INTEGRAL COMPONENTS OF CLIENT CARE 4. Septicemia – when bacteria results in systemic infection.

➢ Asepsis 5. Acute Infection – appear suddenly or last a short time.

➢ Safety 6. Chronic Infection – occur slowly, over a long period and

may last months or years.
➢ Hygiene
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION - infections are associated
➢ Diagnostic Testing with the delivery of healthcare service in a healthcare
facility.
➢ Medications
1. Endogenous – originate from the client themselves.
➢ Skin Integrity and Wound Care
2. Exogenous – from hospital environment or personal.
➢ Perioperative Nursing

● Microorganisms exist everywhere: in water, in soil, and on COMMON CAUSES

body surfaces such as the skin, intestinal tract, and other MICROORGANISMS
areas open to the outside. Urinary Tract
a. Escherichia coli Improper catheterization
● Some microorganisms found in the intestines produce
technique
substances called bacteriocins, which are lethal to related
strains of bacteria.
Inadequate hand cleansing
● Some microorganisms are normal resident flora in one
b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
part of the body, yet produce infection in another.
Surgical Sites
● An infection is the growth of microorganisms in body a. Staphylococcus aureus Inadequate hand cleansing
tissue where they are not usually found. Bloodstream
a. Staphylococcus aureus Improper intravenous fluid,
● A detectable alteration in normal tissue function,
however, is called disease. tubing and site care
technique
PROCEDURES BASIC TO NURSING CARE Pneumonia
a. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Improper suctioning
Asepsis - is the freedom from disease - causing
technique
microorganisms.

2 TYPES OF ASEPSIS
SAFETY – the ability of people to protect themselves from
a. MEDICAL ASEPSIS – the absence of almost all of injury that is affected by the following factors;
the microorganisms.
 Age and development
b. SURGICAL ASEPSIS/TECNIQUE – practices that
 Lifestyle
keep an area/object from all microorganisms.
 Mobility and health status
TYPES OF BACTERIA CAUSING INFECTION  Sensory perception alterations
 Cognitive awareness
1. Bacteria – most common infection causing microorganism.  Emotional state
 Ability to communicate
2. Viruses – consist primarily of nucleic acid.  Safety awareness
3. Fungi – yeast and molds.  Environmental factors

4. Parasites – live in other living organisms. COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES –

most of nursing education has been under the umbrella of
TYPES OF INFECTION biomedicine.

1. Local Infection – limited to the specific part of the body BASIC CONCEPTS
where the microorganisms remain.
1. Holism - considered crucial to a person's state of health.
2. Systematic Infection – microorganisms spread and American holistic nurses’ association (AHNA) to enhance
damage different parts of the body. the healing of the whole person from birth to death.

3. Bacteremia – when a culture of the blood reveals 2. Humanism – people have the power to solve their own
microorganisms. problems.
3. Balance - physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and 5. Biofeedback – a relaxation technique uses electronic
environmental. equipment to amplify the electrochemical energy produced
by body responses. To gain voluntary control like muscle
4. Spirituality – most ancient healing practices.
spasm and incontinence.
5. Energy - viewed as the force that integrates the body, 6. Qigong and T’ai Chi - focus on movement and body
mind and spirit that connects everything.
awareness to maintain health and correct specific problems.
6. Healing Environments - we create healing environments 7. Pilates - physical movement and exercise designed to
when we use our hands, hearts and mind to provide holistic
stretch, strengthen and balance the body and relieve
nursing care. muscle aches.

HEALING MODALITIES SPIRITUAL THERAPY

1. Ayurveda - the Indian system of medicine . Specific 1. Faith - sense of letting go of the need to control while
lifestyle interventions are a major preventive and
trusting and waiting for the moment when answers come.
therapeutic approach.
2. Prayer - form of communication and fellowship with the
2. Traditional Chinese Medicine - acupuncture, acupressure,
creator.
herbal medicine, massage, heat therapy and traditional
lifestyle counseling. MISCELLANEOUS THERAPY
3. Native American Healing - spirituality and medicine are 1. Music Therapy – use to induce relaxation.
inseparable in NAH. The healer is the one who created all
things. 2. Humor and Laughter - relieve tension, release anger, and
facilitate learning or cope with painful feelings.
4. Curanderismo - a cultural healing tradition found in Latin
America. Combines spiritual healing, herbal medicine and 3. Bioelectromagnetic - use to relieve joint pains and
first-aid–techniques. headaches, speed up healing of wounds by increasing blood
flow and improved bone repair but with contraindications.
5. Botanical Healing Herbs, Aromatherapy, Homeopathy,
and Naturopathy 4. Infrared Photo Energy Therapy - effective treatment to
improve sensory impairment associated with peripheral
6. Nutritional Therapy neuropathy.

MANUAL HEALING METHODS 5. Detoxifying Therapies - impurities and toxins must be

cleared from the body to achieve better health.
1. Chiropractic – which goal is to reduce or eliminate pain.
6. Animal-Assisted Therapy - ambulating with a dog
2. Massage – is believed that massage aids in the ability of
improves mobility.
the body to heal itself and aims at achieving or increasing
health and well-being. Medications - a substance adm. For the diagnosis, cure,
treatment/relief of a symptom/prevention of disease.
3. Acupuncture/Acupressure/Reflexology - the applying of
pressure or stimulation to specific points in the body. Type of Drug Prescription Description
1. Aerosol / spray or foam A liquid, powder or foam
4. Hand-Mediated Biofield Therapies - use to alter
2. Aqueous solution Dissolved in water
biofield/energy fields using TT, HT and Reiki.
3. Aqueous suspension Finely divided in water
Mind-Body Therapies - realigning balance in mental 4. Caplet
processes to bring about healing. 5. Capsule
6. Cream
1. Yoga – has been practiced for thousands of years in 7. Elixir
India. 8. Extract
2. Meditation – relaxing the body and easing the mind. 9. Gel/jelly
10. Liniment
3. Hypnotherapy - good for psychological disorders, where 11. Paste
an individual’s concentration is focused and distraction is 12. Pill
minimized. 13. Powder
14. Suppository
4. Guided Imagery - a state of focused attention. Help us
15. Syrup
relax and decrease the negative impact of stressors.
16. Tablet
 17. Tincture 13. Synergistic - when two different drugs increase the
18. Transdermal patch action of one or another drug (aspirin and codeine-provides
greater pain relief).

14. Iatrogenic disease - disease caused unintentionally by

LEGAL ASPECTS OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION medical therapy (renal damage, malformation of fetus taken
during pregnancy).
- Nurses need to know how they act in their areas and be
able to recognize the limits of their own knowledge and DRUG MISUSE
skills.
1. Drug Abuse – inappropriate intake of drugs.
- Nurses are responsible for their own actions.
2. Drug Dependence – reliance on a drug.
- The use of controlled substances, placed in locked
drawers.  Physiologic Dependence
- withdrawal symptoms.
- Every drug must be approved by the FDA.  Psychologic Dependence
- emotional reliance on a drug to maintain a
➔ requires that labels be accurate and be
sense of well-being.
tested for harmful effects. (Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act (1938). 3. Illicit Drugs – street drugs sold illegally.

- Differentiates drugs that can be sold only with ACTIONS OF DRUG IN THE BODY
prescription. (Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1952).
1. Onset of action - the time after drug administration
- Controlled substances act.
when the body initially responds to the drug.
- Protects the public against unsafe and ineffective over-
2. Plasma level - the highest plasma level achieved by a
the-counter drugs. Proprietary/patent medicine act (1953). single dose when the elimination rate of a drug equals the
absorption rate.
EFFECTS OF DRUGS
3. Drug half-life - the time required for the elimination
1. Therapeutic Effect – desired effect.
process to reduce the concentration of the drug to one
2. Side Effect - predictable and maybe either harmless half.
/harmful
4. Plateau - a maintained concentration of a drug in the
3. Adverse Effects - may justify discontinuation. plasma during a series of scheduled doses.

4. Drug Toxicity - overdose/ingestion of drugs intended for  IVT drugs - immediately in vascular system
external use.  IM drugs - highly vascular muscle
 Subcu - poorer blood supply
5. Drug Allergy - an immunologic reaction to drugs.  PO - small intestine, absorb quickly when the
stomach is empty
6. Anaphylactic Reaction - a severe reaction immediately
 Excretion - kidneys in the urine, feces, breath,
after adm.
perspiration, saliva and breastmilk.
7. Drug Tolerance - low physiologic response to a drug
which requires increase in dose. ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION

8. Cumulative Effect - the increasing response to repeated 1. Oral - most common

doses.
2. Sublingual - under the tongue
9. Idiosyncratic Effect - unexpected, may have different
3. Buccal - pertaining to the cheek
effects to others from the normal one.
4. Parenteral - via needle
10. Drug Interaction - the effect of a drug after or before
another drug, maybe beneficial or harmful.  Subcutaneous - below the skin
 Intramuscular - into the muscle
11. Potentiating Effect – increasing.
 Intradermal - into the dermis
12. Inhibiting Effect – decreasing.  Intravenous - into the vein

5. Topical - applied to specific areas.

  Derma preparation 5. Right Education - provide enough knowledge to the
 Instillations / Irrigations patient of what drug he/she would be taking and what are
 Inhalations the expected therapeutic and side effects.

DRUG ABBREVIATIONS 6. Right Documentation - make sure to write the time and
any remarks on the chart correctly.
1. OU - both eyes
7. Right to Refuse - ensure you have the patient consent to
2. OS - left eye administer medications. The patient has a right to refuse
medication.
3. IM - intramuscular
8. Right Assessment - check your patient actually needs the
4. PO - per orem
medication and secure a copy of the client’s history to drug
5. PRN - as needed/when necessary interactions and allergies.

6. STAT- as soon as possible 9. Right Evaluation - check if patient actually needs the
medication and check for any contraindications.
7. ANST - after negative skin test
10. Right Drug - check and verify if it’s the right name and
8. RTC - round the clock form. Beware of look-alike and sound-alike medication
names.
9. BID - two times a day

10. TID - three time a day

11. QID -four times a day

TYPES OF MEDICATION ORDERS

1. Stat Order - to be given immediately

2. Single Order - one time order given in a specified time

3. Standing Order - may not have a termination date until

an order is written to cancel

4. PRN Order - as needed with good judgement of a nurse

RIGHT OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION

1. Right Dose – check the medication sheet and the doctor’s
order before medicating. Be aware of the difference
between an adult and a pediatric dose.

2. Right Time - check the order for when it would be given

and when was the last time it was given.

3. Right Patient - ask the name of the client and check

his/her ID band before giving the medication.

4. Right Route - check the order and appropriateness of

the route prescribed. Confirm that the patient can take or
receive the medication by the ordered route.