebele administrators will be participated.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History of Ethiopian forest

Historical source indicate that high forest might have once covered about 35-40% of the total
land area of the country (EFAP, 1994). If the savannah woodlands are included, 66% of the
country will be believed to have been covered with forest and woodlands. However, the
country‟s forest and woodland resources have been declining both in size (deforestation) and
quality (degradation). As a result, it has been estimated that high forests covered 16% of the land
area in the early 1950‟s, 3.6% in early 1980‟s and only 2.7% in 1989 (EFAP, 1994). Some
5 million/ha savannah wood lands will be remaining at that time giving a total forest and
woody vegetation area of 7%. In 1994, it has been estimated that such forest cover less than
2.3% of the country (EFAP, 1994). Different estimates of the forest cover of Ethiopia will be
reported. Accordingly, then forest covers in Ethiopia is declining and estimated to be less
than 4% compared, for example, with an average of 20% for sub Saharan Africa
(WBISPP,2004: earth trends, 2007). Reusing (1998 and 2000) using LANDSTAT/MSS
showed that the extent of forest cover of Ethiopia based on density classes ie, closed high
forest, slightly distributed high forest and heavily distributed high forest. Therefore, the
forest cover of Ethiopia ( including all the three types) will be 1.41% in 1996-1997).

2.2. Types of vegetation in Ethiopia

Vegetation is the collective plant cover of a particular area (Jennings et al, 2003), the
vegetation cover of a given area has a definite structure and composition, which is developed
because of the long term interaction between abiotic factors. The pattern of distribution and
vertical stratification of vegetation fluctuate due to different climatic zones, soil types, latitude and
topography of the area. These interns influence the distribution and type of plants and animals
in the forest.

The Ethiopia highlands contribute to more land 50% of the land area with afro montane
vegetation of which dry montane forest form the largest portion (Yalden, 1983: Tamirat
Bekele, 1994). The evergreen scrubland vegetation occurs in the high lands of Ethiopia either as
an intact scrub, ie in association with the dry ever green montane forest or usually as
secondary growth after deforestation of the dry evergreen montane forest. Ethiopia, because of its

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geographical position, ranges of altitude, rainfall pattern and soil variability has an immense
Ecological diversity and a huge wealth of biological resources. This complex topography
attributed from its geological formation coupled with environmental heterogeneity oofers suitable
environments for a wide range of life forms both flora and fauna (Zerihun Woldu, 1999; Gete
Zeleke, 2003). The vegetation of the country is very heterogeneous. It varies from semi-desert
to Afro-Alpine vegetation type (Friis et al., 2010). There are more than 6000 higher plant
species in Ethiopia of which about 10% are endemic (Vivero et al.,2005). The forest and
woody vegetation resources of Ethiopia will be estimated to cover greater than 11.7% of the
land, of this the wood lands cover about 4.5% of the total land of Ethiopia (EPA, 1998).

The woody plant species in theflora of Ethiopia and Eritrea will be estimated to be 1100; out
of these about 300 are tree species (Demel Teketay et al., (2000). The vegetation of Ethiopia has
rich endemic elements (Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher, 1991). For instance, of the total
woody plant species 428 are estimated to be endemic and near endemics. From this, 107 are
trees and 321 are shrubs (Vivero et al., 2005).

Most of Ethiopian‟s population are living in rural areas and depend on natural resources like land,
water, forests and trees for economic development, food security and other basic necessities‟
(Alemneh Dejene, 2003). This indicates that the majority of the economic activities and life
of most Ethiopians are either directly or indirectly related to the forest resources (Demel
Teketay, 2001; Ketessa Hundera, 2007). This implies that the services of forest are unlimited.

Several authors have been attempted to study the forests of Ethiopia and woody vegetation
resources employing different system, among which Logan (1946), Zerihun Woldu (1985),
Lisanwork Nigatu (1987), Zerihun Woldu et al, (1989), Friis and Mesfin Tadesse (1990), Friis
(1986, 1992), EFAP (1994) Tamirat Bekele (1993, 1994) Demel Teketay and Tamirat Bekele
(1995), Sebsebe Demissew et al (1996), Friis and Sebsebe (2001), Kumilachew Yeshitila and

6
Tamirat Bekele (2002), Tadesse Woldemariam (2003) and Friis et al; (2010), have made
considerable contributions toward understanding the vegetation of the country and proposed
their conservation strategies. The study of (Simon Shibru and Girma Balcha, 2004, Genene
Bekele, 2005, Abate Ayalew et al, 2006: Alemu Abebe, 2007 and Dereje Denu, 2007: Kitessa
Hundera and Tsegaye Gadissa, 2008, Haile Yineger et al, 2008 and Ensermu Kelbessa and
Teshome Soromessa, 2008) provided general description of the vegetation types and their
floristic composition in different parts of Ethiopia. Based on the works of these and many
other authors the various vegetation types of Ethiopia have been grouped in different
categories. Most recently, Friis et al; (2011), classified in twelve vegetation types.

1. Dry evergreen Afromontane Forest and grass land complex.

2. Moist evergreen Afromontane Forest.

3. Desert and semi desert scrub land.

4. Acacia commiphora wood land and brush land.

5. Wooded grass land of the Western Gambella region.

6. Combretum teminalia wood land and wooded grass land.

7. Transitional rain forest

8. Ericaceous Belt

9. Afro alpine vegetation

10. Reverine vegetation

11. Fresh water lakes, lake shores, marshes, swamps and flood plains vegetation and

12. Salt-water lakes, lake shores, salt marshes and pan vegetation.

2.2.1. Dry evergreen Afromontane Forest of Ethiopia

The Ethiopian highlands are the largest mountain complex in Africa and constitute over 50% of
the African land area covered by Afromontane vegetation, of which dry Afromontane forests
from the largest part (Tamirat Bekele, 1993; Demel Teketay, 1996). Dry evergreen Montane
forest is a very complex vegetation type occurring roughly above 1500m and bellow 3200m in
altitude, with average annual temperature and rain fall of 14-25ºC and 700-1100mm respectively
(Friis, 1992; Zerihun Woldu, 1999). About 460 species, sub species and varieties of woody plants
occur in this vegetation type, from this type of vegetation is rich with species composition (Friis et

7
al., 2010).
According to Friis et al (2010), there are four sub-types recognized. Undifferentiated
Afromontane forest: dry single dominant Afromontane forest of the Ethiopia high lands;
Afromontane wood land, wooded grass land and transition between Afromontane vegetation and
acacia Commiphora Bush land on the Eastern Escarpments. Some of the common dry evergreen
Afromontane forests studied from high lands and mountain chains of Ethiopia include: Anabe
and Denkoro forest in Wollo (Mesfin Tadesse, 1993). Chilimo forest (38º10‟E and 9º05‟N), 2400
ha and Wof-will be ha forest (39º45‟E and 9º35‟N), 3600ha (Tamirat Bekele, 1993); Menagesha
Suba state forest (38º35‟E and 9º00‟N), 2700ha (Sebsebe Demisew, 1988). It is inhabited by the
majority of the Ethiopian population and represents a zone of sedentary cereal-based mixed
agriculture for countries. This type of forest develops in areas of relatively high humidity, but not
much rain and where there is a prolonged dry season. The forests have diminished due to human
interference and replaced by grass land in flatter areas with deep soil and bush lands on steeper
slopes with thin soil, soils have become shallow as a result of soil erosion that has been taking
place for countries (Ensermu Kelbessa et al; 1992; Zerihun Woldu, 1999). In such type of
forest, ten canopy is usually dominated by Podocarpus falcatus; Juniperus procera, Croton
macrostachyus and Olea europea sub spp, cuspidate, true lianas, epiphytes including peperomia,
ferns and orchids are common. The ground cover is rich in ferns, grasses, sedges and small
Herbaceouscotyledons. At the upper limits Erica arborea, Hagenia abysinica Hypericum
revolutem, Mysine Africana, Mysine melanophloeos, Rosa abysinica, Nuxia congesta and clumps
of Arundinariaalpine are also common (Friis, 1992). The prominent features of tropical dry forest
is their seasonality with respect to rain fall compared with the rain forest where the environment
is stable throughout the year.
Dry evergreen montane forests experience long dry seasons (4-8 month and the rainy period is
somewhat unreliable, during the dry season, not only moisture stress but also temperature
increases and daytime humidity drops and water courses either dry up or greatly diminish
inflow (Demel Teketay, 1996). Degradation in this zone very high and even sever in the North
eastern Ethiopia where, forest have virtually disappeared, as a result most of the mountains sides
are bare, valleys have been gullied, and springs and streams, which used to have water the whole
year round are now dry in the dry season (Abate Ayalew et al, 2006). So, this ecosystem
requires argent conservation measures. The characteristic plant species in this vegetation type
include: Olea europaea sub spp, cuspidate, Juniperus procera, podocarpus falcatus, Ilex mitis
and Erica arborea, the shrubs occurring in this vegetation type include; Carissa spinarum and

8
Dodonaea angustifolia (Zerihun Woldu, 1999). Threatened endemic plant species in dry forest
are Acalypha marissima, Mytemus addata, Pentas concinna, Rubus aethopicusand Sedum
epidendron( Ensermu Kelbessa et al, 1992).
2.2.2. Moist evergreen Montane forest
The moist evergreen montane forest consists of high forests of the country mainly the
Southwest forests, wettest and also humid forest in the Southeastern plateau known as the
Herenna forest (Ermias Lulekal, 2005). Many other researchers have also studied the
composition and structure of this type of forests (for example, Lisanework Yeshitila, 1997);
Woldeyohannes Enkossa, 2008, Ensermu Kelbessa and Teshome Soromessa, 2008), this forest
occurs mainly in the Southwestern part of the country distributed in Kafa, Wollega, Ilubabor and
Bale with altitudinal ranges of 1500-2500 m.a.s.l; average annual temperature of 18-20ºC and
annual rainfall between 1500-2000mm sometimes even higher than 2000mm, with rain all the year
round, but a maximum in April – October (Friis et al; 1982; Friis, 1992); Tadesse
Woldemariam, 2003; NBSAP. 2005; Feyera Senbeta, 2006). The most forest ecosystem is the most
diverse ecosystem in composition, structure and habitat types (NBSAP, 2005);
consequently it is rich in biodiversity with a number of endemic species.
The characteristic plant species in this vegetation type include the largest and commercially the
most important trees associated with broad-leaved species of which the most frequent emergent
species and also the most upper canopy trees such as Podocarpus falcatus, Celtis africana,
Schefflera abysinica, Minusops kummel, Millettia ferruginea, Croton macrostachyus, Albiza
gummifera, Ficus ovate, Ficus thinningii, Syzygium guineense, sub spp. afromontanum,
Ekebergia capensis and Oleawelweitschii. The lower story trees and shrubs include: Maesa
lanceolata, Bersama abysinnica, Ehretia cymosa, Clansena anisata, Cordia africana,
Matyenus gracilipes, Tecles nablis, Tremu oplentalis, Nuxia congesta, Cassipourea malosana,
Allophlus abyssinicum, Coffea Arabica, Dracaena steundneri, Calpurnia aurea, Phoenix
reclinata, Psychotria orophila, Olea capensis, sub spp, Macrocarpa, Carissa spinarum and
Rytigynia neglecta. Lianas are common and include; Jasmmium abysinicus, Landolphia
buchananii, Commbretum paniculanum, Urea hypselodendron, Embelia schimperii, Hippoctea
goetzei, Periploca linerifolia, Tiliacora troupinii and Clematis hir sutum, Acanthaceous species
such as Tunbergia alata, Hypoestes spp. Justicia ladonoides, etc predominate in the herb layer with
in the forest and the grass species are common on the ground vegetation mainly Oplismenus
hirtellus, several ferns and epiphytes are found, some of which are Orchids Peproma
abyssinica, Laxagramme abyssinica, Adiantium poiretii, Dryopiteris spp and Aspelenium spp.

9
Therefore, the vegetation cover in a given area has definite structure and composition
developed as a result of long term interaction with biotic and abiotic factors. The pattern of
distribution and the vertical stratification change attributed to varied climatic conditions, soil
types, latitude and topography of the area which in turn influence the distribution and types of plant
and animals in the forest (Mueller-dombois and Ellenberg, 1974). Pattern of distribution and
vertical stratification change attributed to varied climatic conditions, soil types, latitude and
topography of the area which inturn influence the distribution and types of plant and animals
in the forest, (Mueller-dombois and Ellenberg, 1974).
2.2.3 Desert and Semi-Desert Scrubland
It is a very dry zone vulnerable to wind and water erosion even with little or no pressure on the
vegetation from grazing. The vegetation consists of deciduous shrubs, dominated by Acacia sp.
interspersed with less frequent evergreen shrubs and succulents. It has very variable grass
vegetation. The people of the area are pastoral and agro-pastoral. Large scale irrigated
agriculture is gaining importance in some areas of the ecosystem. This ecosystem is the
extreme lowland region of the country. The flora has developed an advanced xeromorphic
adaptation. Shrubs and trees have developed dwarf growth and have small, sclerenchymatic or
pubescent leaves. They have an adapted resistance to browsing through thorns and
development of alkaloid content. The vegetation is very scattered above the ground with
extremely well developed deep root systems. The topsoil is very often highly salty, thus the
development of salt tolerance. The region is very low with erratic rainfall. The south and
southeastern part of the ecosystem have two rainy seasons while the north and the Northeast have
one (Zerihun Woldu, 1999).
True desert, where there is no vegetation, occurs only in the Northeast, the Danakil Depression
(Zerihun Woldu, 1999). At low altitudes, semi-desert and bush land prevails. The desert
ecosystem is found along borders of eastern and southern Ethiopia, below 900 meters above sea
level. The semi-desert parts are found in the northern western and Northeastern parts of the
country (Amhara, Tigray and Afar), Southern (Oromia and Southern Nations and
Nationalities) and the South-eastern and eastern (Somali) parts (Zerihun Woldu, 1999). The
northern parts of Afar and north-eastern Tigray are predominantly deserted.
Highly drought tolerant shrubs, some succulents and few grasses characterize the ecosystem. The
Charactersitic species are: Acacia spp., Boscia sp., Cadaba sp., Commiphora sp., Maerua sp.,
Ziziphus sp., Aloe sp., Commelina sp., Dactyloctenium sp., Euphorbia spp., etc. (Zerihun Woldu
,1999). On rocky outcrops where succulents predominate may be found Euphorbia spp., Aloe

10
spp., Caralluma spp., Sansevieria spp., Cissus spp., Commiphora spp, Dracaena ombet, Withania
somnifera, Aenium spp.,etc. In areas where the run-off from the surrounding higher areas makes
the condition suitable, a semi-desert thicket develops with Acacia spp., Commiphora spp.,
Ziziphus spp., Cadaba spp., Malruna spp., Jatropha spp., Sansevieria spp. (Zerihun Woldu, 1999;
EPA, 1998).
2.2.4 Acacia-Commiphora Woodland and bush land Ecosystem
The Acacia-Commiphora ecosystem is known for its varying soils, topography, and diverse
biotic and ecological elements. These plant species are with either small deciduous leaves or
leathery persistent ones. The density of trees varies from „high‟, in which they form a closed
canopy to scattered individuals to none at all forming open grasslands. The grasses do not
exceed more than one meter, thus, no true savannah is formed.
The Acacia-Commiphora ecosystem is known for its varying soils, topography, and diverse
biotic and ecological elements. These plant species are with either small deciduous leaves or
leathery persistent ones. The density of trees varies from „high‟, in which they form a closed
canopy to scattered individuals to none at all forming open grasslands. The grasses do not
exceed more than one meter, thus, no true savannah is formed.
The altitudinal range in which the ecosystem is found is 900-1900 meters above sea level. The
rainfall ranges from 600-1600 mm and the temperature varies from 18-27o C270c (100-800 mm,
210-27.50c for arid, 300-800 mm, 160c-270c for semi-arid, 700-1000 mm, 160c-280c for dry sub-
humid respectively) (Ensermu Kelbessa et al., 1992). This is especially concerning the semi-arid
moisture zone in which the ecosystem is found, where there are distinct differences in
characteristics between the semi-arid plains, the semi-arid lakes and Rift Valley, and the semi-
arid mountains and plateaus showing characteristic climatic variations.
The ecosystem mainly occurs in Southern, Eastern and in some parts of the Rift Valley. It is
located in Oromia, Afar, Harari, Somali, and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples
Regional States.
The ecosystem is characterized by vegetation type that includes drought-tolerant tree and
shrub plant species such as Acacia tortilis, A. millifera, Balanites aegyptiaca Acalypha spp., Aerva
sp, Combretum spp., Terminalia spp., Capparis spp., etc. These plant species are with either small
deciduous leaves or leathery persistent ones.
2.2.5 Wooded grassland of the western Gambella Region
It is a dry forest in the Gambella Region between 450 and 600 m.a.s.l on well drained sandy soils.
There is high temperature, but a good annual rain fall ranging between 1300-1800mm. the

11
vegetation comprises of semi-deciduous trees, shrubs and grasses. The common trees include
Baphia abyssinica, Alstonia boonei and Mimulopsis solmii. The ecosystem is being threatened
by Gambella town expansion and other settlements. The Abobo dam has also flooded a
substantial portion of it.
2.2.6 Combretum Terminalia wood land and wooded grass land
This vegetation type is widely distributed in South and South Western as well as in Western parts
of Ethiopia, for example in Gamo Gofa, Gambella Regions, Tigrai, Gonder, Wollega and Kefa
areas. The altitudes of these wood lands range from 500-1900 m.a.s.l. It is characterized by small
deciduous trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. It is greatly reduced in recent yearsdue to agricultural
expansion, charcoal and fire wood supply for major towns. The dominant trees and shrubs in
this vegetation area are different combritum spp, Terminalia spp, and Vernonia amygdalina. The
palm species Hyphaene thebaica can be seen in the fore ground, altitude approximately 750m
photograph by (I. Friis and Sebsebe Demissew).
2.2.7 Transitional Rain forest
The Transitional rain forests occupy extensive areas on the southwestern slopes of the
Northwestern Highlands especially in western Illubabor and western Kefa. The forests occur
between 500 and 1500 m, partly in river valleys, partly in areas presumed to have a high water
table. The average annual temperature ranges from 20-25 0 C. The species which occur in the
transitional rain forest include Aningeria altissima (A. Chev.) Aubrev.& Pellegr, Anthocleista
schweinjllrthii Gilg, Celtis zenkeri Engl., Celtis philippensis Blanco, Campylospermum
bukobense (Gilg) Farron, Croton sylvaticlls Krauss, Dracaena jragrans (L.) Ker-Gawler,
Ficus exasperecta Vahl, Manilkara butugi Chiov.and Trichilia.
2.2.8 Reveriane vegetation
The riveraine forest vegetation of Ethiopia is very variable, and the floristic composition is
dependent on altitude and geographical location. The riverine forests in the Ethiopian
Highlands include the following species: Breolladia salicifolia, Ficus caprea/olia Del., F.
vallis-choudae.Talllarindlis indica L.and Trichilia emetica Vahl. In the Southwestern part of the
Ethiopian Highlands, Phoenix reclillata J acq. is frequent.
2.2.9 Ericaceous belt
This vegetation belt, composed mainly of Erica arborea and E. Trimera, is located between
3200-3800 masl and forms an important vegetation belt between the high altitude Afroalpine
plateau and the lower Harenna forest. It spans most of the escarpment areas, which is
apparently the result of the moisture regime on slopes between 20 to 60°, though scattered Erica

12
shrubs are also found on the high plateau in sheltered valleys up to 4200 m.a.s.l Both shrub and
tree forms are present, as well as the remnants of ancient forests of Giant Heath (Erica arborea)
in areas spared from excessive fire - for example above the Gaysay woodlands and at the lower
altitudes of the Harenna escarpment before the transition to moist montane forest. The Giant
Erica forests are draped with lichens and, in the absence of grazing, Alchemilla meadows
flourish on the ground below. As one of only a few woody species found in the higher altitudes of
the Bale Mountains, Erica is highly utilised for fuel and building by local people. The utility of
this species, combined with the slow regeneration and growth rate as well as high grazing pressure
by livestock, put the species and entire habitat under threat. The species is officially protected and
conservation of Erica habitat is essential, both for Erica spp. and the other species this habitat
supports.
2.2.10 Afroalpine vegetation
This type of vegetation occurs on the slope and at the tops of the highest mountains in
Ethiopia, at altitudes greater than 3200m.a.s.l. The highest peak in Ethiopia is Ras Dashen
(4533 m a.s.l), where an alpine climate near 0°C persists all year round. However, dry lowland
savannas and deserts surround this moist highland area. Ethiopia has the largest extent of
afroalpine habitats in Africa (Yalden, 1983).
Due to the increasing population pressure there are frequent encroachments by man that result in
widespread destruction of wildlife and their habitats. Friis and Sebsebe Demissew (2001), further
noted that intensive human pressures on the mountains is probably one of the major reasons for
the discrepancies between the maps, and different interpretations of the vegetation types by the
different authors.
Comparatively there are more floristic and faunal studies from the afroalpine and
subafroalpine ecosystems of Bale and Simien Mountains than from the same ecosystems of other
regions such as Wello, Gemo gofa, Arsi, etc.
2.2.11 Fresh water lakes, lake shores, marshes, swampes and flood plains vegetation
Ethiopia possesses a great diversity of wetland ecosystem (swamps, marshes, flood plains,
natural or artificial ponds, high mountains lake and micro-dams) as a result of formation of
diverse landscape subjected to various tectonic movements, a continuous process of erosion, and
human activities. Wet lands are widely distributed in all climatic regions of Ethiopia along bank of
rivers, and shore lines of inland lakes.
The flood plains in Tekeze Vally (Tigray), Baro-Akobo (Gambella), Omo-Gibe (South),
Awill be h Valley and swamps of Fogera, Dembia, Beles and Borkena in Amhara region; swamps

13
of the Dabus River in Beni-Shangul Gumz; swamp area in highlands of Illubabor, Keffa and
Wollega Zones (such as Fincha, Chomen and Amerti swamps), the central Shewa highlands such
as Aba-Samuel, Legedade and Gefersa micro-dams, the Qumbi swamp and alpine lakes of Bale
Mountains, Ziquala and those of Debre-Zeit volcanic crater lakes and the adjacent areas in
Oromia Region; swamps of Dubti, Afambo, Gemari in Afar Region.Typical tree species
include Celtis africana, Ficus sycomorus, Mimusopus kummel etc.
2.2.12 salt-water lakes, lake shores, salt-marshes and pan vegetation
This vegetation type is represented by salt tolerant species. The salt lakes in Ethiopia are Lake
Asale in Danakil depression of Afar region, Lake Abe, lake Afderera, Lake Abijata and Lake
Matahara (Basaka)

CHAPTER THREE

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Description of the Study Area

3.1.1 Location

The study will be conducted on selected site of at Dodola Woreda in West-Arsi Zone in Oromia,
Regional state of Ethiopia. Deneba forest area is located between 6°42′0′′N- 7°0′0′′N longitude and
38°54′0′′E-39°30′0′′E latitude (Fig. 1). It is about 325 Km far from Addis Ababa and 72 Km from
Shashemene (capital town of West-Arsi Zone). Dodola District is bordered by Kofale district to the
west, Adaba district to the East, Nensabo and Kokossa districts to the South, and Asasa district to
the North. Dodola forest area covers approximately 5412 ha. The livelihoods of people living in the
Dodola area are mainly based on agriculture, forestry, and livestock production (Ameha et al.
2014).

3.1.2. Topography and Climate

The altitudinal range of the forest is from 2400-3712 masl.An average 60% of the rainfall comes
during the main rainy season from June to August while a small amount of rainfall occurs between
January and March followed by dry precipitation in May. The areas have bimodal rainfall distribution
such as Belg and Meher. Belg is the short rainy season that lasts between March and May. The Meher
season is the longest rainy season, last between June and September.

14
Most crops production takes place during the Meher to September season. The main dry season was in
November to March (OFWE, 2017). The daily temperature varies between 14°C and 17°C at an
altitude of 2500m and a daily temperature variation between 8°C and 27°C has been recorded for the
years 1996 – 2002 (OFWE, 2017). The mean annual rainfall is 964 mm with main wet season from
June to September usually preceded by a less pronounced wet period in February to April.

3.1.3. Geology and Soils

The main soil types common in the Bale Eco-region will be Cambisols, Vertisols, Luvisols,
Lithosols, and Nitosols. There is limited information on the conditions of the soils in the eco-region
due to the limited study of the soils in the area. However, the Vertisols, Cambisols, and Luvisols in
the wide upland of the Eco-region will be very fertile, supporting subsistence and commercial
agriculture with high productivity to the standard of the country. Specifically, Dodola is one of the
Bale Mountain Eco-regions found in the Oromia National Regional State (ONRS) of Ethiopia in the
Arsi Zone administrative area in the Dodola district (CSA, 2008).

3.1.4. Vegetation

Dodola forest is a forest managed by community participation since 2000 that will be established
by GTZ, the German Technical Development Organization for the first time. The forest area
governed by OFWE Adaba-Dodola under its concession areas in Dodola Woreda covers about
41,400.00ha of natural forest, 30,300.00 ha of afro-alpine or sub-alpine (Erica arborea) vegetation,
and 525.39 ha of plantation forest that directly governed by OFWE and the addition of about 690 ha
of plantation forest belongs to the community that managed under PFM approach. A total of
72,915.39 Ha of the forest area has been governed by Adaba-Dodola District as a concessionaire
(OFWE, 2019). The flora of the area will be composed of the species; Podocarpus falcatus,
Hypericum lanceolatum, Hageniaabyssinica, Juniperus procera, Maytenus adat, Rapanea
melanophloeos, Allophylus abyssinicus, and Erica arborea( OFWE, 2019). The Species of fauna are
Mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), Menelik‘s bush buck (Tragelaphus scriptus), Ethiopian wolf
(Canis simensis), Anubis baboon (Papio anubis), Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus),
Colobusgureza (Black and white colobus gureza), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Vervet Monkey
(Chlorocebus pygerythrus), Aardvark (Orycteropus afer), Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus),
Common Jackal or black backed jackal (Canis mesomelas), Bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus),
Giant Forest Hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta), Giant Molerat
(Spalax giganteus), Stark‘s Hare (Lepus starcki), Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) Crested Porcupine

15
(Hystrix cristata) and occasionally Bohorreed buck (Redunca redunca) (YemiruTesfaye, 2011;
OFWE, 2019).

3.1.5 Human population

The total population of the district is about 194,000. The urban population of 35, 000 (18%) is
among the largest urban populated centers in the zone (CSA, 2008). An earlier estimate indicated
that 95% percent of the total population belongs to the Oromos and the remaining 5% constituted
mainly the Amhara, Guraghe, and Site ethnic groups.

3.1.6 Land use and agriculture

The socio-economic activities in the study district include crop farming, livestock, and forestry-
related activities. Crop cultivation is the predominant activity of the area, and the most widely
cultivated crops will be teff, wheat, beans, peas, and barely. The total population of this district is
194,000. The people living around the forest site are from the Oromo and Amhara ethnic groups
(Girma, 2018). The most common land use practice is agriculture.

3.2. Materials

The equipment will be used for plant data collection will be field note book, GPS, Rolling meter,
Plastic bag, photographic camera and calibrated stick,caliper, scissors, knife.

3.3. Methods

3.3.1 Reconnaissance survey

During S eptember 1 7-20, 2023 in reconnaissance survey will be conducted with naked eyes to
identify and to famili arize my self with the study area during observation the major dominant
woody species humans behaving with theirs environment will be identified. Grazing level,
settlement, soil erosion, vegetation pattern, topography, forest boundary and possible
sampling site condition will be also identified check lists will be prepared to guide topics for
open eneded participant observation interviews with elders who live in the study area for more
than 50 years which may have ecological and forest management knowledge, will be used for
collecting basic descriptive information.

3.3.2. Sampling method

Systematic random sampling technique will be used to collect vegetation data following Muller
Dombois and Ellenberger (1974). Sampling sites will be arranged along transects which will be

16
 2
laid at a distance of 100m from each other; 40 main plots having 20m x 20m (400m )
quadrates will be laid out at every 100m along 4 transect lines from West to East direction to
collect the data on woody tree species. Within the main plot, 1m x 1m sub plots will be laid, four at
the corners and one is the middle, for seedling and saplings (Kiflay Gebrehiwot and Kitessa
Hundera, 2014). The latitude and longitude data will be taken from the center of each main plot
and measured using GPS. In each plot, the BDH and height of all woody species will be recorded
diameter will be measured for all individual wood species having DBH greater than 2.5cm using
rolling meter. Height will be measured for an individual tree and shrub using a calibrated stick, in
places where topographic features made it difficult to measure the height of trees and shrubs will
be estimated visually. In each of these quadrates, the numbers of all seedlings that will be less than
1m height will be recorded. Individuals that had attained 1m and above but DBH less than 2.5cm
will be considered as samplings and counted. Mixed research approach with more qualitative
and less quantitative study design will be employed to investigate the real situation.

3.3.3. Vegetation data Collection

It starts 50 meters from the edge of the forest to avoid „‟edge effect‟‟ (Nune, 2008). All trees,
shrubs and lianas will be recorded from the systematically established quadrates. Species which
will be readily identifiable will be recorded in the field. The local names of the species will be
recorded. For the species which will be difficult to identify in the field, their local name will be
recorded, specimens will be collected, pressed and i d e n t i f i e d by the the help of advisors,
university experts and by using secondary sources like reading related books and by using
internet accesses. The identified woody plant species are diposted. Taxonomic identification will
be made following the published volumes of the flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea (FEE) and by
consulting experts. In each quadrate identity, number and identity, number and diameter at
breast height (DBH) will be measured for trees and shrubs. Diameter at breast height will be
measured at 1.3m above the ground using diameter tape, saplings and seedlings will be also
identified, numbered and measured for their DBH (for the saplings).

3.4. Data Analysis

3.4.1 Vegetation Data Analysis

Every plant species encountered in each quadrate will be recorded using local name (vernacular
names). The nomenclature of the species followed the published volumes of the flora of
Ethiopia and Eritrea (FEE). In each quadrate identity, number, and diameter at breast height

17
(DBH) will be measured for trees, shrubs and lianas respectively. Seedlings and saplings will be
also identified and numbered. The altitude of each quadrate will be recorded by using global
positioning system (Gramin 72 Mark GPS).

3.4.2. Structural Analysis

The structure of vegetation in the study area will be recorded and analyzed. The structural
parameters (frequency, density, abundance, basal area and importance value index) of tree
species in the forest will be estimated using the following formulas.

Frequency

Frequency is defined as the probability or chance of finding a plant species in a given sample area
or quadrate (Kent and Coker, 1992).

Woody species density

Density is defined as the number of plants of a certain species per unit area

Basal Area

It is cross-sectional of all the stems in a stand at breast height (1.3m above ground level). The basal
area per unit area is used to explain the crowdedness of a stand of forests. It is expressed in square
meter per hectare (Muller Dombois and Ellenberger (1974). Its area is also used to calculate the
2
dominance of species. Basal area = Ʃ( ) , where d is diameter at breast height.

Basal area (BA) will be calculated as

2
BA = d /4, where, = 3.14; d= DBH(cm)

Importance value index (IVI)

Importance value index combines data for three parameters (Relative frequency, relative
density and relative abundance). It is used to compare the ecological significance of species.
Importance value index (IVI) = Relative density + Relative frequency + Relative dominance (IVI =
RD + RF + RDO).

18
3.5. Regeneration Status of the Forest

Regeneration status of the forest will be analyzed by comparing seedlings and sapling with the
matured trees according to Dhaulkhandi et al. (2008); and Tiwari et al; (2010) that is, good
regeneration, if seedlings > saplings > adults; fair regeneration. If seedlings or saplings adults; and
poor regeneration, if the species survives only in sapling stage, but no seedlings (saplings may
be <> or = adults); and if a species is present only in an adult form it is considered as not
regenerating.

3.6. Level of Community Participation in Forest Conservation

People participate in rural development every day through their family life, livelihood
activities and community responsibilities. According to Yap (1990), the degree of control that men
and women have over these activities varies. The same holds true for initiatives that are initiated
or involve outsides such as forest management, conservation projects, development programs or
advocacy campaigns. There is no a single correct example of community participation is
the4 choice of the community. As to Lisk (1985), described that popular participation in the
development program and understood as the active involvement of people in the decision making
and implementation of decisions at all levels and forms of political and socio-economic activities.

Data will be collected from sixty local community members who are living near the study area for
many decades. The participants represent to different community structures like religious leaders,
community elders, Kebele leaders and forest guards, each of these individuals will be interviewed
in relation on the practice of Deneba forest conservation system and the responses will be
analyzed similarly, related and information will be also collected through questionnaires and
interview from purposefully selected agriculture and tourism sector experts and analyzed (Appendix
VII).

19
20
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 Madda Walabu be a University
School of graduate studies
Department of Environmental Science
Appendix V: Interview Guide for experts of OFWE Adaba-Dodola district
Dear Participants:-
The purpose of this questionnaires is to collect relevant data that will be used to write my
master‟s thesis on the study entitled” Woody Species composition and vegetation structure
study: the case of Deneba forest, Dodola woreda, West Arsi zone, E t h i o p i a .” your
responses are vital for the success of the study, so, you are kindly requested to read all
questions and fill the questionnaires with genuine response, make sure that all information you
provide will remain confidential and will be used for research purpose only. Please note the
following points before you start filling the questionnaires you do not need to write your name
on the questionnaires.
1. You do not need to write your name on the questionnaire‟s
2. Read all the instructions before attempting to answer the questions.
3. Please, give your own actual feelings and reactions to suggested issues by using a tick
mark” but kindly write your opinion briefly for the short answer.
4. Please do not leave the question not answered.

Thank you in advance for your valuable time and thought full responses!

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 1. back ground information
Indicate your response either by using a tick mark (√) in the box provided, circling the code or
by giving short answer on the space provided.
1.1. Office name ______________________________
1.2. Your sex:- male female
1.3. Your age: 20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41 and
above
1.4. Working experiences:- 1-5 6-10 11-15 6-20 >20
Qualification:- Diploma BA degree MA/Mse, degree other
II. Questions related to the study.
2.1. Questions below are presented to identify the practices of forest conservation and control
in Deneba area. Please, use one of the following linker scales to indicate your response by
using () under each question that mostly describes your opinion from the following rating
numbers, 1=strongly disagree,2=disagree, 3=undecided, 4=agree and 5=a strongly agree.
No Items related to practices to forest supervision 1 2 3 4 5
1 Office supervisors assist guards in training and fulfilling necessary
equipment‟s
2 Supervisor practices help guards to create team sprit within the forest
community
3 Supervisor organize and support the newly employed forest guards
4 Supervisors organize and support the newly employed forst guards
5 Supervisors provide awareness creating discussion programs to stake
holders.
6 The perception of guards towards forest protection supervision is as fault
finding than helping.
7 Supervision by religious leaders dominates the supervision by
government bodies.
8 Office supervisors and religious leaders work independently in forest
management practices.

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Open ended question.

9. Is there regular discussion with local people about the way of protection of forest? How
often? Describe it _______________________________________________
1. Expension of agriculture to the forest area has its own negative impact in the environment.
If you answer is yes explain briefly. __________________________________
11. What are the challenges that block management and conservation in Denebaarea
forest? Please, write down briefly ______________________________________
12. What strategies do you think should be implemented to overcome the problems that
appear in conservation in Denebaear? ___________________
13. If there is any suggestion and comment forwards in forst conservation and management
write down? ___________________________________________

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31
 Madda Walabu University
School of graduate studies
Department of Environmental Science
Appendix VI: Interview guide for Dodola district culture and tourism bureau
experts.
Dear respondents first of all would like to thank you for your willingness to be my interviewee
this morning. The purpose of this interview is to obtain data from a study intended to assess
the floristic composition and vegetation structure in Deneba forest. The study will be
useful for various organizations. Government and Scientist who are working in the area of
biodiversity, your responses are vital for the success of the study, Therefore, your unreserved
cooperation in providing genuine information to transcribe it easily, However, the information
will be kept confidential.
Direction:- listen to the following items and Alternatives containing possible reactions,
opinions and feelings expected from you. And then provide the necessary information orally
to the Peron reading the question to you.

Interview Questions for tourism bureau experts

1. What is your perception towards conservation of Denebaforest area?
__________
2. Which body is responsible for controlling and managing Denebaforest at
present? ___
3. As a governemt body, what is the responsibility and power of your office in relation to
gate forest conservation and management? _________________
4. How do you work in coordination with local community members? __________
5. Which sector is working in collaboration with local community members? _______
6. Do you think that local communities realize the owner ship and benefits of the forest?
__
7. If your answer is “no” indicate briefly how forest dwellers attack the forest? ______
8. What measure had been taken for those destroying the forest habitat? _______
9. What is your attitude towards integrating local community and religious leaders in
rehabilitating the forest? _______

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10. Do you think that, you provide financial and educative support for religious headers in
enhancing forest habitat? ____________
11. Have you supervise the conservation status of the forest? ____________
12. What measures would be taken to propagate and establish normal ecosystem in
DenebaHallo forest _________________
13. Are the guards properly protecting the forst at now? ______________
14. What factors contributes to the destruction of the forest? _______________.

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33
 Madda Walabu be a University
School of graduate studies
Department of Environmental Science

Appendix VII: Interview Guide for local community members

A semi structured interview is used to collect relevant data for a study to investigate
community perception and status of indigenous trees in Denebaforest. The study will be
useful for many professionals, organizations and government working towards biodiversity
conservation. You will be selected for this study because you could provide
adequate information on the issue so; you are kindly requested for your unreserved
cooperation in proving the most genuine information will be appreciated thank you
willingness to complete this questionnaire.
Directio:- listen to the following items and the alternatives containing your possible opinions,
feelings and reactions, and then provide the necessary information signing to the person.
Part 1: General information and personal data
1. Sex _____________ Age _________________ Kebele ___________
2. Woreda ____________Zone _______________ Region ____________
3. Ethnic group _______________________
4. Religion
4.1. Protestant
4.2. Catholic
4.3. Orthodox Tewahido Christian
4.4. Islam
4.5. Traditional religion
5. Our level of education
5.1. 1-8
5.2. 9-12
5.3. Certificate
5.4. Diploma
5.5. BA degree
5.6. MA degree

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 5.7. Other
6. Type of occupation
6.1. Farmer
6.2. Employee
6.3. Other
7. Marital status
7.1 Married
7.2. Unmarried
7.3. Divorced
7.4. Other
8. How long have you lived in this village ? _______________
9. What is your position in the community? ____________________
10. How many people currently live in your house hold? ____________
Part II items related to community perception and uses of a forest
1. What is your age, education level and religion? _____________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What do you feel about the present status of Denebaforest? _____________
_________________________________________________________________
3. Do you participate actively on forest management? If you say yes, how often do you
participate? _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. In your opinion who takes the responsibility for protection of the forest?
_______________________________________________
5. Do you feel ownership sprite towards the forest?
____________________________________________________________________
6. What social, cultural and economic benefits do the forest provided to you? ____
_______________________________________________________
7. Do you believe that the forest has importance for the local area and as well as for the
country? _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
8. What kinds of mechanisms are important to rehabilitee forest habitat again?
____________________________________________________________________
9. If you have any additional idea, please describe it. ____________________
___________________________________________________________________
Thank you for your cooperation!

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