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ABSTRACT
eck wits rex bee Bo Nowa
The’ study~proposeg the design of an automated infrastructure for busyg
Payment using a QR code, Shis initiative ¥S motivated by the rapid
technological trend of making bus payments gapvenicnt ysigs QR |S ta Lifecat
codes on mobile devices. mary objective of this project is (0 develop fiu{ Claller(<
a web application that enables a superior, more efficie! f,,and more secure atowdey
method of paying for bus fares using QR codes, Every day, more and mi on
- ow!
Al
a
application enables Users 10 observe available rides, reserve, rides, and pay
i woe a TGS |. WOME IS Anat
for selected rides using
G vay
Blane CHAPTER ONE,
INTRODUCTION
141 Background of Study
Any system used to resolve financial transactions through the transfer of
non aleisapayent sen Tascoacote hea
individuals, norms, procedures, standards, and technologies that facilitate its
exces. QR: pyc sanallemtveto sey peas
mt of POS for efi vane nk ea
method secomplished by detceting a QR code using a mobile or webapp
+ Ere "
Tieden awe sl ppton Using AOR ent ance
and computerized method of payment for bus fares, thereby making payments
simpler, faster, and more secure,
Im recent years, t
industry. Different g
mology has drastically altered the global transportation
erations have utilized a variety of payment methods for
Teme anes: Throughout histo ticketing has evolved to mimtor the rate cf
technological progress, thas taken numerous forms, inching tokens, fragments
of Paper, magnetic trip cards, smartcard, and ckes embedded in seat cards,
mobile phones, and QR code format. As contactless policies are implemented and
{he number of smartphones grows, the demand for QR code-based bee payments
continues to rise
cS transportation as the means of
&F travel from one location to another, the public conveyance of
areanatts oF goods, particularly as a commercial enterprise. Transportation ie
essential to human existence. Man
Conveyance, including horses, early boat
Peyment. Various countries throughout the globe have implemented cashless
Policies in response to factors such as the high cost of cash and corruption
According to the Nigeria Iner-Bank Settlement System (NIBSS), caine
“rnsactions reached 569 million by the end of the third quarter of 2020, up tsa
1 from 403 million in the second quarter of 2020. Using QR codes for payment, the
contactless policy continues to advance.
QR, also known as "Quick Response" code, is a 2D matrix code that is designed
With two factors in mind: it must contain more data than 1D barcodes and it must
be decoded quickly by handheld devices such as mobile phones. QR codes offer
a high data storage capacity, rapid scanning, omnidirectional readability, and a
number of other benefits, such as error correction (so that damaged codes can also
be successfully read) and multiple version types. Users can choose from a variety
of QR code symbol types, including logo QR code, encrypted QR code, and IQR
Code, depending on their specific requirements. QR codes are utilized in a variety
of application fields related to marketing, security, academics, etc., and are
gaining popularity rapidly.
Many bus passengers in regions where bus fares are not fixed and can be
increased feel deceived when they are required to pay for their transportation
Moreover, in today's fast-paced society, individuals frequently neglect their
wallets and purses, which contain money, and cannot pay their bus fares. With
this Automated Platform for Bus Payment Using QR Codes, however, such
bottlenecks can be avoided, as bus fares now have fixed prices and passengers no
longer require currency to pay fares.
When technological innovations such as these are widely adopted and utilized,
they lead to more and better innovations, a widespread increase in knowledge
about new technology trends, a simpler way of life, a new era in technology, and
an overall improvement in the global community. Figure 1.1: A QR Code
A QR code is divided into several geometric parts:
1. Quiet Zone: this is simply the white area surrounding the image in
itself, useful for the scanner;
2, Position markers: Three big squares which allow a scanner to
define the area of the scan;
3. Fixed patterns: They allow the scanner to do some calibration;
4. Format information: Allow the scanner to determine the format of
the QR code (and thus perform adequately the scan of the data);
5. Data zone: Contains both the data and the error correction codes and
miscellaneous information.
The scan of the data is done via a ‘zig-zag’ around the QR code.
1,2 Statement of Problem
In a world where technology is at the forefront, it only makes sense to follow
suit. The problem of using cash for payments has been in existence for a long
period. Below are problems encountered when using cash to pay for transport
fares:
i.Counterfeit notes. Due to the high rate of crime, people now use
counterfeit notes to pay their fares.
ii.Non-availability of fare balance. Passengers have issues when there is
no balance for their bus fares as not every passenger has the exact fare
for their trips.
.Cashless Policy. We are in a time where banks are enforcing cashless
policies, so people do not go out carrying cash like they used to, hence
a better means of payment using QR codes.
3 iv.Vulnerability to Theft: One of the most glaring downsides of using cash
for payment is how susceptible to theft it leaves the holder.
s pre
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study + TRE An four AP!
This study aims to simplify payment for bus fares by using QR codes and see
how users interact with the technology. This focuses on a web app that will allow
users to book rides and pay for the selected rides using QR codes. It is expected
that this project work will benefit transport companies, drivers, and passengers.
The objectives include: c lo t
i.To design a system that will carry out the QR code payment tgectwe
functionality.
ii-To promote a better payment system. aut Ce
iii To provide easy access for transport companies to check payment te Ta
records and booking status. Teh
youl
af
1.4 Significance of Study Slougs
This project work is very relevant and useful as it looks to enhance payment for
bus transportation, It seeks to tackle certain bottlenecks encountered while paying
for bus transportation and create an efficient and convenient means of payment.
Other significances include:
1, It will serve as a bedrock for another advancement in inland _/
transportation payment. =
2. People can eam a living from it as they can create apps that can run
the QR code Scanner.
3. Shorter waiting time in queues at bus parks.
4 T payment time.
5, Secure payment.
1.5 Scope of Study
‘The scope and focus of this study are on better, faster, and more secure payment
of bus fares using QR code technology.
This project will concentrate on building a web app for scanning the codes,
creating QR codes that will be scanned, performing the payments, view of
available trips.
ya
2 oR a fies WSS- We
Sas cnet Laut cas < awed yp Ry Sony Yn QROdA
orcake ay kn, , soa
5 1.6 Limitations of the Study
Considering the multi-tasking nature of the project, much time and financial
resources are required. Owing to this fact, the specifications of the proposed
system were adjusted to suit the available financial budget allocated to it and
which is obtainable.
Other limitation includes:
1.
Choice of the Automated Platform: The choice of the automated platform.
proved to be difficult as choices ranged from web-based applications to
mobile-based applications.
Location of Implementation: The location of the implementation of this
project seemed to be difficult as shuttle buses are less functional in the
environs of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri.
1.7 Definition of Terms
its
QR Code: This is a type of matrix barcode that contains information about
the item to which it is attached,
Web Portal: A portal is a web system with functionalities to authenticate
and identify users as well as provide them with an easy, intuitive,
personalized, and self-customizable web interface for facilitating access to
information and services that are of primary relevance and interest to the
users.
Programming Language: Is a set of commands, instructions, and other
syntax used to create a software
Python: Is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. It also
supports structured, object-oriented, and functional programming
Flask: This is a micro web framework written in Python.
API: An API means an Application Programming Interface. It is a way two
or more computer programs communicate with each other.
PYQR: This is a Python module that generates QR codes.
Algorithm: A set of logic rules determined during the design phase of a
data-matching application. The ‘blueprint’ is used to tum logic rules into
computer instructions detailing what step to perform. CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
21 Overview of QR Code Payment
In some studies, on the advertisement (Ertekin and Pelton, 2015), publicity
(Demir el, 2015; Sago, 2011; Kamarudin, Patwary and Mahmoud, 2020) and
protection (Narayanan, 2012), QR codes have been studied. In brand
Communication, these codes were applied to provide consumers with details
(Katlay, 2020), promote (Celtek, 2017; Patwary, Omar and Tahir, 2020) and
increase the satisfaction of customers (Tardivo etal, 2015). Pilla ct al, 2017)
published the most detailed study, exploring the use of QR codes in the global
business industry and how QR codes can enhance the customer experience, The
use ofthe QR code thus increases the importance of the customer's experience
and simplifies the activities they participate in. Coding is used in restaurants and
hotels to provide food and drink information on the menu to provide promotions
and to give messages to guests (Chen etal, 2016; Shadaksharappa eta, 2018)
Thanks to their versaility and information speed, QR codes have spread rapidly
to all service sectors. It appears that QR codes are most widely used in the
industry by showing the codes on signboards with company or association details
Cilla etal, 2017). In addition, the implementation of QR codes could give
several companies a competitive advantage (Alom, Patwary, &Khan, 2019).
Hotels use mobile technology, change their websites and enrich their mobile
applications through marketing activities and deliver competitive advantages
(Kirlar Can etal. 2017). Some companies offer guests diverse formation goods,
and quality through QR codes.
‘Today, we all are well familiar wth the iconi black and white square desi
QR code. The increased penetration of smariphones and access to high-speed
internet has led to the massive adoption of QR codes. That’ the reason why we
see it almost everywhere whether its for shopping, movies, ads, ete.
‘According to research by Statist, around 11 million households in the US alone
will scan a QR code inthe year 2020. This number is way more than 9.76 million
scans which were recorded inthe year 2018, The US isnot the only country where
QR Codes are widely used. Countries like France, Australia, Malaysia,
Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, Indonesia, and Canada are not far behind in
‘ the race. Furthermore, the QR code is also witnessing a surge in Africa and the
Middle East, where its total usage jumped from 12% in 2017 to 18% in 2018
When a QR code is scanned, the horizontal and vertical patterns of the matrix
are decoded by the software on a smartphone and converted into a string of
characters. Depending on the command of those characters, the phone may open
a browser link, confirm the payment information, and verify geolocation, among
other operations,
Contrary to linear barcodes that can only be read by a laser barcode scanner from
paper, QR codes can be scanned from both paper and screens. That is why QR
codes are seen in some online stores and apps.
To process a QR code, you need one of the following:
i. Smartphone or tablet with a built-in camera
fi, Barcode reader that can scan QR codes
Both iPhones and Android smartphones can scan QR codes directly from the
‘main camera app, as long as itis using the latest iOS or Android software. You
simply open the camera and point it towards the QR code, allowing the QR code
to align with the square presented by the code scanner, which will immediately
recognize it and open a push notification requiring you to tap it to finish the
relevant operation,
Only a few years ago, it was necessary to use a dedicated QR code scanning app
(there are many to choose from) on your mobile device, some of which are
‘company loyalty apps where your payment card details can be saved.
Certain banking apps and even transport payment apps can also process a QR
code for payment processing or bank transfers.
There are basically 3 ways QR payments can be processed, and they a
martphone scanning the business’ QR code: Open the relevant QR
code payment app. Then scan the code displayed at the shop's
checkout, on individual products, on the site or the paper bill and
confirm the price, ifrequired, before tapping to finalize the payment,
In most eases, you will need to manually type your card details to
pay. Offers and loyalty points may be applied through the app if it is
a store-specifie application,
ji, Business scanning a QR code on the eustomer’s phone screen: When
the ‘otal transaction amount is confirmed in the retailer's POS system at checkout, you open the relevant company or payment app
allowing QR code transactions. The app displays a unique QR code
idemtifying your card details, The shop scans this code with a QR
ing the transaction.
iii. App-to-app payments: Both you and the recipient open the relevant
apps, and then you scan the recipient's unique QR code displayed in
their app through your app. You confirm the amount to pay and tap
to process the payment,
2.0.1 Acceptance of QR Code Payments from Merchants
There are different ways to accept QR code payments as a business, but options
are limited in some countries. In any ease, you need to choose a payment
company that offers QR codes as a payment method (or can add it from a third
party). For example, Square now allows businesses to create a food-and-drink
‘menu with a QR code to display at their premises in the UK, US and Australia
‘This is great for table-side ordering or letting customers order for takeaway at a
distance from the till. This ~ and other QR code options ~ are automatically
avsilable for square users for free. In several European couniries, SumUp ean
now display QR codes in its point of sale (POS) app that eustomers ean sean off
the screen, or you can print QR codes for individual products to display on store
premises for contat-five payments. Zettle ean also display QR codes in its POS
app, but customers have to use their PayPal app to scan and pay this way
Inthe UK, mobile wallets with the eapacity to pay by QR code are nat used yet.
since the major ones ~ Apple Pay and Google Pay —are widely processed through
NFC technology aecepted by all moder card terminals. The exception is Pingit.
‘This Barclays app ean eteate QR codes for fixed or open amounts that merchants
can display in-store or online. Customers using Pingit ean then pay by scanni
the code through their ap. Denner
Figure 21: Barcode scanners for QR codes are often used for customer
loyalty apps and verifying tickets
2.0.2 Benefits of Using QR Codes
‘QR codes come with several benefits that hel
potential customers. Let's have a look at afew of them.
Jp you to reach out to all your
1. Instant payments: One ofthe biggest advantages of wing QR codes i tht
it aciitates instant poyment. Making payment via QR codes is extremely
quick compared to other modes of payment, All 2 user bes to dois simply
pen the QR code sean app, sean the QR code, and confirm to proces the
payment, Within a few seconds, the payments are made.
2, Topi security: Making payments via QR codes is very secure, I's
tpecase the QR code is nothing but jut a tool that is used to exchange
information, Any data transfered via QR codes is encrypted thus making
the payment foolproof and secur
to setup Selig up QR ende payments extremely easy. You don’t
need much of an infastructure. You only require « smanphone with 2
camera anda QR code which is either printed orn an eletronie form. The
sage of QR codes for payments also eliminates the requirement of oint-
osale machine or anyother special equipment used for payments.
Higher reiabily: QR code payments are a foolproof payment method as
itetiminates the probability of any kind of err. The pattern of black boxes,
consists of unigue data which enhances the reliability of the QR code
payments.
2.0.3 Use Cases of QR Codes
‘QR codes offer easy payment solutions to several businesses. Let's have a look
at some of the major QR payment use eases.
1. Fuel retailers: Fuel retailers can also use QR codes to make payments easy
for their users. There are fue retail wallet solutions that allow users to fuel
ther cars by simply entering the amount of fuel in the application. These
applications come with multiple modes of payment which also include
payment via QR code scanning. >
2
2A
Cash, credit cards, PayPal, Sofort,
E-ticket booking: QR codes are also used in E-ticket booking. The E-ticket
booking application enables its users to book tickets for buses, flights,
trains, movies, amusement parks, and many more by just making a few
clicks on their phone. These apps have multiple modes of payment and QR
code payment is one of them.
Toll payments: Toll booths can also use QR codes to facilitate quick and
simple toll payments. There are toll payment wallet apps that allow the user
to make cashless toll payments. These apps include multiple cashless
payment options, including QR code payments and RFID and NFC cards.
Parking payments: QR codes can be used as a mode of payment in a
parking payment solution. A parking payment solution allows its user to
search for and book his parking space through a mobile application. Once
the parking space is booked, the user can simply scan the QR code present
at the parking garage to make the payment,
Street vendors: QR codes are widely used by street vendors that have a
minimal range of goods. They simply print a QR code for al their product,
including their description and price. To purchase any product, the user has
to scan the QR code and confirm to make the payment.
. Micro-business: Micro-business that has a small range of goods also uses
QR codes for payments. Here the merchant generates both the invoice of a
particular amount and the QR code. He then displays the QR code on the
screen of the smartphone. To make the payment, the customer has to scan
the merchant's generated QR code from their mobile wallet application.
History of Payment Methods
PA, and other alternative payment
methods. What do you usually pay with, as there are so many choices right now?
But tracking the history of money and payment methods is not an easy task,
mainly because we cannot pinpoint the exact time when money was invented. We
don't even know who invented it. Some historians claim that the person who
came up with the idea of money was King Alyattes of Lydia (what is now Turkey) around 600 BC and that the first coin ever minted featured a roaring lion on it.
On the other hand, others state that the first coin was invented in Athens and that
it featured a turtle. But how did we come froma single coin to only a button that
you click on when you want to complete a purchase? This time, we are taking
you down memory lane of money — what was invented when, and how did these
financial inventions happen in the first place?
1. 3000 BC, The Bartering System: It is believed that transactions date back
to even before 3000 BC, but people used a bartering system instead of
using money. Bartering is the direct trade of goods and services, which
means that the early man would barter the goods he had in surplus for the
things he lacked, The most popular goods to be bartered were grain, cattle
and weapons, but services such as assistance with hunting were also an
option for trade. Some scholars still believe that barley is the first kind of
commodity money. However, the bartering system had a big flaw ~ it was
difficult to measure the value of a certain item involved. Since there was
no value set in stone, all the deals had to be negotiated at length until both
parties were satisfied with the terms. This means that some bartering
sessions lasted for a very long time. The bartering system is even now in
use in some parts of the world.
we
Figure 2.2: Diagram of the bartering system Cuddle puree { P? ‘
2. 1100 BC, The First Coins: Even though it cannot be traced back to the
exact year the first coins were forged, itis believed that it happened around
1100 BC in China. This was when payment in precious metals started.
After China introduced the first coins (which were at first circular
objects made out of cowry shells), other countries such as India, China,
Anatolia and Greece followed, The first minted coins that became the first
official currency appeared in Lydia, a kingdom in western Anatolia
u
J somewhere around 600 BC. Such coins were used in Europe up until the
17th century AD,
Figure 23: Diagram of coins, (Tyhacl . Some sf posse |
3. Lth century, The First Paper Money: We should thank the Song dynasty
from China for paper money, as itis this dynasty that introduced it during
the 1th century, Some examples of paper money were introduced in the
past in China as well, but all of them came in the form of different
merchants” receipts of deposits. This is, in other words, the difference
between the existing paper currency and paper money. The reason for the
arrival of paper money lies in the shortage of copper for striking coins,
which is why the Song dynasty came up with ‘jiaozi’, which is the first true
paper money. In only one century, the number of banknotes issued in a
single year skyrocketed. During the 12th century, the Song government
issued so many banknotes that they had to establish several government-
run factories to produce paper money in 4 major Chinese cities. These
factories were vast ~ it was recorded that the Hangzhou paper money
factory had more than a thousand workers a day in 1175, which was quite
a jaw-dropping number for that period.
2 Fig
17th century, Fist Paper Payments: Be a it may,
the ist real paper money as we know it today appeared around the 1 70h
century, in 1635 to be exact. The frst government that oficially delivered
paper money was the French eolonal government of Canada. They issued
the first real paper money for soldiers to use as eash forthe things they
needed, Stockholas Banco issued the frst European paper banknotes in
1661, a predecessor of what will later be known as Sweden's central bank,
Dring the 17th century, another payment method emerged — cheques. By
the end ofthe 17th century, cheques became quite popular in England, and
they came inthe form of handwriten documents that were bearing the sign
and the seal of the issuing bank
19th century, The Antival of the Credit Card: But everything changed in
Europe in 1966, when the United Kingdom issued the firs creditcard
Barelay issued this eredit card, which was loosely based on the Bank
America card that was introduced inthe United States just a couple of years
catlier. Namely, the USA issued the BankAmericard in. 1998 which
scquited widespread use in the United States and paved the path for
MasterCard and American Express. But it was somewhat difficult back
then to track credit cards andthe payments completed through them, soit
wasn’t easy to get hold of a creditcard. The 1966 Barclay credit card,
whieh was branded under the Visa logo, had a number embossed on the
font ofthe plastic card, and there were three copies of slips after a payment
Ihad been made: one for the bank, one forthe retiler and one for the Customer. Back then, it was a status symbol to own this card, The first debit
cards in the United Kingdom appeared in 1987, while chip and pin
appeared in 2002.
Figure 2.5: Diagram of eredit cards
6. The 2000s, The Rise of Online Payments and e-commerce: The next
stepping stone happened withthe rise of the internet. It is believed that the
first online payment happened on the Pizza Hut website in 1994 when the
company allowed people to order pizza online. On the other hand, we
should thank Coca-Cola for the first-ever mobile payment, when it made it
possible for people to pay for a drink by sending text messages from their
phones in 1997, Thanks to the rising number of people willing to spend
time on the internet and even purchase things online, the world got is first
e-wallet in 1998, PayPal. In the next decade, plenty of new altemative
payment methods appeared — some in the form of e-wallets, such as
PayPal, and others in the form of vouchers or bank transfers that made it
possible for people all around the world to pay or send and receive money
online.
7. 2010s, The Decade the Smartphones Made Yet Another Change: ‘The
arrival of smartphones changed the shoppers’ overall behaviour who have
been more willing to pay online forthe goods they want since the beginning
of last decade, As e-commerce started to grow rapidly, so did new
alternative payment methods that are now available on our smartphones as
well, This ranges from regular debit cards that ean be linked with a
smartphone to other alternative options that we ean use on different e-
‘commerce stores’ checkout pages. Biteoin was another big invention ofthe
ro
as 2010s, even though it was fst introduced in 2008 when an unknown
author under Satoshi Nakamoto’s pseudonym came up withthe dca. this
38 the year when eryptocureney started to beeome very popular and
‘ominant, and right now they are thousand of other cryptocurenccs that
‘te introduced,
‘The altemative payment methods that exist right mow, exist fr a good reason,
They make e-commerce easier to happen, and the give everyone the possibilty
{ buy things rom the comfort of their home while using the payment method
they prefer. This s not only a plus forthe end consumer, though, as e-commerce
\webshops gain aot from this as well
2.2 Related Payment Systems
One of the most common related payment systems is the Mobile payment
Mobile payments defined asthe use ofa mobile device to complete an economic
transaction (Lighana-Cabanllas et al 2014), Mobile payment enables the
purchase of either digital goods (eg, music and games) or physical goods (eg
books and consumer electonies) (Kim et al, 2010). Iti considered a potential
“iller”of cash, bank cards, and even Internet payments because it canbe used
{o perform transactions in both a remote online store and a physical store (Ondas
eta, 2009),
Scholars have identified Four points of convenience for consumers who use
mobile payment (Boden etal, 2020). First, mobile payment eliminates spatial
constraints on payment, enabling consumers to purchase prot fom a remote
online shop (Slade etal, 2015). Second, mobile payment allows consumers to
‘pay fr their oods without the constraints of requiring a physical wallet (Mallat,
2007), cash, or ereit ead (Pam and Ho, 2013), Tied, mobile payment as some
vantages in terms of economic transaeton performance characteristics (c
speed) compared with tational payment tools (Teo etal, 2018) Fourth, mobile
payment protects consumers from counterfeit money (Teo ta, 2015)
"here are three main types of mobile payment tools a follows: short messaue
service (SMS), near-field communication (NFC), and QR codes. SMS mobile
payments are rote ystems that require a communication protocol enabling the
exchange of sort text messages hetcen two mobile devices (Valeourt et
2005). Both NFC and QR codes are proximity systems. NFC payment is based
‘on radio frequency channel communication connecting payment devices and
‘ening terminals without depending on mobile nesworks (Coskun eta, 2013).
“za Although NFC payments are used in many scenarios, such as public
transportation, thet popularity is limited by the lack of devices due to the
relatively high cost of NFC modules. The China Union Pay survey reported that
the usage rate of NFC mobile payments was only 8% ofall mobile payments in
2020 (CUP, 2021)
A.QR code is a storage system employing a dot matrix or two-dimensional bar
‘code that can be printed on a study or shown on a screen to provide information
ands recognized by special devices As a payment solution, the QR code ens
both low cost and high popularity among customers and businesses. QR code
mobile payment has the potential to replace cash and ered ear in the physical
‘store, For example, consumers can use the camera of theit mobile phone to scan
the QR code ofthe supermarket at the checkout to pay for goods. Altematively
‘consumers can show a QR code on the sercen of their mobile phone to a store
employee, who can then sean the code using a scanner or he mobilephone. The
QR nde is linked 10 the ert or debit card of the lint. If the clint does not
have sufficient funds to make the QR ende payment, the store will submit the
payment claim later. The most popular use of QR code payments in Chin is
through third-party payment platforms such as Alipay and WeChat Pay, rather
than via mobil client apps provide by banks
2.21. itferent Types of Payment Methods
1. Cas Cash vas the most common method wed by consumers to pay for
their purchases until the coronavirus pandemic ht the world tis preferred
to make small payment ike ain ticket or paying fora bar of chocolate
from the cornee store. Cash payments help people to kexp track of their
expenses and cut back if required. However, they may need t0 visit an
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) ofthe bank to withdraw the cash which
say be slighty inconvenient
2 Cheques: This mode of payment is gradually becoming redundant a newer
axl more convenient options become avaiable. A cheque is & paper
‘voucher linked 10 the holders’ bank aecounts and commonly used by
traders for bill payments, Users can issue a cheque to the vendors;
however, they must have the required amount in their aecount for its
clearance.
3. Debit ard payments: Debit ead ae linked to the holders’ bank account
When the uses pay for their purchase with these cards, the amount is