I N D E X

Figures are noted by page numbers in italics, tables are indicated by t following the page number,
footnotes are indicated by n following the page number.
A dielectric properties at 1 atm, 775, 775t Ferris wheel, 160, 327, 327, 328
absolute pressure, 411 and drag force, 138–140 roller coasters, 21, 118–119, 118
absorption: effect on projectile motion, 79, 79–80 Rotor, 280–281
of heat, 550–556, 552 electric breakdown, 682, 682 vertical circle, 151
photon, see photon absorption index of refraction at STP, 1052t analyzer, 1047
absorption lines, 1280, 1281 speed of sound in, 506–508, 507t Andromeda Galaxy, 372–373, 373
ac (alternating current), 957, 966–967 terminal speeds in, 139t angle of incidence, 1051, 1051
acceleration, 20–29, 298t thermal conductivity, 564t angle of minimum deviation, 1067, 1069
average, 20 thin-film interference of water film in, angle of reflection, 1051, 1051
centripetal, 82 1132 angle of refraction, 1051, 1051
constant, 23–27, 24 air conditioners, 627 angles, 49

AL
free-fall, 28, 28–29 airplanes: angle between two vectors, 57
graphical integration in motion analysis, dangers of high electric potential, 748, 748 degrees and radian measures, 49
30, 30–31 projectile dropped from, 81 vector, 47, 47, 49

RI
instantaneous, 20–23, 22, 73–75 turns by top gun pilots, 83–84 angular acceleration, 274–275, 298t
negative, 21–22 two-dimensional relative motion of, 87 relating, to linear, 282, 283
and Newton’s first law, 102–105 air-puff tonometer, 1081–1082, 1082 rolling wheel, 314, 315

TE
Newton’s laws applied to, 115–121 airspeed, 97 rotation with constant, 279–281
and Newton’s second law, 105–108 alligators, 431 angular amplitude (simple ­pendulum), 449
principle of equivalence (with gravitation), alpha decay, 1365–1367, 1366 angular displacement, 273, 274, 278–279
393–394
projectile motion, 75–81
MA
alpha particles, 655, 745, 1353–1355, 1365
binding energy per nucleon, 1359
angular frequency:
circulating charged particle, 862–863
reference particle, 453 radiation dosage, 1372–1373 damped harmonic oscillator, 453–455
relating linear to angular, 282, 283–284 in thermonuclear fusion, 1400–1401 driving, 967
D
relative motion in one dimension, 85–86 alternating current (ac), 957, 966–967 LC oscillations, 961–962
relative motion in two dimensions, 86–87 alternating-current circuits, 956–990 natural, 456, 457, 967
TE

rockets, 252–254, 253 damped oscillations in RLC, 963–965, 964 simple harmonic motion, 437–441, 440
rolling down ramp, 314, 314–315 forced oscillations, 966–974, 967, 968 simple pendulum, 449
sign of, 21–22 LC oscillations, 957, 957–959, 959 sound waves, 509
GH

simple harmonic motion, 441, 441, 443 phase and amplitude relationships, 973t waves, 472
system of particles, 229–233 power in, 982, 982–984 angular magnification:
two- and three-dimensional motion, 86–87 resistive load, 968 compound microscope, 1096
uniform circular motion, 82, 82–84, 83, series RLC circuits, 974–981, 976, 978, 979 refracting telescope, 1097
RI

140–145 in transformers, 985–989 simple magnifying lens, 1095–1096

as vector quantity, 45 alternating-current generator, 967, 967 angular momentum, 320–334, 327t
yo-yo, 317 with capacitive load, 970, 970–972, 971 atoms, 1295, 1295
PY

acceleration amplitude, in ­simple harmonic inductive load, 972 conservation of, 328–332, 329, 330
motion, 441, 441, 443 with inductive load, 972, 972–974, 973 defined, 320, 320
acceleration vectors, 45 with resistive load, 968, 968–969 at equilibrium, 345
CO

accelerators, 866–869, 1410–1411 ammeters, 833, 833 intrinsic, 1010, 1012

acceptor atom, 1339 ampere (unit), 646, 790, 893 Newton’s second law in ­angular form,
acre-foot, 8 Ampère, André-Marie, 894–895 322–323
action at a distance, 665 Ampere–Maxwell law, 1001–1002, 1004, nuclear, 1360
activity, of radioactive sample, 1363 1007t orbital, 1012, 1012, 1296–1297, 1297, 1297t
addition: Ampere’s law, 894–898, 895, 896 rigid body rotating about fixed axis, 326–328
of vectors by components, 50, 50–51, 52 Amperian loop, 895, 895, 896 sample problems involving, 321, 323–324,
of vectors geometrically, 45, 45–46, 46 amplitude: 331–332
adiabat, 601, 601 alternating current, 973t spin, 1010–1012, 1297t, 1298, 1299
adiabatic expansion, 560–561, 561 current, 975–977, 976, 979 system of particles, 325–326
ideal gas, 601, 601–604 defined, 439 angular motion, 273
adiabatic processes: of emf in ac, 967 angular position, 273, 273, 298t
first law of thermodynamics for, 560–561, exponentially decaying in RLC circuits, relating, to linear, 282
560t 964–965 angular simple harmonic motion, 446–447,
summarized, 604, 604t LC oscillations, 958 447
adiabatic wind, 610 simple harmonic motion, 439–441, 440 angular simple harmonic oscillator, 446–447,
ag (gravitational acceleration), 378, 378t waves, 471, 471, 472, 472 447
air: amplitude ratio, traveling electromagnetic angular speed, 274
bulk modulus, 506–507 waves, 1036 relating, to linear, 281–284
density, 407t amusement park rides: in rolling, 310–312, 311

I-1
I-2 INDEX

angular velocity, 274–277, 298t head-on crash, surviving, 246–247, 246 and eightfold way, 1423–1424, 1423t
average, 274 in flat circular turn, 143–144 and quark model, 1426–1427
instantaneous, 274 magnet applications, 851 baseball:
vector nature of, 277–279, 278 safe trailing, 41 collision of ball with bat, 237, 237
angular wave number, 471–472, 1243 spark discharge from, 747, 747–748 flight time, 40, 99
sound waves, 509 tire pressure, 408t fly ball, air resistance to, 79, 79, 79t
annihilation: autonomous car passing slower car, 25–26 metal bat danger, 42
electron–positron, 655, 655–656 average acceleration: rising fast ball, 100
particle–antiparticle, 1414 one-dimensional motion, 20 time of free-fall flight, 29
proton–antiproton, 1416–1417, 1416t two- and three-dimensional motion, 73–75 throw from third, 99
annihilation process, 655 average angular acceleration, 274 base quantities, 2
annular cylinder, rotational ­inertia average angular velocity, 274 base standards, 2
for, 287t average force (of collision), 238 basic equations for constant acceleration, 24
antenna, 1034, 1034–1035 average life, radionuclide, 1363–1364 basilisk lizards, 261, 261
antiderivative, 27 average power, 174, 208 basketball free throws, 67–68
antihydrogen, 1414 engines, 625 bats, navigation using ultrasonic
antimatter, 1386t, 1414–1415 traveling wave on stretched string, 479–480 waves, 528
antineutrino, 1368n average speed: batteries. See also electromotive force (emf)
antinodes, 490, 491, 491, 492–494 of gas molecules, 590–591 connected to capacitors, 760, 760–761, 770
antiparticles, 1414–1418, 1435 one-dimensional motion, 17 and current, 790, 790–791
antiprotons, 1414 average velocity: as emf devices, 817–819
antisolar point, 1054, 1054 constant acceleration, 23–27 in multiloop circuits, 826, 826–833
aphelion distance, 388 one-dimensional motion, 15–17, 16 multiple batteries in multiloop circuit,
apparent weight, 111 two- and three-dimensional motion, 70 829–830, 830
in fluids, 417 Avogadro, Amedeo, 579 potential difference across, 823–825, 825
applied force: Avogadro’s number, 579, 792 and power in circuits, 805, 805–806
work and, 727–728 axis(es): in RC circuits, 833–838, 834
work done by, 169 rotating, of vectors, 51 real, 818, 818–819, 823–825, 825
Archimedes’ principle, 415, 415–419, 416 of rotation, 272, 272 rechargeable, 818, 818–819
areas, law of, 388, 388–389 separation of, in Newton’s second law, recharging, 824
area vector, 698, 698 105–106 in RL circuits, 936–939
Argentinosaurus, 429 of symmetry, 667, 667–668 in single-loop circuits, 818, 819
astronomical Doppler effect, 1207–1208 work and energy, 818, 818–819
astronomical unit, 11 B beam, 1036
atmosphere (atm), 408 Babinet’s principle, 1179 beam expander, 1109
atmospheric pressure, 408t background noise, 534–535 beam splitter, 1135, 1236, 1236
atmospheric sprites, 672–673 ball, motion of, 76, 76–78, 77, 78 beats, 522–524, 523, 539
atomic bomb, 1390–1391, 1402–1403 ballet dancing: becquerel, 1363
atomic clocks, 5–6 en pointe balancing, 308 bends, the, 428, 578
atomic clocks, time dilation tests, 1194 grand jeté, 231–232, 232 Bernoulli, Daniel, 424
atomic mass, 1356t, 1358–1359 tour jeté, 330, 330–331 Bernoulli’s equation, 423–426
atomic mass units, 7, 1358–1359 ballooning, spider, 695 proof of, 425
atomic number, 655, 1299, 1356 balloons, lifting capacity, 610 sample problems involving, 426
atoms, 1258–1259, 1293–1326. See also Balmer series, 1280, 1281 beta decay, 662, 1368–1371, 1369, 1427
electrons; n­ eutrons; protons banana, radioactive potassium, 1365 beta-minus decay, 664, 1369
Bohr model, 1276–1278, 1277 bandage pressure, 369 beta-plus decay, 1369
exclusion principle in, 1304 band–gap pattern: beta-plus (positron) emitter, 656
formation in early universe, 1436 crystalline solid, 1329 bi-concave lens, 1109
and lasers, 1314–1319 insulator, 1330 bi-convex lens, 1109
magnetic resonance, 1303–1304, 1304 metal, 1331 bicycle wheels:
matter wave interference, 1239, 1240 semiconductor, 1337 rolling, 310–312, 311–312
and multiple electrons in a trap, 1305–1308 bands, energy bands in crystalline solids, rolling, with friction, 314, 314–315
and periodic table, 1308–1310 1329, 1329 bifurcate (term), 61
properties of, 1293–1299 Barish, Barry C., 1138 Big Bang, 1431–1432, 1434–1437, 1435
Stern–Gerlach experiment, 1300, bar magnets: billiard balls, Newton’s second law and
1300–1302 Earth as, 1008, 1008 motion of, 230–231
x rays and ordering of e­ lements, 1310–1314 magnetic dipole moment of small, 875, binding energy, see nuclear ­binding energy
atoms, elasticity of, 356, 356–357 875t Biot–Savart law, 887–888, 894, 904
attractive forces, 374, 643 magnetic field, 999, 999 bivalent atom, 1331
Atwood’s machine, 127, 129 magnetic field lines, 854, 854 blackbody radiator, 565
Auger, Pierre, 655 barrel units, 10 black holes, 372–373, 395–396, 405
Auger–Meitner electrons, 655, 664 barrier tunneling, 1248–1251, 1249, 1250, acceleration, head, feet, 380
aurora, 642, 864, 864 1366–1367 event horizon, 395–396
auroral oval, 864 baryonic matter, 1434, 1437, 1437 gravitational lensing caused by, 395, 395
automobile(s). See also race cars baryon number, conservation of, 1421 miniature, 399
autonomous, 25–26, 41, 42 baryons, 1414, 1421 stellar, 395
average velocity of, 17–18 conservation of baryon number, 1421 supermassive, 373, 390, 396
 INDEX I-3

blocks: proton–antiproton annihilation, 1416–1417, Carnot engines, 621, 621–626

connected to massless-frictionless pulleys, 1416t efficiency, 623–624, 628–629
112, 113, 115, 115–116 bubbles in stouts, 267 real vs., 628–629
floating, 419 buildings: Carnot refrigerators, 627–629
forces on stationary, 133–134, 133–134 mile-high, 400 carrier charge density, 794. See also current
friction of sliding, 112, 112 natural angular frequency, 456, 457 density
hanging and sliding, 115, 115–116 swaying in wind, 445, 494 cars, see automobile(s)
Newton’s laws applied to, 106, 115–121 bulk modulus, 358, 506–508 cascade, decay process, 1424–1425
normal forces, 111, 111–112 bungee-cord jumping, 187, 187 cat, terminal speed of falling, 139, 139
power used in work on, 175–176, 176 buoyant force, 415, 415–419, 416 catapulting mushrooms, 35
stable static equilibrium, 345–346, 346, cathode ray tube, 856, 856–857
349–354 C cavitation, 534
third-law force pair, 113, 113–114 c, see speed of light cell phone oscillations, 467
work done by external force with friction, calorie (cal) (heat), 551 Celsius temperature scale, 545–547, 546,
201–203, 203 Calorie (Cal) (nutritional), 552 546t
block–spring oscillator, 960–961 cameras, 1094 center of curvature:
block–spring systems: canal effect, 431–432 spherical mirrors, 1077, 1077
damped oscillating systems, 454, 454 cancer radiation therapy, 664, 1352 spherical refracting surfaces, 1083–1086,
and electrical–mechanical analogy, capacitance, 759–781 1084
959–960, 959t calculating, 761–765 center of gravity, 347–349, 348
kinetic energy, 167, 167–170, 170 of capacitors, 759–761 center of mass, 226–229
oscillating systems, 442 of capacitors with dielectrics, 774–777 and center of gravity, 347–349
potential energy, 188, 188, 191–193 defined, 760 defined, 226
blood pressure, 407t, 429 and dielectrics/Gauss’ law, 778, 778–781 motion of system’s, 230
blue shift, 1206 and energy stored in electric fields, one-dimensional inelastic c­ ollisions,
bob, of pendulum, 448 770–773 244–247, 245
bobsled, 42 LC oscillations, 957–959 pregnancy shift, 268, 268
body armor, 503–504, 504 for parallel and series ­capacitors, 765–770 rolling wheel, 311, 311
body diagonal, 61–62 parallel circuits, 828t sample problems involving, 228–229, 233
body mass index (BMI), 184 RC circuits, 833–838, 834 solid bodies, 228–229
body wave, 537 RLC circuits, 963–965 system of particles, 226, ­226–227,
Bohr, Niels, 1265, 1374, 1388 RLC series circuits, 974–981 230–233
Bohr magneton, 1011–1012, 1298 series circuits, 828t velocity of, 245–246
Bohr model, of hydrogen, 1276–1278, 1277 capacitive reactance, 970 center of oscillation (physical pendulum), 450
Bohr radius, 1277, 1283, 1285 capacitive time constant, for RC circuits, 835, centigrade temperature scale, 545–547, 546
boiling point, 554, 554t 835–836 central axis, spherical mirror, 1077, 1077
for selected substances, 554t capacitors, 759–761, 760, 761. See also central configuration peak, 631
of water, 546t parallel-plate capacitors central diffraction maximum, 1156, 1156
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 565, 632 with ac generator, 970, ­970–972, 971 central interference maximum, 1120
Boltzmann constant, 580, 1237 capacitance of, 759–761 central line, 1167
bone screw, 308 charging, 760–761, 770, 834, 834–835 central maximum, diffraction patterns, 1149,
Bose, Satyendra Nath, 1413 cylindrical, 763, 763–764 1149, 1154
Bose–Einstein condensate, 1413, 1413 with dielectrics, 774, 774–776 centripetal acceleration, 82
bosons, 1413, 1413 discharging, 761, 834, 836 centripetal force, 141–144, 142
Boston molasses disaster, 435 displacement current, ­1004–1006, 1006 Cerenkov counters, 1442
bottomness, 1422 electric field calculation, 762 Ceres, escape speed for, 386t
bottom quark, 1426t, 1427 energy density, 772 CERN accelerator, 1188, 1411, 1429
boundary condition, 1175, 1210, 1283 Faraday’s, 774, 774–776 antihydrogen, 1414
Bragg angle, 1106, 1247 induced magnetic field, 1001 pion beam experiments, 1188
Bragg angle, 1175 isolated spherical, 764 chain-link conversion, of units, 3
Bragg’s law, 1175 LC oscillations, 957, 957–958 chain reaction:
Brahe, Tycho, 388 in parallel, 766, 766–767, 768–769, 828t of elastic collisions, 250
brain resistances, 848 and phase/amplitude for ac circuits, 973t nuclear, 1391
branches, circuits, 826 potential difference ­calculation, 762 chalk:
breakdown potential, 775 RC circuits, 833–838, 834 rock climbing, 155
breakeven, in magnetic ­confinement, in series, 767, 767–769, 828t, 975, 976 squeal, 540
1404 series RLC circuits, 975 Challenger Deep, 429
Brewster angle, 1060, 1060 variable, 784–785 champagne cork flight, 611, 612
Brewster’s law, 1060 carbon14 dating, 1371 characteristic x-ray spectrum, 1311–1312,
bright fringes: carbon cycle, 1409 1312
single-slit diffraction, 1150, 1150–1151 carbon dioxide: charge, see electric charge
British thermal unit (Btu), 551 molar specific heat at ­constant volume, charge carriers, 791
Brookhaven accelerator, 1411 594t doped semiconductors, 1338, 1338–1340
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1411 RMS speed at room ­temperature, 585t silicon vs. copper, 807–808, 807t
Brout, Robert, 1430 carbon disulfide, index of ­refraction, 1052t charged disk:
bubble chambers, 655, 655, 853, 853 Carnot, N. L. Sadi, 621 electric field due to, 679–680
gamma ray track, 1241, 1241 Carnot cycle, 622, 622–623, 623 electric potential due to, 740, 740
I-4 INDEX

charge density. See also current density circular aperture, diffraction ­patterns, compound microscope, 1096, 1096
carrier, 794 1158–1162, 1159 compound nucleus, 1374, 1376
linear, 674, 674t circular arc, current in, 890–892 compressibility, 359, 407
surface, 661, 674t circular arc charge distributions, 678 compressive stress, 357–358
volume, 661, 663, 674t circular orbits, 392–393 Compton scattering, 1231, ­1231–1234, 1232
charged isolated conductor: circus train, 131 Compton shift, 1231, 1231–1234, 1232
with cavity, 706, 706 clocks: Compton wavelength, 1233
electric potential, 746–748 event measurement with array of, 1189, concave lenses, 1109
in external electric field, 747, 747–748, 748 1189 concave mirrors, 1076–1083, 1077, 1077, 1078,
Gauss’ law for, 705–707 macroscopic, 1194 1079, 1080t, 1081
charge distributions: microscopic, 1193 concrete:
circular arc, 676 time dilation tests, 1193–1194 coefficient of linear ­expansion, 548t
continuous, 676, 738–740, 739, 740 closed circuit, 821, 821 elastic properties, 358t
ring, 674–676, 675, 678 closed cycle processes, first law of thermody- condensing, 554
spherically symmetric, ­713–715, 714, 734 namics for, 559–561, 560t conducting devices, 651–652, 801–802
straight line, 678 closed path, 188–189, 189 conducting path, 644
uniform, 666, 666–668, 667, 678 closed-path test, for conservative force, conducting plates:
charged objects, 666 188–190 eddy currents, 926
charged particles, 644 closed shell, 1375 Gauss’ law, 711–712, 712
in cyclotron, 866–867 closed subshell, 1309 conduction, 563, 563, 564, 1327–1351
electric field due to, 668–669, 669 closed surface, electric flux in, 698–699 and electrical properties of metals,
electric potential due to group of, 735, 735 closed system, 240, 241 1327–1336
electric potential energy of system, entropy, 619–620 in p-n junctions, 1341–1346
743–746, 745 linear momentum ­conservation, 240–241 by semiconductors, 1336–1340
equilibrium of forces on, 650–651 clouds, noctilucent, 12 in transistors, 1345–1346
helical paths of, 863–866, 864 COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) conduction band, 1337, 1337
magnetic field due to, 851–852 satellite, 1436, 1437 conduction electrons, 644, 790, 796,
motion, in electric field, 683 coefficient of kinetic friction, 135–137 1331–1336
net force due to, 647, 648–650 coefficient of linear expansion, 548, 548t conduction rate, 563–564
charged rod, electric field of, 676–677 coefficient of performance (refrigerators), conductivity, 798, 1332
charge number, 1299 627 conductors, 644–645, 790–791. See also
charge quantum number, 1417 coefficient of static friction, 135–137 electric current
charging: coefficient of volume expansion, 549 drift speed in, 793–794, 796
of capacitors, 760–761, 770, 834, 834–835, coherence, 1122–1123 Hall effect for moving, 858–861
1001 coherence length, 1315 metallic, 790, 807
electrostatic, 643 coherent light, 1122–1123, 1315 Ohm’s law, 801–804
charm, 1422 coils, 873. See also inductors potential difference across, 859, 860–861
charm quark, 1426t, 1427 of current loops, 873 configurations, in statistical mechanics,
cheerleaders, diffraction of sound, 1149 in ideal transformers, 986, 986 629–631
chimney climb, 354 induced emf, 918–919 confinement principle, 1259
chip (integrated circuits), 1346 magnetic field, 901–904, 903, 904 conical pendulum, 152
chlorine, 1309–1310 mutual induction, 943–945, 944 conservation of angular ­momentum, 328–331,
chocolate crumbs, 722, 787 self-induction, 934, 934–935 ­328–332, 329, 330, 331
chromatic aberration, 1097 cold-weld, 134–135, 135 conservation of baryon number, 1421
chromatic dispersion, 1053, 1053–1054 collective model, of nucleus, 1374 conservation of electric charge, 654–656
circuit elements, 761 collimator, 1168, 1300, 1300 conservation of energy, 156, 205–209, 207
circuits, 760–761, 761, 816–838, 828t. See also collision(s), 236–239 in electric field, 727
alternating-current circuits elastic in one dimension, 247–250, 248 mechanical and electric potential energy,
ammeter and voltmeter for measuring, 833 glancing, 251, 251 745–746
capacitive load, 970, 970–972, 971 impulse of series of, 238–239 principle of conservation of mechanical
direct-current (dc), 817 impulse of single, 237, 237–238 energy, 194
grounding, 823–824, 824 inelastic, in one dimension, 244, 244–247, in proton decay, 1424
with inductive load, 972, 972–974, 973 245 sample problems involving, 196,
integrated, 1346 momentum and kinetic ­energy in, 243–244 208–209
multiloop, 820, 826, 826–833, 827 two-dimensional, 251, 251 conservation of linear momentum, 240–243,
oscillating, 957 color force, 1430 252–253
parallel capacitors, 766, ­766–767, 768–769, color-neutral quarks, 1430 conservation of quantum ­numbers,
828t color-shifting inks, 1112, 1130, 1130–1131, 1424–1425
parallel resistors, 827, ­827–830, 828t 1131 conservation of strangeness, 1422
power in, 805–806 compass, 1007, 1008, 1022, 1023 conservative forces, 188–190, 189
RC, 833–838, 834 completely inelastic collisions, 244, 244–246, constant acceleration (one-dimensional
resistive load, 968, 968–969 245 motion), 23–27, 24
RL, 935–939, 936, 937 component notation (vectors), 47 constant angular acceleration, rotation with,
RLC, 963–965, 964, 974–981, 976, 978, 979 components: 279–281
series capacitors, 767, ­767–769, 828t of light, 1053–1054 constant linear acceleration, 279
series resistors, 822, 822, 828t vector, 46–49, 47, 50, 50–51, 51, 52 constant-pressure molar specific heat,
single-loop, 816–825 composite slab, conduction through, 564, 564 595–596
 INDEX I-5

constant-pressure processes, 558, 558–559 Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) current density, 792–796, 793
summarized, 604, 604t satellite, 1436, 1437 current law, Kirchoff’s, 826
work done by ideal gases, 582–583 cosmic background radiation, 1433–1434, current-length element, 887, 887
constant-pressure specific heat, 553 1436, 1437 current loops, 790, 790
constant-temperature processes: cosmic ray protons, 661 electrons, 1013, 1013
summarized, 604, 604t cosmological red shift, 1443–1444 Faraday’s law of induction, 916, 916–919
work done by ideal gases, 581–582 cosmology, 1431–1438 Lenz’s law for finding d ­ irection of current,
constant-volume gas ­thermometer, 544, background radiation, ­1433–1434 919, 919–923, 920
544–545 Big Bang theory, 1434–1437 as magnetic dipoles, 901–904, 903, 904
constant-volume molar specific heat, 594–595 dark matter, 1434 solenoids and toroids, 899–901
constant-volume processes, 558, 558–559 expansion of universe, 1432 torque on, 872, 872–873
first law of thermodynamics for, 560t, 561 coulomb (unit), 646 curvature, of space, 394, 3­ 94–395, 1436, 1437
summarized, 604, 604t Coulomb barrier, 1398 cutoff frequency, photoelectric effect,
work done by ideal gases, 582 coulomb per second, 790 1228–1229
constant-volume specific heat, 553 Coulomb’s law, 641–656 cutoff wavelength:
consumption rate, nuclear ­reactor, 1395–1396 conductors and insulators, 644–645 continuous x-ray spectrum, 1311, 1311
contact potential difference, 1342 conservation of charge, 654–656 photoelectric effect, 1228
continuity, equation of, 419–423, 421, 422 electric charge, 642–644 cycle:
continuous bodies, 286 formulas for, 645–647 engines, 622–623
continuous charge distribution, 676, 738–740, and Gauss’ law, 703–705 simple harmonic motion, 437
739, 740 quantization of charge, 652–654 thermodynamic, 558, 559, 561
continuous x-ray spectrum, 1311, 1311 for spherical conductors, 648–652 cycloid, 311
contracted length, 1196–1197 COVID-19 drops, electric removal of, 758 cyclotrons, 866–869, 867, 885
convection, 565 COVID-19 pandemic, airborne water cylinders:
converging lens, 1087, 1087, 1088, 1088, 1089, drops, 723 of current, 897–898, 898
1089, 1090t Cowan, C. L., 1369 rotational inertia, 287t
conversion factors, 3 crimp hold, 365 tracer study of flow around, 421
convex lenses, 1109 critical angle, for total internal reflection, cylindrical capacitor, capacitance of, 763,
convex mirrors, 1076–1083, 1077, 1078, 1080t, 1056 763–764
1081 crossed magnetic fields: cylindrical symmetry, Gauss’ law,
cooling: and discovery of electrons, 855–857 708–709, 709
evaporative, 574 Hall effect in, 857–861, 858
super-, 636 crossed sheets, polarizers, 1048, 1048 D
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), 6 cross product, 55–58 damped energy, 454–455
copper: crust (Earth), 378, 400, 400–401, 407t damped oscillations, 454, 454, 963–965
coefficient of linear ­expansion, 548t crystal defects, 662 damped simple harmonic motion, 453–455,
conduction electrons, 644 crystalline lattice, 407 454
electric properties of silicon vs., 807–808, crystalline solids: damped simple harmonic ­oscillator, 453–455,
807t, 1329t, 1337 electrical properties, 1327–1336, 1328 454
energy levels, 1329, 1329 energy bands, 1329, 1329 damping constant, simple ­harmonic motion,
Fermi energy, 1331 crystal planes, 1174, 1174–1175 454
Fermi speed, 1331 crystals: damping force, simple harmonic motion, 454
heats of transformation, 554t matter waves incident after scattering, dance, see ballet
mean free time, 804 1239, 1240, 1240 dark energy, 1437
resistivity, 798–799, 798t, 799, 1338 polycrystalline solids, 1021 dark fringes:
rubbing rod with wool, 642–644 x-ray diffraction, 1174, 1174–1175 double-slit interference, 1119, 1119, 1121
temperature coefficient of resistivity, curie (unit), 1363 single-slit diffraction, 1150, 1150–1151,
1338 Curie constant, 1018 1154, 1156
unit cell, 1328, 1328 Curie’s law, 1018 dark matter, 1434, 1437, 1437
copper wire: Curie temperature, 1020 Darwin, Charles, 695
as conductor, 644, 644, 790, 790–791 curled–straight right-hand rule, 888 daughter nuclei, 655, 1378
drift speed in, 793–794 currency, anti-counterfeiting measures, 1112, day:
magnetic force on current ­carrying, 1130 10-hour day, 6
869–871, 870, 871 current, see electric current variations in length of, 6
cord (unit of wood), 11 current amplitude: dc (direct current), 817, 966
core (Sun): alternating current, 981–982 de Broglie wavelength, 1239, 1241, 1243
density, 407t series RLC circuits, 975–977, 976, 981–982 decay, see radioactive decay
pressure, 408t current-carrying wire: decay constant, 1362
speed distribution of photons in, 591 energy dissipation in, 806 decay rate, 1362–1364
core (Earth), 400, 400–401 magnetic field due to, 887, 887–890, 888 deceleration, 21
density, 378, 378, 408t magnetic field inside long straight, 896, decibel, 516–518
pressure, 408t 896–897 decimal places, significant f­ igures with, 4
corona discharge, 747 magnetic field outside long straight, 896, dees, cyclotron, 867, 867
correspondence principle, 1265 896 de-excitation, of electrons, 1262
cosine, 49 magnetic force between ­parallel, 891–892, defibrillator devices, 788
cosine-squared rule, for intensity of transmit- 892 deformation, 357, 357
ted polarized light, 1047 magnetic force on, 869–871, 870, 871 degenerate energy levels, 1274
I-6 INDEX

degrees of freedom, ideal gas molecules, diffusion current, p-n junctions, 1342 doping, 1338
597–599 dimensional analysis, 476–477 Doppler effect, 524–528, 526, 527
density: dinosaurs, 269, 429, 431, 434, 535 astronomical, 1207–1208
defined, 7 dip angle, 147 detector moving, source ­stationary, 526,
fluids, 407 Diplodocus, dinosaur wading, 434 526
kinetic energy density, 424 dip meter, 1008 for light, 1205–1208, 1208, 1433
linear, of stretched string, 476, 477 dip north pole, 1008 low-speed, 1207
and liquefaction, 11 dipole antenna, 1034, 1034–1035 source moving, detector ­stationary, 527,
nuclear matter, 1361 dipole axis, 671 527
occupied states, 1335–1336, 1336 dip-slip, 63 transverse, 1208, 1208
selected engineering ­materials, 358t direct current (dc), 817, 966 dose equivalent, radiation, 1373
selected materials and objects, 407t direction: dot product, 54, 54, 57, 698
states, 1332–1333, 1333 of acceleration in one-dimensional double-slit diffraction, 1162–1165, 1163,
uniform, for solid bodies, 228 motion, 21 1163–1164, 1164
density gradient, 1341 of acceleration in two- and three- double-slit interference:
depletion zone, p-n junction, 1342 dimensional motion, 73–74 intensity, 1123–1126, 1124, 1164
detection, see probability of detection of angular momentum, 320 from matter waves, 1239, 1239–1241
deuterium, 1370 of displacement in one-dimensional single-photon, wide-angle ­version,
deuterium–tritium fuel pellets, 1404, 1404 motion, 14–15 1235–1236, 1236
deuterons, 868, 1403 of vector components, 47 single-photon version, 1235
deuteron–triton reaction, 1403 of vectors, 45–46, 46 Young’s experiment, ­1117–1121, 1118,
diamagnetic material, 1014 of velocity in one-dimensional motion, 1119
diamagnetism, 1014, 1015–1016, 1016 16–17 doubly magic nuclide, 1375
diamond: of velocity in two- and three dimensional down force, see negative lift, in race cars
as insulator, 1330, 1337 motion, 71–72 down quark, 1425, 1426t, 1427
unit cell, 1328, 1328 discharging, 643 drag coefficient, 138–139
diamond lattice, 1328 capacitors, 761, 834, 836 drag force, 138–140
diatomic molecules, 598, 598 charged objects, 644 damped simple harmonic motion, 453, 454
degrees of freedom, 597–599, 598, 598t disintegration, 1356, 1364 mechanical energy not ­conserved in
molar specific heats at ­constant volume, disintegration constant, 1362 presence of, 196
594t disintegration energy, 1366 as nonconservative force, 188
potential energy, 216 disks: dragster, 42, 183
dielectric constant, 774–776, 775t diffraction by circular ­aperture, 1158–1162, drain, FETs, 1345, 1346
dielectrics: 1159 drift current, p-n junctions, 1342
atomic view, 776–777, 777 electric field due to charged, 679–680 drift speed:
capacitors with, 774–776 electric potential due to charged, 740, 740 and current density, 793, 793–794, 796
and Gauss’ law, 778, 778–781 dispersion: Hall effect for determining, 857–861, 858
polarization of light by ­reflection, 1060 chromatic, 1053, 1053–1054 driven oscillations, 456, 967
dielectric strength, 775–776, 775t by diffraction gratings, ­1170–1173, 1171, driving frequency, of emf, 967
differential equations, 960, 961 1172 d subshells, 1309, 1310
diffraction, 1148–1178. See also interference; displacement:
single-slit ­diffraction damped harmonic oscillator, 453–455, 454 E
circular aperture, 1158–1162, 1159 electric, 779 E (exponent of 10), 2
double-slit, 1162–1165, 1163, 1164 one-dimensional motion, 14–15 Earth, 372–373. See also ­gravitational force
electron, 1240 simple harmonic motion, ­437–438, 438, atmospheric electric field, 759
Fresnel bright spot, ­1149–1150, 1150 439, 443–444 average density, 407t
intensity in double-slit, 1163, 1163–1164 traveling waves, 473–474 density of, as function of ­distance from
intensity in single-slit, ­1153–1158, 1155, two- and three-dimensional motion, center, 378
1156 68–69, 69 eccentricity of orbit, 388
interference vs., 1163–1164 as vector quantity, 15, 45, 45 effective magnetic dipole moment, 1299
neutron, 1240 waves on vibrating string, 470–472, 471 ellipsoidal shape of, 378–379
pinhole, 1149 displacement amplitude: escape speed, 386–387, 386t
and wave theory of light, 1149–1150 forced oscillations, 456, 456 gravitation near surface, 377–381
x-ray, 1173–1176, 1174, 1175 sound waves, 509, 509–510 interior of, 400, 400–401
and Young’s interference experiment, displacement current, ­1003–1007, 1005 Kepler’s law of periods, 389t
1117–1121, 1118, 1119 displacement ton, 10 level of compensation, 430
diffraction factor, 1164 displacement vector, 15, 45, 45 magnetic dipole moment, 875t
diffraction gratings, 1166, ­1166–1170, 1167, dissipated energy, in resistors, 806, 819 magnetism, 1008, 1008–1009, 1009
1168, 1169 distortion parameter, 1390 nonuniform distribution of mass, 378, 378
dispersion, 1170–1173, 1171, 1172 distribution of molecular speeds, 589–592, rotation, 379, 379
resolving power, 1171–1173, 1172 590 satellite orbits and energy, 390–393, 391
spacing, 1167 diverging lens, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1089, 1090t variation in length of day over 4-year
x rays, 1174–1175 dog years, 12 period, 6
diffraction patterns: dominoes, 345, 345 earthquakes:
defined, 1149 donor atoms, 1339 building oscillations during, 437
double-slit, 1163–1164, 1164 doped semiconductors, 807–808, 1338, buildings submerged ­during, 11
single-slit, 1163–1164, 1164 1338–1340 and liquefaction, 11
 INDEX I-7

natural angular frequency of buildings, free, 778–779 polarized light, 1047

457, 457 hypercharge, 1440 potential energy in, 726–728, 772
S and P waves, 532 induced, 644–645 rms of, 1041–1042
Earth’s magnetic field, 854, 1008, 1008–1009, LC oscillations, 961 in spherical metal shell, 707–708
1009, 1021–1022 lines of, 674–679, 675, 739, 739–740 system of charged particles in,
polarity reversal, 1009, 1009 measures of, 674t 743–746, 745
at surface, 853t negative, 643, 644 traveling electromagnetic waves in, 1034,
Easter Island, 204–205 net, 643 1034–1040, 1035, 1036, 1037
eccentricity, of orbits, 388, 388 neutralization of, 643 uniform, 667, 697–701, 731–732
and orbital energy, 391 positive, 643–644, 777 as vector field, 666
planets of Solar System, 389t quantization of, 652–654 work done by, 724–729
eddy currents, 926 in RLC circuits, 964, 965 electric field lines, 666–668, 667
edge effect, 712 sharing of, 651–652 electric fish, 831–832
edges, diffraction of light at, 1149 in single-loop circuits, 817–818 electric flux, 696–701
effective cross-sectional area, 138 electric circuits, see circuits in closed surface, 698–699
effective magnetic dipole moment, 1299 electric current, 789–792, 790, 791 and Gauss’ law, 696–701
effective phase difference, ­optical in alternating current, 966–967 and induction, 924
interference, 1115 for capacitive load, 971–972 net, 698–699
efficiency: current density, 792–796, 793 through Gaussian surfaces, 697, 697–701,
Carnot engines, 623–624 decay, 938 698
real engines, 623–624, 628–629 direction in circuits, 790, 791–792 in uniform electric fields, 697–701
Stirling engines, 624–625 induced, 916, 921–922 electric force, 850
eightfold way, 1423, 1423–1424, 1423t for inductive load, 974 electric generator, 817
Einstein, Albert, 102, 1037, 1136, 1187, 1187, LC oscillations, 957, 961, 962–963 electric motor, 872, 872–873, 1007
1188, 1190, 1192, 1194, 1200–1201, 1210, magnetic field due to, 887, 887–890, 888 electric potential:
1238. See also relativity in multiloop circuits, 826–828 calculating field from, 741, 741–742
Bose-Einstein condensate, 1413, 1413 power in, 805–806 charged isolated conductor, 746–748
and bosons, 1413 for resistive load, 969–970 defined, 725
and lasers, 1316 in single-loop circuits, 819, 819–821 due to charged particles, 733–736,
view of gravitation, 393–396, 394 time-varying, in RC circuits, 836 734, 735
work on photoelectric effect, 1229–1230 electric dipole, 875 due to continuous charge ­distribution,
work on photons, 1225–1226 in electric field, 683–686 738–740, 739, 740
Einstein–de Haas experiment, 1296, 1296 electric field due to, 670–673, 672 due to electric dipole, ­736–738, 737
Einstein ring, 395, 395 electric potential due to, 736–738, 737 from electric fields, 730–732
elastic bodies, 356–357 induced, 737–738, 738 and electric potential energy, 725,
elastic collisions: potential energy of, 685 725–729
defined, 243–244 electric dipole antenna, 1034, 1034–1035 equipotential surfaces, ­729–733, 730, 731
elasticity, 344, 356–359, 357 electric dipole moment, 672, 684, 684 and induced electric field, 930–932
in one dimension, with ­moving target, dielectrics, 776–777 in LC oscillator, 962–963
249–250 induced, 737–738, 738 orientation, 736, 736
in one dimension, with ­stationary target, permanent, 737–738 potential energy of charged particle
248, 248–249 electric displacement, 779 system, 743–746, 745
in two dimensions, 251, 251 electric eels, 848, 848 and power/emf, 824
and wave speed on stretched string, electric field, 665–686, 851 scalar, 736, 736
476–478 calculating from potential, 741, and self-induction, 935
elasticity, 355–359 741–742 electric potential energy:
of atoms and rigid bodies, 356, 356–357 calculating potential from, 730, and electric potential, 725, 725–729
and dimensions of solids, 357, 357 730–733 for system of charged ­particles, 743–746,
and equilibrium of ­indeterminate struc- capacitors, 762 745
tures, 355–356, 356 crossed fields, 857–861, 858 electric quadrupole, 691
hydraulic stress, 358–359, 358t as displacement current, 1006 electric spark, 682, 682
sample problem involving, 359 due to charged disk, 679–680, 740, 740 airborne dust explosions set off by, 772
shearing, 358 due to charged particle, 668–670, 669 dangers of, 747, 747–748, 748
tension and compression, 357–358, 358 due to electric dipole, ­670–673, 672 and pit stop fuel dispenser fire, 837,
elastic potential energy, 187 due to line of charge, ­674–679, 675 837–838
determining, 191–192 electric dipole in, 683–686 electrojet, 988
traveling wave on stretched string, 478, energy stored in capacitor, 770–773 electromagnetic energy, 962. See also
478–479 equipotential surfaces, ­729–733, 730, 731 electromagnetic waves
electrical breakdown, 682, 682 external, 706–707, 747–748, 748 electromagnetic force, 1414, 1428–1429
electrically isolated object, 643–644, 644 field lines in, 666–668 electromagnetic oscillations, 957
electrically neutral objects, 643 and Gauss’ law, 703–705, 894, 999, 1007t damped, in RLC circuits, 963–965
electrical–mechanical analogy, 959–960, 959t Hall effect, 857–861, 858, 869 defined, 957
electric charge, 642–644. See also circuits induced, 927–932, 928, 931, 1037, forced, 966–974, 967, 968
conservation of, 654–656 1037–1038 LC oscillations, 957–959
and current, 791–792 net, 669–670 electromagnetic radiation, 1034, 1042
enclosed, 704–705, 707–708 nonuniform, 667, 700–701 electromagnetic spectrum, 1033,
excess, 643 point charge in, 680–683 1033–1034
I-8 INDEX

electromagnetic waves, 469, 1032–1061. See nanocrystallites, 1271, 1271 transport, by electromagnetic waves,
also ­reflection; refraction one-dimensional, 1260 1040–1043, 1042
energy transport and Poynting vector, quantum corrals, 1272, 1273 of trapped electrons, 1258–1263
1040–1043, 1042 quantum dots, 1259, ­1271–1272, 1272 traveling wave on stretched string, 478,
Maxwell’s rainbow, 1033, 1033–1034, 1034 two- and three-dimensional, 1272–1275, 478–480
polarization, 1045–1050, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1273, 1274 energy bands, 1329, 1329
1059–1060, 1060 wave functions, 1264–1267, 1265 energy density, 772, 942–943
radiation pressure, 1043–1045 electron-volt, 728, 1333 energy density, kinetic, 424
reflection of, 1050–1056, 1051 electroplaques, 831, 831–832 energy gap, 1329, 1329
refraction of, 1050–1056, 1051, 1052, 1052t, electrostatic equilibrium, 706 energy-level diagrams, 1261, 1261, 1306, 1306
1053, 1054 electrostatic force, 643–644, 666, 667 energy levels:
traveling, 1034, 1034–1040, 1035, 1036, and Coulomb’s law, 645, 645–652 excitation and de-excitation, 1261–1262
1037 electric field due to point charge, 668–670, hydrogen, 1279–1280
electromagnetism, 886–887, 1007, 1410 669 in infinite potential well, 1262–1263,
electromagnets, 851, 851, 853t point charge in electric field, 680–683 1274–1275, 1306–1308
electromotive force (emf), ­817–819. See also work done by, 727–728 multiple electron traps, 1305–1308
emf devices electrostatic stress, 787 nuclear, 1360
in alternating current, 967 electroweak force, 1429, 1430 in single electron traps, 1260
defined, 817, 929–930 elementary charge, 652, 681–682 of trapped electrons, ­1260–1263
and energy and work, 818, 818–819 elementary particles, 1410–1430 energy method, of ­calculating current in
induced, 916, 918–919, 9­ 21–923, 924, 928 and bosons, 1413, 1413 single-loop ­circuits, 819
potential and power in ­circuits, 824 conservation of strangeness, 1422 engines:
self-induced, 934, 934 eightfold way, 1423, ­1423–1424, 1423t Carnot, 621, 621–626, 628–629
electron capture, 655, 1368n fermions, 1412 efficiency, 623–624, 624, 628, 628–629
electron diffraction, 1240 general properties, 1410–1419 ideal, 621
electron gun, 862, 862 hadrons, 1414, 1421 perfect, 624, 624
electron neutrinos, 1419–1420, 1420t leptons, 1414, 1419–1421 Stirling, 624–625, 625
electron–positron annihilation, 655, 655 messenger particles, ­1428–1430 Englert, François, 1430
electrons, 644, 1211t, 1411 quarks, 1425–1430 entoptic halos, 1177, 1179–1180
accelerator studies, 866 elliptical orbits, 392–393 entropy, 613–633
in alternating current, 966, 967 emf, see electromotive force change in, 615–619
barrier tunneling, 1248–1251, 1249, 1250 emf devices, 817, 818. See also batteries engines, 621–626
in Bohr model, 1276–1278, 1277 internal dissipation rate, 824 force due to, 620
bubble chamber tracks, 655, 655, 853 real and ideal, 818, 818–819 and irreversible processes, 614–615
charge, 652–653, 653t emf rule, 820 and probability, 632
Compton scattering, 1231, 1231–1234, 1232 emission lines, 1168, 1168–1169, 1280 refrigerators, 626–629, 627
conduction, 1331–1336 emissions. See also photon ­emission sample problems involving, 617–619,
discovery by Thomson, ­855–857, 856, 1352 from hydrogen atom, 1286 625–626, 631, 632–633
energy of, 1213, 1258–1263 spontaneous, 1316, 1316 and second law of ­thermodynamics,
excitation of, 1261, 1261, 1330 stimulated, 1316, 1316–1317 619–620
as fermions, 1412 emissivity, 565, 1238 as state function, 616–617
in hydrogen atom, 1285–1286 enclosed charge, 704–705, 707–708 statistical mechanics view of, 629–633
kinetic energy of, 1213 endothermic reactions, 1419 entropy changes, 615–619
as leptons, 1414, 1420, 1420t energy. See also kinetic energy; potential Carnot engines, 623
magnetic dipole moment, 875, 875t energy; work Stirling engines, 624–625
and magnetism, 1009–1014, 1011, 1012, for capacitor with dielectric, 776 entropy postulate, 614
1013 conservation of, 156, 205–209, 207, envelope, in diffraction ­intensity, 1163
majority carrier in p-type semiconductors, 745–746 epidural, 173–174, 1184
1339, 1340t in current-carrying wire, 806 equation of continuity, 419–423, 421, 422
matter waves, 1238–1241, 1239, 1240, 1245, damped, 454–455 equations of motion:
1258 defined, 156 constant acceleration, 24–25, 25t
momentum, 1011, 1011 of electric dipole in electric field, 685 constant linear vs. angular acceleration,
momentum of, 1010–1014, 1011, 1012, 1213 in electric field, 770–773 280t
orbits of, 1013, 1013 and induction, 925 free-fall, 28–29
in p-type semiconductors, 1339–1340, kinetic, 1212, 1212–1213 equilibrium, 106, 344–359, 1384
1340t and magnetic dipole moment, 875, and center of gravity, ­347–349, 348
radial probability density of, 1285 1011–1012 electrostatic, 706
speed of, 1188, 1212 in magnetic field, 940–941 of forces on particles, 650–651
spin, 1412–1413, 1413 mass, 1210–1212 and Hall effect, 858
in superconductors, 808 and relativity, 1210–1214, 1211t, 1213 of indeterminate structures, 355–356, 356
valence, 1259, 1309, 1331 rest, 1210 protons, 650–651
wave functions of trapped, 1264–1267 in RLC circuits, 965 requirements of, 346–347
electron spin, 1412–1413, 1413 scalar nature of, 45 sample problems involving, 350–354, 555
electron traps: in simple harmonic motion, 444–446, 445 secular, 1380
finite well, 1268, 1268–1270 as state property, 615–616 static, 345, 345–347, 346
hydrogen atoms as, 1276 total, 1211–1212 equilibrium charge, capacitors in RC circuits,
multiple electrons in ­rectangular, 1305–1308 in transformers, 897 834–835
 INDEX I-9

equilibrium points, in potential energy falling body, terminal speed of, 138–140, 139 sample problems involving, 408, 411,
curves, 199–200 farad, 760 418–419, 423, 426
equilibrium position, simple pendulum, 449 Faraday, Michael, 642, 666, 774–775, fluid streamlines, 421–422, 422
equilibrium separation, atoms in diatomic 916, 933 flux. See also electric flux
molecules, 216 Faraday’s experiments, 916 magnetic, 917–918, 933, 999
equipartition of energy, 598 and Lenz’s law, 919, 919–923, 920 fly fishing, 224
equipotential surfaces, 729–733, 730, 731 mutual induction, 944 focal length:
equivalence, principle of, 393–394 reformulation, 929–930 compound microscope, 1096, 1096
equivalent capacitance, 766 self-induction, 934, 934–935 refracting telescope, 1097, 1097
in parallel capacitors, 766, 766–767, Faraday’s law of induction, 916, 916–919, simple magnifying lens, ­1095–1096, 1096
768–769, 828t 1000–1003, 1037–1038 spherical mirrors, 1077–1078, 1078
in series capacitors, 767, 767–769, 828t Maxwell’s equation form, 1007t thin lenses, 1087–1088, 1088
equivalent resistance: faults, rock, 63 focal plane, 1121
in parallel resistors, 827, 827–830, 828t femtometer, 1358 focal point:
in series resistors, 822, 828t fermi (unit), 1358 compound microscope, 1096, 1096
escape speed, 386–387, 386t, 744, 754 Fermi, Enrico, 1386, 1396, 1412 objects outside, 1079
evaporative cooling, 574 Fermi–Dirac statistics, 1334 real, 1078, 1078
event horizon, 395–396 Fermi energy, 1331, 1334–1336 refracting telescope, 1097, 1097
events: Fermilab accelerator, 1411 simple magnifying lens, ­1095–1096, 1096
defined, 1188 Fermi level, 1331 spherical mirrors, 1077–1078, 1078
Lorentz factor, 1193, 1193, 1196 fermions, 1412, 1413 thin lenses, 1087–1088, 1088
Lorentz transformation, 1199–1204 Fermi speed, 1331 two-lens system, 1091, ­1091–1092
measuring, 1188–1190 Ferris, George Washington Gale, Jr., 327 virtual, 1078, 1078
relativity of length, ­1196–1199, 1197 Ferris wheel, 327–328 football, see soccer
relativity of simultaneity, 1190–1191 ferromagnetic materials, 1014, 1019–1023, force constant, 168
relativity of time, 1191–1195 1020 forced oscillations, 456, 456–457
relativity of velocity, ­1204–1205 ferromagnetism, 1014, 1019–1023, 1020. force law, for simple harmonic motion, 442
excess charge, 643 See also iron force(s), 327t. See also specific forces, e.g.:
exchange coupling, 1019–1020 FET (field-effect transistor), 1345–1346, 1346 gravitational force
excitation, of electrons, 1261, 1261, 1330 fiber Bragg grating, 1184–1185 attractive, 374
excitation energy, 1290 field declination, 1008 buoyant, 415, 415–419, 416
excited states, 1261, 1261 field-effect transistor (FET), 1345–1346, 1346 centripetal, 141–144, 142
expansion, of universe, 1­ 432–1433 field inclination, 1008 conservative, 188–190, 189
exploding bodies, Newton’s ­second law and field of view: in crossed fields, 856–857
motion of, 231 refracting telescope, 1097 defined, 101
explosions: spherical mirror, 1077 and diamagnetism, 1015–1016
one-dimensional, 241, 241–242 final state, 557, 558, 594 due to entropy, 620
two-dimensional, 242, 242–243 finite well electron traps, 1268, 1268–1270 equilibrium, 106
extended objects, 115 fires, fuel dispenser, 837, 837–838, 849 equilibrium of, on particles, 650–651
drawing rays to locate, 1090, 1090 first law of thermodynamics, 556–562 external vs. internal, 106
in plane mirrors, 1074, 1074–1075 equation and rules, 560–561 forced oscillations, 966–974, 967, 968
external agents, applied force from, 727–728 heat, work, and energy of a system, and linear momentum, 234–235
external electric field: 557–559, 562 lines of, 666–668
Gaussian surfaces, 706–707 sample problem involving, 562 and motion, 14
isolated conductor in, 747, 747–748, 748 special cases of, 560–561, 560t net, 103, 106, 647, 648–650
external field, 681 first-order line, 1167 and Newton’s first law, 103–105
external forces, 106 first reflection point, 1068 Newton’s laws applied to, 115–121
collisions and internal energy transfers, fish, electric, 831–832 and Newton’s second law, 105–108
206–207 fish eye, 1085–1086 and Newton’s third law, 113–114
system of particles, 230–233 fission, 1360 nonconservative, 188
work done with friction, 201–205 fission, nuclear, 1386–1392 normal, 111, 111–112
work done without friction, 202 fission rate, nuclear reactor, 1395–1396 path independence of ­conservative,
external magnetic field: floaters, 1149 188–190, 189
and diamagnetism, 1014, 1015–1016, 1016 floating, 416, 416–417 principle of superposition for, 103
and ferromagnetism, 1014, 1019–1023, flow, 420–422, 421, 422, 424 and radiation pressure, 1044
1020 fluids, 138, 406–426 resultant, 103
and paramagnetism, 1014, 1016–1019 apparent weight in, 417 of rolling, 314, 314–316
external torque, 325–326, 329, 330 Archimedes’ principle, 415, 415–419, 416 superposition principle for, 647
eye, see human eye and fish eye Bernoulli’s equation, 423–426 tension, 112, 112–113
eyepiece: defined, 406–407 unit of, 103, 103–104
compound microscope, 1096, 1096 density, 407 as vector quantities, 103
refracting telescope, ­1096–1097, 1097 equation of continuity, ­420–423, 422 and weight, 110–111
motion of ideal, 420, 420–421 forward-bias connection, ­junction rectifiers,
F Pascal’s principle, 413–414, 413–414 1343, 1344
face-centered cubic, 1328 pressure, 407–408 fractional efficiency, 1254
Fahrenheit temperature scale, 545–547, 546, pressure measurement, 412, 412–413 Franklin, Benjamin, 643, 652, 654, 811
546t at rest, 409–411, 410 Fraunhofer lines, 1325
I-10 INDEX

free-body diagrams, 106–108, 107, 115–121 laser, 1404–1405 general theory of relativity, 394, 1187, 1194
free charge, 778–779 most probable speed in, 1398, 1409 generator. See also alternating-current
free-electron model, 803, 1331 process of, 1398–1399 generator
free electrons, 790 in Sun and stars, 1398, 1400, 1400–1402 electric, 817
free expansion: fusion reaction, 1212 Genzel, Reinhard, 390
first law of thermodynamics for, 560t, 561 geomagnetically induced current (GIC), 988
ideal gases, 603–604, 615, 615–619, 616 G geomagnetic pole, 854, 1008, 1008, 1022, 1022
free-fall acceleration (g), 28, 28–29, 450 g (free-fall acceleration), 28, 28–29 geometric addition of vectors, 45, 45–46, 46
free-fall flight, 28–29 measuring, with physical ­pendulum, 450 geometrical optics, 1051, 1112, 1118, 1149
free oscillations, 456, 967 G (gravitational constant), 373 geosynchronous orbit, 402
free particle: galactic year, 12 Ghez, Andrea, 390
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for, galaxies, 372 Glashow, Sheldon, 1429
1244–1246 Doppler shift, 1207 glass:
matter waves for, 1259 formation in early universe, 1436 coefficient of linear ­expansion, 548t
free space, 1034 gravitational lensing caused by, 395, 395 index of refraction, 1052t
freeway entrance ramp, 41 matter and antimatter in, 1414–1415 as insulator, 644
freeze-frames, 438, 438–439 recession of, and expansion of universe, polarization of light by ­reflection, 1060
freezing point, 546t 1432 rubbing rod with silk, 642, 642–644, 654
freight ton, 10 Galilean transformation ­equations, 1200 shattering by sound waves, 516
frequency. See also angular ­frequency Galileo, 402 glaucoma, 1081–1082, 1082
of circulating charged ­particles, 861–866 gamma cameras, 664 Global Positioning System (GPS), 1, 1187
cutoff, 1228–1229 gamma-ray photons, 1400, 1414 g-LOC (g-induced loss of ­consciousness),
of cyclotrons, 866–867 gamma rays, 655, 853, 1034 83, 429
driving, 967 bubble chamber track, 1241, 1241 gluons, 866, 1426, 1430
and index of refraction, 1114 radiation dosage, 1373 go kart collision, 267, 267
natural, 967 ultimate speed, 1188 gold, 1313
of photons, 1226 gas constant, 580 alpha particle scattering, 1354–1355
proper, 1206 gases, 578. See also ideal gases; kinetic theory impact with alpha particle, 745
simple harmonic motion, 437–440, 440 of gases isotopes, 1356
sound waves, 509 compressibility, 407 Goudsmit, S. A., 884
and wavelength, 470–473 confined to cylinder with movable piston, GPS (Global Positioning System), 1, 1187
wave on stretched string, 478 557, 557–559 grand jeté, 231–232, 232
waves, 472 density of selected, 407t grand unification theories (GUTs), 1430
Fresnel bright spot, 1149–1150, 1150 as fluids, 407 graphical integration:
friction, 112, 112, 132–137, 133–134 polyatomic, 594 of force in collision, 237–238, 238
cold-weld, 134–135, 135 specific heats of selected, 553t for one-dimensional motion, 30, 30–31
as nonconservative force (kinetic friction), speed of sound in, 507t graphs, average velocity on, 16, 16
188 thermal conductivity of ­selected, 564t grating spectroscope, 1168, 1168–1169
properties of, 135 gasoline tanker truck, 849 gravitation, 372–396
and rolling, 314, 314, 343 gas state, 554 and Big Bang, 1436
sample problems involving, 136–137, 140 gastrolithes, 431 defined, 373
types of, 133, 134 gauge, 811 Einstein’s view of, 393–396, 395
work done by external force with, 201–205, gauge pressure, 411 gravitational acceleration (ag), 378
202, 203 gauss (unit), 853 inside Earth, 381–383
frictionless surface, 102, 112 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 697 near Earth’s surface, 377–381, 378
fringing, 712 Gaussian form, of thin-lens ­formula, 1108 Newton’s law of, 373–374, 388
f subshells, 1309 Gaussian surfaces: potential energy of, 383–387
fuel charge, nuclear reactor, 1395–1396 capacitors, 762 sample problems involving, 376, 380–381,
fuel rods, 1393, 1395–1396 defined, 697 387, 392–393
fulcrum, 362 electric field flux through, 697, 697–701, variation with altitude, 378t
full electron levels, 1305 698 gravitational constant (G), 373
fully charged capacitor, 761 external electric field, ­706–707, 707 gravitational force, 109–110, 654, 1414
fully constructive interference, 484, 485, 485t, and Gauss’ law for magnetic fields, 999 center of gravity, 347–349, 348
491, 512–513 Gauss’ law, 696–715 and Newton’s law of ­gravitation, 373–374,
fully destructive interference, 485, 485, 485t, charged isolated conductor, 705–708 374
491, 513 and Coulomb’s law, 703–705 pendulums, 448, 449
functional near infrared spectroscopy cylindrical symmetry, ­708–709, 709 and potential energy, 385
(fNIRS), 1097–1098 defined, 697 and principle of ­superposition, 375–377
fundamental mode, 494 dielectrics, 778, 778–781 work done by, 163–166, 164
fused quartz: for electric fields, 999, 1007t gravitational lensing, 395, 395
coefficient of linear ­expansion, 548t and electric flux, 696–701 gravitational potential energy, 187, 383–387,
index of refraction, 1052t formulas, 699–701 384
index of refraction as function of wave- for magnetic fields, 998–1000, 999, 1007t determining, 191
length, 1053 and Maxwell’s equation, 998, 1007t and escape speed, 386–387
resistivity, 798t planar symmetry, 710–713, 711, 712 and gravitational force, 385
fusion, 1360, 1398–1405 spherical symmetry, 713–715, 714 gravitational waves, 469, ­1136–1138, 1137
controlled, 1402–1405 Geiger counter, 722–723, 723, 1352 gray (unit), 1373
 INDEX I-11

Griffith, George, 382 helium burning, in fusion, 1400 hypercharge, 1440

ground currents, 710 helium–neon gas laser, 1317, 1317–1319 hysteresis, 1022, 1022
grounding, electrical, 644, 849 Helmholtz coils, 911, 914
grounding a circuit, 823–824, 824 henry (unit), 933 I
ground speed, 97 hertz, 437 ice skating, 577
ground state, 1261, 1261 Hesperoyucca whipplei, 9 icicles, 575
wave function of hydrogen, 1282–1284t, Higgs, Peter, 1430 ideal diode, 787
1283 Higgs boson, 1430 ideal emf devices, 818
zero-point energy, 1266 Higgs field, 1430 ideal engines, 621
gry (unit), 8 high heels, 294–295 ideal fluids, 420, 420–421
g subshells, 1309 holes, 1312, 1337 ideal gases, 579–583
Guericke, Otto von, 428 majority carrier in p-type ­semiconductors, adiabatic expansion, 601, 601–604
g units (acceleration), 21 1339, 1340t average speed of molecules, 590–591
gurney, 772–773 minority carrier in n-type semiconductors, free expansion, 615, 615–619, 616
gyroscope precession, 333, 333–334 1339, 1340t ideal gas law, 580–581
holograms, 1315 internal energy, 593–597
H home-base level, for spectral series, 1280 mean free path, 587, 587–589
hadrons, 1414, 1421 Hooke, Robert, 167 molar specific heats, 593–597
half-life, 1363, 1371, 1411 Hooke’s law, 167–168, 197 most probable speed of ­molecules, 591
half-width of diffraction grating lines, 1167, hoop, rotational inertia for, 287t RMS speed, 583–585, 584, 585t
1167–1168 horizontal range, in projectile motion, 77, 79 sample problems involving, 582–583, 585,
Hall, Edwin H., 858 horsepower (hp), 175 589, 592, 596–597, 603–604
Hall effect, 857–861, 858, 869 hot chocolate effect, 532 translational kinetic energy, 586
Hall-effect thrusters, 885 h subshells, 1309 work done by, 581–583
Hall potential difference, 858 Hubble constant, 1432 ideal gas law, 580–581, 581
halogens, 1310 Hubble’s law, 1432–1433 ideal gas temperature, 545
halo nuclides, 1358 human body: ideal inductor, 935
halteres, 261–262 as conductor, 644–645 ideal refrigerators, 627
hammer-fist strike, 268, 268 physiological emf devices, 818 ideal solenoid, 899
hand-to-hand current, 997 human eye, 1095 ideal spring, 168
hang, in basketball, 93 floaters, 1149 ideal toroids, 901
hanging blocks, 115, 115–116 image production, 1074, 1074, 1085–1086, ideal transformers, 986, 986–987
hard reflection, of traveling waves at 1086 ignition, in magnetic ­confinement, 1404
boundary, 492 and resolvability in vision, 1159–1160, 1161 image distances, 1074
harmonic motion, 437 sensitivity to different ­wavelengths, 1034, images, 1072–1101
harmonic number, 494, 518–522 1034 defined, 1072–1073
harmonic series, 494 human wave, 497 extended objects, 1090, 1090
head-on crash, 246–247 Huygens, Christian, 1112 from half-submerged eye, 1085–1086, 1086
hearing threshold, 517t Huygens’ principle, 1112, 1112–1113 locating by drawing rays, 1090, 1090
heat, 550–567, 551, 624–626 Huygens’ wavelets, 1150 from plane mirrors, 1074, 1074–1076, 1075
absorption by solids and ­liquids, 552–556 hydraulic compression, 358 from spherical mirrors, 1076–1083, 1077,
absorption of, 550–556 hydraulic engineering, 406 1078, 1079, 1080t, 1081, 1082,
defined, 551 hydraulic jack, 414 1096–1097, 1097
first law of thermodynamics, 556–562 hydraulic jump, 435 from spherical refracting surfaces,
path-dependent quantity, 559 hydraulic lever, 414, 414 1083–1086, 1084, 1098, 1098–1099
sample problems involving, 555–556, 562, hydraulic stress, 358–359, 358t from thin lenses, 1086–1094, 1087, 1088,
566–567 hydrogen, 1275–1286 1089, 1090, 1090t, 1091, 1099, ­1099–1100
signs for, 551–552 Bohr model, 1276–1278, 1277 types of, 1072–1073
and temperature, 551–552, 552, 555–556 as electron trap, 1276 impedance, 897–988, 976, 981–982
thermal expansion, 547–550, 548 emission lines, 1168, ­1168–1169 impedance matching, in t­ ransformers, 897–988
and thermal expansion, 547–550, 548 formation in early universe, 1436 impulse, 237
transfer of, 563–567 fusion, 1398–1405 series of collisions, 238, 238
and work, 557–560 in fusion, 1212 single collision, 237, 237
heat capacity, 552 heats of transformation, 554t incident ray, 1051, 1051
heat engines, 621–626 quantum numbers, 1280–1282, 1282t incoherent light, 1122
heat of fusion, 554, 554t RMS speed at room ­temperature, 585t incompressible flow, 420
heat of vaporization, 554, 554t and Schrödinger’s equation, 1278–1286 indefinite integral, 27
heat pumps, 627, 640 spectrum of, 1279–1280 independent particle model, of nucleus,
heats of transformation, ­553–554, 554t speed of sound in, 507t 1374–1375
heat transfer, 563–567 thermal conductivity, 564t indeterminate structures, ­equilibrium of,
heat transfer mechanisms, 562–567 wave function of ground state, 1282–1284t, 355–356, 356
hectare, 11 1283 index of refraction
hedge maze, 64 hydrogen atom model, 723 and chromatic dispersion, 1053, 1053
height, of potential energy step, 1246–1247 hydrogen bomb (thermonuclear bomb), common materials, 1052t
Heisenberg’s uncertainty ­principle, 1402–1403 defined, 1052, 1113
1244–1246 hydrostatic pressures, 409–411 and wavelength, 1114–1115
helical paths, charged particles, 863–866, 864 hyperbaric chamber, 772–773, 773 induced charge, 644–645
I-12 INDEX

induced current, 916 instantaneous power, 174, 208 inverse trigonometric functions, 49, 49
induced dipole moment, ­737–738, 738 instantaneous velocity: inverted images, 1079, 1080
induced electric dipole moment, 737–738, 738 one-dimensional motion, 18–19 ionization energy, 1294, 1295
induced electric fields, 927–932, 928, 931, two- and three-dimensional motion, 70–72 ionized atoms, 1280
1037, 1037–1038 insulators, 644–645, 807 ion tail, 1064
induced emf, 916, 918–919, 921–923, 924, 928 electrical properties, 1330, 1330 iron, 1310
induced magnetic fields, ­1000–1003, 1001, resistivities of selected, 798t Curie temperature, 1020
1002 unit cell, 1328 ferromagnetic materials, 1014, 1019, 1020
displacement current, 1005, 1005–1006 integrated circuits, 1346 quantum corrals, 1272, 1273
finding, 1005–1006 intensity: radius of nucleus, 653–654
from traveling electromagnetic waves, 1039, defined, 1041 resistivity, 798t
1039–1040 diffraction gratings, 1166, 1166–1167 iron filings:
inductance, 932–933 double-slit diffraction, 1163, 1163–1164 bar magnet’s effect on, 999, 999
LC oscillations, 957–959 double-slit interference, ­1123–1126, 1124, current-carrying wire’s effect on, 888, 888
RLC circuits, 963–965 1164 irreversible processes, 614, 615, 616–620
RL circuits, 935–939, 936, 937 electromagnetic waves, ­1041–1042, 1042 irrotational flow, 420, 424
series RLC circuits, 974–981 single-slit diffraction, ­1153–1158, 1155, island of stability, 1357
solenoids, 933, 933 1156 isobaric processes summarized, 604, 604t
induction: of sound waves, 515–518, 516 isobars, 1357
of electric fields, 927–932 of transmitted polarized light, 1047–1050, isochoric processes summarized, 604, 604t
and energy density of ­magnetic fields, 1048, 1049 isolated spherical capacitors, 764
942–943 interference, 474, 483–486, 485, 1111–1138. isolated system, 193–194
and energy stored in magnetic fields, See also ­diffraction conservation of total energy, 207–208
940–941 combining more than two waves, linear momentum ­conservation, 240–241
and energy transfers, 923–927, 924, 926 1125–1126 isospin, 1440
Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws, 915–945, 1037 diffraction vs., 1163–1164 isotherm, 581, 581
in inductors, 932–933 double-slit from matter waves, 1239, isothermal compression, 581, 622, 622
Maxwell’s law, 1001, 1039 1239–1240 isothermal expansion, 581
mutual, 943–945, 944 double-slit from single ­photons, 1234, Carnot engine, 622, 622
and RL circuits, 935–939, 936, 937 1235–1236 entropy change, 615–616, 616
self-, 934, 934–935, 943 fully constructive, 484, 485, 485t, 491, isothermal processes, 604, 604t
inductive reactance, 972 512–513 isotopes, 1356
inductive time constant, 937–938 fully destructive, 485, 485, 485t, 491, 513 isotopic abundance, 1356n
inductors, 932–933 intensity in double-slit, ­1122–1126, 1124 isotropic materials, 798
with ac generator, 972, ­972–974, 973 intermediate, 485, 485t, 486, 513 isotropic point source, 1042
phase and amplitude relationships for ac and rainbows, 1115–1116, 1116 isotropic sound source, 516
circuits, 973t sound waves, 511–514, 512
RL circuits, 935–939, 936, 937 thin films, 1126–1135, 1127, 1128, 1129t J
series RLC circuits, 975, 976 and wave theory of light, 1111–1116 Jackson, Michael, 308–309, 309
inelastic collisions: Young’s double-slit experiment, 1117–1121, jerk, vehicle, 42
defined, 244 1118, 1119 joint, in rock layers, 147
in one dimension, 244, ­244–246, 245 interference factor, 1164 Josephson junction, 1250
in two dimensions, 251 interference fringes, 1119, 1119 joule (J), 157, 552
inertial confinement, 1404 interference pattern, 1119, 1119, 1121 judo, 295–296, 295, 305, 305
inertial reference frames, 103, 1187–1190 interfering waves, 474, 483–486, 485 junction diodes, 807
inexact differentials, 559 interferometer, 1135–1138, 1136 junction lasers, 1345, 1345
infinitely deep potential energy well, 1260, intermediate interference, 485, 485t, 486, 513 junction plane, 1341, 1342
1261 internal energy, 541, 559 junction rectifiers, 1343, 1343
infinite potential well, 1261 and conservation of total energy, 205 junction rule, Kirchoff’s, 826, 832
detection probability in, 1264–1265 and external forces, 207 junctions, circuits, 826–827. See also p-n
energy levels in, 1262–1263, 1274–1275, and first law of ­thermodynamics, 559–560 junctions
1306–1308 of ideal gas by kinetic theory, 593–597 Jupiter, escape speed for, 386t
wave function normalization in, 1267 internal forces, 106, 230–233
inflation, of early universe, 1435 internal resistance: K
initial state, 557, 558, 594 ammeters, 833 kaons, 1195, 1411
ink-jet printing, 682, 682 circuits, 821, 821 and eightfold way, 1423t
in phase: emf devices, 824–825 and strangeness, 1422
ac circuits, 973t internal torque, 325 karate, see taekwondo
resistive load, 968 International Bureau of Weights and kelvins, 542, 548
sound waves, 512, 513 Standards, 3, 7 Kelvin temperature scale, 542, 542, 546
thin-film interference, 1127, 1129, 1129t International System of Units, 2–3 Kepler, Johannes, 388
waves, 483, 484 interocular pressure (IOP), 1081–1082 Kepler’s first law (law of orbits), 388, 388
instantaneous acceleration: interplanar spacing, 1175 Kepler’s second law (law of areas), 388,
one-dimensional motion, 20–23, 22 intrinsic angular momentum, 1010, 1012 388–389
two- and three-dimensional motion, 73–75 inverse cosine, 49, 49 Kepler’s third law (law of ­periods), 389,
instantaneous angular ­acceleration, 274 inverse sine, 49, 49 389, 389t
instantaneous angular velocity, 274 inverse tangent, 49, 49 Kibble balance, 7
 INDEX I-13

kilocalorie, 552 junction, 1345, 1345 plane-concave, 1109

kilogram, 7, 7 operation, 1316, 1316–1319 plane-convex, 1109
kilopascals (kPa), 428 radiation pressure, 1045 simple magnifying, 1095–1096, 1096
kilowatt-hour, 175 surgery applications, 1315, 1315 symmetric, 1089, 1092–1093
kinematics, 14 lasing, 1318 thin-film interference of ­coating on,
kinetic energy, 298t, 1212, 1212–1213 lateral magnification: 1132–1133
in collisions, 243–244 compound microscope, 1096 lens maker’s equation, 1087–1088
and conservation of mechanical energy, spherical mirrors, 1079–1080 Lenz’s law, 919, 919–923, 920, 934
193–196 two-lens system, 1091, ­1091–1092 lepton number, 1420–1421
and conservation of total energy, 205–209 lateral manipulation, using STM, 1250 leptons, 1414, 1419–1421, 1420t
defined, 157 lattice, 356, 356, 1328, 1328 conservation of lepton ­number, 1420–1421
and momentum, 1213, 1215 law of areas (Kepler’s second law), 388, formation in early universe, 1435
in pion decay, 1418 388–389 let-go current, 997
and relativity, 1212, 1212–1213 law of Biot and Savart, 887–888, 894, 904 lifetime:
of rolling, 312, 313–316 law of conservation of angular momentum, compound nucleus, 1376
of rotation, 285–286, 286 328–332 of muon, 1193
sample problems involving, 157–158, law of conservation of electric charge, radionuclide, 1363–1364
170, 290 654–656 subatomic particles, 1193
satellites in orbit, 391, 391 law of conservation of energy, 205–209, 207 lifting capacity, balloons, 610
simple harmonic motion, 445, 445 law of conservation of linear momentum, 240 light, 469, 1037. See also diffraction; interfer-
traveling wave on stretched string, 478, 478 law of orbits (Kepler’s first law), 388, 388 ence; photons; reflection; refraction
and work, 159–163, 160 law of periods (Kepler’s third law), 389, 389, absorption and emission by atoms, 1295
yo-yo, 317 389t coherent, 1122–1123, 1315
kinetic energy density, of fluids, 424 law of reflection, 1051 components of, 1053–1054
kinetic energy function, 198 law of refraction, 1052, 1112, 1112–1115 Doppler effect, 525
kinetic frictional force, 134, 134–135 Lawrence, E. O., 885 in early universe, 1435–1436
as nonconservative force, 188 laws of physics, 51–52 Huygens’ principle, 1112, 1112–1113
rolling wheel, 314 Lawson’s criterion, 1403, 1404–1405 incoherent, 1122
kinetic theory of gases, 578–604 LC oscillations, 957–959 law of reflection, 1051
adiabatic expansion of ideal gases, 601, and electrical–mechanical analogy, law of refraction, 1052, 1112, 1112–1115
601–604 959–960, 959t monochromatic, 1053, ­1055–1056, 1315
average speed of molecules, 590–591 qualitative aspects, 957, 957–959, 959 polarized light, 1046, ­1046–1048, 1047
and Avogadro’s number, 579 quantitative aspects, 960–963 as probability wave, ­1234–1236
distribution of molecular speeds, 589–592, LC oscillators, 959–963, 959t speed of, 469, 1037
590 electrical–mechanical ­analogy, 959–960 travel through media of ­different indices
ideal gases, 579–583 electromagnetic waves, 1034, 1034 of refraction, 1114, 1114
mean free path, 587, 587–589 quantitative treatment of, 960–963 unpolarized light, 1047, 1047–1048
molar specific heat, 593–599 lead: visible, 1033, 1034, 1188
most probable speed of ­molecules, 591 coefficient of linear ­expansion, 548t as wave, 1111–1116, 1112, 1114
pressure, temperature, and RMS speed, heats of transformation, 554t wave theory of, 1111–1116, 1149–1150
583–585 specific heats, 553t white, 1053, 1053, 1054, 1152–1153
and quantum theory, 598, 600 thermal conductivity, 564t light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 1344–1345,
RMS speed, 583–585, 585t leading, in ac circuits, 973, 973t 1345
translational kinetic energy, 586 leading waves, 486 light-gathering power refracting telescope,
Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 820 LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 1344–1345, 1097
Kirchhoff’s current law, 826 1345 lightning, 642, 759
Kirchhoff’s junction rule, 826 Leidenfrost effect, 574 in creation of lodestones, 1022
Kirchhoff’s loop rule, 820 length: ground currents, 710
Kirchhoff’s voltage law, 820 coherence, 1315 standing under trees, dangers of, 842, 842
K shell, 1312, 1312 consequences of Lorentz transformation strike radius, 710, 710
knots (speed), 43 equations, 1200, 1201t light quantum, 1226
length contraction, 1196–1197, 1202–1203 light wave, 1037, 1042–1043
L proper, 1196 line(s):
lagging, in ac circuits, 973, 973t relativity of, 1196–1199, 1197 diffraction gratings, 1167
lagging waves, 486 rest, 1196 spectral, 1280
lambda particles, eightfold way and, 1423t units of, 3–4 as unit, 8
lambda-zero particle, 1424 in wavelengths of light, 1136 linear charge density, 674, 674t
laminar flow, 420 lens, 1087. See also thin lenses linear density, of stretched string, 476, 477
language, and magnetic dipole moment, 875 bi-concave, 1109 linear expansion, 548–549, 549
Laplace equation, 369 bi-convex, 1109 linear momentum, 234–235, 327t
Large Magellanic Cloud, 372, 1369 converging, 1087, 1087, 1088, 1088, 1089, completely inelastic collisions in one
laser fusion, 1404–1405 1089, 1090t dimension, 244–246
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave diffraction by, 1159 conservation of, 240–243, 252–253
Observatory (LIGO), 1137, 1137–1138 diverging, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1089, 1090t elastic collisions in one dimension, with
lasers, 1314–1319 magnifying, 1095–1096, 1096 moving target, 249–250
coherence, 1123 meniscus concave, 1109 elastic collisions in one dimension, with
helium-neon gas laser, 1317, 1317–1319 meniscus convex, 1109 stationary target, 248–249
I-14 INDEX

linear momentum (continued ) magnetic dipole moment, ­874–876, 875, 1295, diamagnetism, 1014, ­1015–1016, 1016
elastic collisions in two dimensions, 251 1295, 1296. See also orbital ­magnetic and displacement current, 1003–1007
at equilibrium, 345 dipole moment; spin magnetic dipole of electrons, 1009–1014, 1011, 1012, 1013
and impulse of series of ­collisions, 238 moment ferromagnetism, 1014, ­1019–1023, 1020
and impulse of single ­collision, 237 of compass needle, 1023 Gauss’ law for magnetic fields, 998–1000,
inelastic collisions in one dimension, 244, diamagnetic materials, 1014, 1015–1016 999, 1007t
244–246, 245 effective, 1299 induced magnetic fields, 1000–1003
inelastic collisions in two dimensions, 251 ferromagnetic materials, 1014, 1019–1021, magnets, 1007–1009
of photons, 1231, 1231–1234, 1232 1023 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, ­1008–1009, 1009
sample problems involving, 239, 241–243, orbital, 1297–1298 paramagnetism, 1014, ­1016–1019, 1017
246–247, 250, 254 paramagnetic materials, 1014, 1017, 1018 magnetization:
system of particles, 235–236 magnetic dipoles, 854, 874–876, 875, 999, 999 ferromagnetic materials, 1020, 1020
linear momentum-impulse ­theorem, 237 rotating in magnetic field, 876 paramagnetic materials, ­1017–1019, 1018
linear motion, 272 magnetic domains, 1020–1021, 1021 magnetization curves:
linear oscillator, 442, 442–444 magnetic energy, 940–941 ferromagnetic materials, 1020, 1020
linear simple harmonic ­oscillators, 442, magnetic energy density, 942–943 hysteresis, 1022, 1022
442–444 magnetic field, 850–876, ­886–905. See also paramagnetic materials, 1018, 1018
line integral, 731 Earth’s magnetic field magnetizing current, ­transformers, 986
line of action, of torque, 292, 292 Ampere’s law, 894–898, 895, 896 magnetoencephalography (MEG), 891
line of symmetry, center of mass of solid circulating charged particle, 862, 862–866, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) drive, 859,
bodies with, 228 864 859
line shapes, diffraction grating, 1172 crossed fields and electrons, 855–857, 858 magnetometers, 1008
lines of charge, electric field due to, 674–679, current-carrying coils as m
­ agnetic dipoles, magnets, 642, 850–855, 851, 854, 1007–1009
675 902–904 applications, 850–851
lines of force, 666–668 cyclotrons and synchrotrons, 866–869, 867 bar, 854, 854, 875, 875t, 999, 999, 1008,
liquefaction, of ground during defined, 851–855, 853 1008
earthquakes, 11 dipole moment, 874–876 electromagnets, 851, 851, 853t
liquids: displacement current, ­1003–1007, 1005 north pole, 854, 854, 999
compressibility, 358, 407 due to current, 887–898 permanent, 851
density of selected, 407t Earth, 1008, 1008–1009, 1009 magnification:
as fluids, 406–407 energy density of, 942–943 angular, 1095–1097
heat absorption, 552–556 energy stored in, 940–941 lateral, 1091, 1091–1092
speed of sound in, 507t external, 1014–1022 magnification, 1079–1080
thermal expansion, 549 and Faraday’s law of ­induction, 916–919 magnifying lens, simple, ­1095–1096, 1096
liquid state, 554 force on current-carrying wires, 869–871 magnitude:
Local Group, 372 Gauss’ law for, 998–1000, 999, 1007t of acceleration, in one-dimensional
Local Supercluster, 372 Hall effect, 857–861, 858 motion, 21
lodestones, 1007, 1022 induced, 1000–1003, 1001, 1002 of acceleration, in two- and three-
longitudinal motion, 470 induced electric field from, 930–931 dimensional motion, 74
longitudinal waves, 470, 470 induced emf in, 921–923 of angular momentum, 320–321
long jump, conservation of angular momen- and Lenz’ law, 919, 919–923, 920 of displacement in one-dimensional
tum in, 330, 330 parallel currents, 891–892, 892 motion, 15
loop equations, multiloop ­circuits, 832–833 producing, 851 estimating order of, 5
loop model, for electron orbits, 1013, 1013 rms of, 1041–1042 of free-fall acceleration, 28
loop rule, 820, 826–827 selected objects and ­situations, 853t of vectors, 45–46, 46
Lorentz factor, 1193, 1193, 1196 solenoids and toroids, 899–901 of velocity, in one-dimensional motion, 15
Lorentz transformation: torque on current loops, 872, 872–873 of velocity, in two- and three dimensional
Galilean transformation ­equations, 1200 traveling electromagnetic waves, 1034, motion, 74
Lorentz transformation ­equations, 1034–1040, 1035, 1036, 1037 magnitude-angle notation (vectors), 47
1200–1201 magnetic field lines, 853–854, 854, 888, 888 magnitude ratio, traveling electromagnetic
pairs of events, 1201 magnetic flux, 917–918, 933, 999 waves, 1036
and reversing the sequence of events, magnetic force, 642, 851 majority carriers, 1339, 1341–1342, 1342
1203–1204 circulating charged particle, 862, 862–866, mantle (Earth), 378, 400, 400–401
Loschmidt number, 611 864 Marianas Trench, 429
loudness, 515, 516 current-carrying wire, 869–871, 870 Mars, thermal expansion, 577
L shell, 1312, 1312 magnetic potential energy, 940–941 martial arts, 268, 268, 295–296, 295, 305, 305
Lyman series, 1280, 1281, 1286 parallel currents, 891–892, 892 mass, 298t
particle in magnetic field, 852–853 approximate, 7t
M magnetic materials, 998, 1014 defined, 104–105
Mach cone, 529, 529 magnetic monopole, 851, 999 sample problems involving, 254
Mach cone angle, 529, 529 magnetic resonance, 1303–1304, 1304 scalar nature of, 45, 105
Mach number, 529 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 998, 998 units of, 6–7
macroscopic clocks, time ­dilation tests, 1194 magnetic wave component, of electromag- and wave speed on stretched string, 476
magic electron numbers, 1375 netic waves, 1035, 1036 weight vs., 111
magnetically hard material, 1025 magnetism, 998–1024. See also Earth’s mass dampers, 445–446
magnetically soft material, 1025 magnetic field mass energy, 1210–1212
magnetic confinement, ­1403–1404 of atoms, 1295, 1295 mass excess, 1359
 INDEX I-15

mass flow rate, 422 and conservation of total energy, 205 meter (m), 1–4
massless cord, 112, 112 damped harmonic oscillator, 453–455 metric system, 2
massless-frictionless pulleys, 112, 113, 115, and electric potential energy, 745–746 Michelson’s interferometer, 1135–1138, 1136
115–116 satellites in orbit, 391, 391 microfarad, 760
massless spring, 168 in simple harmonic motion, 444–445, 445 micron, 8
mass number, 655, 1356, 1356t mechanical waves, 469. See also wave(s) microscopes, 1094, 1096, 1096
mass spectrometer, 865, ­865–866, 884, 884 medical procedures and equipment: microscopic clocks, time dilation tests, 1193
matter: air‐puff tonometer, 1081–1082, 1081 microstates, in statistical mechanics,
antimatter, 1386t, 1414–1415 bone screw, 308 629–633
baryonic, 1434, 1437 cancer radiation treatment, 655, 664 microwaves, 469, 525, 685–686
dark, 1434, 1437, 1437 COVID‐19 drops, 723, 758, 758 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, magnetism, 1008–1009,
energy released by 1 kg, 1386t cyclotron in cancer treatment, 868–869, 1009
magnetism of, see magnetism 868 Milky Way Galaxy, 372–373
nonbaryonic, 1437, 1437 defibrillator devices, 788, 788 Millikan, Robert A., 681
nuclear, 1361 epidural, 173–174, 173, 1184, 1184 Millikan oil-drop experiment, 681, 681–682
particle nature of, 1240, 1240–1241 fiber Bragg grating, 1184–1185, 1184 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg), 408
wave nature of, 1238–1241 functional near infrared spectroscopy miniature black holes, 399
matter wave interference, 1240 (fNIRS), 1097–1098, 1097 minima:
matter waves, 469, 1238–1241, 1258–1292 gamma camera, 664, 664 circular aperture diffraction, 1158–1159,
barrier tunneling, 1248–1251 glaucoma, 1081–1082, 1081 1159
of electrons, 1238–1241, 1239, 1240, 1241, hospital gurney fire with fire victim, diffraction patterns, 1149, 1149
1245, 1258 772–773, 772 double-slit interference, 1119, 1119–1121,
of electrons in finite wells, 1268, interocular pressure (IOP), 1081–1082, 1123–1124, 1124
1268–1270, 1269 1081 single-slit diffraction, ­1150–1152, 1151
energies of trapped electrons, 1258–1263 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 998, thin-film interference, 1129
and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, 998, 926, 926 minority carriers, 1339, 1342
1244–1246 magnetoencephalography (MEG), 891, mirage, 1073, 1073
hydrogen atom models, 1275–1286 891 mirror maze, 1075, 1075–1076
reflection from a potential step, 1246–1248 neutron beam therapy, 868, 868 mirrors, 1074
Schrödinger’s equation for, 1242–1244 noncontact thermometer, 577, 577 length, 1110
two- and three-dimensional electron traps, positron emission tomography (PET), 656, maze, 1075, 1075–1076
1270–1275 656 in Michelson’s interferometer, 1136, 1136
wave functions of trapped electrons, single‐port surgery with optical fibers, plane, 1074, 1074–1076, 1075
1264–1267 1057–1058, 1058 spherical, 1076–1083, 1077, 1078, 1079,
maxima: transcranial magnetic stimulation, 913, 913 1080t, 1081, 1082, 1096–1097, 1097
diffraction patterns, 1149, 1149 ultrasound measurement of blood flow, moderators, for nuclear reactors, 1393
double-slit interference, 1119, 1119–1121, 537–538 modulus of elasticity, 357
1123–1124, 1124 medium, 1037 Mohole, 401
single-slit diffraction, 1149, 1150, 1154, megaphones, 1149 molar mass, 579
1156, 1157–1158 Meitner, Lise, 655 molar specific heat, 553, 553t, 593–599
thin-film interference, 1129 melting point, 554, 554t at constant pressure, 595–596, 595–596
Maxwell, James Clerk, 590, 598, 642, 895, Men in Black, upside down racing, 143–144 at constant volume, 594, 594–595, 594t, 595
1001, 1033, 1044, 1112, 1429 meniscus concave lens, 1109 and degrees of freedom, 597–599, 598t
Maxwellian electromagnetism, 1410 meniscus convex lens, 1109 of ideal gas, 593–597
Maxwell’s equations, 998, 1007, 1007t, 1243 mercury barometer, 408, 412, 412 and rotational/oscillatory motion, 598,
Maxwell’s law of induction, 1001, 1039 mercury thermometer, 548 600, 600
Maxwell’s rainbow, 1033, ­1033–1034, 1034 mesons, 1414, 1421 of selected materials, 553t
Maxwell’s speed distribution law, 590, and eightfold way, 1423–1424, 1423t molar specific heats, 553, 553t
590–591 and quark model, 1427 mole (mol), 553
maze, 64 underlying structure ­suggested, 1424 molecular mass, 579
mean free distance, 804 messenger particles, 1428–1430 molecular speeds, Maxwell’s d ­ istribution of,
mean free path, of gases, 587, 587–589 metallic conductors, 790, 807 589–592, 590
mean free time, 804 metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect transis- molecules, 1294
mean life, radioactive decay, 1363, 1411 tor (MOSFET), 1345–1346, 1346 moment arm, 292, 292
measurement, 1–7 metals: moment of inertia, 285
of angles, 49 coefficient of linear ­expansion, 548t momentum, 234–235. See also angular
conversion factors, 3 density of occupied states, 1335–1336, 1336 momentum; linear momentum
International System of Units, 2–3 density of states, 1332–1333, 1333 and kinetic energy, 1213, 1213
of length, 3–4 elastic properties of selected, 358t in pion decay, 1418
of mass, 6–7 electrical properties, ­1327–1336 in proton decay, 1424
of pressure, 412, 412–413 lattice, 356, 356 and relativity, 1209–1214
sample problems involving, 5 occupancy probability, 1334, 1334–1335 and uncertainty principle, 1245–1246
significant figures and decimal places, 4 resistivities of selected, 798t monatomic molecules, 593, 598, 598, 598t
standards for, 1–2 speed of sound in, 507t monochromatic light, 1053, 1055–1056
of time, 5–6 thermal conductivity of ­selected, 564t lasers, 1315
mechanical energy: unit cell, 1328 reflection and refraction of, 1055–1056
conservation of, 193–196 metastable states, 1316 monovalent atom, 1331
I-16 INDEX

Moon, 372, 373 net current, 895–896, 900–901 translational vs. rotational forms,
escape speed, 386t net electric charge, 643, 644 298t, 327t
potential effect on humans, 399 net electric field, 669–670 units in, 106t
radioactive dating of rocks, 1372 net electric flux, 698–699 Newton’s third law, 113–114
thermal expansion on, 550 net electric potential, 735 Nichrome, 811, 815
more capacitive than inductive circuit, 977 net force, 103, 106, 647, 648–650 NIST (National Institute of Standards and
more inductive than capacitive circuit, 977 net torque, 292, 325–326, 872–873 Technology), 6
Moseley plot, 1312, 1313–1314 net wave, 482, 483, 483, 521 NMR (nuclear magnetic ­resonance),
MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor-field- net work, 161, 623 1303–1304, 1304
effect transistor), 1345–1346, 1346 neutral equilibrium (potential energy NMR spectrum, 1303–1304, 1304
most probable configuration, 631 curves), 199 noble gases, 1309, 1375
most probable speed in fusion, 591, 1398, neutralization, of charge, 643 noctilucent clouds, 12
1409 neutral pion, 1188 nodes, 490, 491, 491, 492–494
motion: neutrinos, 655, 1368 noise, background, 534–535
graphical integration, 30, 30–31 and beta decay, 1368, 1369 nonbaryonic dark matter, 1434
one-dimensional, see one-dimensional and conservation of lepton number, nonbaryonic matter, 1437, 1437
motion 1420–1421 nonconductors, 644–645
oscillatory and rotational, 598, 600, 600 in fusion, 1400 electric field near parallel, 712–713
projectile, 75, 75–81 as leptons, 1414 Gauss’ law for, 711, 711
properties of, 14 as nonbaryonic dark matter, 1434 nonconservative forces, 188
relative in one dimension, 84, 84–86 from proton–antiproton ­annihilation, noncontact thermometers, 577, 577
relative in two dimensions, 86, 86–87 1416t noninertial frame, 104
of system’s center of mass, 230 neutron beam therapy, 868–869 nonlaminar flow, 420
three-dimensional, see three-dimensional neutron capture, 1376 nonpolar dielectrics, 777
motion neutron diffraction, 1240 nonpolar molecules, 737
two-dimensional, see two-dimensional neutron excess, 1357 nonquantized portion, of energy-level
motion neutron number, 1356, 1356t diagram, 1269, 1269
MRI (magnetic resonance ­imaging), 998, 998 neutron-rich nuclei, 1388 nonsteady flow, 420
M shell, 1312, 1312 neutrons, 644, 1411 nonuniform electric field, 667, 700–701
multiloop circuits, 826, 826–833, 827, 832, accelerator studies, 866 nonuniform magnetic field, 1013,
832–833 balance in nuclear reactors, 1393, 1013–1014
current in, 826–827 1393–1394 nonviscous flow, 420
resistances in parallel, 827, 827–830 charge, 652–653, 653t normal (optics), 1051, 1051
multimeter, 833 control in nuclear reactors, 1392–1395, normal force, 111, 111–112
multiplication factor, nuclear reactors, 1394 1393 normalizing, wave function, 1266
multiplication of vectors, 52–58 discovery of, 1429 normal vector, for a coil of ­current
multiplying a vector by a scalar, 53 and eightfold way, 1423t loop, 873
multiplying two vectors, 53–58 as fermions, 1412 northern lights, 864, 864
scalar product of, 53–54, 54 formation in early universe, 1435 north magnetic pole, 1008, 1008
vector product of, 53, 55–58, 56 as hadrons, 1414 north pole, magnets, 854, 854, 999, 999
multiplicity, of configurations in statistical magnetic dipole moment, 875 n-type semiconductors, 815, 1338, 1338–1339.
mechanics, 629–633 and mass number, 655 See also p-n junctions
muon neutrinos, 1419, 1420t as matter wave, 1240 nuclear angular momentum, 1360
muons, 728–729, 1193, 1411, 1420, 1420t spin angular momentum, 1012 nuclear binding energy, 1359, 1359–1360,
decay, 1417–1418 thermal, 1386–1393 1388, 1389
from proton–antiproton ­annihilation, neutron stars, 94, 400 per nucleon, 1359, 1359, 1361, 1388
1416t, 1417 density of core, 407t selected nuclides, 1356t
musical sounds, 518–522, 519, 520, 521 escape speed, 386t nuclear energy, 1360, 1385–1409
mutual induction, 943–945, 944 magnetic field at surface of, 853t fission, 1386–1392
mysterious sliding stones, 147 newton (N), 103 in nuclear reactors, 1392–1396
Newton, Isaac, 102, 373, 388, 1149 thermonuclear fusion, ­1398–1405
N Newtonian form, of thin-lens formula, 1108 nuclear fission, 1360, 1386–1392, 1389
nano-technology, 1259 Newtonian mechanics, 102, 1243 nuclear force, 1360
National Institute of Standards and Newtonian physics, 1259 nuclear fusion, see thermonuclear fusion
Technology (NIST), 6 newton per coulomb, 666 nuclear magnetic moment, 1360
natural angular frequency, 456, 457, 967 Newton’s first law, 102–105 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
nautical mile, 11, 12 Newton’s law of gravitation, 373–374, 388 1303–1304, 1304
NAVSTAR satellites, 1187 Newton’s laws, 102, 115–121 nuclear physics, 1352–1384
n channel, in MOSFET, 1346 Newton’s second law, 105–108 alpha decay, 1365–1367
near point, 1095, 1095 angular form, 322–323 beta decay, 1368–1371, 1369
negative charge, 643–644 and Bohr model of hydrogen, 1276–1278, discovery of nucleus, ­1352–1355
negative charge carriers, 791, 794 1277 nuclear models, 1373–1376
negative direction, 14, 14 for rotation, 292–296 nuclear properties, 1355–1361
negative lift, in race cars, ­143–144, 144, 434 sample problems involving, 107–108, radiation dosage, 1372–1373
negative terminal, batteries, 760–761, 115–121, 233, 294–296 radioactive dating, 1371–1372
761, 818 system of particles, 230–233, 231 radioactive decay, 1362–1365
negative work, 559 in terms of momentum, 234–235 nuclear power plant, 624, 624, 1394
 INDEX I-17

nuclear radii, 1358 relative, 84, 84–86 simple harmonic motion and uniform cir-
nuclear reactions, 1210–1211 sample problems involving, 17–20, 22–23, cular motion, 451–453, 452
nuclear reactors, 1392–1396 25–26, 29, 31, 85–86 oscillation mode, 493, 494
nuclear spin, 1360 Schrödinger’s equation for, 1242–1244 out of phase:
nuclear weapons, 1360 one-dimensional variable force, 171, 171 ac circuits, 973t
nucleons, 1356, 1414 one-half rule, for intensity of transmitted capacitive load, 971
binding energy per, 1359, 1359, 1361 polarized light, 1047 inductive load, 973
magic nucleon numbers, 1375 one-way processes, 614 sound waves, 513
nuclear binding per, 1388 Onewheel, 310, 310 thin-film interference, 1129, 1129t
nucleus, 644 Onnes, Kamerlingh, 808 wave, 484
discovery of, 1352–1355 open ends (sound waves), 519–521 overpressure, 413
models, 1373–1376, 1374 open-tube manometer, 412, 412–413 oxygen, 598
mutual electric repulsion in, 653–654 optical fibers, 1057–1058, 1315, 1345 distribution of molecular speeds at
properties, 1355–1361 optical instruments, 1094–1098, 1095, 1096, 300 K, 590
radioactive decay, 655, 1411–1412 1097 heats of transformation, 554t
nuclides, 1356, 1356t. See also radioactive optical interference, 1111. See also molar specific heat and degrees of
decay interference freedom, 598t
halo, 1358 optically variable graphics (OVG), 1169, molar specific heat at c­ onstant volume,
magic nucleon numbers, 1375 1169–1170 594t
organizing, 1356–1357, 1357 optical neuroimaging, 1097, 1097–1098 paramagnetism of liquid, 1018
transuranic, 1395 optics, 1033 RMS speed at room ­temperature, 585t
valley of, 1370, 1370 orbital angular momentum, 1012, 1012,
nuclidic chart, 1357, 1357, ­1369–1370, 1370 1296–1297, 1297, 1297t P
number density: orbital energy, 1278 paintball strike, 267
of charge carriers, 858–859, 1329t, 1337 orbital magnetic dipole moment, 1012, 1012, pair production, 655–656
of conduction electrons, 1331 1297–1298 pancake collapse, of tall b ­ uilding, 265
diamagnetic materials, 1014, 1015–1016 panic escape, 34
O ferromagnetic materials, 1014, 1019–1021, parallel-axis theorem, for ­calculating rota-
object distance, 1074 1023 tional ­inertia, 287, 287–288
objective: paramagnetic materials, 1014, 1017, 1018 parallel circuits:
compound microscope, 1096, 1096 orbital magnetic quantum ­number, 1012, 1280, capacitors, 766, 766–767, 768–769, 828t
refracting telescope, ­1096–1097, 1097 1282t, 1297t resistors, 827, 827–830, 828t
objects: orbital quantum number, 1280, 1282t, 1297t, summary of relations, 828t
charged objects, 666, 666 1329 parallel components, of ­unpolarized light,
electrically isolated, 643–644 orbital radius, 1277 1060
electrically neutral, 643 orbit(s): parallel currents, magnetic field between two,
extended, 1074, 1074–1075, 1090, 1090 circular vs. elliptical, 392–393 891–892, 892
occupancy probability, 1334, 1334–1335 eccentricity of, 388, 389t, 391 parallel-plate capacitors, 760, 760
occupied levels, 1305 geosynchronous, 402 capacitance, 762–763
occupied state density, ­1335–1336, 1336 law of, 388, 388 with dielectrics, 776, 778, 778–780, 779
Oersted, Hans Christian, 642 sample problems involving, 392–393 displacement current, ­1004–1006, 1006
ohm (unit), 797, 798 of satellites, 390–393, 391 energy density, 772
ohmic losses, 985 semimajor axis of, 388, 388 induced magnetic fields, 1000–1003
ohmmeter, 798, 833 of stars, 403 paramagnetic materials, 1014, 1017, 1018
Ohm’s law, 801–804, 802, 803 order numbers, diffraction ­gratings, 1166, paramagnetism, 1014, ­1016–1019, 1017
oil slick, interference patterns from, 1167 parent nucleus, 655
1127 order of magnitude, 5 partial derivatives, 510, 1038
one-dimensional elastic ­collisions, 247–250, organizing tables, for images in mirrors, partially occupied levels, 1305
248 1080, 1080t partially polarized light, 1046
one-dimensional electron traps: orienteering, 48 particle accelerators, 866, ­1410–1411, 1412
infinite potential well, ­1260–1261 origin, coordinate, 14 particle–antiparticle a­ nnihilation, 1414
multiple electrons in, 1305 oscillating bar, 467 particle detectors, 1411, 1412
single electron, 1260 oscillation(s), 436–458. See also particle nature of matter, 1240, 1240–1241,
one-dimensional explosions, 241, 241–242 ­electromagnetic ­oscillations; simple 1241
one-dimensional inelastic ­collisions, 244, ­harmonic motion (SHM) particles, 14, 653. See also specific types,
244–246, 245 of angular simple harmonic oscillator, e.g.: alpha particles
one-dimensional motion, 13–33 446–447, 447 particle systems. See also collision(s)
acceleration, 20–29 damped, 454, 454 angular momentum, 325–326
average velocity and speed, 15–18 damped simple harmonic motion, 453–455, center of mass, 225–229, 226
constant acceleration, 23–27 454 electric potential energy of, 743–746, 745
defined, 14 energy in simple harmonic motion, linear momentum, 235–236
free-fall acceleration, 28–29 444–446 Newton’s second law for, 230–233, 231
graphical integration for, 30, 30–31 forced, 456, 456–457 pascal (Pa), 408, 506, 544, 1045
instantaneous acceleration, 20–23 free, 456 Pascal’s principle, 413–414, 413–414
instantaneous velocity and speed, 18–20 and molar specific heat, 598, 600, 600 Paschen series, 1280, 1281
position and displacement, 14–15 of pendulums, 448–451 patch elements, 698
properties of, 14 simple harmonic motion, 436–444 path-dependent quantities, 559
I-18 INDEX

path-independent quantities, 727 thin-film interference, ­1128–1129 Planck constant, 1226

conservative forces, 188–190, 189 waves, 483–485 Planck time, 12
gravitational potential energy, 385 phase-shifted sound waves, 513 plane-concave lens, 1109
path length difference: phase-shifted waves, 484–485 plane-convex lens, 1109
double-slit interference, 1119, 1119–1120, phase shifts, reflection, 1128, 1128, 1129t plane mirrors, 1074, 1074–1076, 1075
1125 phasor diagram, 487–489 plane of incidence, 1051
and index of refraction, 1115 phasors, 487–490, 488 plane of oscillation, polarized light, 1046,
single-slit diffraction, ­1150–1151, 1151, capacitive load, 971, 971 1046
1154 double-slit interference, 1124, 1124–1126 plane of symmetry, center of mass of solid
sound waves, 512 inductive load, 973, 973 bodies with, 228
thin-film interference, ­1128–1129, 1129t resistive load, 968–969 plane-polarized waves, 1046, 1046
Pauli, Wolfgang, 1369 series RLC circuits, 976, 976, 977, 978 plane waves, 1035
Pauli exclusion principle, 1304 single-slit diffraction, ­1153–1158, 1155, plastics:
and energy levels in ­crystalline solids, 1329, 1156 electric field of plastic rod, 676–677
1413 phosphorus, doping silicon with, 1340 as insulators, 644–645
and fermions, 1413 photodiode, 1344–1345 plates, capacitor, 760–761, 761
and Fermi speed, 1331 photoelectric current, 1228 plate tectonics, 13–14
nucleons, 1374–1375 photoelectric effect, 1227–1230 plum pudding model, of atom, 1353
and periodic table, 1309 photoelectric equation, ­1229–1230 pn junction diode, 802, 807
pendulum(s), 448–451 photoelectrons, 1228 p-n junctions, 1341–1342, 1342
as angular simple harmonic oscillator, photomultiplier tube, 1236 junction lasers, 1345, 1345
446–447, 447 photon absorption, 1226, 1229, 1295 junction rectifiers, 1343, 1343
bob of, 448 absorption lines, 1280, 1281 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 1344–1345,
conical, 152 energy changes in hydrogen atom, 1279 1345
conservation of mechanical energy, energy for electrons from, 1261–1262 point (unit), 8
194–195, 195 lasers, 1316 point charges. See also charged particles
physical, 450, 450–451, 451 photon emission, 1226, 1295 Coulomb’s law, 645, 645–652
simple, 448–449, 449 emission lines, 1280, 1281 in electric field, 668–670, 681–683
torsion, 446–447, 447 energy changes in hydrogen atom, 1279 electric potential due to, 733–736, 734, 735
underwater swinging (damped), 453 energy from electrons for, 1262 pointillism, 1160, 1160, 1161
perfect engines, 624, 624 lasers, 1316, 1316–1319 point image, 1074–1075
perfect refrigerators, 627, 627–628 stimulated emission, 1316, 1316–1317 point of symmetry, center of mass of solid bod-
perihelion distance, 388 photons, 1225–1227 ies with, 228
period(s), 1294 as bosons, 1413 point source: sound, 506, 516, 1042
law of, 389, 389, 389t defined, 1226 light, 1042, 1074–1075
of revolution, 82 in early universe, 1435 polar dielectrics, 776–777
simple harmonic motion, 437, 438, 439 gamma-ray, 1400, 1414 polarity:
sound waves, 509 and light as probability wave, 1234–1236 of applied potential ­difference, 801–802
waves, 472, 472 as matter wave, 1240 of Earth’s magnetic field, reversals in,
periodic motion, 437 momentum, 1231, 1231–1234, 1232 1008, 1008
periodic table, 1225, 1294–1295 and photoelectric effect, 1227–1230 polarization, 1045–1050, 1046, 1047, 1048
building, 1308–1310 as quantum of light, ­1226–1227 intensity of transmitted ­polarized light,
x rays and ordering of ­elements, 1310–1314 in quantum physics, ­1236–1238 1047–1050, 1048, 1049
permanent electric dipole moment, 737–738 virtual, 1429 and polarized light, 1046, 1046–1048, 1047
permanent magnets, 851 physical pendulum, 450, ­450–451, 451 by reflection, 1059–1060, 1060
permeability constant, 886, 887 physics, 13–14 polarized light, 1046, 1046–1048, 1047
permittivity constant, 647 physics, laws of, 51–52 polarized waves, 1046, ­1046–1048, 1047
perpendicular components, of unpolarized Piccard, Jacques, 429 polarizer, 1047
light, 1060 picofarad, 760 polarizing direction, 1046–1047, 1047
phase: piezoelectricity, 1250 polarizing sheets, 1047, ­1047–1048
simple harmonic motion, 439, 439 pinhole diffraction, 1149 polarizing sunglasses, 1060
waves, 471, 471 pions, 1188, 1411 polar molecules, 737
phase angle, 439, 439 decay, 1417, 1418 Polaroid filters, 1046
alternating current, 973t and eightfold way, 1423t pole faces, horseshoe magnet, 854, 854
phase change, 554 as hadrons, 1414 polyatomic gases, 594
phase constant, 439, 439, 443–444 as mesons, 1414 polyatomic molecules, 598
alternating current, 973t, 981–982 proton–antiproton a­ nnihilation, 1416–1419, degrees of freedom, 597–599, 598, 598t
series RLC circuits, 977–978, 978, 981–982 1416t molar specific heats at ­constant volume,
waves, 473, 473 reaction with protons, ­1418–1419 594t
phase difference: pipes, resonance between, 521–522 polycrystalline solids, 1021
double-slit interference, 1119, 1120, pitch, 407, 863 population inversion, in lasers, 1317–1319,
1123–1124, 1124 pitot tube, 432 1345
in Michelson’s interferometer, 1136 Pittsburgh left, 99 porcelain, dielectric properties, 776
optical interference, 1114–1115 planar symmetry, Gauss’ law, 710–713, 711, position, 298t
and resulting interference type, 485t 712 one-dimensional motion, 14, 14–15
single-slit diffraction, 1154 planar waves, 506 reference particle, 452
sound waves, 512 Planck, Max, 1237–1238 relating linear to angular, 282
 INDEX I-19

simple harmonic motion, 439 potential energy step, reflection from, probability wave:
two- and three-dimensional motion, 68, 1246–1248, 1247 light as, 1234–1236
68–69, 69 potential method, of calculating current in matter wave as, 1239
uncertainty of particle, 1245–1246 single-loop ­circuits, 820 projectile(s):
velocity, 438, 440–441, 441 potential well, 200 defined, 76
position vector, 68, 68 potentiometer, 775 dropped from airplane, 81
positive charge, 643–644, 777 pounds per square inch (psi), 408 elastic collisions in one dimension, with
positive charge carriers, 791 power, 174–176, 175, 208–209, 298t moving target, 249–250
drift speed, 793–794 in alternating-current circuits, 982, 982–984 elastic collisions in one dimension, with
emf devices, 818–819 average, 174 stationary target, 248–249
positive direction, 14, 14 defined, 174 inelastic collisions in one dimension, 244
positive ions, 644 in direct-current circuits, 805–806 series of collisions, 238
positive kaons, 1195 of electric current, 805–806 single collision, 236–237
positive terminal, batteries, 760–761, 761, and emf in circuits, 824 projectile motion, 75, 75–81
818–819 radiated, 1238 effects of air on, 79, 79
positron emission tomography (PET) scans, resolving, 1097, 1097, ­1171–1173, 1172, trajectory of, 79, 79
656, 656 1255 vertical and horizontal c­ omponents of,
positrons: in RLC circuit, 984, 989 76–79, 77–78
antihydrogen, 1414 in rotation, 297 proper frequency, 1206
bubble chamber tracks, 655, 853, 853 sample problem involving, 175–176 proper length, 1196, 1215
electron–positron annihilation, 655, 655, traveling wave on stretched string, 478, proper period, 1208
1414 478–480 proper time, 1192, 1215
in fusion, 1398–1399 power factor, 983, 984 proper wavelength, 1206, 1215
potassium, radioactivity of, 1365 power lines, transformers for, 985, 986 proton number, 1356, 1356t
potential, see electric potential power transmission systems, 789, 985–986 proton-proton (p-p) cycle, 1400, 1400–1402
potential barrier, 1248–1251, 1249, 1250, Poynting vector, 1040–1043, 1042 proton-rich nuclei, 1370
1366–1367, 1390 pregnancy com shift, 268 protons, 644, 1411
potential difference, 823 precession, of gyroscope, 333, 333–334 accelerator studies, 866
across moving conductors, 859, 860–861 pressure: and atomic number, 655–656
across real battery, 823–825 fluids, 407–408 as baryons, 1414
for capacitive load, 971–972 and ideal gas law, 579–583 charge, 652–653, 653t
capacitors, 762 measuring, 412, 412–413 decay of, 1424
capacitors in parallel, 766, 766–767, radiation, 1043–1045 in equilibrium, 650–651
768–769 and RMS speed of ideal gas, 583–585 as fermions, 1412
capacitors in series, 767, 767–769 scalar nature of, 45 in fusion, 1398–1405
Hall as state property, 616 as hadrons, 1414
for inductive load, 974 work done by ideal gas at constant, 582 magnetic dipole moment, 875, 875t
LC oscillation, 957 pressure amplitude (sound waves), 509, 510 mass energy, 1214
and Ohm’s law, 801–802 pressure field, 666 and mass number, 655–656
for resistive load, 969–970 pressure sensor, 407 as matter wave, 1259
resistors in parallel, 827–830 pressurized-water nuclear ­reactor, 1394, 1394 reaction with pions, 1418–1419
resistors in series, 822, 822, 829–830 primary coil, transformer, 986 spin angular momentum, 1012
RL circuits, 935–939, 936 primary loop, pressurized-water reactor, ultrarelativistic, 1214
single-loop circuits, 819, 820 1394, 1394–1395 proton synchrotrons, 867–868
between two points in circuit, 823, 823– primary rainbows, 1054, 1054, 1069, 1116, p subshells, 1309, 1310
825, 824 1116 p-type semiconductors, ­1339–1340, 1340t
potential energy, 186–193 primary winding, transformer, 986 pulleys, 371
and conservation of mechanical energy, principal quantum number, 1280, 1282t, massless-frictionless, 112, 113, 115,
193–196, 195 1297t, 1329 115–116
and conservation of total energy, 205–209 principle of conservation of mechanical pulsar, 302, 308
defined, 187 energy, 194 secondary time standard based on, 9
determining, 190–193 principle of energy ­conservation, 156 pulse, wave, 469, 470
electric, 725, 725–729, ­743–746, 745 principle of equivalence, 393–394 P waves, 532
of electric dipoles, 685 principle of superposition, 103, 647
in electric field, 726–728, 772 for gravitation, 375–377 Q
magnetic, 940–941 for waves, 483, 483 QCD (quantum chromodynamics), 1430
sample problems involving, 190, 192–193, prisms, 1054, 1054, 1067 QED (quantum electrodynamics), 1011, 1428
200–201, 204 probability, entropy and, 632 quadrupole moment, 691
satellites in orbit, 391, 391 probability density, 1244 quanta, 1226
in simple harmonic motion, 444–445, 445 barrier tunneling, 1249 quantization, 653, 1226, 1259
and work, 187, 187–190, 188 trapped electrons, 1264–1265, 1265 electric charge, 652–654
yo-yo, 316–317 probability distribution function, 590–591 energy of trapped electrons, 1260–1263
potential energy barrier, ­1248–1251, 1249, probability of detection: orbital angular momentum, 1012
1250 in a 1D infinite potential well, of orbital energy, 1278
potential energy curves, ­196–201, 198–199 1266–1267 quantum dots, 1259
potential energy function, ­197–200, hydrogen electron, 1283, 1286 spin angular momentum, 1011
198–199 trapped electrons, 1264–1265 quantum, 1226
I-20 INDEX

quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 1430 radiation: spherical refracting surfaces, 1083–1086,

quantum corrals, 1272, 1273 in cancer therapy, 1352 1084
quantum dots, 1271–1272, 1272 cosmic background, ­1433–1434, 1436, 1437 thin lenses, 1089, 1089
quantum electrodynamics (QED), 1011, 1428 dose equivalent, 1373 real solenoids, 899, 900
quantum jump, 1261 electromagnetic, 1035 recessional speed, of universe, 1433
quantum mechanics, 102, 1226 reflected, 1044 rechargeable batteries, 818, 818–819, 824
quantum numbers, 1260, 1297t short wave, 1034 red giant, 1401
charge, 1417 ultraviolet, 1034 red shift, 1206, 1215, 1443–1444
conservation of, 1324–1325 radiation dosage, 1372–1373 reference circle, 452, 452
for hydrogen, 1280–1282, 1282t radiation heat transfer, 565–566 reference configuration, for potential
orbital, 1280, 1282t, 1297t, 1329 radiation pressure, 1043–1045 energy, 191
orbital magnetic, 1011, 1280, 1282t, 1297t radioactive dating, 1371, ­1371–1372 reference frames, 84–85
and Pauli exclusion principle, 1304 radioactive decay, 655, ­1362–1365, 1411–1412 inertial, 103
and periodic table, 1308–1310 alpha decay, 1365–1367, 1366 noninertial, 104
principal, 1280, 1282t, 1297t, 1329 beta decay, 1368–1371, 1369, 1427 reference line, 272, 273
spin, 1297t, 1298, 1299, 1411–1412 muons, 1193 reference particle, 452, 452–453
spin magnetic, 1011, 1297t, 1298, and nuclidic chart, 1369–1370, 1370 reference point, for potential energy, 191
1411–1412 process, 1362–1364 reflected light, 1051
quantum physics. See also ­electron traps; radioactive elements, 1353 reflected radiation, 1044
Pauli e­ xclusion principle; ­photons; radioactive wastes, 1395, 1395 reflected ray, 1051, 1051
Schrödinger’s equation radioactivity, of potassium, 1365 reflecting planes, crystal, 1174, ­1174–1175
barrier tunneling, 1248–1251, 1249, 1250 radionuclides, 655, 664, 1356 reflection, 1050–1056, 1051. See also index of
and basic properties of atoms, 1294–1296 radio waves, 469, 525, 1033, 1034 refraction
confinement principle, 1259 radius of curvature: first and second reflection points, 1068
correspondence principle, 1265 spherical mirrors, 1077, 1077, 1078, 1078 law of, 1051
defined, 1226 spherical refracting surfaces, 1083–1086, polarization by, 1059–1060, 1060
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, 1084 from potential energy step, 1246–1248,
1244–1246 radon, 1352 1247
hydrogen wave function, 1282–1284t rail gun, 893, 893–894, 914 from a potential step, ­1246–1248
matter waves, 1259 railroad rails, 577 of standing waves at boundary, 492, 492
nucleus, 1352 rainbows, 1054, 1054–1055 total internal, 1056–1059, 1057
occupancy probability, 1334, 1334–1335 Maxwell’s, 1033, 1033–1034, 1034 reflection coefficient, 1248
particles, 1411 and optical interference, 1115–1116, 1116 reflection phase shifts, 1128, 1128, 1129t
photons in, 1236–1238 primary, 1054, 1054, 1069, 1116, 1116 refracted light, 1051
and solid-state electronic devices, 1328 secondary, 1054, 1054, 1069, 1116 refracted ray, 1051, 1051
quantum states, 1259, 1295 tertiary, 1069 refracting telescope, 1096–1097, 1097
degenerate, 1274 raindrop, terminal speed of ­falling, 140 refraction, 1050–1056, 1051, 1052, 1052t,
density of, 1332–1333, 1333 randomly polarized light, 1046, 1046 1053, 1054. See also index of refraction
density of occupied, ­1335–1336, 1336 range, in projectile motion, 79, 79 angle of, 1051, 1051
hydrogen with n = 2, 1284, 1284–1285 rare earth elements, 1014, 1313 and chromatic dispersion, 1053, 1053–1054
quantum theory, 598, 600, 1226, 1259, 1272 rattlesnake, thermal radiation sensors, 566, law of, 1052, 1112, 1112–1115
quantum transition, 1261 566 refrigerators, 626–629, 627
quantum tunneling, 1248–1251, 1249, 1250 ray diagrams, 1080–1081, 1081 register ton, 10
quark family, 1426t Rayleigh’s criterion, 1159, 1159–1160, Reines, F., 1369
quark flavors, 1426, 1430 1161–1162 relative biology effectiveness (RBE) factor,
quarks, 866, 1425–1430, 1426, 1426t rays, 506, 506 1373
charge, 653, 653t incident, 1051, 1051 relative motion:
formation in early universe, 1435 locating direct images with, 1080–1081, in one dimension, 84, 84–86
quasars, 395, 395, 1432 1081 in two dimensions, 86, 86–87
quicksand, 434 locating indirect object ­images with, 1090, relative speed, 253
Q value, 1211, 1367, 1370–1371, 1392, 1090 relativistic particles, 1195
1400–1401 reflected, 1051, 1051 relativity, 1225, 1410
refracted, 1051, 1051 Doppler effect for light, ­1205–1208, 1208
R tracing, 1074 and energy, 1210–1214, 1211t, 1213
race cars: RBE (relative biology effectiveness factor), general theory of, 394, 1187, 1194
fuel dispenser fires, 837, 837–838 1373 of length, 1196–1199, 1197
negative lift in Grand Prix cars, 143–144, RC circuits, 833–838, 834 Lorentz transformation, 1200–1201,
144 capacitor charging, 834, 834–835 1203–1204
rad (unit), 1373 capacitor discharging, 834, 836 measuring events, 1188–1190
radar waves, 469 real batteries, 818, 818–819, 823, 823–825 and momentum, 1209–1214
radial component: real emf devices, 818, 818–819 postulates, 1187–1188
of linear acceleration, 283 real engines, efficiency of, ­623–624, puzzle, 1224
of torque, 291 628–629 simultaneity of, 1186–1195
radial probability density, 1283, 1285–1286 real fluids, 420 special theory of, 102, 1037, 1187, 1188,
radians, 49, 273 real focal point, 1078, 1078 1200, 1208, 1215
radiated power, 1238 real images, 1073 of time, 1191–1195
radiated waves, 1034 spherical mirrors, 1079 of velocities, 1204–1205, 1205
 INDEX I-21

relaxed state, of spring, 167, 167–168 resultant, of vector addition, 45 rotation, 270–301
released energy, from fusion reaction resultant force, 103, 106 angular momentum of rigid body rotating
rem (unit), 1373 resultant torque, 292 about fixed axis, 326, 326–327
repulsion, in nucleus, 653–654 resultant wave, 483, 483 constant angular acceleration, 279–281
repulsive force, 643 reverse saturation current, j­unction rectifiers, kinetic energy of, 285–286, 286
resistance, 796–801 1350 and molar specific heat, 598, 600, 600
alternating current, 973t reversible processes, 615–619 Newton’s second law for, 292–296
Ohm’s law, 801–804, 802 right-handed coordinate system, 50, 50 relating linear and angular variables,
parallel circuits, 827, 827–830 right-hand rule, 277–278, 278, 852 281–284, 282
and power in electric current, 805–806 Ampere’s law, 894, 895 in rolling, 310–312, 311
RC circuits, 833–838, 834 angular quantities, 277–278, 278 sample problems involving, 275–277,
and resistivity, 797–799, 799 displacement current, 1005, 1005 280–281, 283–284, 288–290, 294–296
RLC circuits, 963–965, 974–981 induced current, 919, 920 rotational equilibrium, 346
RL circuits, 935–939 Lenz’s law, 919, 920 rotational inertia, 272, 285, 287–290, 298t
in semiconductors, 807–808 magnetic dipole moment, 875, 875 rotational kinetic energy, 285–286
series circuits, 822, 822, 974–981 magnetic field due to current, 888, 889, 890 of rolling, 314
superconductors, 808 magnetic force, 852, 852–853 and work, 296–299
resistance rule, 820 magnetism, 894, 895 yo-yo, 316–317
resistivity, 798, 1328 vector products, 55, 56, 57, 891–892 rotational symmetry, 668, 669
calculating resistance from, 798, 798–799 rigid bodies: rotational variables, 272–277, 327t
Ohm’s law, 801–804 angular momentum of ­rotation about fixed rotation axis, 272, 272
selected materials at room temperature, axis, 326, 326–327 Rotor (amusement park ride), 280–281
798t defined, 272 roundabout traffic computer control, 309
semiconductors, 1338 elasticity of real, 356–357 Rowland ring, 1020, 1020
silicon vs. copper, 807–808, 807t, 1329t ring charge distributions, ­674–676, 675, 678 rubber band, entropy change on stretching,
resistors, 797, 797–798 Ritz combination principle, 1292 620
with ac generator, 967–969, 968 RLC circuits, 963–965, 964 Rubbia, Carlo, 1429
in multiloop circuits, 826–833, 827, 830 resonance curves, 978–979, 979 rulers, 2
Ohm’s law, 801–804, 802 series, 974–981, 976, 978, 979 rulings, diffraction grating, 1166
in parallel, 827, 827–830 transient current series, 977 Rutherford, Ernest, 723, 1352
phase and amplitude in ac circuits, 973t RL circuits, 935–939, 936, 937 Rutherford atomic model, 723
power dissipation in ac ­circuits, 983 RMS, see root-mean-square Rutherford scattering, 1354–1355
and power in electric current, 805–806 RMS current: R-value, 564
RC circuits, 833–838, 834 in ac circuits, 982–983 Rydberg constant, 1279
RLC circuits, 975, 976 in transformers, 989
RL circuits, 935–939, 936 rock climbing: S
in series, 822, 822, 975, 976 belay, 364 Sagittarius A*, 373, 390, 390
single-loop circuits, 819, 819–820 chalk, 155 Salam, Abdus, 1429
work, energy, and emf, 818, 818–819 chimney climb, 162, 162 satellites:
resolvability, 1159, 1159–1160, 1161–1162 crimp hold, 365, 365, 371, 371 energy of, in orbit, 390–393
resolving power: energy conservation in descent using rings, geosynchronous orbit, 402
diffraction grating, 1171–1173, 1172 206, 206 gravitational potential energy, 384
refracting telescope, 1097, 1097 energy expended against gravitational Kepler’s laws, 387–390
resolving vectors, 47 force climbing Mount Everest, 221 orbits and energy, 391
resonance: friction coefficients between shoes and satellite thrusters, 885
forced oscillations, 456–457 rock, 135 Saturn dust rings, 758
magnetic, 1303–1304, 1304 lie-back climb along fissure, 364, 364 scalar components, 50, 51
magnetic resonance imaging, 998, 998 rockets, 252–254, 253 scalar fields, 666
nuclear magnetic, 1303–1304, 1304 mass ratio, 264 scalar product, 53–54, 54
between pipes, 521–522 rocket sled acceleration, 21, 22, 42 scalars:
series RLC circuits, 977, 978–981, 979 roller coasters, maximum ­acceleration of, 21 multiplying vectors by, 53
and standing waves, 493, 493–495, 494 rolling, 310–317 vectors vs., 44–45
resonance capture, of neutrons in nuclear down ramp, 314, 314–316 scanning tunneling microscope (STM), 1250,
reactors, 1393 forces of, 314, 314–316 1250
resonance condition cyclotrons, 867 friction during, 314, 314, 343 scattering:
resonance curves, series RLC circuits, kinetic energy of, 312, 313–316 Compton, 1231, 1231–1234, 1232
978–979, 979 as pure rotation, 311, 312, 312 of polarized light, 1048
resonance hill, 980–981 sample problem involving, 316 Rutherford, 1354–1355
resonance peak, 457, 1304 as translation and rotation combined, x rays, 1174, 1174
resonant frequencies, 493, ­493–494, 519, 520 310–312, 312 schematic diagrams, 760, 761
response time, nuclear reactor control rods, yo-yo, 316–317, 317 Schrödinger’s equation, 1242–1244
1394 root-mean-square (RMS): for electron in finite well, 1268
rest, fluids at, 409–411, 410 and distribution of molecular speeds, for electron in infinite well, 1264
rest energy, 1210 590–591 for electron in rectangular box, 1274
rest frame, 1193, 1206 of electric/magnetic fields, 1041–1042 for electron in rectangular corral, 1273
rest length, 1196 for selected substances, 585t and hydrogen, 1278–1286
restoring torque, 448–449 speed, of ideal gas, 583–585, 584 for hydrogen ground state, 1282–1284t
I-22 INDEX

Schrödinger’s equation (continued ) shell theorem, 374, 381 minima for, 1150–1152, 1151
for multicomponent atoms, 1308 ship squat, 435 and wave theory of light, 1149–1150
probability density from, 1244 SHM, see simple harmonic motion Young’s interference experiment,
Schwarzschild, Karl, 396 shock wave, 34 1117–1121, 1118, 1119
Schwarzschild radius, 396 shock waves, 529, 529–530 sinusoidal waves, 470, 470–471, 471
scientific notation, 2–3 shortwave radiation, 1034 Sirius B, escape speed for, 386t
screen, in Young’s experiment, 1118, 1119, shot put, 128, 129 SI units, 2–3
1121 side maxima: skateboarding, 79, 269
scuba diving, 435 diffraction patterns, 1149, 1149 skiing, 138, 138
sea mile, 12 interference patterns, ­1120–1121 skunk cabbage, 577
seat of emf, 817 sievert (unit), 1373 slab (rotational inertia), 287t
secondary coil, transformer, 986 sigma particles, 1411, 1422, 1423t sliding block, 115, 115–116
secondary loop, pressurized water reactor, sign: sliding friction, 135, 135
1394, 1395 acceleration, 21–22 slope, of line, 16, 16
secondary maxima, diffraction patterns, 1149, displacement, 15 smoke detectors, 664
1149 heat, 551–552 Smoot, 8–9
secondary rainbows, 1054, 1054, 1069, 1116 velocity, 21–22, 30 Snell’s law, 1052, 1112–1113
secondary standards, 3–4 work, 160 snorkeling, 429, 435
secondary winding, transformer, 986 significant figures, 4 snowboarding, 137, 137
second law of thermodynamics, 619–620 Silbury Hill center of mass, 268, 268 snowshoes, 370
second minima: silicon: soap bubbles, interference patterns from,
and interference patterns, 1121 doping of, 1340 1127, 1130, 1130
for single-slit diffraction, 1151, 1151, 1154 electric properties of copper vs., 807–808, soccer, heading in, 239
second-order bright fringes, 1120–1121 807t, 1329t, 1337 soccer handspring throw-in, 80
second-order dark fringes, 1121 in MOSFETs, 1346 sodium, 1309
second-order line, 1167 properties of n- vs. p-doped, 1340t sodium chloride, 1310
second reflection point, 1068 resistivity of, 798t index of refraction, 1052t
second side maxima, interference patterns of, as semiconductor, 644, ­807–808, 1337 x-ray diffraction, 1174, 1174
1120–1121 unit cell, 1328, 1328 sodium doublet, 1325
secular equilibrium, 1380 silk, rubbing glass rod with, 642, 642–644, 654 sodium vapor lamp, 1227
seismic waves, 469, 537, 538 simple harmonic motion (SHM), 436–458, soft reflection, of traveling waves at
self-induced emf, 934, 934 438, 440 boundary, 492
self-induction, 934, 934–935, 943 acceleration, 441, 441, 443 solar cells, 817
semi-classical angle, 1297 angular, 446–447, 447 solar flare, 988
semiconducting devices, 807–808 damped, 453–455, 454 solar system, 1437
semiconductors, 644, 1336–1340. See also p-n energy in, 444–446, 445 solar wind, 1064
junctions; transistors force law for, 442 solenoids, 899, 899–901, 900
doped, 1338, 1338–1340 freeze-frames of, 438, 438–439 induced emf, 918–919
electrical properties, 1337, 1337 pendulums, 448–451, 449, 450 inductance, 933, 933
light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 1344–1345, quantities for, 439, 439–440 magnetic energy density, 942–943
1345 sample problems involving, 443–444, 447, magnetic field, 899, 899–901, 900
nanocrystallites, 1271, 1271 451, 455 real, 899, 900
n-type, 1338–1339, 1338. See also p-n and uniform circular motion, 451–453, 452 solid bodies:
junctions velocity, 438, 440–441, 441, 443–444 center of mass, 228–229
p-type, 1339–1340, 1340t waves produced by, 469–470 Newton’s second law, 231
resistance in, 807–808 simple harmonic oscillators: solids:
resistivities of, 798t angular, 446–447, 447 compressibility, 359
unit cell, 1328 linear, 442, 442–444 crystalline, 1327–1336, 1328
semimajor axis, of orbits, 388, 388, 389t simple magnifying lens, 1095–1096, 1096 elasticity and dimensions of, 357, 357
separation factor, 611 simple pendulum, 448–449, 449 heat absorption, 552–556
series, of spectral lines, 1280 simultaneity, 1186–1195 polycrystalline, 1021
series circuits: and Lorentz transformation equations, specific heats of selected, 553t
capacitors, 767, 767–769, 828t 1200 speed of sound in, 507t
RC, 833–838, 834 relativity of, 1186–1195 thermal conductivity of ­selected, 564t
resistors, 822, 822, 828t sine, 49, 49 thermal expansion, 548–550, 549
RLC, 964, 974–981, 976, 978, 979 single-component forces, 103 solid state, 553–554
summary of relations, 828t single-loop circuits, 816–825, 968 solid-state electronic devices, 1328
series limit, 1280, 1281 charges in, 817–818 sonar, 506
shake (unit), 11 current in, 819, 819–821 sonic boom, 529–530
shearing stress, 357, 357 internal resistance, 821, 821 sound intensity, 515–518, 516
shear modulus, 358 potential difference between two points, sound levels, 515–518, 517t, 534, 539, 540
shells, 1285, 1299 823, 823–825, 825 sound waves, 469–470, 505–531
and characteristic x-ray ­spectrum, with resistances in series, 822, 822 beats, 522–524, 523
1311–1312 work, energy, and emf, 818, 818–819 defined, 505–506
and electrostatic force, 647, 648 single-slit diffraction, 1148–1158, 1163–1164, Doppler effect, 524–528, 526, 527
and energy levels in ­crystalline solids, 1329 1164 intensity and sound level, 515–518, 516,
and periodic table, 1308–1310 intensity in, 1153–1158, 1155, 1156 517t
 INDEX I-23

interference, 511–514, 512 spin angular momentum, 1012, 1297t, 1298, Stefan–Boltzmann constant, 565, 1238
sample problems involving, 511, 513–514, 1299 step-down transformer, 987
518, 521–522, 524, 528 spin-down proton or electron state, 1011, step-up transformer, 987
speed of, 506–508, 507t 1298, 1303, 1303 Stern–Gerlach experiment, 1300, 1300–1302
supersonic speed, 529, 529–530 spin-flip, 1025 stick-and-slip, 135
traveling waves, 508–511, 509 spin-flipping, 1025, 1303, 1304 stimulated emission, 1316, 1316–1317
south pole, magnet’s, 854, 854, 999, 999 spin magnetic dipole moment, 1010–1012, Stirling, Robert, 625, 632, 640
space charge, 1342 1011, 1299, 1299 Stirling engines, 624–625, 625
space curvature, 394, 394–395 diamagnetic materials, 1014 Stirling’s approximation, 632
spacetime, 394, 1435 ferromagnetic materials, 1014 STM, see scanning tunneling microscope
spacetime coordinates, ­1189–1190 paramagnetic materials, 1014, 1017 stopping potential, photoelectric effect, 1228,
spark, see electric spark spin magnetic quantum ­number, 1011, 1297t, 1229
special theory of relativity, 102, 1037, 1187, 1298, 1411–1412 straight line charge distributions, 678
1188, 1200, 1208, 1215 spin quantum number, 1297t, 1298, 1299, strain, 357, 357–359
specific heat, 553, 553t. See also molar 1411–1412 strain gage, 358, 358
specific heat spin-up proton or electron state, 1011, 1298, strangeness, conservation of, 1422
speckle, 1122 1303, 1303 strange particles, 1422
spectral radiancy, 1237 spontaneous emission, 1316, 1316 strange quark, 1425, 1426t
spectroscope, grating, 1168, 1168–1169 spontaneous otoacoustic emission, 534 streamlines:
spectrum, 1280 spring constant, 168 in electric fields, 793, 793
speed: spring force, 167–169 in fluid flow, 421–422, 421–422
average in one-dimensional motion, 17 as conservative force, 189, 189 strength:
drift, 793, 793–794, 796, 857–861, 858 work done by, 167, 167–170 ultimate, 357, 357, 358t
escape, 744, 754 spring scale, 110, 110–111 yield, 357, 357, 358t
Fermi, 1331 sprites, 672–673, 673 stress, 357, 357
most probable, 1398, 1409 s subshells, 1309, 1310 compressive, 357–358
one-dimensional motion, 18 stable equilibrium potential energy curves, electrostatic, 787
recessional, of universe, 1433 200 hydraulic, 358–359, 358t
relating linear to angular, 282–283 stable static equilibrium, 345, 345–346, 346 shearing, 357, 357
relative, 253 stainless steel, thermal conductivity of, 564t tensile, 357, 357
in rolling, 311–312, 312 standard kilogram, 7, 7 stress-strain curves, 357, 357
waves, see wave speed standard meter bar, 3–4 stress-strain test specimen, 357
speed amplifier, 265 Standard Model, of elementary particles, stretched strings, 506
speed deamplifier, 265 1412 energy and power of traveling wave on,
speed of light, 469, 1037, 1188, 1212, 1212 standards, 2 478, 478–480
speed of light postulate, 1187, 1188 standing waves, 490–495, 491, 492, 493, 1259 and resonance, 493, 493–495, 494
speed of sound, 506–508, 507t electric shaver, 495 strike-slip, 63
and RMS speed in gas, 585 reflections at boundary, 492, 492 string theory, 1430
in various media, 507t and resonance, 493, 493–495, 494 string waves, 475–480
speed parameter, in time ­dilation, 1193, 1193 transverse and longitudinal waves on, strokes, 621
spelunking, 48 469–470, 470 strong force, 1360, 1414
spherical aberrations, 1097 wave equation, 480–482 conservation of strangeness, 1422
spherical capacitors, 764 wave speed on, 476–478, 477 messenger particle, 1429–1430
spherical conductors, Coulomb’s law for, stars (also see black holes), 1225 strong interaction, 1422
648–652 Doppler shift, 1207 strong nuclear force, 654
spherically symmetric charge distribution, formation in early universe, 1436 subcritical state, nuclear ­reactors, 1394
713–715, 714, 734 fusion in, 1360, 1398, 1400, 1400–1402 submarines, rescue from, 607
spherical mirrors, 1077, 1078, 1079 matter and antimatter in, 1414–1415 subshells, 1285, 1299
focal points, 1077–1078, 1078 neutron, 853t and energy levels in ­crystalline solids, 1329
formulas, 1098, 1098 orbiting, 403 and periodic table, 1308–1310
images from, 1076–1083, 1077, 1078, 1079, rotational speed as function of distance substrate, MOSFET, 1346
1080t, 1081, 1082, 1096–1097, 1097 from galactic center, 1434, 1434 subtraction:
spherical refracting surfaces, 1083–1086, state, 553–554 of vectors by components, 52
1084, 1098, 1098–1099 state function, entropy as, 616–617 of vectors geometrically, 46, 46
spherical shell: state properties, 616–617 Sun, 1437
Coulomb’s law for, 648–652 static equilibrium, 345, 345–347, 346 convection cells in, 565
electric field and enclosed charge, 707–708 fluids, 409–411, 410 density at center of, 407t
rotational inertia of, 287t indeterminate structures, 355–356, 356 escape speed for, 386t
spherical symmetry, Gauss’ law, 713–715, requirements of, 346–347 fusion in, 1360, 1398, 1400, 1400–1402
714 sample problems involving, 350–354 monitoring charged particles from, 789
spherical waves, 506 static frictional force, 133–134, 133–135, neutrinos from, 1369
spiders ballooning, 695 314–315 period of revolution about galactic
spin, 1297t, 1412 static wicks, 748, 748 center, 402
electron, 1412, 1413 statistical mechanics, 629–633 pressure at center of, 408t
isospin, 1440 steady flow, 420 randomly polarized light, 1046
nuclear, 1360 steady-state current, 790, 977 speed distribution of photons in core, 591
nuclides, 1356t, 1360 Stefan, Josef, 565 sunglasses, polarizing, 1060
I-24 INDEX

sunjamming, 126 temperature coefficient of ­resistivity, 799, thin-lens approximation, 1100

sunlight, coherence of, 1122 1328 thin lenses, 1086–1094
superconductivity, 808 selected materials, 798t formulas, 1087–1088, 1099, 1099–1100
superconductors, 644, 808 as semiconductor, 1338 images from, 1086–1094, 1087, 1088, 1089,
supercooling, 636 silicon vs. copper, 807t, 1329t 1090, 1090t, 1091, 1099, 1099–1100
supercritical state, nuclear ­reactors, 1394 temperature field, 666 two-lens systems, 1091, ­1091–1092,
supermassive black holes, 373, 390, 396 temperature scales: 1093–1094
supernovas, 94, 386t, 1401, 1401, 1437 Celsius, 545–547, 546, 546t third-law force pair, 113–114, 374
supernova SN1987a, 1401 compared, 546 Thomson, J. J., 758, 856
supernumeraries, 1116, 1116 Fahrenheit, 545–547, 546, 546t Thorne, Kip S., 1138
superposition, principle of, see principle of Kelvin, 542, 542, 546 three-dimensional electron traps, 1272–1275,
superposition temporal separation, of events, 1191 1273, 1274
supersonic speed, 529, 529–530 10-hour day, 6 three-dimensional motion:
surface charge density, 661, 674t tensile stress, 357, 357 acceleration, 73–74
surface wave, 538 tension force, 112, 112–113 position and displacement, 68, 68
S waves, 532 and elasticity, 357–358 velocity, 70–73, 71, 72
symmetric lenses, 1089, 1­ 092–1093 and wave speed on stretched string, 476, three-dimensional space, center of mass in,
symmetry: 477 227
axis of, 667–668 terminals, battery, 760–761, 818–819 three-dimensional variable force, 171–172
center of mass of bodies with, 228 terminal speed, 138–140, 139 thrust, 253, 254
cylindrical, Gauss’ law, ­708–709, 709 tertiary rainbows, 1069 thunderstorm potentials, ­measuring with
importance in physics, 696–697 tesla (unit), 853 muons, 728–729
of messenger particles, 1430 test charge, 666, 666–667 thunderstorm sprites, 672–673, 673
planar, Gauss’ law, 710–713, 711, 712 Tevatron, 1428 time:
rotational, 667, 669 The Hunt for Red October, 859 directional nature of, 614
spherical, Gauss’ law, ­713–715, 714 theories of everything (TOE), 1430 for free-fall flight, 29
system, 106, 551–552, 552. See also particle thermal agitation: proper, 1192
systems of ferromagnetic materials, 1020 between relativistic events, 1192, 1192
systolic blood pressure, normal, 407t of paramagnetic materials, 1017 relativity of, 1191–1195
thermal capture, of neutrons, 1393 scalar nature of, 45
T thermal conduction, 563, 563 space, 1225, 1435
taekwondo, 268, 268 thermal conductivity, 563, 564t units of, 5–6
tangent, 49, 49 thermal conductor, 563 time constants:
tangential component: thermal efficiency: inductive, 937–938
of linear acceleration, 283 Carnot engines, 623–624 for LC oscillations, 957
of torque, 291 Stirling engines, 624–625 for RC circuits, 835, 835–836
target: thermal energy, 188, 205, 541, 925 for RL circuits, 937–938
collisions in two dimensions, 251, 251 thermal equilibrium, 542–543 time dilation, 1186–1195
elastic collisions in one dimension, with thermal expansion, 547–550, 548 and length contraction, 1198
moving, 249–250 on Mars, 577 and Lorentz transformation, 1202
elastic collisions in one dimension, with on the Moon, 550 for a space traveler who returns to Earth,
stationary, 248, 248–249 thermal insulator, 564 1194–1195
inelastic collisions in one dimension, 244 thermal neutrons, 1386–1393 tests of, 1193–1194
series of collisions, 238, 238 thermal radiation, 565–567 and travel distance for a ­relativistic
single collision, 236, 237 thermal reservoir, 557, 557 particle, 1195
tattoo inks, magnetic particles in, 998, 998 thermal resistance to ­conduction, 564 time intervals, 5–6, 6t
tau neutrinos, 1420, 1420t thermodynamic cycles, 558, 559, 561 time signals, 6
tau particles, 1420, 1420t thermodynamic processes, 557–560, 558, 604 TOE (theories of everything), 1430
teapot effect, 427 thermodynamics, 541 tokamak, 1403
telescopes, 1094, 1096–1097, 1097 defined, 541 ton, 10
television, 850–851, 1007 first law, 556–562 top gun pilots, turns by, 83–84
television waves, 469 zeroth law, 542–543, 543 top quark, 1426t, 1427, 1428
temperature, 542, 543 thermodynamics: toroids, 901, 901
defined, 543 first law, 556–562 torque, 272, 291–296, 317–319, 327t
for fusion, 1399 second law, 619–620 and angular momentum of system of
and heat, 551–552, 552, ­553–556, 555–556 thermometers: particles, 325–326
and ideal gas law, 579–583 constant-volume gas, 544, 544–545 and conservation of angular momentum,
measuring, 543–545 liquid-in-glass, 548 329
and RMS speed of ideal gas, 583–585 thermonuclear bomb, 1402–1403 for current loop, 872, 872–873
sample problems involving, 547, 550 thermonuclear fusion, 1360, 1398–1405 of electric dipole in electric field, 686
scalar nature of, 45 controlled, 1402–1405 and gyroscope precession, 333, 333
selected values, 546t process of, 1398–1399 internal and external, 325–326
as state property, 616–617 in Sun and stars, 1398, 1400, 1400–1402 and magnetic dipole moment, 875
work done by ideal gas at constant, 581, thermopiles, 818 net, 292, 325–326
581–582 thermoscope, 542, 542 Newton’s second law in ­angular form,
and zeroth law of thermodynamics, thin films, interference, ­1126–1135, 1127, 322–323
542–543, 543 1128, 1129t particle about fixed point, 318, 318–319
 INDEX I-25

restoring, 448–449 tube length, compound ­microscope, 1096, dark energy, 1437
rolling down ramp, 314–315 1096 dark matter, 1434
sample problems involving, 319, 323–324 tube of flow, 422, 422 estimated age, 1432
and time derivative of angular momentum, tunneling, barrier, 1248–1251, 1249, 1250, expansion of, 1432–1433
323–324 1366–1367 unoccupied levels, 1305, 1330, 1375
torr, 408 turbulent flow, 420 unpolarized light, 1047, 1047–1048
Torricelli, Evangelista, 408 turning points, in potential ­energy curves, unstable equilibrium, 199
torsion constant, 446, 447 198–199, 198–199 unstable static equilibrium, 345–346
torsion pendulum, 446, 447 turns: up quark, 1425, 1426t
total energy, relativity of, 1211–1212 in coils, 873 upside down driving, 143–144
total internal reflection, ­1056–1059, 1057 in solenoids, 899 uranium, 407t
tour jeté, 330, 330–331 turns ratio, transformer, 897, 988, 989 enrichment of, 1393
Tower of Pisa, 369–370, 370 two-dimensional collisions, 251, 251 mass energy of, 1211t
townships, 11 two-dimensional electron traps, 1272–1275, uranium228:
tracer, for following fluid flow, 420–421, 421 1273, 1274 alpha decay, 1365–1366
trajectory, in projectile motion, 79 two-dimensional explosions, 242, 242–243 half-life, 1366, 1367t
transcranial magnetic stimulation, 913 two-dimensional motion: uranium235:
transfer: acceleration, 73–75, 74 enriching fuel, 1393
collisions and internal energy transfers, position and displacement, 68–69, 69 fission, 1387–1390, 1389
206–207 relative, 86, 86–87 fissionability, 1390–1392, 1390t, 1395
heat, 563–567 sample problems involving, 69, 74–75, in natural nuclear reactor, 1395–1396
transformers, 985–989 80–81, 87 uranium236, 1388, 1390t
energy transmission ­requirements, 985–986 uniform circular motion, 82–84 uranium238, 655, 1362
ideal, 986, 986–987 velocity, 70–73 alpha decay, 1365–1367, 1366
impedance matching, 897–988 Tyrannosaurus rex, 269, 269 binding energy per nucleon, 1359
in LC oscillators, 1034 fissionability, 1390–1392, 1390t, 1395
power-grid systems, 988 U half-life, 1367, 1367t
solar activity, 988 ultimate strength, 357, 357, 358t uranium239, 1390t
transient current series RLC circuits, 977 ultrarelativistic proton, 1214 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), 6
transistors, 807–808, 1345–1346 ultrasound (ultrasound imaging), 506, 506
FET, 1345–1346, 1346 bat navigation using, 528 V
MOSFET, 1345–1346, 1346 blood flow speed measurement using, 537, vacant levels, 1330
transition elements, ­paramagnetism of, 1014 537–538 valence band, 1338, 1338, 1339
translation, 271, 310–312, 311 ultraviolet light, 469 valence electrons, 1259, 1309, 1331
translational equilibrium, 346 ultraviolet radiation, 1034 valence number, 1339
translational kinetic energy: uncertainty principle, 1244–1246 valley of nuclides, 1370, 1370
ideal gases, 586 underwater illusion, 532 Van Allen radiation belts, 863
of rolling, 313 uniform charge distributions: vaporization, 554
yo-yo, 316–317 electric field lines, 666, 666–668, 667 vapor state, 554
translational variables, 327t types of, 678 variable capacitor, 784–785
transmission coefficient, 1248, 1249 uniform circular motion, 82–84 variable force:
transparent materials, 1051 centripetal force in, 141–144, 142 work done by applied force, 169
in Michelson’s interferometer, 1136 sample problems involving, 143–144 work done by general ­variable, 171,
thin-film interference in, 1133–1135, 1134 and simple harmonic motion, 451–453, 452 171–174
transuranic nuclides, 1395 velocity and acceleration for, 82, 83 work done by spring force, 167, 168–169
transverse Doppler effect, 1208, 1208 uniform electric fields, 667 variable-mass systems, rockets, 252–254, 253
transverse motion, 470 electric potential of, 730 vector(s), 44–58, 666
transverse waves, 469–470, 470, 474–475, flux in, 697–701 adding, by components, 50–51, 52
1035 unit cells, 1174, 1174 adding, geometrically, 45, 45–46, 46
travel distance, for relativistic particle, 1195 determining, with x-ray diffraction, area, 698, 698
traveling waves, 470, 1259 1175–1176 for a coil of current loop, 873
electromagnetic, 1034, ­1034–1040, 1035, metals, insulators, and semiconductors, coupled, 1295
1036, 1037 1328, 1328 and laws of physics, 50–51
energy and power, 478, 478–480 United States Naval Observatory time multiplying, 52–58, 54, 56
hard vs. soft reflection of, at boundary, 492 signals, 6 Poynting, 1040–1043, 1042
sound, 508–511, 509 units, 2 problem-solving with, 49
speed, 473, 473–474 changing, 3 resolving, 47
wave function, 1242–1244 heat, 552–553 sample problems involving, 48, 57–58
travel time, 1189, 1214 length, 3–4 scalars vs., 44–45
trebuchet, 92 mass, 6–7 unit, 50, 50, 52, 57–58
triangular prisms, 1054, 1054 time, 5–6 velocity, 45
Trieste, 429 unit vectors, 50, 50, 52, 57–58 vector angles, 47, 47, 49
trigonometric functions, 49, 49 universe: vector-capable calculator, 50, 53, 56
triple-point cell, 544 Big Bang, 1434–1437, 1435 vector components, 46–49, 47
triple point of water, 543–544 color-coded image of universe at 379 000 yrs addition, 50–52
tritium, 1370, 1403, 1404–1405 old, 1436, 1436 rotating axes of vectors and, 51
triton, 1403 cosmic background radiation, 1433–1434 vector equation, 45
I-26 INDEX

vector fields, 666 W of hydrogen atom, 1276

vector product, 53, 55–58, 56 Walsh, Donald, 429 and index of refraction, 1114–1115
vector quantities, 15, 45, 103 water: proper, 1206, 1215
vector sum (resultant), 45, 45–46 boiling/freezing points of, in Celsius and sound waves, 509
velocity, 298t Fahrenheit, 546t wavelength Doppler shift, 1206, 1215
angular, 274–277, 278, 298t bulk modulus, 358, 507 wave shape, 471
average, 15–17, 16, 24, 70 as conductor, 644 wave speed, 473, 473–478
of center of mass, 245–246 density, 407t electromagnetic waves, 1035–1036
graphical integration in motion analysis, dielectric properties, 775, 775t, 776 sound waves, 509
30, 30 diffraction of waves, 1117, 1117 on stretched string, 476–478, 477
instantaneous, 18–20 as electric dipole, 684, 684 traveling waves, 473, 473–474
line of sight, 403 heats of transformation, 553–554, 554t wave theory of light, 1111–1116, 1149–1150
and Newton’s first law, 102–105 index of refraction, 1052t wave trains, 1315
and Newton’s second law, 105–108 as insulator, 644–645 weak force, 1414, 1429
one-dimensional motion, 15–20 in microwave cooking, 685–686 weak interaction, 1417
reference particle, 453 as moderator for nuclear reactors, 1393 weber (unit), 917
relative motion in one ­dimension, 84–86 polarization of light by ­reflection in, 1060 weight, 110–111
relative motion in two ­dimensions, RMS speed at room ­temperature, 585t apparent, 111, 417
86–87 specific heats, 553t mass vs., 111
relativity of, 1204–1205, 1205 speed of sound in, 507, 507t weightlessness, 142
rockets, 252–254 thermal properties, 549 Weinberg, Steven, 1429
sign of, 21–22 thin-film interference of, 1132 Weiss, Rainer, 1137, 1138
simple harmonic motion, 438, 440–441, water waves, 469 well depth, 1268
441, 443–444 watt (W), 2, 175 wheelchair motion, 309, 309
two- and three-dimensional motion, 70–73, Watt, James, 175 Wheeler, John, 1388
71–73 wave(s), 468–496. See also ­electromagnetic whiplash injury, 31
uniform circular motion, 82, 82–84, 83 waves; matter waves white dwarfs, 386t, 407t
as vector quantity, 45 amplitude, 471, 471, 472, 472 white light:
velocity amplitude: lagging vs. leading, 486 chromatic dispersion, 1053, 1053, 1054
forced oscillations, 456, 456 light as, 1111–1116, 1112, 1114 single-slit diffraction pattern,
simple harmonic motion, 441, 441 net, 482, 483, 483, 521 1152–1153
velocity vectors, 45 phasors, 487–490, 488 Wien’s law, 1238
venturi meter, 433 principle of superposition for, 483, 483 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
vertical circular loop, 143 probability, 1234–1236, 1239 (WMAP), 1436
vertical motion, in projectile motion, resultant, 483, 483 windings, solenoid, 899
78, 79 sample problems involving, 474–476, 480, window glass, thermal ­conductivity of, 564t
Vespa mandarinia japonica, 573 489–490, 495 Wintergreen LifeSaver, blue flashes
virtual focal point, 1078, 1078 seismic, 537, 538 from, 645
virtual images: shock, 34, 529, 529–530 WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
defined, 1073 sinusoidal, 470, 470–471, 471 Probe), 1436
spherical mirrors, 1079 sound, see sound waves W messenger particle, 1429
spherical refracting surfaces, 1083–1086, speed of traveling waves, 473, 473–474 work, 298t
1084 standing, see standing waves and applied force, 727–728
thin lenses, 1089, 1089 on stretched string, 476–478, 477 for capacitor with dielectric, 776
virtual photons, 1429 string, 475–480 Carnot engines, 623
viscous drag force, 420 transverse and longitudinal, 469–470, 470, and conservation of ­mechanical energy,
visible light, 469, 1033, 1034, 1188 474–475 193–196
vision, resolvability in, 1159–1160 traveling, see traveling waves and conservation of total energy, 205–209,
void ratio, 11 types of, 469 207
volcanic bombs, 97 wavelength and frequency of, 470–473 defined, 157
volt, 726, 728 wave equation, 480–482 done by applied force, 169
voltage. See also potential ­difference wave forms, 470, 473 done by electric field, 727–728
ac circuits, 973t wavefronts, 506, 506, 1025, 1036 done by electrostatic force, 727–728
transformers, 986–987 wave function, 1242–1244. See also done by external force with friction,
voltage law, Kirchhoff’s, 820 Schrödinger’s equation 201–205
volt-ampere, 806 hydrogen ground state, 1282–1284t, 1283 done by external force ­without friction,
voltmeters, 833, 833 normalizing, 1266 202
volume: of trapped electrons, 1264–1267, 1265 done by gravitational force, 163–166, 164
and ideal gas law, 579–583 wave interference, 474, 483–486, 485, done by ideal gas, 581–582
as state property, 616–617 511–514, 512 done by spring force, 167, 167–170
work done by ideal gas at constant, 582 wavelength, 471–472 done by variable force, 171, 171–174
volume charge density, 661, 663, 674t Compton, 1233 done in lifting and lowering objects, 164,
volume expansion, 549 cutoff, 1228, 1311 164–166
volume flow rate, 422 de Broglie, 1239, 1243, 1261 done on system by external force, 201–205,
volume probability density, 1283, 1284, determining, with diffraction grating, 1167 203
1285 and frequency, 470–473 and energy/emf, 818–819
 INDEX I-27

first law of thermodynamics, 557–559, work function, 1229 Y

559–561 and photoelectric effect, 1230 y component, of vectors, 46–47, 47
and heat, 552–553, 557–560 working substance, 621–623 yield strength, 357, 357, 358t
and induction, 923, 924, 925 work-kinetic energy theorem, 161–163, 172, Young’s double-slit interference experiment,
and kinetic energy, 159–163, 160, 298t 1117–1121, 1118, 1119
1212–1213 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 400 single-photon version, 1234, 1235
and magnetic dipole moment, 875 wide-angle version, ­1235–1236, 1236
negative, 559 X Young’s modulus, 358, 358t
net, 161, 623 x component, of vectors, 46–47, 47 yo-yo, 316–317, 317
path-dependent quantity, 559 xenon, decay chain, 1387–1388
path independence of ­conservative forces, xi-minus particle, 1423t, ­1424–1425, Z
188–190, 189 1428 zero angular position, 273
and photoelectric effect, 1230 x-ray diffraction, 1173–1176, 1174, 1175 zero-point energy, 1266
and potential energy, 187, 187–190, 188 x rays, 469, 1033, 1034 zeroth law of thermodynamics,
and power, 174–176, 175 characteristic x-ray spectrum, 1311–1312, 542–543, 543
and rotational kinetic energy, 296–299 1312 zeroth-order line, 1167
sample problems involving, 161–163, continuous x-ray spectrum, 1311, 1311 Z messenger particle, 1429
165–166, 170, 173–174, 562 and ordering of elements, 1310–1314
signs for, 160 radiation dosage, 1372–1373