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OBK1

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83 views312 pages

OBK1

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gmarinov
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CIIPABOYHMUK TIO OTOIAEHUE, BEHTMUAAIIMA M KAMMATMBAINA I 4ACT OCHOBH HA OTOMIEHHETO UM BEHTHJIALMSATA NO OBLATA PEZAKUMA HA MIPO®. JLT.H. HEDK: CTAHYO J. CTAMOB ‘YAK 697:528 8 Benvpea wacr ta cnpavownuxa €a naaeiil TeoreTHIMNITE OcHONN Ha CHCTEMHTe 38 OTONACRHE, nentunauna M KAMATHSAUNS — 30KONM Ha TepMorMMaMiIKara, ToMAOMpeHACAHETO, xHApORMMaMuKATa, Crponteanera tonaobisnKa, peryauipanero M aKYCTiKaTa, —B cBorRercreMe ¢ KONTO byHKuNoNMpET pasraeanamnre cucrewis, Jia1emit ca MeTOAMKH a NecwATEME Ma eneMeHTHATE Ha TONAMMHTE W Mae Conte Ganauen & TOMeMeKHR ¢ pazaNHo npeamasHuenwe. Pasraesann Co wHnpocHTe, CBDpsaHM ¢ Gopuupanero a HIXORNITe BaHHs 34 OpasMepmBanE via TOMAOTEXWIWeCKeITe HleTaaaLM w erpaauTe, karo ce OTustrar. aeficroyBuuiitre HOpMoTitONM RoMeKEAHUR Cnpavounuxet © mpeaiiaaNaven 32 mpoeatantHTe H KORCT opvacenmg, KaKTO Maa HAEKCHEPHO-TXHIINECKHTE CHCUMaANCTH, KONTO Ce SaHWIABAT ¢ MUN MnosTaune it PeMOMT wa TAKNBA WIICTAM@ILM B. crpa.tH U ‘ipOMMULleNA MpeRMpMATAS. pykroprre wa OBK-wcramauan Ww ch mK, EE™ Marepsaant € paspaCorew or apropure, waxro cxeatia: C, Crawob— ra 1,735, £8. 5, 6.7, 7. 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, ra. 97. 1O.le Bx 12; C. Cenzon — r3. 4 H. Haven — ra. 3 (Gea 7. 3.5), ra. 5; A. Mapkon—ra.'2 (Gea 7. 24, 2.5). ra, 9; H. 184, 8.5, 86. A. Kupwit—ra, 11; JL Kupos—r. 87, 88; B. Kaptcon—1. 2.4, 25, 10.2 10.3 fanerniye + ne MIPAKTHKA ¢ © Cranio [umos Cramos, Cromm Xpucros Censor, Hacuo Hpanos Haves, Anapei Bopucon Mapico Huxeaa Hopaanos Cromixos. Asexcana»p \isano8 Kupaa, Awmrup Teoprsen Kupos, Bazewtun Hopxanon Kepacon, 1950 c/o Jusantor, Sofia 696/697 CbAbP)K AHHE Ocuosum Gykseuu osmavenHa MW MMZeKCH Arwochepa n aaumaT 1.1. Beasyz . .. - . we 12. Cawmeso wambinane ee a 10 1.2.1. Xapaxrepuctuun wa casmvenoro uambusaNe © 2. cee 10 1.2.2. Casmmerpeene mpes roaitmata. ©... 0... oe # - IS 3. [lapawerpy na apewcro M KawMata 3 Sa Reok ae 2 pele 6, gee, 1.3.1. Tewmepatypa, maaxwoct H MOMBMKHOCT Ha BRSAyEA, © 6. We 3B 1.3.2, Mowneaureaun mapaxerpu Ha BAHU MaAyK. | can ae ‘L4. KammaTnau aan 3a abarocpOwH OUeMKH 2 6. 6 eee . 23 2 Xummenuo-PaswOaOrHVHM YOROBAR ee ee 24. Tonaooraanane or X0pa sw ee ee B 22. Moxasareau na tonaunawre Yeaosun. . se sea oa Bais SS BSE 30 2.2.1. Tipaxo uswepoain noxasarenu e wean s : . 30 22.2. Kocseno usmeppanu noxasare% ws ee, i AS es ipie @ ee al 3! (2.2.3. CyGexruenn nokasareax eae sae - eek es 2.3. Tonannno Gnaropasmonomemme «2 2 ee De ee Se oor oP 2.3.1, Ouenxa Ha tonamumoro GnaropasnomomeHMe 2... . ee ee ee es 8 2.3.2, Jonycramn ronmnnn yeaomn s,s SRP B eee Gar es 20 2.4. Bpeawn rasose, nap aeposoaw. =... eS ere ee 2.5. Ulym m sn6paums see re eae Sr 3. Tepmozunamna na paSotnute @aynan 3.1. Pasope. 2 2. ee ge eee ec i egg ong fe ae B11. Ocnonum saKown. 2 ee ++ 38 3.1.2. Tepwoannaumsnn npouect Steno es Bie Ge 3.2, TomaorexnuveckH Xapaxrepwctukw wa RewiecTBaTa . . 2... oe ne we ah - 55 3.2.1. Cnewnpusen Tonannen a ee Laie? ROE «58 3.22. Ewvaamt. we we cena moe wea ee 3.2.3. Eutpomia. - 0 ee ee Pe a he Me, ate FE 3.3. Kpwrown mpoween . . 2 2... - oe agrees tuw de . 59, 3-4, Boaa 1 voana napa. 2 Scsacina a’ 62> 3.5. Baaken eesayx WaMeneime ta” cheTOANMeTO MY se ween a we oe oe wee. OF 3.5.1. Cooflerea wa paamuwa waagyx. 2... 2. i okie Se x 7 62 3 hex quarpava She es ae fares Car Se 3.5.3. Vameneune wa chctoanmero a BEaXyxa ss se Skeet 3.6. Xaaanann areatH oe Ss ace oe ee Ae ee aes a aye sage ee * TS 4. Tonaonpenacane 1. Tomaonposomiect . . . =. ween Sele eee GP og e Be ea. 2 Se 42. Tommonpemmanes 2 Le oid ah oS 3 diate Sas 4.2.1. Mpnnyawreaso reeenne no pauita crewa 2. ee ee 87 4.22. Tpuuyanrerno revenue » xauamn cle ae pane? con EBS oe BS 4.2.3, Hanpeano o6rmuane wa Tpe6en coon 2 6. ee tee weet se BD 424. Cao6oano apumenne ua aynma so 2 we ee : 93 4.25. Konaensaqua va napu . a8 2 Bes we he 95 AR MemveaNe eR sa eee eR 42.1. water ronaoobmen Mexay TEM. te 432 Expaimpate aa ayancri noroum. eee 44. Toasonpewmnasame. 22 2 re 45 Toaaoo6wewam amapata . ese 45.1. Kaacupucanua. oe tees 45 2 oS 432 Tonamna mounocr oo. ee ee ee ee Cpeana teunepatypwa pasanka se oss ose || Misaucnapane wa pereneparopH. 2. ee ee 4 S Fopuea « npoayxrn wa wsrapane 5.1. @mauxo-xmununn ceoficrna ma ropsara . . 2... agp e es pes age oy pe oT SAL Teupam ropa... ee ee ee eee ee IL S02 Tew ropusa. | felt es ee ee eet eee eee ee HE S13. Fasootpasnu ropues ems 5.2. Tonauna wa warapane atte: HEE Se eed PIT hs wa 17 53 Mpoayura wa wrapmie ee ee ee see Its 58.1. Teopernuen o6em wa wesayxa. 2 ss pcg ale Thats A ve eT 5.32. O6em wa npoaywrure Ha warapane | Ss ve ee ee ee UID 533. Ewremmin oe ee oh ae OMS ee eae ee cla! 5.3.4. Teumeparypa Ha opocnawe . .-. meme fede dn ceed ERS © Cxpowreana tonzopusuca 6.1. Tonsopusmenn anni 3a crpourenante marep) hed wae aud cals Aas 123 6.2, Toaaonpemmnaiae npes cTpOHTeAHH EAEMEHTH «6 vee ene ee ees it ches D7 6.2.1. Ceupormpaenme ua tomtonposoauoct. 6 agin se ak ABT 6.22. Cenporwaaenue a Toasonpemumapane ws ers & evga © 0D) 63. Tonawaa maonauMa ma erpaan 6. oe baer asesabin.« aie ee 4 18 §.2.1. HeoGeoasivo conpormsnenne na ronaonpenmuasane « . - - - - - - - + wae BL G32. Omruvanna ronnimma woosauut ee tee eo TBM GA Basmwocren pemum wa Orpaacaauim KOMCTPYKUMH ee Fe NT 64.1. Kouaensauie wa soanu napa Bxpxy wetpeiia Mosspxwoct. . +... 137 642. Cumpormsaeiue ua naponpemuwanane 2. ee ais TP EA TMG 7. Tonausma nsoaauns Ha TPEON H BbsRyXeNpOBOAN 7.1. Tontomsoxanvonnu maTepnaaM H KOSCTPYKUMH 0. ee ee ew MS 72 Tommunn sary Hnewane Serre tee 444 TR. Onpeseanne xeGeamuara Ha HsONAIIONIIR CAM Lk eet ee 149 73.1. Mxosommvecks soaauim sa oronanTeaNa weeramm ee LD 732 Mpezormparwvane wa KONMeHSaMNIN NO NoMpXHOcTHTE . . . . . oa aan = emg & Enewenrm na Tomaunnn H macoeu Gaaancu 21. Tozsnuwa sarySm wa oronansaum nomemenua mcrpanH .. 2. - es 2 es - 8.1.1. Tonawnan sary6n or rontoapemmmanane .. 2 6. ss vs cay ae ee S12. Tonaamun saryOx or ampuarpauns 2 ee cate sores are re LSE B13. Osma norpedia ronawsa sa crpana ‘ gto is phe ey.) S11. pwdanamteano onyeas ane Ha Tonawauare saryOm . 222. ies ace sel oe OE 82. Tonamam sary6w ua xapanrepum crpate. 6. oe eee ee mm B21. Crpaan non seusra swe ee 822. Miorocraqus wacom crparm . . - 823. flowemenua c mcowia max Sm - 83, Pasxo2 wa yoanima sa oromeme. . 2. - - 84, Oxtartreaen Tonap 3 noweutenin . - 5. Ocsaimrsnen Toop OF moun wesnecrans aT r Ls 8.5.1, Tonaonpeunmavane npes nawtwt crponTeaNM exemenTH, Orpen oT emBMNeTO +. . 180 85.2. Tonaonpeummapane # cmauseno o6mmwnaie npes OCTaKieHH enemeNTH. «=... ... 183 86, Oxaaawreaen ronap of obTpeuia uarouMMt. ee te 198 Tonsoupesiavane mpes werpeuin orpawanu exewenrt 6 - +s > > +198 Ocaeraemne sss 38 e383 BATE Mg Te ES ow a BB Xopa. ss fe MCS pee ae oye se RD Ypeabir, aa6oparopno ofopymmase m MarepHane. Ss. See a 5a ae Manne, sageicksaun ¢ enexrpineckn Aeurareaw |... pas eee 8668. Audwarpaua ma opwuen BBBRYX . . BD Baaroormenaue we es seam nem moss gi HES ora 3 gana « NT 88 Orae mute a spenuit rascue W map se ee ee BRE 8.8.1. Onpeseaaue a KoAMaectsoTo rasoBe Map 6. ee ce 22L 8.8.2, Bapusoonacuoct-wa ris0ae WMAP. ee ee 228 9. Xwapananann revenns 9.1. Aowcenny na ayuau w TpeSomposonu . - +. 27 ikea vet cee eee st 93. SaryGn ua Mansrane or TpHeRe . . : 2 57 3 ween 93.1. Koepiieut wa tpaeme. 6. 2 ew 2. 283 9.3 2, Exauasaemren amameTsp 2... ss Lt L236 9.4, SirySa wa uanarane or mecri cyapotansemin : <9 10. Aeponurannua va rentuaauuata 10.1, AsiKewne Ha evaayx OxOKO neHTHAaNMOMNH OTBOPH . . «+ + + 10.1.1, Beaayurum crpyu sees 10.1.2, @axen mpu uscuynoane ee 10.2. Opranusauna Wa muaaysoo6Mens .. ee eee ee 10.3, Aepoawnamuea Ha crpaat . 2. ee ee 11. Mameprane peryampane LL. 1 Mawepoareaua vexmuna. 2. 6. cee re eo B55 1111. O6um coememea oe we cee BBS 11.1.2. Viswepsane na temmepatypa - Dl... 257 1113, Mamepaae wa Tonawqwa mousocr as vere SBOE IL-4. Tepuicsao conporuatenne 1a orpancxatn ‘eneweiit » ian ae 1A15 Mamepoane Ha momrate . oe tet eH Dil) 264 LLG, Hamepsane ua cxopoct 9. See : : 11.1.7, Mamepaane wa pastor... € GoSe & : 1118) Mamepsaie Ha RAMBO. IL19, Hamepeane wa mtamwocr se. 111.10. Da da Ups a 11.2. Asromarmuio ynpanaenwe H peryampane. 6. 6 ee Teoperauun ocHomm. . . . . wesuceee, artis Hs ee ass 276 Teximueexi W nporpamio-Texamuecki cpeacroa sa ynpassenue. .. ) . s+. 281 Yapawaseaum yerpofictea ¢ uenpawo geAcrune . we ee 288 1124. Axriona vacr wa yrpanrmantoro yerponcrme . - . . . 458 5 RB 11.25. Waxoana nacuona var. ee ee + 288 12. Ochown wa axycruixata 12.1, 3ayk y sayxopo nore... 12.2, Ouewxa ma myma. . - 122.1, Hwpo-mauym . 2 2-2 2 te ee cee 0 oo BR 12.2.2, Fpawwnin xpuan m wopsupane ua mywa ss... been cM 12.3. Psompocrpanssaye ma soya... = ee ss % 328 12.5. Boyowsoaawiia wa nomena. |) le Ka wee 6 6 RD) 125.1. Sayxonsoaauan wa orpawaalt eneMENT. oe ee 1 900 : ; 5 12.5.2 HeoSxoauua seyxonsoaaune wa orpamaam never. © eer TT 304 125.3, Wym a aamureno mowemenie 125.4, 3eyxonsonupamt Komycit 126 Acycrixa na noweurenws cue BS wee 9p l08 Caxcex ua xefcraysamn Nopmir m cTawlapTH TiSaean ga npenprmane wa cTo@iocrm OT pasaiuan MSMepHTeAMM ¢AMHInM Remeparpi case ee ge dig e SE REM ME eehees ges 810 OCHOBHH BYKBEHH O3HANEHUA A—anue xa nomspxHuna, m2; cperen KoeipmurienT Ra Morammane Ha abu @—xoegniient wa suazyxonponycxaenoct, mA)imPs"l); noeguunent ma TewMepRT YpoNNeHOT Mocr, mis Bsepbueryorme nasarane, hPa b—umpoumna, m E—ocaerenocr. Ix; crenew. wa edbexrurnoct G—rerao, N K—xanvraain saoxenns, m.; o6oSwen Koepuunent k—xoegmunent na ronaonpeumuasane, W/(mK); Koedwuwent ‘M—mowenT; Moaapxa uaca; eneprmen meta6oanso, Wim? H—paanauna, J/m?; nanop, Pa; emaanin, J A~cneungnvna ewraama, J/kg; sucownta, m P—Naanrane, Pa; seykowo Maanrane Pa ‘P—-noumoct, W (C—ronnnnew xanainrer, J/k c—caeumpuver Tonnes kanaunrer, J(kg.K) d—ananersp, m; xea6ounsa, m E—semno yexopeune, m/s?; cnenspuana waca, kg/m? (kg/m*) cna, N J—wurensnrer, W/m? mmstaoct wa noroKa, W/m? L—pa6ora, J; uso na aayxoso manarauie, dB {—awaaania,'m m—waca, kg m—wacos notor, kg/s 1 —6polt wa cruisn MoKasatea Ma nioawrponaTa Q—ronaniia momnoct, W; Tonmmann sary6u, nevandi, W g—ronanina xapaxrepucraxa, W/m%{W/m?, Wim) R—Tonawwno conporuszenne, m?K/W; rasosa xoucrawra, J/(kgk) pene, Pa/m Ry —Yaiieepcamta rasosa Koncranta r—eneuviwans TonAHHa Ha asoB npexoR. J/kg vi S—entponas, J/K; xapawrepneraka Ha xiiapanngyno cbnporasiense, P2.s*/kE? Smeneanpwana entponua, J/(kgk); ersmsa, m T—a6comorua teunepatypa, K tennieparypa, V—o6en, mé V—obemen ae6nr, m*/s e—cnenmprscit o6em, m$/kg; cKopocr, m/s U—sorpeurna eneprux, J; Koedwument wa cuecwane; mepmuersp, m a—cneunpusna sstpemea eneprus, J/kg; nepapepna cxopoct, m/s 2 —umaroceaspranne, ky/kg ‘y—vonuentpaitnn tia apeanoctu, mg/m? Z—sery6u wa naasrane or mectun conporHasenna, Pa a—xoepiunent Ha Tomonpesanane, W/(m*K); Koeduunent Ha abcopouna f—temneparypen koeduument ua OGemno pasuimpenne, °C 3 —neGenuna ua caoa, m e—cpeata creed wa vepuora; rpanasoet Ha TPROM, m; BraoB mauias g—ormocHTema BaaxHOCT; CreNeN HA OCTEKARNANE; KoRALMENT Ha OGAMHARE E—noednunent na ecto coipormanenne Axoegmusient xa rontonposoanoer, W (mk); Koeipaunrent wa TPHEHE y—kumenarivien sucKoswrer, m/s @—Koehmunent va ocraTbuiia TonanHa Han opeauocri ® paSotmara Sowa; KoepuUNeHT Ma mapo” mpounuaewocr aursrucer, kglm' koedmunentt a orpaaanane, S—nacenean mene ‘ronmonpemmasane W/(m?k); mokagarea wa aqiaGarara c—ryp6yaeHtHo wea; Koncraitra Hu Creipax—Boauman cemcumpiso compotupaenne oF yj Koesuunert wa noxesmo aehereve; AARaMHYeR BUckosHTeT, kg/(sm) S—Ocswsepua reaneparyps; era4 a RARAHe my CABHMCOM ABM; TeMeparypa a TAUPAO TARO, *C ‘S—reuneparypua pasnuxa wae npemero ‘4—Tesneparypua paanka 8 npocrpancrsoro ‘T—opeme, s; KoeguuuenT wa cneronponycKane HHAEKCH 06—o6u1 ‘op—opocanane 0 T—oTonaitresHo TH30 Nl —nowetenwe, nowspxmocr Ret —noTpe6ita ronstiwa a —axywyaanvones Bt—werpemien, narsp ‘cp—cpeaen en—vorma naps cr—crarayen T—ropew ‘T-yonmtowocutes, ‘Tonaonpesmnanarie a—aonen, snmawusen ra ronnnnnn sary6n e—exsusancaren eh—edexrimen —xopusontaaen, xwmpanaitica W—H9%0., uubuarpauua obvi wach, narbetauame -itseeanreawn yeavsns 1. ATMCC@EPA H KAMMAT 1.1. Bb3AyX Busayxut o68iga uanoTo semHo KBAGo KaTo yepynka. Caost ¢ sxcounna 11 km ce Mapua Tponociepa, a HAL Hero ca crparocipepata (qo 75 km) H fionocdepata {no 600 km). Ochosnate cécTabHa enemeHTH Ha YHCTHA BBALYX ca: O,—20,93%, N.—78,10%, Ar—0,93%, CO,—0,03% (o6emuu). Coctastt wa 4uCTHA BRaAyX ce NPOMeHA B MHOFO TECHH TpaHHUH B PA3AMYHHTE YaZTH Ha 3eMHOTO KBAGO HesaBHCHMO oT aTMoctbepHate ycnoBa H YacoBoTO apeMe. B aeiicreureanoct Kato caeactave Ha YOoseuIKata Aelluoct B O6aacTTa ua npo- MUUIAeHOCTTA, CEACKOTO ETOMAHCTBO H TpaHCnopTa BLAYXbT ChALPKA 4 BpeAHH oTnagHM rasope, mpax, MuKpoopranu3my, GakTepaH 4 Ap. Haii-yecto waxBEpasHH- Te BPeAHA razOBe HM NAH Ca BEIAEPOAHMAT OKC, BLTACPOAHMAT ABYOKHC, CepHART ABYOKHC, AMOHAKST, AIOTHHTE OKHCH, JlonyCTHMHTe HM KOHNeHTpAlAH B ATMOCHep- HUA BLILYX ce HOpMHpaT. Haii-roanu samypcutea c CO u CO, ca mpurateaute c BerpeuHo ropene, KoT- amre MW oTonaMTennMre neuks, Oxoao yauuM C HOpMaAHO ABWKEHHE KONLeNTPANUs- ta wa CO e 30 mg/m’, a np uatensiBHo xBuxeHMe—60 mg/m’. B nomeenns, B KouTo ce nym, Te an 50 mg/m’. Corpxanveto na CO, 8 nesamppcenute paitionm e 500—600 mg/m’, B Manku Haceaenu paiionn e xoxo 800 mg/m’, a 5 HpoMuunenute ueNtpoBe —oK20 1000 mg/m’. Cnopem aaa Ha nponSsomcreata B oTAe-THUTe paiioun KouNeMTpayMHTe Ha BpeR- ure razose ca B rpanuyrre: SO,—ot 0,1 ao L mg/m, Konro ce mpomenat BEB BPEMeTO H NPOCTpaHCTHOTO, a Nes SHMATA Ca CHITCCTREHO NO-HIICOK4 OT AeT- uute; NH,—ot 0,2 x0 0,05 mg/m’; NO,—or 0,1 a0 0,5 mg/m’, xouto ce cunpo- BOKMAT Mpa BACOKOTeMMepaTypanre ropusHu npouecn m ot NO. Tlpaxt pep BLaayxa cnopen cpeaumTe pasMepH 2 Ha yacTHUHTe ce Kaacubu- napa Karo rpy6 (2>10 pm), cpeauo dan (3=1+10 pm) 4 bux (5<1 pm). Ecrect- bella H3TONHAUM Ha mpax Ca eposHara, Gypute, BeTpIseTe, MoxapHTe, BYAKanATe H ap. Jompadmreaia w3rounmmn ca enepraiiia m npowsBorcraeHH AeitnocTH, Mexay KOMTO ¢ TOMAM MHTeH3MTeT Ca yuMedTHaTa H TekcTHAHaTa MpoMauInenoct, TELL, meTanyprunta 4 Ap. Ceabpxkanvero Ha Mpax B arMocibepana BR3Ayx ce npomens HeNpeKbCHaTO M SaBHCK OT BPeMeTO (BIKA, ARTHD), Ce3H3 H YacOBETe OT MeHO- Homuero. Cpeanoroaumante cToiHocTH 3a xXapakrepH pailoHd mM TexHOOrMMHHt mpouece ca Aaxenn B Ta6a. 1.1. Muxpooprainsmure, muxpoure u Gaxrepuure ca or pactHTesen MAM 2KUBOTHH- ck npowsxod. J[e6eammara um e@ ot 0,5 20 1 um, a zbmRAHATa—orT 1 zo 5 pm. KoanyecTaoro HM BBE BLIRYXA cHAHO ce KOReGae OKO CpeAHa CToituocT 00,2 mg/m*. Ba KAYeCTHeHO XapakTepusHpaHe Ma JaMEPCABAHeTO Ha BH3Ayxa ce HBNOAZysaT nomaraara nyuek, mbraa, Mor. [ly ex T e pesyaraT Ha ropusen npouec, B Kojito HMa fene, CaKAH, BORHH TapH, Ta30Be, CLEAUHERHA Ha MCTAMK C ToneMHHA a YacTHuMTe OKoaO | um. Mbraarta e cbuno AuCHeprHpaHH BbB BE3AyxXa BOLHH Karaanm c ronemaua oT | fo 50 um. CMoret ce oGpaaypa or nyuiek H MErAa Mipegctapiapa HacuTeHa CBC CaxKAM HU MpaxX Mbraa, KoATO ce MomBABa Hali-vectO, MIpH MHBepCHA Ha BEIZYMIHHTe CHOBE. TaGanualt Ocpeaness crofiwoctn 3a armochepen mpax | Kexuesrpauns, |{)peoOnaaavau pas- |MaxcuwarHy pasme-| Ceacxocronasickit pahoun oa 2 25 | Fpagose—kwAnUHA 30Ha 0,10 7 60 | —npomniiaewa 3084 0,3 —0,5 20 100 | Maaycrpuaany pafouw 1-3 60 1000 | 2KuaMuHH noweukeHus } 2 = ae ‘Maraswait | 2-5 = - | LivmentHH sagoait | 190-200 - = [Fagone of Koran m nowkis wank ppuni 10—50 = = —roaemn MexunMSMpany 1000—15 G00 = oa 1.2. CJTbHYEBO M3J1bUBAHE 3a oTONAMTeAHITe HM KAUMATAMHHTe HHCTaAaUNH CxbNMeBOTO HsABYBAME NpeA- cTapagga HECTalHOHapeH TONAMHeY HaTOWNMK, 4AiiTO Pe_YUMpaH HHTEHSHTET CC Hae caarea KeM ocTaHeaMTe dakropa, onpeeasimm MoulnoctTa wm. [pes npexommare CesOHM H OCOBEHO Mped -ITOTO HXDYBAKETO OOMKHOBEHO € OCHOEHaTa YaCT OT Ton- jus Gananc Ha CHAHO ocTLKaeunte noMemenns. TpoeKrHpaeTo Ha cHoTeMHTe 3a ropemo BOmOcHaS,NBaNe M OTOMAEHHE, KOHTO onoABOTBOPABAT carbHYeBATA eHEp- Tas, aa bMKUTEALO Ce OGBLPIvA CLE JAKOHATE Ha CMBUYEBOTO HBMLBAHC. 1.2.1. XapakTepHcTHKM Ha CADHMeBOTO HSADRAHE Cannyeto ec echextHanata Teamepatypa Ha vepHo THNO, sarpaTo no 5762 K, To- Ba o6ycaapn ABIMCTAR ToMADOOMeH MexAY capHeTO H seMaTa, Capnyesa Kouctatta /,,. Exepraiinust norox B»pxy nopypxnoct ¢ anue 1m? pasnoaoxena HaBbA aTMOCpepata HeprenaNKyanpHo Ha CabAyeDHTe ABN, Ce HapHe ba capusena KONCTaHTA. Copel BSAMMHOTO pasnoTOKeNNe Ha 3eMATa HM CIBHUETO raam KOHCTaHTa Ce N3MeHA B rpanMuHTe /,,=1,35+1,44 kW/m? Torokst ce op- aumpa OT ABYH ¢ PagAMUNa AMKMHA Ha BoaHATe 2. Ha dar. 1.1 e moKagawo cheK- rpaaHo pasnpeserene cnopea A 3a vepHo THAD ¢ T=5762 K (xpaaa 7) W Ha H3- MepeHata paawauna tia rpaimuata Ha semuata armochepa (KpuBa 2). Tipe npemnasavero cH mpea armochepata act OT abHHTe ce OTpaasinaT, a6- cop6upaT man paaceiinat. O30HDT, BOAHMTe NapH MH APYTH TagoBe BLINpenATCrBY- bat pasnpocrpanenneTo Ha BARH C pasaMuda anaxuiia. Peaayant wuTeHsnTeT Ha noToka WMa BHMa, NOKasan C KpHBa 3. LlpwxopanmTe nacmH wspasanat a6copbu- panuTe or ragonere abun. Makcumymbr Ha 13abaBaieTo € B OOmacTTa Ha nHAMMUTe ADM (20,5 jm). Oomust enepruen NoTOK € B OSaacTTa oT 0,2 Ao 3 ym. Maoutta mexay adcuHca- ta u pasa 2 e expvnanentna Ha /.,. [puSansireaata oTRocHTeAHa 9aCT Ha cHep- PHATE TOTO €: YATPABHOAETOBH ALK OKONO 3%, BHAMMA ABH OKOAO 449%/p; natppavepsenn wEuH OOO 53%, Vurensutet fa carbuyeno u3anuBane. CapaieBoTo HsabuBane npoweHs MHTeH- suTeta cu npes aenonommero. He @ efHaKBO WarbYBaHeTO H BPAY exeMeHTH C npowseoaa opuentauns. Ha dar, 1.2 ¢ noKagan HayMiceT Ha HsMeHeHMe Ha CaBH- WEROTO H3IbYBANE BbPXY XOPHJOHTAHH H BepTHKATHH eeMeHTH ¢ pajaNMHA He- Gecna opHentauua. 10 7 Yact or pascennata (quy3nata) cabn4eba palHauHA Monafa CbIO BBpXY » wera C MuTeHBHTeT Zqyy. OOulata (cyMapHata) patuauust-/.6 € aByKkomnorentHa: fog = Top +1aq» W/m?, karo pi scHo BpeMe mpaKata panwanta € [up%~0,85 Jos. a pH MabTHA oGaay- noct /yg=/es. B Ta6a, 1.2 ca aamenm croiwoctute Ha /o5 M [np 34 MpecTaBHTed~ MM JHH OT WECT MeCel{a Ha TOAMHaTa BEPXY BePTAKaTHA H XOPHBOHTAAHH NOBPX- noct, JlaaHAte ca noayyend 3a paiion che cesepua wmpuna 9=424° u Mea —23,2° (cpeaun 3a Buarapan) np aco epee W HeaucoKa maaxocT. Hanpaszene Ha npakoTo u3ab4BaHe. To ce oueHaBa CrpaMO BcHKa paBHAHa B MpoctpaHcTBoTO upes ‘Brbaa Ha Nagane O Ha cabuveDHTe aLuH, ToRa e BrbTET Mexway HopMatata Ha pasHunata uM cauYesHte ab4a (cur. 1.3). 3a mpoussoasa OpucHTauMA BEB BpeMeTO H MpoctpancrsoTo 8 ce onpexena oT uspasa (1.1) cost =sin3 sing cos8-+sin’ cos @ sin cosa+cos 2 cos ¢cosj cosw— —cos asin g sing cosxcos w—cosasingsinasino, iebdeTo 2 © neKaMHaNUATa, ¢ KOTO ce ONpemeAT BrAoBOTO OTKAOMeHAE Ha ca'DH vero B cauNUeBAT noayAeW CHpAMO pasHHuaTa Ha eKBaTopa (—23,45° <2<23,4 _KaTO MoaowitTemtA Ca CTORHOCTHTe KbM ceBep): (1.2) 3=23.45 sin (36 1000 Xopysonmanra Tlepnew = 300 [J nepnengunynne: £3 E200 ' = 700) = 8 600 = 509} 6 | = 09} ot Be + 300} 1 200 L in A aN ist Noe 2 Oe S67 OD WN IZ 1810 18 W 17 1819 20 1s uh Our 1.2. Homenente aa nnressirera or cxpaveno Vanneaane (¢°-50°, npomnwaen pafiox) 10 0,5 Buguuu neu! Ho ' ' ° ur, 1.1. Cnextpasen wurensnter na cxpnieno mannii Jowepuo taso ¢ T=ST62 Kj 2—eatnne (4 rpawmKITa Me aTHORHEDATA); S—MATANANTE WI aeMITE roRLpRIOET s * it Asumyme DAY eer) bree Ho Sa fe emenama a GS ‘brea > Wa nagaHe @ oF ‘Asumymen ora 28 Ha Captuemo a, Our. 1.3. 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B ra6a. 1.3 ca xanens crofinocta 3a Hs mw P, Wa npexcrapHreaHH ¢ KARMA: THwHHTe cH ycnoBHa Haceaenn Mecta B Baarapus. Mocovenn ca Maka 3a CpeaHo- Meceuuata TeMNepatypa Ka BLHINKHA BBITYX fF, MH MECEYHHTE OTONAHTETHA 2eH- rpanycn Dy Oontoro Komnvectso Ha capHNeBaTa eepria sa onpeaeseH’ nepHOR OT BpeMe sapven oT npoxbirKuTeancCTTa MY BANK W NprHagzexAHOCTTA WM KEM MecetA OT rognmata. 1.3. TAPAMETPH HA BPEMETO H KJIHMATA Bpemero 4 kaumarist Ca peansm apnenus, wuTo enewewtn MoratT na ObnaT HaMepCHH It MpercraenH » xeraHa copaa. TousTieTo BpeMe OsHavaza chusHNHOTO CLCTOANHE HIM MpoMaHata Ha CECTOAHNETO Ha aTMocipepara #2 aaneNo MACTO Bpemero ce sismens senperncrato. To ce onpegeat oT MoMeHTHTe CTORHOCTH Ha weTeoponoruuinte enemenTH — HanArane, BABKHOCT, TEMMEPATYpA, CABAYEBO HIABY- BaHe, TO\RMMHOCT Ha BEInyXa, OO.AsHOCT. Kammatet xapakrepa3ipa CpeAKOTO CLCTOMHHE Ha atmochepata ga onpeaeaen pafloi H ce onpenean oT oGoGmeNHN xon Ha npoMaHata Ha BpeMeTo. Toft sanncm Or KauMaMuNHTe GakTopa—reorpadcKa wMpHHa, BHCOMMNa HAL MOpCKOTO /paBHn- me, 6aH30cT MO NaaHuNH, MOpeTa H peKM, -opa Ha MeCTHOCTTA MT. H. Viauucaenwata ipa MpoekrHpaveTo wa OTONAWTeAWHTe M KauMaTHuAHTe HHCTa nau ce H3BLPWHAT C MOMOU\Ta Ha eneMeHTHTe Ha KAWMAT, KONTO wMaT Mper- cTaputenew Xapaktep 3a paiiova Ha CTPOHTEACTBOTO. KanmaTet onpezean saa uw MommocTTa Ha HECOXOqUSHTe MNCTAMallHM, MpeAHasHAYeNH Ma NORADpKAT 2KeTaH MAKPOKAKMAT B MOMenLeHHaTa. Mereopoaoraanite esiemeHTH, KONTO xapakrepusnpar KpaTKotpaitioto cEcTos- nue Ha aTMochepara, oKaaBaT BANAHHe BUPXY ekcnaoaTanHONRHTe pexHMH Ha HH- CraaaitWure. [iviawkara Ha MaMeHeHHeTO Ha BpeMeTO B HAKOM cayWam onpeneas nawHna Ha peryanpaue. Haii-ronamo suayenne 3a OTONANTeAHMTe H KAMMATHYHATC HACTATANHM HMAT MpA- KO CBEP3ANNTe ¢ TAX METCOPOAOTATHH, CDOTRETHO KAHMATHYHH CEMEHTH — C.TbH- weno H3AbYBAIe, TeMiepaTyPa, BAAKHOCT HU MOARIAHOCT Ha BEIAYXA, 1.3.1. Temneparypa, Bx@KHOCT H noABMKNOCT Ha BESAYXa Temnepatypa Ha BDHUNHA BESAYX f,.. Temmepatypata wa BLSAYXA, Koliro e B HeNnCcpeacTaena GanZ0CcT QO seMiaTa NOBBPXHOCT, SABHCH OT KOAIHECTBOTO Ha TonaMMuaTa exeprits, KOATO TOA NOaywapa OT 3eMaTa, HaenenmeTo fa HHTeHSITE- fa Ha CABHYEROTO H3ALYRAIIe NPOMeHs NOBLPAHOCTHATA TeMMepaTypa Ha seMATA, a TA 3aeMHO C MeMMeHNeTO Ha BDIAYWIMHTE MACH onpeAera Temmepatypata Ha BRSAYRa, Vismetenzero a f,, ce Hapaua xoz Ha TeMnepatypara. B sascumocr of npoabwxureaocrra Ha mepHoza, 3a Kofiro ce mpany oMenKa, Ce pasaMsana ANeneR, wecedeH H roqumien XO1 Ha Tewmeparypara. 3a OTonaMTeAHaTa WM KaHMa~ THYHATA TeXHMKca OT suaYenie Ca AKCBHTSAT H TOMMUNIHT XOM. TIuennust xon a temmepatypata c exctpemysure Ci CBC CpeAHaTa CH CTOIt- HOCt Oka3Ba RAHANHe BYPXY TONAMHHUA PENA sa orpaxnauNTe eveMeHTIT WH HA- uana Ha peryanpaneto wa mictanaymute, Cayyaliiiorr xapaxrep tia mponecure, Btaie- 18 mH BEPXy fo. MpHkaBa pasanuna dopa na rpaduKrte, c KOHTO ce H306pa3zana, AHEBHMAT i XOJ, HO Hafi-decTO TexHuST BUM e MOROGeH Ha nOKasaina Ha er. 1.5. Toamumuat xox Ha Temnepatypata ce MoayuaBa upes cpeamuTe MeceuHM TeM nepatypu. OGuKHoBeHo Ce U3NOAYEa NepHoA OT BpeMe C NPOMNKHTETHOCT OT Hopaxpka wa 20—40 r. 3a Kanmaruumure ycnopua B Bearapua npeactapa 3a 1- AMMNHA XOQ ce noayvana oT dur. 1.6, Or roxMMANT x01 ce Cha 3a CypoBocrTa ss saath, FOpemMHMTe pes ANTOTO MH MPOADDKHTeAHOCTTAa Ha OTONANTETHAN 1H. rN 600} 100) ab ; af Els / =| 3 j | N 2|¢ 500} 90) vy I Nb soo} 80) | Mn fh | \ I 300+ 70 200+ 60 \ iy MOF a 8 2 IS 8 10 Ne we m 20.22 2 | Ss \ th ok 40 @ur. 1.5. Amevem x08 m1 bye Fy Mog 81 Me Hoa B Coma Oronanteann nenrpanych J. Toammnate D, ca noxasater a Temnepatyp- Hure YCAOBAN Ha OTOMMspalia Crpaga 8 paiioa Ha mecTonaxon.1eHHe: (a) Dy =2(terp—terey HEHTPATY CH, KbNeTO fup @ CpemHaTa TeMMepatypa Ha NoMeuleHHsTa B OTOMATBaHATA Crpala, °C5 teen — CPCAHATA TeMMepaTYpa Ha WHHIHMA BRARYx Mpes OTOMAMTeAHHA NEpHOA; 2—TpOMbAMHTeAHOCTTA B AHH Ha OTONABTeAHHA Nepwox 3a EAHOrOAMUIEH MEPHOA. ‘Jlenrpanycure Morar aa ce onpeaeast u rpapwino ¢ nOMoUtTa Ma roquIMHa xo wa Teuneparypara (ur. 1.7). [paaunara TeMmeparypa Ha BBMUIHAS BLELYX tips IPH KOsITO 3aNO4Ba OTOMMATeAHUAT CeSOH, 3aBHCH OT MpemHasHayenHeTO Ha crpagara’H puja Ha cTpomteactsoTo. Haii-wecto ce mpHeMma frp =12°C, Kato ce Apeqnonara; ve np n0-BHCoKa BBHUIHA TeMMepatypa sKeaaulaTa TeNneparypa ¥o 19 25; 2 07 +, 20 uz a7 15 =e a2) 40 104 s 52 0 |__| Qe 01 [Copun 1887r=1967r Ii Wv we vivmix x xt xt Mecey, @ur. 1.6. Fommen xox ta f,, 34 Cops (00 aamnm or 1887 r. 20 1967.) z r 20h tf Fem = CTT ®. 2 ai ft 10 A, 9 Cogna —0,,, 887"-1967c)= fy jm= 0, 7.9892 931: 200 +0, (1960/61r.)=2 330] ~10 PhP | vax X X MT Hom Woy WMI Meceu, owe. 1.7. "paano npemcraname ua oronautenmure eurpanyen < BRBAYXa B MOMEMenusITa (dp =18-+22"C) ce mocTara RcaeXCTBHe Ha caLHNeBOTO WgaADUBAHe H Ha BLTpeUIAKTe NECHeuHaauaKpanH TONABHAK usTOURAUM. OTce4KaTa, Konto Ce NonysaBa M@KAY MPecesHHTe TOUKH Ha KPHBaTa Ha roAMWHAA XOR Ha ‘Temneparypara ycnopeduata na acuMcuata oc MURS f:p=12°C, e reoMeTpAue HBSIT OOpas Ha NPOAbMKHTeAHOCTTA Ha OTONAWTeNMMA CesOH, T.e, Ha Spon HA oronaurenuute Aun z. Henrpagycure ca cya oT aMueTO A, Ha npaBoBrbaKMKa, 20 OSpasysax oT NpAaBHTE trp M fecp MOT AMMMHTE, KOMTO (AKCHPAT NpoADAKUTEAKOCT- Ta Wa oTonanreadus cesoH, a A, e amyeTo Ha durypara, oOpasyoana of xKpueara Ha TOAMUHHA Xo. Ha TeMMepatypa H OT Mpapata frp. Meceunute oronaateana nenrpatyct Dy ce onpeseait c peaauata mpoapa- OKHTEAHOCT Ha Mecela H CpeaHaTa MecesHa Temmepatvpa fy. J[auuute 3a Dy B ra6x. 1.3 ce ornacat 39 f,p=12°C u ferp= 19°C. © C3, cn t 1 Wan ¥ Wi UWI X XT “ Mecew 3 ‘nr, 1.8, Coanmen xox my ormoen YeRTs wauKHoeT 103 (on ur. 1.9/'Cpeana Touma WecroTA Ka MOCOKGITA Ma BATSp: 10 OTHOCHTeMHa BAAKHOCT ¢,,. TH 3aBACH OT peaHNa meTeoponorMaM HM chu swum (baxTopH—Temmepatypa Ha Bb3IVXa H Ha BoATa BOOTKPHTATe BOAR Ga- ceils, Nocoka H CKopocT Ha LATDpa, paganka B MapuMaAHHTe HaaAranua Ha Ma- pHTe BLS BEIAVXa uM BoAHHTE HsTONMANA. ARAAHTHYHOTO ONMCaMHe Ha Mpoueca Ha uamapentie oT BOAINTE TOBEPAHOCTH H OBTaKHABAHE Ha BESAYNA sa mane palion He MOKE Aa CE HANPABH KOHKPETHO NOP3AM BepORTHOZTHMA XapakTep Ha ABACHHAT: Tloge6uo sa TeMnepatypata m aa OTiocKTemHaTa BAaKHOCT Ce AehHUNpAT 110- HWaTHiTa gMeBeH H rogumien Xom. Ha dur. 1.5 41.8 ca moxasanm rpadwxu, KOHTo HMOCTPMpAT THONANHA NavHH Ha H3MeHeHHe Ha OTHOCHTeANATa BADKHOCT mpe3 aeua m npes roaunata. [Ip cpaHenme c xoxa ce BIDKIa, Ye UMKTHGHOCTTA Ha H3MeHeMHeTO Ce SaNa3na; eKCTpeMyMHTe CKBNaNaT NO BpeMe, HO Ca pasmereri MOAOKEeHHATa Ha MAKCHMaAHATe H M4H4MaAHMTe CTOMHOCTH. Nloaswanoct 1a BE3ayxa. Mawxennero ua aTmocipep'iua BLSAYX NpemHMHO: B XOpH30HTanHO Nanpaanenne ce Hapaya aaTEp. Tlapamerpire, KouTO xapaKTepa- aupat BATEpa, Ca CKOPOCT, NocoKa HM uecToTa. Barbper oKa3Ba CBUNCCTBEH) BAWAHHE BLOXY ToMAOBLIAyWIHHA PEKUM Ha crpamute. Or ckopoctta My 3aBucH HaairaHeTo BpXy ManeTpeMuTe dacann W CHOTRETHO KOAHYCCTBOTO Ha NpOHUKBAMHA Mpes BESAYXonpoHMUAeMUTe eneMeLITH Buuuien Bb3ayx. Mocokata Ha BATEpA onpenean dacagute, KOTO ca MoAAOKeXH Ka MOBHMIEHO HaAsrane, a CBULO Taka’ PacaqATe, KOTO Ce OXAAKAAT NO-HHTCHSHE- wo. Uecrorara 1a BaTHp! BaNe BEPXy OGUIMA PTIXOM Ma eH2pruATa, HeoOXoMHMA 3a (DAL DpKave ta %KeAcHATa TeMuepatypa Na BL3AYXA. Cxopoctra, nocokara m vecrorata Ha BaTDpa ca cayaaliim Beaman, Kopeata- WMATA MeKAY YeCTOTaTa M NOCOKaTA Ha BATBpa ce MSOSpasnBa B NOANPHa KOOp- annatra cncrema (dur. 1.9). Tosa npexcrapanna rpadaka wa Cpeanata vecTora Ha ROCOKATA, HapHYava posa Ha BATBpa. 2 1.32. Hasucaiteaud napamerpH Ha BbHWHHA BESAYX Hasexasocrra wa nogaypwtaieto Ha MapaMeTpHTe Wa MAKPOKIHMaTA B OTO- HasnanuTe MW KAMMATHSHPAHHTE MOMEMMeHUM, T. e.-TAXHATA OCHrypeHocT, Ce OMpere- ax OT USHCKNaMNIATA Ha TEXHOAOTHYHNTe NPOUECH HOT XHFHENMIMTe HOPMH. Sa nponsmoacrea cue crpcr TexHoxoruiel! PExUM NapawerpHre tpsGva ta ce cnassaT He3aBHCHMO OT HaMeHENHeTO Ha BBNLNWTe KaumaTHYnA yenoBus. B crpa- lure ¢ OOMO nperuasiavenne ca AONYCTHM KPATKONPEMeHUH OTKAOHEHUA OT 113- ‘uicauteanus pexum. [pu mepH2attHo YHKUOHApaMH MAH MpemHagnayenn ga henpoxbaxwTencii NpecToR crpan CTenehTa HA OCHTYpHBANe Ha HsaHCAMTE-THHDT pexim mowKe na Gbxe Mo-wHCKa Kato Kparepiit sa oueuKa Ha OT KMOHeHHeTO Nia AelicTBHTeAHUTe MapaMeTpH ta MAKPOKANMaTA A MOMeMeH|IeTO OT HIHNCAMTCAMHTE ce HaMoAayBaT uectorata Ha Ores) teaMeto OT M34UCAATeAMMTe TapaMeTpH B UAKAIEB HITep- Pax oT npeme — teHowoumHe, cesoH HAH romH Ha; —o6uara npoxLDKHTeAHOCT Ha OFKAOHEHIHATA OT AaMaAeHHTe ycaoBNA 3a cr- pexeaew repo — ticose, tetovour HH; apkagareaat, Koiiro. XapAKTepH3 Hp» Hai-HEITOAMOTO eAHAMTHO OTKTOHE- hve —Ma2HMadaTi NPILBAAUTEAMOCT WIK MAKCHMATHATA CTO/HOCT Ha EAMHHY- HOTO UTKAOeHHe KA HAKOM OT WapanerpaTe. Bawnunero i napawerpate Wa KaMMara BUPRY TonamiMHA PeAuM Ha orpark- AaUlaTe eneMeHTit HH MoMeMteManta © KosnacKeHo. To ce ONpe-eam OT ChEMECTHO- To AeHcTBHE Ha TeMMepaTypaT a WA WLMIMAR BbIAYX fon CKOPOCTTA Ma RATLPA Ug, H Heropata MocoKa, [pH HAKOM MANHCACHAT AoTbANMTEAHO TPAGHA Aa ce OT- UCTAt OTAOCHTEAHATA BADKHOCT Fuq Hi CHeUMMpHYHATA ENTAAMT HA Wb BEI” AYX fy HOCOKATA Tid ABH AA WT. H. Tipit taSop a Ra¥HeAHTeAWHTe cTOAHOCTH Ha HapaweTpHTe Na KAUMaTA ga Ces2HH - Te ¢ exctpenHitcr. AHOcTH —saMa M1 of Auibepemunaawara 1 cywapHara aecTota cBoTueveraynat 87,6 4aca. Hurerpaadoro pasnpezeaente Ha yacoaMTe croliHocTHt 32 thy (WecToTa Ha puuuuara Temmepatypa) e foxagad> B ARcHara Yact ua dburypure (y Kpuva). 23 8~ (oc se— a6 AT |¥l— 90—'Le6 ¥—|vi—08—'se6 S—|hi— 08 — 956 &— tI ~ 61—\$66 | & El 00— Go rie t. | BE = 53 Ee Fa oF i, a, = 2g 2.01— | O.t1= Der | z 35 a,| 5 et ati g Es Door) Ott F) 9.615% omy fmm |g) fon omar ne ge hicmcinigeell pen aeh at a Aa | 2 ‘SB udu | rap, 1: 3 a ae | 4q woivedavan wz aw uit onus | PLO ap ano ALSO co, | i . | \ udowae eLMHAALEMMEN eM HLZOMYOLD MHVOLMLDUREY PL enmrgeg 24 | Get] ove | OB! | oOes | ORT | 29,4, ue Sera 4087, 8504 | ua 6poar wa uacimere © ar <5 °C simkera oF obuiMR ania ne Guns R= 24 § 27 TaGauuals Macopa neocurypenoct 3a MSO0p Ha fy H yy Npeanasnarenne ma wmcramauuara | |—-—— ae. f : Ropmiue- | xopmax- | samme | noammenw | wopmanin | aaminxenw on na | | | Oronnerne ° 20 ~ ~ = - Bewrazaums 20 400 = 200 400 = | Kamesrnsauex | 0 20 | 400 0 20 200 | 2. XHMTHEHHO-OW3HOJIOPMYHH YCIOBUA Or comectaeto suagenie sa GnaronpaatHo nporHiane na xUBHeNATe ApoUECH B yoBeKa Ca TeMilepatypata, OTHOCHTeNHaTa BABKHOCT H NOMBMLKHOCTTA Ha BI AYxa oGurananiata Sowa; NoBLpxHoeTHaTa TemnepaTypa ma Ofpancaaliutre-ctpor Tenia exeueuTH; Temmepatypata Ha CLOpLAeHUATa B HoMeMeHeTo. CuBMecTHoTO Aciictave Wa Tesi hbaxTopt onpeserRT TonAMHHHTe yCAOBIS, B KONTO OouTaTeAUTE M3BbpuIBaT CBOATA JefHOCT. \owara wa vosexa QyHkuHOHHpa Kato TonTOOGMeRHIK, BEPXY KOfTO HMA HepB HH xaeTKH —250000 3a crya w 30000 sa tonauna, c KONTO Ce perxcrpupa TeM- mepatypata. Uynctentensoctta wa xopata KbM ¢Tya@a © SagHTeaHO fo-ronaMa OTkoaKOTO KbM TonaHHaTa. 2.1. TONMOOTAABAHE OT XOPA Mpornyamate B YopewKoTo ta20 «busuonorauin npoyech ca cpnpoBomenn’c MocToniMo OTweaRNe Ka TonAHA (eHepriHed MetaGoausbé). Enuospemenno ¢ Toba Ce Peamanpar M ToNAoOGMeNHH NpoKecH MexnY YOReKa H OKOAHATA cpena. Panio- BecHeTO Ha TonAOOTAeNAMARTA 4 ToraMaNNTe saryOM OMpenena OnaronpHaTitaTe TONARHHH YCAoBHA sa xopara. OrKsoHeHHeTO OT paBHOBecnoTO cECToRuHe mpequs- Buea Ycellane 3a cry, Ma Tonauua. Temnepatypara na Tanto ce norHpRA MocToRIMa aa cMeTKA Ha OTIeAANeLO ha TonAHHA, WUATO ToAeMHHa B 3aBHCHMUCT OT HOMEHAMMTE Ce YCMODIIN. ta HM. Bor —-akTMaHOCT, OKOAHa Cpeaa HM eNOUAorIAMHD CHCTOMAME, Ce PeryaKpA nO xu- Maven W bHsHomOrHeH THT. Mp no-nitrensusio sspasxoawawe Ha eneprud Mowe na ce noayen joKbaHNe Teala TonAnHa OT MycKyaHTe, KOATO ce NponoKHpa HO HespoaorHueN ier, Hes Jae uANMMe BBHMIHA H3ABA Ha MYcKyalIaTa AeAMOCT MexIHHUNaTA eEprnm ce Apewpbua B TonAMHHA (pusHOAOrM4HO peryaupane). Korato ao reauATeinoTo Ko. aWECIBO Tonauna chujo He e AOCTATHUO, Ce MORBINA MycKYAHO Tpenepene, EAEA-KOETO e HeoBXoaHMO cLsHaTeAIO MA ce akTHBMaHpA YOReMIKaTa meAnOCT HAR NACE mponenst yenosHATa wa OKOAtaTa cpema (WanpuMep upes oronaznaie). 28 Sn ct | petro Banassaiixn nocrosuua prpeiiata temnepatypa Ha TAXOTO (36,6°C) pes no- THCKaHe WIM AKTHBUSHPANe Ha KPLEOOGPLULeHHETO B OTACAHM OHH Ha KomaTA, NODELIKIAT OPranHSBM TORADpAa nocrosHHN ToNANMNATe cH saryOn. 3a ueaTa nenpeKEcHaTo ce AIMeHs nosHpXKoctHara my TeMMepatypa. TaxuBa npomeHH Ha Tenepatypata Ha KoxkaTa He MoraT ja MOCTATHAT AO Nlo-TonaMa pasiHKa OT 1,7°C cnpamo Temnepatypata Ha No-BETpeuMHTe THKAHH. Cpeaara remmeparypa #4 KoxaTa mp pabiiosecno cuctoanne € 34,1°C, Ho Ta He © panHomepua 3a wia0TO Taa2—Ha yenoTo e 34,3 °C, Ha pryete —29,3°C, ana xpakata 450 + 246°C. Mpomavara na Temnep3- a TypeTa wa BbSAyXA fy CE OTPABA- F = 400b— pa No pasauden auHH HA Texme- > Tena paSoma ~. patypata a yactare or taaoto, — ¥ 3A Ty ~ Hanpumep np namenente Ha fs “Sao | ¢ 0,55°C Temnepatypara wa e- of es & gore ce npomena c 0,08°C, TaaH dal a poutete —c 0.26°C, a na xpa- marae 044°C. Tova e eaiia pnipecaPeahomepern patos OT mpHantnte, nopaia KATO TIpo- MeHHTE Ha fy: BOAWZOCT AD Hoa boast secuo’ a0 Hapyulananie Ha Komdopta. OTjapavata oT YOBeKa TONAB- be wa sa eamunua npewe (ronauiin- so ¢ AT MOTOK) € o a 8 12,16 20 26 28 32 36 E thse -) 0 @ur. 2.1, Tonaoora wine OT MOpMaTHO OG.cweH CeARUL Qua t Quer wt paGoreu sovex ceaeto Q,, © nemunt, a Q, —ckpitinr (apes srarooTaensiiero) Tonantten noToK. Ha gar. 2.1 e moxasano waMenennero na Qy # Herositre KomnonenTH Qos Q,, 92 TpH Baga YoBemKa xciiNocT BLO MbyHKuMA Ha TeMnepatypata Ha OKO™ HMA BRSAYX fey. TIpan Bnevatzenne, ve Q, pacte c focmmapane Ha HHTeHSAB™ HocTTa Ha TpyAOBata gelinocr, HO 3aBHCHMOCTTA My OT f,, € cala6o w3pazeHa. Tipu nosmmavane wa temnepatypata o6ave oTHoMeHHIeTS Ha Qe, H Que CHAHO Ce NgMeUs, KaTO CKPHTHAT TONAUHEN NOTOK HapacTBa 3a CMeTKA Ha SBHHA. Enepruiinunt meta6oana pm M ce xapaktepusupa c Tpaucibopaupa- BHA OT Opraiiisua eHEprHen MOTOK, oTHECeH KM | mM? oT MIBLPKHUKATA Ha TANOTO. M sagucu oT QaswuecKara eMouMOHanHaTa aKTuaHocT (ra6a. 2.1). Topupxunnata Ha YOBEWKOTO TANO ¢ eKBUBazeHTaa tia Tash Ha KoKATA Ace MMoKe Za ce onpenemH ¢ MoMoMITa Ha ypaBnenneTo. Ha JloG0a (2.1) Aig = 0,203 m028 49725, KBAeTO moe MacaTa Ha 7! BeHo 3a BBSpacten YoBe! 070, kg; a A —pucounnara wa soBeKa, m, OGHKHO- ce mpaenar m=70 kg; A=1,7 m: al, = 18 m? 29 TaGanua2t Efeprnen meragoniaem M npu pasanuito. ¢pusnsecko cucroamue usmucexo cocromnme I Wim® i Tloxon—arexam ove | 46 0.8 i | —coasm YORK 58, 1,0 Crom YOReK 10 12 | Jlexa pa6ora—eonama 8 Kanyexapus, aa. | | Goparopus, npoMssoxerReHa XefHOCT | 70 12 { PaGor B Crosulo HOvoxKeHHe— mpoaani, | aosakiicea paGora, pata Ha MaUIMt 93 16. | Cpcawowreixa pa6ota — aBromostbops | { | -rexeraami, Maimtoctpocne t 165 28 22. HOKASATEJIM HA TONJMHHUTE YCJOBAA Tonauumate ycrosus, Onpedernmn TonanHHOTO GraropasncaoxKenue, ce XapaK- ‘Tepusupat mocpeacreom cnperuature cToiin cin Ha weTHpH daKropa —TeMmepary- pa da, OTHOCHTedHa BAaKHOCT 7, MOABHRHOCT Ha wHIAYXA Vy HM Cpeanara Tem Nepatypa Ha vanBYBale Ha OrpaxkAIULHTe KONCTPYKUMM H CLOPRXKCHHA B HOMEUe- HweTO 0; OnpeqeamHeTo Ha TONAMHHHTE y CAOBHA, SaLOBOTABALIM C-IOKHATA CaMo- peryaupauta cicteMa, ‘KaKBaTO € YOREIIKHAT OPFaHuseM H KONTO He MpHeMa Ma- cHBHO HeGAgronpHATHATE ABAeHRA Ha OTREAHUTE (pakTOpH, HE MOKC Ra CTaHe No Teoperyen BT. Hanoasysar ce paamuuin noKasaterH, eH oT KOTO Ce omaRaT HA ApAKo HsMepaaire, ApYrH ce onpeneaaT pes oOpaborka Ha MpAKO M3MepeHs BeausnnM, a TperH ca peay.tar or ctarncrmuecka oGpaGotKa Wa cvGecKTHBHATa ONeHKA Ha roam Gpofi xopa oTHOCHO npHeMaMBocTTa Ha pasH4nTe KOMGHNANMN Ha ax TopHTe, OnpedeTAULA TOnAHMHHTe yeuoBHS. 2.2.1. Mpako wamepeann noxasaTean Temnepatypa Ha CYXHA TepMOMeTEp f,. Ts 2aBa BL3MOXKHOCT 3a recHa oueaka Ha TONAMAHNTE YcaORMA B NoMeMeHNA C-oTHCCHTeANA BAaKHOCT 40—6O% H 2O6pa YYBCTBHTeAHOCT NO OTHOIEHHE OTKAOHeHHETO KbM ycemlale Ha Xaaz. 3a No-BHCOKH TeMmepatypu, KOraTO CaMcperyanpemata CHCTeMa Ha-T#.10TO BOA ao HanCTABaHe, TOSH MOKAJaTen He HOCH AocTaTBUHa uRdopManns. Temnepatypa Ha MOKPHA TepMOMeTbp fu. Ta € MOneseH MOKAsaTeA pH oMe- HaBaHe Ha TONAHBIH YCAOBAR, BOREL LO RHCOKM TONAHHAK HATOBApBAKIN 6.1K lO rpaiunata Ha BEBMOMHOCTHTe Ha CHCTeMaTa 3a peryaMpane Ha TOMAMHINTe 32 ry6n ua TaA0TO: "pes HanOTABAHe. Temnepatypa wa opocapane f,,. Manoasyna ce 3a xapakrepusupaue wa TOCDALPMANHETO Ha BLSAYXA B MOMeMeHI2TO Temnepatypa Ha veped KpaSoBHaeH TepmomeTEp f,,. Toua e nBTpeUNe7a Temneparypa Ha Kyxo eKe cepuyto Tax9 c auaMeTEp Dyg=150 mm un crea va vepHota e=0,95+0,05, Jana smbopmaiun ga CuKymMoTO AefCTHHE Fa soy MOABAKHOCTTA Ha BLSAYXA Vy Mo Ma ABYHCTHS ToNATOGMeN C orpars aa KOHCTPYKYAH H ChOPDIKEHUATA B-NOMeMeHHETO. ae 30 2.2.2. Kocpeko H3mepsann noxajaTrean Cpeana Temnepatypa Ha u3nbuBane f),, Ta e paBHomMepHo pagipese.t2ia 0- BBPXHOCTiia. TeMMepaTypa Ha eKHMsaTeNTHO YepHO MoMeUIeHMe, BK eTO YOBEMIKYTO TAIO OOMEHT EMNAKRO KOAHYECTBO ABY!CIa TONAL KAKTO B peaaHo noMeuenne. AcHMeTpHa Ha Temmepatypara Ha usapuBaHe AO, Tosa e pasauKata B TeM- Hepatypute Ha N3NDYBBHE 3a ABSTe MpOTHBONOAOKUH aMUA Ha MATHS paRHHnen enexent, pastoroxed 8 moMementeto, HeoSxogumo e aa ce aepanapa mactoTo H Mono KeHHeTO Ha paBuunNMT eaeMeHT, 32 Kir) ce ornact AD. Temnepatypa Ha yceulane f),. Tosa e pasiomepuo pasnpeaenenata Tewmepa- Typa Ha 3aTBypedo YEPH) HOMeMIeTHe, B KOSTO YOReUIKOTO THAD OOMeHA a>TACTA M XOMBEKTHBHA TO!LIWHA KAKTO B PeaTHO MOMeuIeiae C NEPABHOMEDHO pasnpeRcae- Hac fia TeMaepatypata 11 abyeHite. Ba moweyero cay4ad & MpAXTHKaTa, KaraTO Uq_ ST M/s HM (do —O)<4°C, Teme nepatypata ua yoemaye Mox%Ke Ma ce onpemeat oT wspasa (2.2) tye =@tn +(1—a)B,,°C. Taina 32 Koedmunenta a ca Aanent B TaGa. 22. Ta6amua22 Crofnocrn Wa Koeduumenta a oq <0, ms | 20,6 m/s 0,6<0,;°<1 m/s | a=0,7 | ‘To3u_noKagatet e noxXoaAM 3a ONeHKa Ha TONAHHHOTO GaaropasnosoKeHHe B HoMemenust C YMepesH TCuMMAI HaTOBapeanxa, OnepaTasua Temnepatypa npw HacHuyane f,,. Ts © paBHomepHO pasrperere- Hata Temnepatypa 8 3aTsopeHoO YepHO NomemedHe MPH OTocHTeAHA BAARHOCT & =100%9, B KOeTO YOREMIKOTO TAD OOMeNIA CHUIHTe KOAANECTBA ToNAHHa ed KO- dkaTa Upea MaapuBaHe, KOHBEKUMA H NanapedWe Kakro B peamto tomemenne. 3a Temmeparypa Ha Beaayxa L0OS¢, 10°C 4 remmapatypa Ha Komata 30Stin=40°C ton MOE fa ce H3UNCM ¢ NOMONITA Ha H3pa3a (B.0,4+C . ta #D-t, HB+E+D), (2.3) te ro Bar, Roi Vi Cmax, (a. Rott D=3,08 ,_ @ (1 E0143 .24 + Ross +a, W/(m'K), KbMeTO a, Wa, a KOCPHUMEHTHTE Ha TON INpesaBate 4pes KOABEKUMA H_HSADO- sane, W/(m2K), Rog — TomansHoTo cemporuBaeHe a O6.1eKAITO, m*k/W (raGa, 2.3), or —3aCTTa OT KOKATa, CBTANelIA OT NOTHA CeKpenHA, peryAAPAaMa TONAITAA~ panera. TaGamua 2.3 Tonannuo ConpoTHBxenHe Ha pasanunt BHROBE OGnEKTA Jleko amo o6meKao (Caen, ex Ma'tTanod, puaa © KRCH PHKADH parkonuany xe, ARM YopanHE H O6YBKH) 0,08 . OsaeKa0 Rog, KW | Too 1810 | o Lope | 0.015 Ofaexso sa Tpomuveckn Yeaoaua (cavn, WOPTH, PH3a C KBCH Pb~ Ngo m paskondatia mci, ACKH NOp.IML W casiaaar) 0,045 | | PaGor- 0 neko OGneKAo (neo Geaso, mMywta pa6or.ta Dida ABA Ha paar, paBoten mattato!, $opann H o6yaKH) | O11 Bust onaeKao aa B MoMeMeMMR (GeO, pus, c ABATH PHKABH, Rawranox, nyaonep ¢ seArH preasit, TOpami H OveKt) | 0,155 Osaenao 31 OTKpHrO — esponeficKH THm (iMyano Geabo c MBATH | PRKABHE, Pid CMO» Ma'ITAMOL HM AKAAETKA, NOpAITI HM OGyEKH) | 0,233 *B naKow auteparypan warocinuit Rg ¢ uspase%0 B clo: 1 elo=0.155 m*K/W. 2.2.3. CySektHsHy nokaszaTean Echextupa Temnepatypa f.9. Tosa € KommaeKceH noKasaten, Recunupan apes rewmepatTypaTa Ha YCAOBHU gaTBOpeHO MoMeMmeHMe C HeMOMBHKEH BbILYX (Yn 0,075 --0,125 m/s) B wacuTeno cheTomme C TeMmepaTypa, HA orpadxaamute KOMCTPYKUM, PaBMa Ha TasH Wa BBILYXa, B KONTO BLOPACTeH MBA, HSBDPIIBAL Teka cpuswuecKa gelinocr H O6ae4eH C ApexH C TOMAMHHO CBNPOTHB.CHHE Roo= =0,155 mK/W, yeeula Tonaanunte yenoBNA eRNAKBA KaKTO MB peamHo noMeme- Hue ¢ Apyra-KOMOMHaMA Ha TPHTe OCHOBNH mapaMeTPH fy, fu, Un. Temmepa- TypaTa feq € NPHADKHMA 3A HHCKO HABO Ha (PUSHYECKa AKTMBHOOT, CbOTBETCTBYDAMLO Ha -Nokof 8 ceawio nodoxKeHHe. B To34 MoKagaTer ce mpeneOperza eYMCTHAT TonsioIGMeH, KOTO B Pema cAYYAH HMA peulaBaWO sHaveHHe. 3a onperTemsiNe Ha tep ce W3nOA3yBa dar. 2.2. Tpusep 21. 3anowemenna cf, 24,5 °C #, ~16.5 °C (exormerernyna Hag, 40%) ¥ Uy mm = 30 mfmin. Tewneparypara t=20.5 "G. Moiyasa_ce or npecenwara roma wa amen A—B, Xomts wkana mpes TONKUTe f, Hf, 4M KpusaTa 0, =30 m/min (Gur. 2.2). Tewneparypara wa moxpus YepeH KDaGOBILIeH TEpMONETSP ty, xg CC onpeream MPH: — saraopenm npocrpancrea — na orxputo, Haman erpanara o7 boos KD Yyeerputeduata 42et Ha TepMoMerLpa 31 HMepsawe a zy TpAGIA Aa One ¢ apmxnta 30+5 mm M anawerpp 61 mm. Ta e moKputac xnrpockonHuna On- ta ThKAM(HANPHMep MaMyK), KATO He Ce COayXba NPHIYANTEAHO. Temmeparypata tu.xs C¢ WOI0A3VB1 31 OUeNKAa Na TOMAMHIOTO HaTORapNaHe Ha pasoTHAlM B-TopenmH WexoBe 1 3a ONPEACARHE Ha O1OCHTeAMATA MPoTDrKUTEA woct na:pacora (fur. 2.3). Cpetnata croiHoct 3a fx.x5 C€ OMpeAeaR C TPH OTMATAHHS: 32 i Se Bg Bow & 3s ——— = ba ny cout. 2.7. Onpepenane wd ecpexTmmnata teumcparypy #4 (~ WHoTHTyT “34 VOpTerH” ne TARTAN. te. RASHAHE BUBNUYOTEKA & Cap. o oon. nem men RAPP YER (2=0,1 mot moma). . x6=(ty. 06, + 2ts.0, thu. x6,)/4- = 25%. paSoma u 75%/.howubka =50*l. paboma u 50*%/enowubka = 75%. paboma u 25%. nosubKa 25 = Paboma Ses npexecbane 20 100 200 300 M, W/m2 Our. 23. Onpeaeanne nepnoaite ia pubora o nowekr'® repenim wexoe 28 eqwouacon MHTEPBI 23. TOMJMHHO BJATOPASNOJOKEHHE Tipu xaneum. tonaunun ycnopua o6uraTeswte cnpexewnt cacata cy6eKTMbna cueHka OTHOCHO“TONAWHHOTO CH Osaropasnoaoxexne. Macneapatinata 3a TCnABH- Horo GuaropasnoaomeHve Ce HIBLPIWBAT BEPXY MHOAKECTEO. AMMA, KATO HOay sent Te peayatatn ce OOpaGotwar CTATHETHHECKK H ce OTHACAT NO'rpyma, a HE 20 OT RedHO MLE. Or ISO € Baneneva acsercremania ckaza 3a ollenKa Ha ‘TONAMNHOTO G71aro- pasncacaenne: +4 ropemo, +3 Horo Tonao, +2 Tona2, +1 xeKo Tonao © papnonecne (Heyrpacio), —1 aeko cBexo, — 2 cpexo, —3 ctymevo, = 4 muoro cryzeno. Tipw ouenmpane ia ronamiinn ycxoBHa c yMepento ToMaAMHO HaTCBApBaHe Ce HI noasyHa celeMcTDnaava cKana, oGpasyrana cr AeFeTCibLaanata C npemaxrane Ha xpafiinmte onenxm (+4 —4). Tipes nocaemnure roaMMM ca nyGaNkysaim MexaynapeWH M HaNWoMacsT! Wop- MaTuBan jCKYMeNTH, OTpasabalia pesyaTara o Wa FOaynH , 3 TALS, W2o- pexenn of duantonosn H ronaoyexnmx.| Craaanena, -BPAMOKHOCT, 3a ,oUenKA Ha O¥aKBAHOTO TONAMHHO GaaropasrioaoKeHHe. Ha Tpyna «Mya ouje pw npoeKtupae Ha OGekTa WAH pes npexn HSHIHH HsMeppanHs| B ChmlectsyBaiH oGexTH. 3a no- MCIU€HHA C BHCOKH TONAWHHH HaTOBApBaHWA He © BESMOKEH sacera Audepenumpar amanus KaKTO NpH TesH C yMepenH TOnAHHEM HaToRapRaHHs. 2.3.1. Onenka wa tonazHnHoTO OnaropasnoxoxKenne B aureparypata ca onucatia TPH MaTeMaTHYeCKa Mogeaa Ha TommooOmennitre MpomecH Mek AY TAOTO Ha YOReKA M OKOAHaTa cpeta — Mogeapr wa Croaynk u Xapau, moreanr KCY w Mogexet na banrep. YB TpHTe Moneaa ce MSxOKMA OT TORANHHKA Ganarc, mexagu3Ma Ha Tona006- MeHHHTe Mpouecn, KaKON dbusorcrM4HH ‘NapaMeTpH H ce NpeasHxK1aT TONARHHOTO yeewlake W Cpeauata OueHKa Ha TonAMHHOTO GaaropasnonoweHMe Ha rpyna xopa. anrep pasrzexna yosemKoTo Tao KATO o6o6mena exnuHya H OnHcRa pery- aalldsta a KpwBOOGpamenHeTo 3a Onpexeney MepHOd OT BPeMe BBB GYHKUMA Ha MeraGomasma (hur. 2.4). [pw uscaeapaue nomomtta na rosa Moaen Ha nonede or tn Iguware! Q,y——— So loupyaun) gt Bore {woubexqua) Yn Q,,, lusnomabawe) (usapsbare) w ur. 24. Moses sa Tontumex xouspopt cnoper Sanrep 1300 oneka To - v3RexK1a ypapHeHHn aa cpeauaTa oyeHKa wa ovakbanoro Ton: AuHo ycentane OK (oyenka va Koméopra) 4. Ha OuaKeaHHS MpOUeKT Ha HeyZO- BaeTBUpeHHTe ANNA OT ToNAHKHUTE yCaoBHR HK (HeAoBOAHH-OT Komdopra). OK=(0,303 exp(—0,036 M)-+ 0,028). {(M — W) — 3,05. 10=2 x [5733—6,99(M — W) — p,]—0,42. [(M — W) —58,15}— —1,7.10-5.M + (5867— p, j\—0,001 M (34,1— t,)— 26.96 10-* Bag M6 27313) = OFAN, ene bao «ttn (Ose bee 3 . aro W=7. Me tonanninst cxioipanenr Ha wasppurenara “or mamero pa6ora (BAM rave Ha TOKECT,, W3XSMBAHe Ha CTp16.HAP). st Tlosupxnocriara Temmepatypa Ha OGMKAOTO Og H KOepUNMeEHTET Na KoNBeK- TusHo TonZonpelawane -,, Ce oMpenemat OT MapasHTe - : (25) 0,2=35;7—0,028(M IW) Rigf3,96 10 Vex,” ~ sel 4 273.15) — e+ 273,15) te + y= (Bus— tO” kpneto deg PF1Q9° Ry © 52 RucS0,078 mPK)W, - © beg 1,05 40,645 Roo 88 Rag > 0,078 mK/ Wy (26) — © =tmax{2,38js— £,)e TRA VB, Tipenopwupa ce (2.4) ma ce HaromyBa B uuteppata — 2

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