- medieval society - 5th - 15th century, feudal and christian society

feudum - fief (land), Ora et Labora - pray and work

THE THREE - ESTATE SYSTEM
1 THE NOBILITY
2 THE CLERGY
3 THE PEASANTRY

HUMANISM AND RENAISSANCE

(human rebirth)
- new era in human history
- originated in Italy in 13th century
- new social class - the bourgeoisie

New Ideas And Opinions

- admiration of ancient culture (philosophy, architecture)
- homo faber - man the maker
- individualism
- sensualism
- rationalism

LITERATURE
- Dante Alighieri - The Divine Comedy
- Giovani Boccaccio - Dekameron
- Miguel de Carvantes Saavedra - Don Quixote
- William Shakespeare - Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet

PAINTING - light and laws of perspective

- Leonardo da Vinci - The Lady with an Ermine, The Last Supper, Mona Lisa
- Raphael
- Alibrecht Durer
- Hieronymus Bosh

SCULPTURE - activity of muscles

- Michelangelo - The Pieta, The David, The Moses

ARCHITECTURE - ancient time (columns, arcades, square floor plane)

- secular buildings - manisons, palaces, town halls
- Fillippo Brunelleschi
- Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower - Florence

ASTRONOMY
- Nicolaus Copernicus - Heliocentrism (planets revolve around the Sun at the centre
of Universe)
- Galileo Galilei - telescope
- Giordano Bruno

INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

- Johannes Gutenberg - movable-type printing press (1443)
- Christopher Columbus - rediscovering of America (1492)

REFORMATION 16th Century

reformatio - repair
- religious movement for reform within Western Christianity in the 16th century
- Earlier reform movements - Jan Hus and the Moravian Church

CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION

- wealth of the Church
- corruption of the Church
- sale of the indulquences (or spiritual privieges)
- Western Schism or Papal Schism
- decline of the morality of the clergy (no celibate)

THE BEGINNING OF THE REFORMATION

- dated to 31 October 1517 in Wittenberg Saxony, when Augustian monk Martin Luther
posted his NINETY-FIVE THESES on the door of the Church
NINETY-FIVE THESES (1517) - attacked authority of the Church and Pope
THE EDICT OF WORMS (1521)
- published by Emperor Charles V
- supported autority of the Church and Pope
LUTHER WAS EXCOMMUNICATE BY POPE LEO X (1521)
- MArtin Luther survived after being declared an outlaw, in hiding at Wartburg
Castle, only due to the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise
- translated bible into German
M. Luther and P. Melanchton wrote THE AUGSBURG CONFESSION - the most important
document of the Protestant Reformation and the new Church
THE LUTHERAN CHURCH (1530)

- the Holy Roman Empire devided into 2 regions with 2 different Churches
NORTHERN GERMANY - Protestant Church
SOUTHERN GERMANY - Catholic Church
- several religious conflict and struggles

THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555)

- officially ended the religious struggle between two groups of Christianity within
Holy Roman Empire
- principle whose realm, his religion (either Lutheranism or Catholicism)
- but residents (peasants) had to comform to the prince´s choice of religion

REFORMATION IN EUROPE
- Lutheranism spread very quickly maintly in Northern Europe
Due to the monarchs who converted to this faith and founded the National
Evangelical Lutheran Churches
SWEDEN - also included Finland, which was an integral part of Sweden at the time
DENMARK - also included Norway, which was an integral part of Denmark at the time
ICELAND - enforced by Danish crown
- Lutheranism spread really quickly also in Baltic states
ESTONIA - Church of Estonia
LATVIA - Church of Latvia

SWITZERLAND
- HULDRYCH ZWINGLI (1484-1531)
leader of reformation in Switzerland
priest in Zurich
killed in the battle of Kappel
-THE SIXTY-SEVEN ARTICLES
rejected Catholic Saeraments
rehected celibacy of priests
rejected authority of the Pope
returned to the more profesional faith
- JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564)
leader of the reformation in Switzerland
priest in Genevy
founder of Calvinism
-INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION
doctrine of PREDESTINATION (our destiny is inborn, God plans it)
strict moral life, celebrations forbidden
statues+pictures of God/saints forbidden
-THE HELLVETIC CONFESSIONS (1566)
agreement in the doctrine of Calvinism + Zwinglianism
final statement of belief in Switzerland

CALVINISM IN EUROPE
spread very quickly, especially in Western Europe
FRANCE - (The Huguenots)
ENGLAND - (The Puritans)
SCOTLAND - (The Presbyterians)
- JOHN KNOX (1514-1572)
leader of the reformation in Scotland
spread calvinism in Scotland
founder of Presbyterian Church of Scotland

REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
The Kingdom of England
1509 - Henry VIII became the king of England
the first wife was Catherine of Aragon
the relationship between king and pope was good because Henry critized the
reformation of M. Luther
was awarded the title defender of the faith by pope Leo X

CAUSES OF RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS:

Henry VIII did not have any son so he wanted to divorce his wife Catherine
Pope Clement VII did not accept it
THE BEGINNING OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
1534 - Henry VIII as the only supreme head on Earth of The Church of England
- New protestant Church - The Church of England
OPONENTS TO THE HENRICAN REFORMATION
Thomas More (the Lord Chancellor)
John Fisher
- they were executed for their opposition
- for upholding the dictrine of papal supermacy

WIFES OF HENRY VIII

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymore, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard,
Catherine Parr

EDWARD VI (1547-1553)
The son Of Henry VIII and Jane Seymore
protestanism was established in England
The abolition of clerical celibacy and the Mass in English

MARRY I. (1553-1558)
attempt to reverse the English Reformation

ELIZABETH I. (1558-1603)
the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Victory of the english reformation
the last of the monarchs of the house of Tudor
Elizabethan Era

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION

It was the reaction of the Catholic Church to the Reformation
was also called the Conunter Reformation

Instruments of the Catholic reformation:

New religious orders
The Council of Trent
The Inquisition

New religious orders

New religious orders were a fundamental part of the Catholic Reformation. Orders
such as the Capuchins, Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, Congregation of the
Oratory of Saint Philip Neri, and especially Jesuits.

the Society of Jesus = the Jesuits

It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola with the approval of Pope Paul IIl in 1540.
The Jesuits were organized along military lines and were the most effective of the
new Catholic orders.
They focused on 3 activities:

1.) founded schools

2.) converted the non-Christians to Catholicism

3.) reduced the Reformation

The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

-Pope Paul II called the meeting of the Church leaders in Trent. (Northern Italy)
The consequences of the Council were:
- no agreement between the Catholics and Protestants, the final split in the Church
-issued the Tridentine Creed -pope is the highest authoriy, seven sacraments, the
existence of Purgatory
the veneration of icons, indulgences were stopped, ....
- issued the Roman Catechism (or Catechism of the Council of Trent)

The Inquisition
- was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat
heresy
- the strictest inquisitions: the Spanish Inquisition or Witch trials
- the institution of the Inquisition was abolished in the early 19th century, after
the Napoleonic Wars in Europe.

THE RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE

THE RELIGIOUS WARS were series of wars in Europe mainly in 16th and 17th century

CONFLICTS
- the Roman Catholics (royal dynasly) - the House of Valois
Vs. The Huguenots part of nobility) the House of Bourbon
8 Huguenots Wars (1562- 1589)
THE ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE
wedding of the king's sister Margaret and the Protestant Henry of Navarre
-massacre began in the night of 23-24 August 1572
-instigated by queen Catherine de Medici, the mother of King Charles IX.
Catholic inolence against the Huguenots

THE RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS

- new king - Henry IV or Henry of Navarre
in 1598, he issued the Edict of Nantes - granted a religious toleration to the
Haguenots
THE RELIGIOUS WARS THE NETHERLANDS
- territory of the Low Countries held by the House of Habsburg (Spain)
-area of the Netherlands (Belgium + Luxembourg)
RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN THE NETHERLANDS
the Roman Catholic (the Spainiards)
vs. the Calvins (the Dutch)
EMPEROR PHILIP II (1556-1598)
- king of Spain + the Netherlands
- supporter of the Counter Reformation
THE DUKE OF ALBA
the governor of the Netherlands
„the Iron Duke"
WILLIAM OF ORANGE
main leader of the Dutch Revolt, supporter of the reformation
THE DUTCH REVOLT (1566-1581)
- was the revolt in the Low Countries against the rule of the Habsburgs - Sapin
- in 1584 the northern provinces of the Low countries (the Netherlands) became
independent
- the United Provinces of the Netherlands better known as the Dutch Republic
WILLIAM OF ORANGE (1581-1584)
- stadholder of the Dutch Republic
- was assassinated in Delft in 1584
THE THIRTY YEAR'S WAR
THE LARGEST AND MOST SIGNIFICANT RELIGIOUS WAR IN EUROPE
-the series of wars in Central Europe
CAUSES => religious - the Protestants vs the Catholics
- the Protestant Union the Catholics Union
=>political - the Habsburgs quests for hegemony
PHASES OF THE THIRTY YEAR'S WAR
1. the Bohemian Revolt (1618 - 1620)
2. the Palatinate Campaign (1620-1623)
3. the Danish Intervention (1625-1629)
4. the Swedish Intervention (1630-1635)
5. the Swedish- French Intervention (1635-1648)

THE BOHEMIAN REVOLT (1618-1620)

Ferdinand II started the counter - Reformation in Bohemia
- THE SECOND DEFENESTRATION (1618) -
2 catholic counsellors were thrown out of the palace window
Ferdinand II was deposed as King of Bohemia and replaced by Frederick V of the
Palatinate
THE BATTLE OF WHITE MOUNTAIN (1620)
the Bohemians were defeated
OLD TOWN SQUARE EXECUTION (1621) was execution of 27 Bohemian leaders of the
Bohemian Revilt by the Christian House of Habsburg that took place in Prague (JAN
JESENIUS)
THE PALESTINATE CAMPAIGN (1620-1623)
Frederick V of the Palatinate escaped to Germany
-supported by the Dutch and English subsidies
but definitely defeated
victory of the House of Habsburg
THE DANISH INTERVENTION (1625-1629)
- Christian IV-King of Denmark and his Indervention in Germany (the Protestant
Union)
-the Danish campaign was defeated by ALBRECHT VON WALLENSTEIN the supreme commander
of the armies of the Habsburgs
victory of the House of Habsburg
THE SWEDISH INTERVENTION (1630-1635)
Gustavus Adolphus- king of sweden and his intervention in Germany (the Protestant
Union) "THE LION OF THE NORTH"
- the Swedish campaign was defeated by ALBRECHT VON WALLENSTEIN
victory of the House of Habsbung
THE SWEDISH-FRANCE INTERVATION (1635- 1648)
- Cardinal Richelieu -the that chief minister of France and his intervention in
Germany
( the Protestant Union) „THE RED EMINENCE"
-the Swedish - French campaign was victorious
the House of Habsburg was defeated
THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648)
the official end of the Thirty Year´s War
- the Habsburgs didn't gain hegemony, but retained Austria and Spain
-France acquired Alsace and Lorraine
- acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic and Swiss Confederacy
-Sweden acquired Pomerania
- the devastation of Central Europe
- the Peace of Augsburg was applied