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Crim 6

Conflict theory views crime as resulting from social class struggles, with the law serving to control the lower classes while allowing the wealthy to maintain power. Ralf Dahrendorf argued that modern society is organized into groups with authority that dominate those without. Critical feminist theory holds that gender inequality stems from unequal male power, and that male exploitation triggers female criminal behavior. Rational choice theory views criminal behavior as a rational choice weighing gains against potential punishment. Social learning theory asserts that people learn aggression through observing others, such as a child witnessing domestic violence. Labeling theory explains that social control agencies label some as delinquent, encouraging them to accept a negative identity. Routine activity theory views crime as normal when a motivated offender finds a suitable

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39 views2 pages

Crim 6

Conflict theory views crime as resulting from social class struggles, with the law serving to control the lower classes while allowing the wealthy to maintain power. Ralf Dahrendorf argued that modern society is organized into groups with authority that dominate those without. Critical feminist theory holds that gender inequality stems from unequal male power, and that male exploitation triggers female criminal behavior. Rational choice theory views criminal behavior as a rational choice weighing gains against potential punishment. Social learning theory asserts that people learn aggression through observing others, such as a child witnessing domestic violence. Labeling theory explains that social control agencies label some as delinquent, encouraging them to accept a negative identity. Routine activity theory views crime as normal when a motivated offender finds a suitable

Uploaded by

Comeros Renan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

CONFLICT THEORY crime is seen as a result of the struggle, between social classes, namely
the upper, middle and lower classes. This perspective suggests that conflict contributes to the
prevalence of crime by creating an environment where the law serves as a tool to control
individuals who lack resources while allowing those in positions of wealth and influence to
maintain their power. Additionally conflict theory asserts that those, in power have the
authority to define what constitutes behavior.

According to Willem A. Bonger (1916), everyone may desire wealth, but it is only the
most privileged people, with the most capital, who can enjoy luxuries and advantages. And that
people care only for their lives and pleasures and ignore the plight of the disadvantage.

Ralf Dahrendorf argues that modern society is organized into what he called imperatively
coordinated associations. These associations comprise of two groups: those who possess
authority and use it for social domination and those who lack authority and are dominated. And
that society is a plurality of competing interest groups.
2.CRITICAL FEMINIST THEORY also known as Marxist feminists; this theory holds that gender
inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women, the cause of female criminality
originates with the onset of male supremacy and the efforts of males to control female
sexuality. Women are a “commodity” like land or money. That male exploitation acts as a
trigger for female criminal or delinquent behavior.

3. RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY holds that person will engage in criminal behavior after weighing
the consequences and benefits of his/her actions. Criminal behavior is a rational choice made
by a motivated offender who perceives that the chances of gain outweigh any possible
punishment or loss (Siegel et al., 2007).

4. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Social learning is the branch of behavioral theory most relevant to criminology. It was
created by Albert S. Bandura (1973), a Canadian psychologist who argued that people are not
actually born with the ability to act violently but that they learn to be aggressive through their
life experiences. The experiences include personally observing others acting aggressively to
achieve some goal or watching people being rewarded for violent acts on television or in the
movies. Bandura claimed that people learn to act aggressively when, as children, they model
their behavior after the violent acts of adult. For example, a boy who sees his father repeatedly
striking his mother with impunity is the one most likely to grow up to become a battering
parent and husband (Siegel, 2004).
5. LABELING THEORY was created by Howard S. Becker (1936) who explains that society creates
deviance through a system of social control agencies that designate (label) certain individuals as
delinquent, thereby stigmatizing a person and encouraging them to accept this negative
personal identity. For example: people labeled “insane” are also assumed to be dangerous,
dishonest, unstable, violent, strange, and otherwise unsound. In contrast, negative labels,
including “troublemaker”, “mentally-ill”, and “stupid”, help stigmatize the recipients of these
labels and reduce their self-image (Siegel, 2004).

6. ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY

This theory was created by Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus K. Felson, based on their 1979
publication of their seminal article “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity
Approach”. They viewed that crime is a “normal” function of the routine activities of modern
living, that is, offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target
that is not protected by capable guardians (Siegel et al., 2007).

1.A motivated offender: Someone with the desire or motivation to commit a crime.

2.A suitable target: An entity or person that is vulnerable or attractive to the offender.

3. Absence of capable guardianship: A lack of effective measures or individuals to prevent or


deter the crime.

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