ACTIVE SITE TUTORIALS

Date : 26-07-2019 TEST ID: 256

Time : 08:38:00 BIOLOGY
Marks : 2072
3.PLANT KINGDOM

Single Correct Answer Type

1. In pteridophytes, gametophytes require …A… to grow

a) Cool, damp and shady places b) Dry places
c) Terrestrial area d) Water
2. Which one of the following pairs of plants are not seed producers?
a) Fern and 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 b) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 and 𝐹𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑠
c) 𝐹𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑠 and 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 d) Fern and 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠
3. A bryophyte, which harbours a nitrogen fixing blue-green alga in its thallus, is
a) 𝑃𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 b) 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎 c) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 d) 𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠
4. Rhodophytes are commonly called as
a) Blue-green algae b) Red algae c) Brown algae d) Green algae
5. This place in India is called ‘The Golden Mine of Liverworts’.
a) Eastern Himalayas b) Western Himalayas c) Western Ghats d) Eastern Ghats
6. In the alternation of generations the sporophytic generations is …A… and the gametophytic generation is
…B… . Here A and B refer to
a) A-2n; B-n b) A-n; B-2n c) A-n; B-n d) A-2n; B-2n
7. Chloroplasts of 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 have
a) Spiral margin b) Smooth of waxy margin
c) Smooth margin d) None of these
8. In 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 the adaxial outgrowth from the base of leaf is called
a) Ligule b) Velum c) Rhizophore d) Glossopodium
9. In 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠, the opening mechanism of sporangium is effectively operated by
a) Stalk b) Stomium c) Annulus d) None of these
10. Calcium encrustation and larvicidal properties are present in
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎 b) 𝑂𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎 c) Diatoms d) 𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑎
11. Iodine is obtained from
a) 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 b) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 c) 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 d) 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎
12. Number of archegonia in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is
a) 8 b) 4 c) 1 d) 2
13. Which of the following in moss capsule is haploid/gametophytic tissue?
a) Annulus and peristome b) Calyptra and spore
c) Columella and theca d) Operculum foot and seta
14. In angiosperms seeds are enclosed by
a) Flowers b) Fruits c) Ovule d) Parianth
15. Double fertilisation involves
a) Syngamy and triple fusion b) Double fertilisation
c) Development of antipodal cell d) Development of synergids
16. Which one of the following is a gymnosperm?
a) Mango b) Walnut c) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 d) Chilgoza
17. Which of the following propagates through leaf-tip?
a) Walking fern b) Sprout-leaf plant c) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 d) Moss
18. The spores in the moss plant are formed in

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 a) Foot b) Seta c) Capsule d) Both (b) and (c)
19. Antherozoids of 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 are
a) Multiciliated and coiled b) Multiciliated and sickle-shaped
c) Biciliated and coiled d) Biciliated and sickle-shaped
20. Which has vascular tissue, produces spores but does not have seeds?
a) Bryophyta b) Pteridophyta c) Gymnosperms d) Angiosperms
21. Which of the following correctly represents the type of life cycle patterns from the options given?

a) A-Haplontic, B-Diplontic, C-Haplo-diplontic b) A-Diplontic, B-Haplontic, C-Haplo-diplontic

c) A-Haplo-diplontic, B-Diplontic, C-Haplontic d) A-Diplontic, B-Haplo-diplontic, C-Haplontic
22. Consider the following statements about bryophyte plants
I. The tea prepared from 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑒 is used to dissolve kidney and gall bladder stones
II. Many chemical products such as alcohol, ammonium sulphate, paraffin, brown dye, etc., can be obtained
from peat
Choose the correct option
a) I is true, II is false b) II is true, I is false
c) Both I and II are true d) Both I and II are false
23. Moss capsule represents a
a) Gametophyte b) Sporophyte c) Part of protonema d) Part of sorus
24. The gametophyte is not an independent, free living generation in
a) 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 b) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 c) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 d) 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑚
25. Which one is not the feature of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠?
a) Unbranched stem
b) Pinnate leaves
c) The male or female cones may be borne on the different tree
d) Archegonia is absent
26. The members of brown algae (class-Phaeophyceae) have gelatinous coating outside the, cellulosic cell wall
called
a) Algin b) Glycoalgin starch c) Polyalginate d) Polyolefin
27. In Bryophtya, the adult plant body is
a) Sporophyte b) Epiphyte c) Sporophyll d) Gametophyte
28. Difference between algae and bryophytes is
a) Terrestrial habitat b) Sterile jacket c) Biflagellate gametes d) None of the above
29. The correct names of gymnospermic plant 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 shown in figure below are

a) A-Cycas, B-Ginkgo, C-Pinus b) A-Cycas, B-Pinus, C-Ginkgo

c) A-Ginkgo, B-Cycas, C-Pinus d) A-Pinus, B-Cycas, C-Ginkgo

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30. Which one of the following is an example of chlorophyllous thallophyte?
a) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 b) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 c) 𝑁𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑠 d) 𝐺𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚
31. Which of the following is known as pond silk?
a) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 b) 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 c) 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐 d) 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎
32. Which of the following does not belong to class-Phaeophyceae (brown algae)?
a) Ectocarpus and Dictyota b) Laminaria and Sargassum
c) Fucus and Dictyota d) Polysiphonia and Gelidium
33. In pteridophyte, the sporophytes consist of leaf-like appendages called
a) Megaphylls b) Sporophylls c) Thalli d) Sporangia
34. Meiosis in 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥, 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 and most of the algae/thallophytes is
a) Sporic b) Zygotic c) Gametic d) Unequal
35. In 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, stomata are present on the
a) Stem b) Leaves c) Capsule d) Apophysis
36. Gymnosperms are characterised by
a) Multiflagellate sperms b) Nacked seeds
c) Winged seeds d) Seeds inside fruits
37. Which of the statement is correct about 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎?
I. Plant body is thallus-like structures closely attached to substrate
II. Sporophyte is differentiated into food, seta and capsule
III. Gemma cup located on the thalli
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
38. Heterocysts are found in
a) Cyanophyceae b) Chlorophyceae c) Phaeophyceae d) Rhodophyceae
39. Mosses occur in moist place because
a) The cannot grow on land b) Their gamete fuses in water
c) They lack vascular tissue d) They lack root and stomata
40. Angiospermic plants are characterised by
I. double fertilisation
II. triploid endosperm
III. Diploid endosperm
Choose the correct option from the following regarding above statements
a) I and II are correct b) I and III are correct
c) II and III are correct d) I, II and III are correct
41. Read carefully the following statement about the sexual reproduction in ferns
I. Water is essential for fertilisation
II. Male gametophyte bears antheridia, while female gametophyte bears archegonium, which produces
antherozoids and egg cell, respectively
III. Antherozoids and egg cell fuses to give rise zygote. Zygote develops into young embryo. Embryo give
rise to sporophyte
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) II and III c) I and III d) I, II and III
42. Which of the following part of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 sporophyte is involved in the dispersal of spores?
a) Calyptra b) Operculum c) Peristome d) Annulus
43. In …A… gametophytic phase is dominant, while in …B… sporophytic phase in dominant.
Identify the A and B. choose the correct option
a) A-pteridophytes; B-algae b) A-bryophytes; B-pteridphytes
c) A-gymnosperm; B-fungi d) A-angisperms; B-algae
44. In which of the following group would you place a plant, which produce seeds but lacks fruits?
a) Fungi b) Pteridophytes
c) Bryophytes d) Gymnosperms
45. The bryophytes are fundamentally terrestrial plants but require presence of water to complete their life
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 cycle. The water is needed for
I. dehiscence of antheridia
II. liberation of antherozoids
III. transfer of sperms from antheridia to archegonia
IV. opening of archegonial neck
V. the movement of antherozoids into the archegonial neck
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and IV b) II, III, IV and V c) III, IV and V d) I, II, III, IV and V
46. In gymnosperms, the nucellus is protected by envelops and this composite structure is known as
a) Ovule b) Ovary c) Anther d) Strobili
47. 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 belong to the class
a) Gnetopsida b) Cycadopsida c) Coniferopsida d) Sphenopsida
48. In comparition to angiosperm, which one of the following algae exhibits haplo-diplontic life cycle
a) Volvox b) Chlamydomonas c) Ectocarpus d) Fucus
49. Storage bodies, pyrenoids in the chloroplast contain
a) Protein and starch b) Carbohydrate and protein
c) Polysaccharide and protein d) Starch and lipid
50. The red colour of ‘red sea’ is due to which of the following blue-green algae?
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 b) 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎 c) 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑠 d) 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑢𝑚
51. In 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, the number of peristomial teeth is
a) 6 b) 10 c) 16 d) 32
52. The members of Phaeophyceae are commonly called
a) Green-algae b) Blue algae c) Brown algae d) Golden algae
53. Two adjacent filaments of 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠 each 10 cells participating in reproduction. How many new
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 plants are produced during sexual reproduction?
a) 5 b) 10 c) 20 d) 40
54. Which group of plant constitute the lower bryophytes?
a) Liverworts b) Mosses c) Anthocerotales d) Jungermanniales
55. Algal zone is present in
a) Normal root of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 b) Coralloid root of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
c) Normal root of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 d) Stem of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
56. Isogamy is found in
a) Spirogyra b) Chlamydomonas c) Both (a) and (b) d) Fucus
57. Cleavage polyembryony occurs in
a) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 b) Mini 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 c) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 d) 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑎
58. Zygote of 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 produces four haploid nuclei in which
a) One is functional b) Two are functional c) Three are functional d) All are functional
59. The members of brown algae are found primarily in
a) Freshwater habitat b) Marine habitat
c) Terrestrial habitat d) On moist rock
60. A prokaryotic autotrophic nitrogen fixing symbiont is found in
a) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 b) 𝐶𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑟 c) 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑚 d) 𝐴𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑠
61. Sporophytic generation is dominant phase in the life cycle of
a) Marchentia b) Ferns c) Mosses d) Liverworts
62. Choose the incorrect statement about mosses?
a) Sexual reproduction occurs by the fusion of antheridia and archegonia, which are produced at the apex
of the leafy shoots
b) Sporophyte is differentiated into food, seta and capsule
c) Seta and capsule bears spores, which give rise to gametophyte after meiosis
d) The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts
63. Gemmae are asexual buds, which originate from small receptacles called gemma cups.
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 These are found in
a) Funeria b) Marchentia c) Fern d) Sphagnum
64. Tallest flowering tree is
a) Pinus b) Cedrus c) Sequoia d) Eucalyptus
65. Oogamous means
a) Fusion between female and male gametes. Both are similar in size
b) Fusion between one large female gamete and a smaller non-motile male gamete
c) Fusion between one large female gamete and a smaller motile male gamete
d) Fusion between one smaller female gamete and a large motile male gamete
66. Which is wrong in respect to bryophytes?
a) Water is essential for sexual reproduction
b) Presence of antheridium
c) Presence of ciliated sperms
d) Presence of autotrophic independent sporophyte
67. 𝑁𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑠 is a
a) Bryophyte b) Pteridophyte c) Gymnosperm d) Angiosperm
68. ‘Club moss’ belongs to
a) Algae b) Pteridophyta c) Fungi d) Bryophyte
69. Isogamous mean
I. both gametes are similar in size and non-motile,
II. both gametes are dissimilar in size and motile
III. both gametes are similar in size and motile
IV. both gametes are dissimilar in size and non-motile
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and IV d) Only IV
70. Characters of both conifers and cycads are found in
a) 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 b) 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑎 c) 𝐶𝑢𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑠 d) 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑎
71. The amphibians of plant kingdom are
a) Multicellular non-motile algae b) Bryophytes with simple internal organization
c) Unicellular motile algae d) Pteridophytes with complex internal organization
72. Female sex organ in a flower is
a) Carpel or pistil b) Carpel or androecium
c) Shot d) Stamen
73. Which economically important product is obtained from 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠?
a) Timber b) Sago c) Essential oil d) Resin
74. Artificial system of classification was given by …A… and based on …B…
Fill the blanks with respect to A and B. choose the correct option
a) A-Aristotle; B-anatomical characters
b) A-Linnaeus; B-cytological information
c) A-Linnaeus; B-morphological characters
d) A-Haeckel; B-morphological characters
75. Sea weeds are important source of
a) Chlorine b) Fluorine c) Iodine d) Bromine
76. Terms artificial, natural and phylogenetic are related to types of
a) Cytotaxonomy b) Classification of plants
c) Classification of animals d) Both (b) and (c)
77. Holdfast, stipe and frond constitutes the plant body in case of
a) Volvox b) Chara c) Laminaria d) Chlamydomonas
78. In Chlorophyceae, the mode of sexual reproduction is
a) Anisogamy b) Oogamy c) Isogamy d) All of these
79. The positive evidence of aquatic ancestory of bryophytes is indicated by
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 a) Ciliated sperms b) Gametophytic body c) Biflagellate gametes d) Peristomial teeth
80. In gymnosperm the roots are generally
a) Respiratory root b) Prop root c) Tap root d) Adventitious root
81. Which type of chloroplasts are present in the members of class-Chlorophyceae?
a) Discoid and plate-like b) Reticulate and cup-shaped
c) Spiral or ribbon-shaped d) All of the above
82. Seed habit is linked to
a) Homospory b) Heterospory c) Parthenogenesis d) Parthenocarpy
83. Algae occur in/on
a) Fresh and marine water b) Moist stones
c) Moist soils and wood d) All of these
84. Which of the following plant group is considered as first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues
xylem and phloem?
a) Bryophytes b) Pteridophytes c) Gymnosperm d) Angiosperm
85. At the base of seta of capsule of moss, there is a haploid brownish growth called
a) Calyptra b) Perigonium c) Vaginula d) Perichaetial
86. 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑢𝑠 belongs to
a) Bryophyte b) Pteridophyta c) Gymnosperms d) Angiosperms
87. Egg apparatus of angiosperms consist of
a) One synergid and two egg cells b) Two synergids and one egg cell
c) One central cell, two polar nuclei and three d) One egg cell, two polar nuclei and three antipodal
antipodal cells cells
88. Meiosis in 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 takes place during
a) Gamete formation b) Spore germination c) Zygote formation d) Spore formation
89. Which of the following plants produces seeds but not flowers?
a) Maize b) Mint c) Peepal d) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠
90. Identify the wrong statements
a) The ovule develops into seed b) The ovary develops into fruit
c) The triple nucleus develops into endosperm d) Double fertilisation is the fusion of male gamete
with egg
91. Select one of the following pairs of important features distinguishing 𝐺𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 from 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 and 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 and
showing affinities with angiosperms
a) Absence of resin duct and leaf venation
b) Presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia
c) Perianth and two integuments
d) Embryo development and apical meristem
92. From which of the following plants is a medicine for respiratory disorders obtained?
a) 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑎 b) 𝐸𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑠 c) 𝐶𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑠 d) 𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑢𝑚
93. In 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, antheridial branch is called
a) Male flower b) Female head c) Male cone d) Female cone
94. Which of the following is not the feature of gymnosperms?
a) Parallel venation b) Perennial plants
c) Distinct branches (long and short branches) d) Xylem with vessels
95. The alga used in space research is
a) Cephaleuros b) Gelidium c) Chlorella d) Gracilaria
96. The cones bearing megasporophyll with ovules are called
a) Male strobili b) Female strobili c) Megasporangia d) Microsporangia
97. In 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 the sporophytic stage is dominant
a) True b) False
c) Some times (a) and (b) d) Neither (a) nor (b)
98. Ovules are borne on
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 a) Microsporophyll b) Megasporophyll c) Macrosporophyll d) Both (a) and (c)
99. Of the following groups, which secrete and deposit calcium carbonate and appear like corals?
a) Green algae b) Brown algae c) Blue-green algae d) All of these
100. In pteridophytes, phloem is without
a) Sieve cells b) Sieve tubes c) Companion cells d) Bast fibres
101. In algae the flagellate (motile) spore is called
a) Aplanospore b) Endospore c) Zoospore d) Akinetes
102. Ovules of gymnosperm is
a) Bitegmic b) Unitegmic c) Naked d) Both (b) and (c)
103. In the given diagram, parts labelled as, 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸 and 𝐹 are respectively identified as

a) A-Synergids, B-Polar nuclei, C-Central cell, D-Antipodals, E-Filiform apparatus, F-Egg cell
b) A-Polar nuclei, B- Egg cell, C-Antipodals, D-Central cells, E-Filiform apparatus, F- Synergids
c) A-Egg cell, B- Synergids, C- Central cells, D- Filiform apparatus, E- Antipodals, F- Polar nuclei
d) A-Central cell, B-Polar nuclei, C- Filiform apparatus, E-Synergids, F-Egg cell
104. Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from red algae is used
a) To grow microbes b) In preparations of ice-creams and jellies
c) Both (a) and (b) d) In sizing textiles and papers
105. Phycoerythrin is present in
a) Polysiphonia b) Laminaria c) Kelps d) Chlamydomonas
106. Protonema is formed in
a) Moss b) Liverworts c) Ferns d) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
107. Consider the following statements regarding the major pigments and stored food in the different groups of
algae and select the correct options given.
I. In Chlorophyceae, the stored food material is starch and the major pigments are chlorophyll-𝑎 and 𝑑.
II. In Phaeophyceae, laminarian is the stored food and major pigments are chlorophyll-𝑎 and 𝑏.
III. In Rhodophyceae, floridean starch is the stored food and major pigments are chlorophylla-𝑎, 𝑑 and
phycoerythrin.
a) I is correct, but II and III are incorrect b) I and II are correct, but III is incorrect
c) I and III are correct, but II is incorrect d) III is correct, but I and II are incorrect
108. Read carefully the given statements about algae and choose the correct option
I. The plant body is thalloid
II. Mainly aquatic
III. Reproduction takes place by vegetative, asexual and sexual
IV. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥 and 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 are the colonial form of algae
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
109. In angiosperms, the pollen grains and ovules are produced in special structure called
a) Fruit b) Seed c) Flower d) Lamina
110. The members of Chlorophyceae are commonly called
a) Red algae b) Brown algae c) Green algae d) Blue-green algae
111. Resin and turpentine are products of
a) Teak b) Oak c) 𝐸𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑠 d) Pine
112. In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, pollination occurs at ….. celled stage.

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 a) One b) Two c) Three d) Four
113. Moss peat s used as a packing material for sending flowers and live plants to distant places because
a) It is easily available b) It is hygroscopic
c) It reduces transpiration d) It serves as a disinfectant
114. In the angiosperm ovule, central cell of the embryo sac prior to the triple fusion, contains
a) A single haploid nucleus b) One diploid nucleus
c) One haploid polar nuclei d) One diploid and one haploid nuclei
115. The unique feature of bryophytes compared to other green plant group is that
a) They produce spores
b) They lack vascular tissue
c) They lack roots
d) There sporophytes is attached to the gametophyte
116. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 leaflets are
a) Sessile, straight, oval b) Sessile, straight, linear-lanceolate
c) Sessile, straight, spiny d) Sessile, smooth, twisted
117. Which of the following are called vascular cryptogams?
a) Pteridophytes b) Bryophytes c) Gymnosperms d) Algae
118. In gymnosperms the dominate phase is …A… . They are heterosporous, produce …B… and …C… . Here, A, B
and C refers to
a) A-sporophyte, B-haploid microspores, C-haploid megaspores
b) A-gametophyte, B-haploid microspores, C-diploid megaspores
c) A-sporophyte, B-diploid microspores, C-diploid megaspores
d) A-gametophyte, B-diploid microspores, C-haploid megaspores
119. Algae are
a) Chlorophyll bearing autotroph b) Simple and thalloid
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Heterotroph
120. Consider the following statements
I. They reproduce asexually by non-motile spores and sexually by non-motile gametes
II. In this class, sexual reproduction is oogamous and accompanied by complex post-fertilisation
developments
III. The common members are 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎, 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 and 𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
The above characteristics are belongs to which class of algae
a) Chlorophyceae b) Phaeophyceae c) Both (a) and (b) d) Rhodophyceae
121. In gymnosperm dominant phase is
a) Sporophyte b) Gametophyte c) Haploid d) Diploid
122. In liverworts asexual reproduction takes place by
a) Gemmae and fragmentation of thalli
b) Fragmentation and zoospores
c) Gemmae formation and spores formation
d) Isogamy and anisogamy
123. Which of the following is the amphibians of the plant kingdom?
a) Angiosperms b) Pteridophytes c) Gymnosperm d) Byrophytes
124. Identify the scientists worked extensively on chlorophyllous and non-chlorophyllous thallophytes,
respectively.
I. Iyenger II. Swaminathan
III. Metha IV. Maheswari
a) I and IV b) I and III c) II and III d) III and IV
125. Sago starch is obtained from
a) Cedrus b) Taxus c) Pinus d) Cycas
126. In angiosperms endosperm is
a) Haploid b) Diploid c) Triploid d) None of the above
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127. Observe the diagrams given below and choose the correct option out of 𝐴 of 𝐶, in which all the three items
𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are rightly identified

a) A-Antheridiophore, B-Archegoniophore, C-Endospore

b) A-Archegoniophore, B-Antheridiophore, C-Gemma cup
c) A- Antheridiophore, B-Archegoniophore, C-Gemma cup
d) A-Archegoniophore, B- Antheridiophore, C-Seta cup
128. Which of the following pteridophytes is heterosporous in nature?
a) Selaginella and Salvinia b) Adiantum and Equisetum
c) Psilotum and Lycopodium d) Adiantum and Psilotum
129. Which statement is incorrect about 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠?
a) The male and female strobili may be produced on the same tree
b) The male or female strobili may be produced on different trees
c) Male and female sporophylls born on same strobilus
d) Male and female sporophylls born on different strobilus
130. Find out the mis-matched pair.
Agar − Polymer of glucose
a) and sulphur containing
carbohydrates
Chitin − Polymer of
b)
glucosamine
Peptidoglycan − Polysaccharide linked
c)
to peptides
Lipopolysaccharides − A complex of lipid and
d)
polysaccharide
131. Gymnosperms are naked seeded plants because
a) There is no fruit b) There is no ovule
c) There is no fertilization d) There is no ovary and fruit
132. Consider the following statements about green algae
I. Green algae are green due to the presence of chlorophyll-𝑎 and 𝑏 pigments localised in chloroplast
II. Algae store food in form of starch in a specialised structures called pyrenoids located in chloroplast.
Food may be stored in form of oil droplets
III. Vegetative reproduction occurs through cell division, fragmentation, stolons and tubers
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
133. Stamen consists of
a) Filament and anther b) Style and stigma c) Filament and pistil d) Anther and pistil
134. Cycads are
a) Homosporous and dioecious b) Homosporous and monoecious
c) Heterosporous and dioecious d) Heterosporous and monoecious
135. ‘Chilgoza’ a gymnospermic seed that is eaten as dry fruit is produced by
a) Pinus roxburghii b) Pinus geradiana
c) Ginkgo biloba d) Cedrus deodara
136. In 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 capsule, dispersal of spores takes place through
a) Peristomial teeth b) Annulus c) Calyptra d) Operculum
137. The plant body of all bryophytes are haploid and thallus like having

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 a) True root, stem and leaves
b) Root-like, leaf-like or steam like structure
c) Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)
d) Complex tissues
138. Though 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 has two cotyledons, this is not included in dicot because
a) Of naked ovule b) They have megaspore
c) Appears as palm tree d) Has compound leaves
139. Which one of the following is called maiden-hair fern?
a) 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 b) 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 c) 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 d) 𝐿𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
140. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents
a) A cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms are formed
b) A cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored after pollination
c) An opening in the megagametophyte through which the pollen tube approaches the egg
d) The microsporangium in which pollen grains develop
141. Cyanobacterium is an algae having
a) Blue-green pigment b) Red pigment
c) Brown pigment d) Yellow-brown pigment
142. A mature pollen grain of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 has
a) 2 cells b) 3 cells c) 4 cells d) 5 cells
143. Mannitol is reserve food in
a) Rhodophyceae b) Chlorophyceae c) Phaeophyceae d) Xanthophyceae
144. In pteridophytes spore germinate to give rise to
a) Thalloid gametophytes called prothallus b) Thalloid sporophytes called prothallus
c) Thalloid sporocarp d) Thalloid, photosynthesis sporophyte
145. Gymnosperms include
a) Medium-sized trees b) Tall tree c) Shrubs d) All of these
146. In homosporous pteridophyte, the gametophyte is
a) Vascular b) Monoecious
c) Dioecious d) May be monocious or dioecious
147. Identify the plants shown in figure and select the correct option

a) A-Marchantia (male thallus), B-Marchantia (female thallus), C-Funaria, D-Sphagnum

b) A-Marchantia (male thallus), B-Marchantia (female thallus), C- Sphagnum, D-Funaria
c) A-Marchantia (male thallus), B-Marchantia (female thallus), C-Polytrichum, D-Anthoceros
d) A-Marchantia (female thallus), B-Marchantia (male thallus), C-Anthoceros, D-Polytrichum
148. Anther produces
a) Pollen grains b) Spores c) Gametes d) Egg cell
149. The only positive evidence of aquatic ancestry of bryophyte is
a) Thread like protonema b) Green colour
c) Some forms are still aquatic d) Ciliated sperms

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150. The heart-shaped form of prothallus represents
a) Dioecious b) Monoecious sporophyte
c) Monoecious gametophyte d) None of the above
151. Which of the following statements is right?
a) Fronds are found in bryophytes b) Multiciliate sperms are found in angiosperms
c) Diatoms produce basidiospores d) Heterocysts are found in 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐
152. Classification on the basis of chemical constituents of plant is known as
a) Molecular taxonomy b) Chemical taxonomy
c) Chemotaxonomy d) Chemosynthetic classification
153. Which of the following liverworts have thalloid plant body?
a) Marchentia b) Funeria c) Sphagnum d) Pogonatum
154. Phycology is the study of
a) Algae b) Fern c) Fungi d) Bryophytes
155. Consider the following statements about bryophytes
I. Sexual reproduction is oogamous type
II. The sex organs are multicellular and jacketed with sterile jacket
III. The haploid gametophytes is dominant stage in the life cycle bryophytes
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
156. Chlorophyll-𝑏 is not present in
a) Green algae b) Bryophytes c) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 d) Blue-green algae
157. Natural system of classification were based upon
a) Structural embryology b) Phytochemistry
c) Anatomy d) All of the above
158. Largest moss is
a) 𝑃𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 b) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 c) 𝐷𝑎𝑤𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 d) 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑚
159. Which of the following petridophytes belong to class-Pteropsida?
a) Equisetum and Psilotum
b) Lycopodium and Adiantum
c) Selaginella and Pteris
d) Pteris and Adiantum
160. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎 is popularly known as
a) Date palm b) Sago palm c) Sea palm d) Royal palm
161. Pteridophytes are also known as
a) Cryptogams b) Vascular crytogams
c) Amphibious plants d) Phanerogams
162. Endosperm of gymnosperm is
a) Diploid b) Tetraploid c) Haploid d) None of the above
163. Have capacity of absorbing water used to replace cotton and used as a fuel is
a) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 b) 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎 c) 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 d) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
164. Which of the following plant materials, is an efficient water imbibant?
a) Lignin b) Pectin c) Agar d) Cellulose
165. The first plants to appear after a forest fire are the ferns, this is because of the survival of their
a) Spores b) Leaves c) Fronds d) Rhizomes
166. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct groups, which of the following characters you
should choose?
a) Types of pigments present in the cell b) Nature of stored food materials in the cell
c) Structural organization of thallus d) Chemical composition of the cell wall
167. Which of the following is /are grouped under phanerogams?
a) Angiosperms b) Gymnosperms c) Pteridophytes d) Both (a) and (b)
168. Calyptra is derived from
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 a) Archegonia b) Capsule c) Antheridia d) Columella
169. Megaspore mother cell divides …A… to give rise …B… megaspores
Identify the A and B and choose correct option
a) A-mitotically; B-two b) A-mitiotically; B-four
c) A-amitotically; B-four d) A-dinomitotically; B-four
170. In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
a) Archegonia are present b) Antheridia are present
c) Archegonia are absent d) Both (a) and (b)
171. In angiospermic plant pollen grain reaches to embryo sac after its germination on …A… and through …B… .
Here A and B refer to
a) A-anther; B-micropyle b) A-stigma; B-pollen tube
c) A-stigma; B-micropyle d) A-anther; B-pollen tube
172. Largest gametophyte is found in
a) Angiosperms b) 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑚 c) 𝑁𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑠 d) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
173. Which is the source of turpentine oil?
a) Gymnospermic wood b) Angiospermic wood c) Gymnospermic seed d) Angiospermic seed
174. What is the ratio of equational division that takes place in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 and angiosperms respectively during the
formation of male gametes from pollen grains?
a) 3 : 2 b) 3 : 1 c) 2 : 1 d) 2 : 3
175. In moss, the sporophyte is differentiated into
a) Seta and capsule b) Foot and seta
c) Protonema, foot and capsule d) Foot, seta and capsule
176. In algae, sexual reproduction takes place through the fusion of two
a) Spores b) Fragments c) Gametes d) Zoospores
177. In 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎, sometimes a ladder-like structure is present due to
a) Vegetative reproduction b) Asexual reproduction
c) Lateral conjugation d) Scalariform conjugation
178. Embryo sac consists of
a) One egg cell b) Two synergids
c) Three antipodal and two polar nuclei d) All of the above
179. Triple fusion in angiosperms is the fusion of second male gamete with
a) Two polar nuclei (secondary nucleus) b) Two antipodal cells
c) One antipodal cell d) Antipodal cell and one synergid cell
180. Carpel consists of
a) Style and stigma b) Style, stigma and pistil
c) Style, anther and pistil d) Anther, style and stigma
181. Which of the following is the difference between a monocotyledonous and a dicotyledonous plant?
a) Both are gymnosperms b) Monocot have two cotyledons, whereas dicot have
one cotyledons
c) Monocot have one cotyledons whereas dicot have d) Monocot plants have one egg cell in embryo sac
two cotyledons whereas dicot have two egg cell in embryo sac
182. Which of the following characteristic does not occur in 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠?
a) The number of needles in a spur of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑔ℎ𝑖𝑖 is three
b) Each vascular bundle in the long shoot of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 consists of xylem facing towards the centre of the shoot
c) Microsporophyll of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 bears two microsporangia
d) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 is a homosporous gymnosperm
183. Bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom because
a) Their reproductive phase requires water b) Their sex organs are multicellular and jacketed
c) They have tracheids d) All of the above
184. Calyptra develops from
a) Venter wall of archegonium b) Outgrowth of gametophyte
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 c) Neck wall of archegonium d) Paraphysis of the archegonial branch
185. Species of 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚, a moss, provides
a) Oil, that have long been used as fuel b) Peat (fuel)
c) Agar-agar d) Antibiotic
186. Spirogyral lateral conjugation takes place in
a) Heterosporous species b) Homosporous species
c) Heterothallic species d) Homothallic species
187. Which one of the following classes is included under gymnosperms?
a) Lycopsida b) Bryopsida c) Cycadopsida d) Pteropsida
188. Study the following and identify two characters found in both 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 and 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠.
I. Formation of motile male gametes.
II. Formation of haploid endosperm.
III. Formation of sporophyte directly from gametophyte without gametic union.
IV. Formation of archegonia in female gametophyte.
The correct match is
a) I and IV b) I and III c) II and IV d) III and IV
189. Iodine is found in algae
a) 𝑈𝑙𝑣𝑎 b) 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 c) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 d) 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
190. The members of algae reproduce by
a) Vegetative method b) Asexual method c) Sexual method d) All of these
191. Consider the following statements about sexual reproduction in brown algae?
I. Sexual reproduction may be oogamous isogamous or anisogamous
II. Union of gametes take place in water or within the oogonium
III. The gametes are pear-shaped and bear two laterally attached flagella
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
192. Which of the following is known as ‘bog moss’?
a) 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑚 b) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 c) 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 d) 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎
193. Which of the following has multiflagellate sperms?
a) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 b) 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎 c) 𝐿𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 d) 𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠
194. Angiospermic plants are divided into
a) Dicot b) Monocot
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Heart wood plant and sapwood plant
195. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 seed is
a) Dicotyledonous b) Monocotyledonous
c) Dicotyledonous, non-endospermic d) Monocotyledonous, endospermic
196. The correct statements about bryophytes are
I. the sperms are biflagellate
II. the sperms are released into water and fuses with the egg to produce the zygote out side the body
III. zygotes undergoes reduction division immediately
IV. they produce a multicellular body called a sporophyte
a) I, II and III b) I, II and IV c) I and IV d) III and IV
197. Which of the following is pteridophytes belong to class-Pteropsida?
a) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 and 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑚
b) 𝐿𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 and 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
c) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 and 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠
d) 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 and 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
198. The 13-celled male gametophyte in 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 is
a) 12 cells of antheridium + 1 prothallial cell b) 10 cells of antheridium + 3 prothallial cells
c) 8 cells of antheridium + 2 prothallial cells d) None of the above
199. In haplontic life cycle, the dominant generation is
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 a) Sporophyte b) Gametophyte c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above
200. Carrageenin, a jelly-like substance is obtained from
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑠 b) 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 c) 𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚 d) 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥
201. While entering in the neck of a fern archegonium, sperms shows
a) Phototaxy b) Chemotaxy c) Thermotaxy d) Cyclosis
202. Which one of the following plants is monoecious?
a) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 b) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 c) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 d) Papaya
203. A gymnospermic leaf carries 16 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in its endosperm is
a) 24 b) 16 c) 12 d) 8
204. Tea and coffee are affected by
a) 𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎 b) 𝐶𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑠 c) 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 d) 𝐴𝑙𝑏𝑢𝑔𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎
205. Which of the following groups of algae do not have eukaryotic organization?
a) Green algae b) Blue-green algae c) Red algae d) Golden-brown algae
206. In gymnosperms, during pollination pollen grains are released from the microsporangium and transferred
to
a) Opening of the ovule b) Archegonia
c) Ovary d) Stigma
207. In 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, the stomata are found on
a) Foot b) Seta c) Capsule d) All of these
208. Diatoms belong to which class?
a) Phaeophyceae b) Bacillariophyceae c) Chlorophyceae d) Xanthophyceae
209. Which of the following statement is correct about the gametophytic stage in the alteration of generation
with in the life cycle?
a) Generation that produces the gametes b) Generation that produces the spores
c) Generation that produces vascular tissue d) The diploid generation
210. Go through the following figures and identify these plants (𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷)

a) A-Equisetum, B-Selaginella, C-Fern, D-Salvinia

b) A-Selaginella, B-Equisetum, C-Fern, D-Salvinia
c) A- Fern, B-Salvinia, C- Equisetum, D-Selaginella
d) A- Salvinia, B- Equisetum, C- Fern, D-Selaginella
211. Transfer of pollen grain from anther to the stigma of ovary is called
a) Autogamy b) Pollination c) Syngamy d) Allogamy
212. Which of the following gymnosperms is a bushy trailing shrub?
a) 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑎 b) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 c) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 d) 𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
213. Which of the following taxa shows zooidogamous oogamy?
I. 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 II. 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
III. 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 IV. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
a) I, II and III b) I, III and IV c) I, II and IV d) II, III and IV
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214. Which of the following options correctly identifies the plants their groups from the following structure?

a) A-Funaria-Moss; B-Sphagnum-Moss
b) A-Funaria-Liverwort; B-Sphagnum-Moss
c) A-Selaginella-Bryophytes; B-Funaria-Liverwort
d) A-Selaginella-Pteridophytes; B-Funaria-Moss
215. Smallest flowering plant is
a) Ginkgo b) Wolffia c) Tulip d) Sweet bay
216. Gymnosperms lack fruits, why?
a) Seeds absent b) Ovule absent c) Ovary absent d) Ovary fused
217. 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑚 and 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 are the examples of
a) Liverworts b) Ferns c) Mosses d) Pteridophytes
218. Pollen sac in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is called
a) Megasporophyll b) Megasporangium c) Microsporophyll d) Microsporangium
219. Chlorenchyma is known to develop in the
a) Spore capsule of a moss b) Pollen tube of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠
c) Cytoplasm of 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 d) Mycelium of a green mould such as 𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠
220. Bryophytes are also called ‘amphibians of the plant kingdom’ because
a) Water is essential for reproduction
b) They are occur in only water
c) These plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction
d) Water is essential for spore formation
221. Phylogenetic system of classification was given by
a) Engler and Prantl b) Aristotle c) Linnaeus d) Bentham and Hooker
222. Which was first photosynthetic organism?
a) Green algae b) Red algae c) Cyanobacteria d) None of these
223. Male and female gametophytes are independent and free-living in
a) Mustard b) Castor c) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 d) 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚
224. 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠, 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥, 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥, 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 and 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎 are the examples of
a) Class-Chlorophyceae (green algae)
b) Class-Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
c) Class-Rhodophyceae (red algae)
d) Class-Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae) and Chlorphyceae
225. Consider the following statements
I. Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from 𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 and 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 are used to grow
microbes and in preparations of ice-creams and jellies
II. 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 and 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 are used in sewage disposal ponds
III. Some species of marine algae like 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 and 𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚 are used as food
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
226. In gymnosperm, the multicellular female gametophyte is retained with in
a) Microsporangium b) Megasporangium c) Male gametophyte d) Archegonia
227. Choose the wrong pair
a) Hepaticopsida - 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 b) Lycopsida - 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎

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 c) Bryopsida - 𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 d) Pteropsida - 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠
228. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠 is a source of
a) Resin b) Timber c) Essential oil d) Starch
229. The endosperm in angiosperms develops from
a) Zygote b) Secondary nucleus
c) Chalazal polar nucleus d) Micropylar polar nucleus
230. A microsporophyll in 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 has
a) One microsporangium on the adaxial side b) One microsporangium on the abaxial side
c) Two microsporangia on the abaxial side d) Two microsporangia on the adaxial side
231. The algae used in space research is
a) 𝐶𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑠 b) 𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 c) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 d) 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
232. Horse tails and ferns are belongs to
a) Gymnosperms b) Bryophytes c) Mosses d) Pteridophytes
233. Chloroplasts, with pyrenoid like structures are found in the leaves of
a) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 b) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 c) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 d) 𝑍𝑒𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑦𝑠
234. Bryophytes mostly occur in
a) Dry area b) Terrestrial area
c) Humid, damp and shaded localities d) in water
235. The number of prothallial cells in male gametophyte of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 is
a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) 0
236. 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 in given figure represents

a) A-Apophysis, B-Capsule, C-Sporophyte, D-Gametophyte

b) A-Capsule, B-Seta, C-Sporophyte, D-Gametophyte
c) A-Apophysis, B-Seta, C-Gametophyte, D-Sporophyte
d) A-Apophysis, B-Capsule, C-Gametophyte, D-Sporophyte
237. The body structure of green algae may be
a) Colonial b) Unicellular c) Filamentous d) All of these
238. Which of the following gymnospermic corolloid roots are associated with N2 -fixing cyanobacteria?
a) Pinus b) Cycas c) Cedrus d) Ginkgo
239. Natural system of classification was developed by
a) Linnaeus
b) Engler and Prantl
c) Bentham and Hooker
d) Aristotle
240. Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms in having
a) Fruits b) Cotyledon c) Tracheids d) Broad leaves
241. Consider the following statements regarding gymnosperms and choose the correct option.
I. In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes have an independent existence.
II. The multicellular female gametophyte is retained within the megasporangium.
III. The gymnosperms are hterosporous.
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 Of these statements
a) I and II are true but III is false b) I and III are true but II is false
c) II and III are false but I is true d) II and III are true but I is false
242. Pollen tube carries
a) Two male gametes b) One male gamete c) Three sperms d) Four sperms
243. ‘Sanjeevani booti’ is
a) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎 b) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠
c) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑏𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 d) None of the above
244. 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 differs from 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 in having
a) An independent gametophyte b) An independent sporophyte
c) Swimming antherozoids d) Archegonia
245. Retort cells occur in
a) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 b) 𝑃𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚 c) 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 d) 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚
246. 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 occurs in
a) Freshwater b) Ponds and lake c) River d) Ocean
247. Select the correct statements.
a) Absorption of water by seeds and dry wood are b) The apoplast is the system of interconnected
examples of facilitated diffusion protoplasts
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 seeds cannot germinate and establish d) The translocation in phloem is unidirectional,
c)
without the presence of mycorrhizae whereas in the xylem it is bidirectional
248. The members of Chlorophyceae are usually green due to the dominance of pigments
a) Chlorophyll-a b) Chlorophyll-b
c) Chlorophyll-a and b d) Chlorophyll-c
249. Winged pollen grains are found in
a) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 b) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 c) 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 d) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎
250. Which region is responsible for origin of rhizoids in 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎?
a) Lateral region b) Dorsal region c) Ventral region d) Basal region
251. Endosperm formation begin with
a) The establishment of the suspensor
b) The fusion of the antipodals
c) The fertilisation of the polar nuclei
d) The syncytial development of the embryo
252. Gametophyte is the dominant phase in the life cycle of
a) 𝐻𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑠 b) 𝑁𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑠 c) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 d) 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎
253. Which one of the following is a vascular cryptogam?
a) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 b) 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 c) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 d) 𝐶𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑠
254. Consider the following statements
I. The liverworts grow usually in moist, shady habitats such as banks of streams, marshy ground, damp
soil, bark of trees and deep in the woods
II. The leafy members of liverwort have tiny leaf-like appendages in two rows on the stem-like structures
Choose the correct option
a) I is true, II is false b) I is false, II is true c) I and II are true d) I and II are false
255. The giant red wood tree (𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑖𝑎) is a/an
a) Angiosperm b) Fern c) Pteridophyte d) Gymnosperm
256. Which of the following statements is wrong about bryophytes?
a) Fertilization takes place in presence of water
b) Gametophytic place is dominant in life cycle
c) Sporophyte is physiologically dependent on gametophyte
d) Zygote undergoes meiosis to produce sporophyte
257. Choose the correct statement about liverworts
I. In liverworts sexual reproduction occurs by the fusion of antherozoids and egg, which are produced in
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 anthridium and archegonium, respectively
II. Both male and female sex organs may be present on same thalli or different thalli
III. Zygote give rise to sporophyte, which is differentiated into food, seta and capsule
IV. Some cells of capsule undergoes meiosis and give rise to haploid spores
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
258. Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by
a) Elaters b) Indusium c) Calyptras d) Peristome teeth
259. If a sporangium is derived from a single cell, it is called
a) Leptosporangiate b) Eusporangiate c) Heterosporangiate d) Monosporangiate
260. Dispersal of spores in fern takes place through
a) Annulus b) Stomium c) Both (a) and (b) d) Indusium
261. Members of class-Rhodophyceae are known as red algae due to the presence of red pigment
a) r-phycoerythrin b) r-xanthophyll c) Phycoerythrin d) Fucoxanthin
262. A protein rich green alga is
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 b) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎 c) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 d) 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥
263. Water bloom is generally caused by
a) Green algae b) Blue-green algae c) Bacteria d) 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎
264. Phylogenetic system of classification is based upon
a) Evolutionary relationship of organism b) Cytological information
c) Structural embryology d) All of the above
265. Both heterospory and circinate ptyxis occur in
a) 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 b) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 c) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 d) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
266. In 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠, the endosperm is
a) Haploid b) Diploid c) Triploid d) Tetraploid
267. How many pyrenoids are present in the members of class-Chlorophyceae?
a) One b) Two c) One to many d) Pyrenoids are absent
268. Choose the incorrect statement
a) Double fertilisation is unique to gymnosperms and monocotyledons
b) Sequoia, a gymnosperm, is one of the tallest trees
c) Phaeophyceae members possess chlorophyll-a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls
d) Moss is a gametophyte, which consists of two stages namely, protonema stage and leafy stage
269. A protein rich blue-green alga is
a) Chlorella b) Spirulina c) Spirogyra d) Ulothrix
270. Spores with chloroplast is present in
a) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 b) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 c) 𝑃𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎 d) 𝑅ℎ𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑠
271. The leaves in pteridophytes are small as in
a) Volvox b) Marsilia c) Selaginella d) Azolla
272. In bryophytes antheridium produces …A… and female sex organ archegonium produces …B… . Here A and
B refer to
a) A-uniflagellate antherozoids; B-two egg b) A-biflagellate antherozoids; B-one egg
c) A-non-motile antherozoids; B-one egg d) A-non-motile antherozoids; B-two egg
273. In case of heteroporous pteridophyte the gametophyte is
a) Always dioecious b) Monoecious
c) May be monoecious or dioecious d) Vascular
274. Oogamous type of fusion is found in
a) Volvox and Fucus b) Chlamydomonas c) Spirogyra d) All of these
275. Fern gametophyte bears
a) Archegonia b) Antheridia c) Sporangia d) Both (a) and (b)
276. Gametophyte is dominant stage in the life cycle of
a) Bryophyta b) Pteridophyta c) Angiosperms d) Gymnosperms
277. The plant body of bryophytes is
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 a) More differentiated than that of algae
b) Equally differentiated to that of algae
c) Less differentiated than that of algae
d) Is not differentiated at all
278. In gymnosperms the development of grains take place with in the
a) Megasporangia
b) Microsporangia
c) Male gametophyte
d) Female gametophyte
279. In angiospermic fertilisation, one male gamete fuses with egg to form …A… , this event is called …B… .
Identify A and B and choose the correct option
a) A-endosperm; B-syngamy
b) A-zygote; B-syngamy
c) A-embryo; B-triple fusion
d) A-endosperm; B-triple fusion
280. Classification on the basis of all observed characters is known as
a) Number and codes taxonomy b) Numerical taxonomy
c) Countable taxonomy d) Numerical information taxonomy
281. 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥 and 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 shows
a) Haplontic life cycle b) Diplontic life cycle
c) Haplo-diplontic life cycle d) Diplobiontic life cycle
282. When moss spores germinate, the form
a) Leafy gametophyte b) Capsule c) Protonema d) Rhizoids
283. A fern differs from a moss in having
a) Swimming archegonia b) Swimming antherozoids
c) Independent gametophytes d) Independent sporophytes
284. If the chromosome number in the leaf of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 is 20, what will be the chromosome number in the
spores?
a) 10 b) 40 c) 20 d) 5
285. Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes in the
a) Motility of sperms b) Vasculature
c) Archegonia d) Alternation of generation
286. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 stem shows
a) Porous wood b) Manoxylic wood c) Pycnoxylic wood d) Ring porous wood
287. In which group of the following would you place the plants having vascular tissue and lacking seeds?
a) Algae b) Fungi c) Bryophytes d) Pteridophytes
288. In brown algae, food is stored in the form of
a) Mannitol b) Laminarin starch c) Both (a) and (b) d) Algin
289. Haploid brown, hairlike, delicate unicellular outgrowths are
a) Root hairs of gymnosperms b) Paraphysis of mosses
c) Root nodules of pulses d) Rhizoids of fern plants
290. Gymnosperms produce neither flower nor fruit because they do not possess
a) Embryo b) Ovary c) Ovule d) Seed
291. In mosses the second gametophytic stage is leafy stage. Consider the following statements about leafy
stage
I. Leafy stage is produced from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud
II. They consist of upright, slender axes bearing spirally arranged leaves
III. They are attached to the soil through multicellular rhizoids
IV. This leafy stage bears the sex organ
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and III b) I, III and IV c) II, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
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292. Alginic acid is found in the cell wall of
a) 𝐺𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑎 b) 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 c) 𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 d) 𝑆𝑐𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎
293. Incorrect character of brown alga is
a) Chlorophyll-𝑎 and 𝑏 present b) They remain attached
c) Chlorophyll-𝑎 and 𝑐 present d) Presence of fucoxanthin
294. Plants forming spores but lacking seed and vascular tissue are
a) Gymnosperms b) Angiosperms c) Bryophytes d) Pteridophytes
295. Living fossil is
a) 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎 b) 𝐺𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑎 c) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑔ℎ𝑖𝑖 d) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎
296. 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 is a
a) Single-celled marine green alga b) Multicelled marine green alga
c) Single-celled freshwater green alga d) Multicelled freshwater green alga
297. Which of these is mismatched?
a) Phaneros - Visible b) Kryptos - Concealed
c) Gymno - Naked d) Bryon - Liverworts
298. The sclerenchyma of the hypodermis in the 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 needle helps in
a) Increasing the absorptive surface of the cell b) Checking transpiration
c) Mechanical support d) Photosynthesis
299. Most algal genera are haplontic some of them such as …A…, …B… and …C… are haplo-diplontic. Here A, B
and C refers to
a) A-Ectocarpus, B-Polysiphonia, C-Kelps
b) A-Volvox, B-Spirogyra, C-Kelps
c) A-Spirogyra, B-Polysiphonia, C-Ectocarpus
d) A-Volvox, B-Kelps, C-Ectocarpus
300. From which of the following algae, agar-agar is commercially extracted?
I. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 II. 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠
III. 𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚 IV. 𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
V. 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
a) III and V b) II and III c) IV and V d) I and IV
301. In gymnosperms one of the megaspores develops into multicellular structure called multicellular …… that
bears two or more archegonia
a) Male gametophyte
b) Female gamete
c) Female gametophyte
d) Male gamete
302. If the leaf of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 has 5 chromosomes the primary protonema will have
a) 10 chromosomes b) 5 chromosomes c) 15 chromosomes d) 20 chromosomes
303. In gymnosperms the reduced gametophyte is called
a) Endospore b) Pollen grain c) Ovule d) Aplanospore
304. Double fertilisation occurs among
a) Algae b) Bryophytes c) Angiosperms d) Gymnosperms
305. In algae asexual reproduction occurs by the production of different types of spores. The most common
type of spore is
a) Aplanospore b) Endospore
c) Zoospore d) Oospore
306. In green algae vegetative reproduction takes place by
a) Fragmentation b) Different types of spores
c) Both (a) and (b) d) Conidia
307. Photosynthetic pigments of class-Rhodophyceae (red algae) are
a) Chlorophyll-a, b b) Chlorophyll-a, c c) Chlorophyll-a, d d) Chlorophyll-a, c and d
308. In a moss, the sporophyte
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 a) Is partially parasitic on the gametophyte b) Produces gametes that give rise to the
gametophyte
c) Arises from a spore produced from the d) Manufactures food for itself, as well as for the
gametophyte gametophyte
309. Fruits are not found in gymnosperms because
a) They are not seedless b) They are not pollinated
c) They have no ovary d) Fertilization does not takes place
310. Haplontic life cycle is followed by
a) Algae b) Fungi c) Gymnosperms d) Angiosperms
311. Which of the following pteridophytes is heterosporous
a) 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑢𝑚 b) 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 c) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 d) 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎
312. Resin duct of gymnospermous stem is an example of
a) Lysigenous cavity b) Lysogenous cavity
c) Schizogenous cavity d) Schizolysigenous cavity
313. Fertilisation is the process of
a) Transfer the pollen from anther to stigma
b) Fusion of one male gamete with the egg
c) Formation of seed from ovule
d) Fusion of male nucleus with polar nuclei
314. Angiosperms are also called
a) Seed less plants b) Fruits less plants c) Flowering plants d) All of these
315. Read carefully the following statements
I. 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 possesses unicellular and unbranched rhizoids
II. Gemmae are asexual buds, which originate from small receptacles called gemma cups
III. The 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 plants have magnificent property of retaining water
IV. Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and III b) I, III and IV c) II, III and IV d) I, II, III and IV
316. In brown algae asexual reproduction takes place by
a) Aplanospores (apple-shaped and non-motile)
b) Biflagellate gametes (pear-shaped and have two unequal flagella)
c) Endospores (round and have one flagella)
d) Multifilagellate gametes and are sickle-shaped
317. Sporophyte of fern produces
a) Pollen grains b) Spores c) Seeds d) Gametes
318. Fern spores are usually
a) Haploid b) Diploid c) Triploid d) Tetraploid
319. In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, diploxylic vascular bundles are found in
a) Stem b) Root c) Leaflet d) Rachis and leaflet
320. A group of plants which are autotrophs, their sex organs are non-jacketed and whose zygotes secrete thick
wall are called
a) Phycophytes b) Lichens c) Bryophytes d) Thallophytes
321. Peat moss is
a) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 b) 𝐹𝑒𝑟𝑛 c) Algae d) 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚
322. The main plant body in pteridophyte is
Sporophyte (2𝑛) which is differentiated into root, b) Sporophyte having no root, stem and leaf
a)
stem and leaf
Gametophyte (𝑛) which is differentiated into root, d) Gametophyte having no root, stem and leaf
c)
stem and leaf
323. Consider the following statement regarding heterospory
I. Genera like 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 and 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎 which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro
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 (small) spores, are known as heterosporous
II. The megaspores and microspores germinate and give rise to female and male gametophyte respectively
III. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parent sporophytes for variable periods
IV. The development of the zygotes into young embryos takes place within the female gametophytes
V. This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an important step in evolution
a) I, II and III b) II, IV and V c) III, IV and V d) I, II, III, IV and V
324. Common characteristic between bryophytes and pteridophytes is
a) Vascularization b) Terrestrial habit
c) Water for fertilization d) Independent sporophyte
325. Two very distinst generations are found in the life cycle of
a) Bacteria b) Spirogyra c) Volvox d) Ferns
326. Prothallus of the fern produces
a) Spores b) Gametes c) Both (a) and (b) d) Cones
327. Dominant generation in bryophytes is
a) Capsule b) Sporophyte c) Gametophyte d) Seta
328. In gymnosperms, pollination takes place by
a) Water b) Air c) Insects d) Animals
329. 𝐴 and 𝐵 in given figure represents

a) A-Gametophyte branch, B-Sporophyte branch b) A-Antheridial branch, B-Archegonial branch

c) A-Archegonial branch, B-Antheridial branch d) A-Sporophyte branch, B-Gametophyte branch
330. Incipient nucleus is found in
a) Myxophyceae b) Phaeophyceae c) Rhodophyceae d) Chlorophyceae
331. Conifers differ from grasses in the
a) Production of seeds from ovules b) Lack of xylem tracheids
c) Absence of pollen tubes d) Formation of endosperm before fertilization
332. Which of the following is correct the ploidy level in labelled organs of plant shown in given figure?

a) Sporophyte-Diploid (2n) b) Antheridia-Haploid (n)

c) Rhizoids – Haploid (n) d) All of the above
333. Non-motile, greatly thickened, asexual spore in 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 is
a) Carpospores b) Akinetes c) Aplanospores d) Hypnospores
334. Consider the following statements about brown algae
I. The largest kelps are 𝑁𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑠 and 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑠
II. Brown algae have gelatinous coating outside the, cellulosic cell wall called algin
III. Food obtained from 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑎 is known as ‘Kombu’
Which of the statements given above are correct?
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 a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
335. Double fertilisation is characteristic feature of
a) Gymnosperms b) Angiosperms c) Monocoats d) Bryophytes
336. Identify 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 in the following figure and choose the correct option

a) A-Strobilus, B-Node, C-leaves b) A-Strobilus, B-node, C-branch

c) A-Sporophyll, B-Node, C-Internode d) A-Sporophyll, B-Internode, C-Node
337. Reproductive parts of an angiospermic plant are
a) Stamen b) Pistil c) Both (a) and (b) d) Shoot
338. After fertilisation the ovaries develop into
a) Fruit b) Seed coats c) Seed d) Integuments
339. Which of the following algae are suitable for human consumption?
a) 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 and 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 b) 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 and 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑠
c) 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎 and 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 d) 𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎 and 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎
340. In 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥, meiosis occurs in
a) Gamete b) Zygospore c) Zoospore d) Thallus
341. Choose the correct statements about protonema
a) Juvenile stage of moss is protonema
b) It consists of slender, green, branching system of filaments
c) Develops directly from a spore
d) All of the above
342. Fruits are mature
a) Ovules b) Ovaries c) Flower d) Peduncles
343. Megasporophyll of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is equivalent to
a) Stamen b) Sepal c) Petal d) Carpel
344. Mosses (along with lichen) are of great ecological importance because
a) They colonise on barren rocks and decompose b) Its contribution to prevent soil erosion
rock
c) Its contribution in ecological succession d) All of the above
345. Microsporangia of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 occur over microsporophyll
a) Laterally b) Abaxially c) Adaxially d) Marginally
346. The plant body of bryophytes are thallus like, prostrate or erect and attached to substratum with the help
of
a) Unicellular or multicellular roots b) Unicellular or multicellular rhizoids
c) Multicellular roots d) Unicellular roots
347. Heterospory is the production of
a) Sexual and asexual spores b) Large and small spores
c) Haploid and diploid spores d) Diploid and tetraploid spores
348. Bryophytes include

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 a) Liverworts and mosses
b) Lycopods and mosses
c) Lycopods and liverworts
d) Liverworts and Volvox
349. About 90% of the total green algae is found in
a) Marine environment b) Freshwater environment
c) Rivers d) Terrestrical environment
350. Mosses are attached to substratum by
a) Roots b) Capsule c) Rhizoids d) Main axis
351. Oil is reserve food in
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 b) 𝑂𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 c) 𝑉𝑎𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 d) 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎
352. Coralloid roots of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 are useful in
a) N2 − fixation b) Absorption c) Transpiration d) Fixation
353. The type of pollination in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is
a) Entomophily b) Hydrophily c) Anemophily d) Malacophily
354. Spore of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 on germination gives rise to
a) Protonema b) Sporophyte c) Prothallus d) Capsule
355. Eutrophication is the result of
a) Bryophyte b) Algae and aquatic plants
c) Gymnosperm d) Pteridophyte
356. Identify the given figures of algae and select the correct option

a) A-Chlamydomonas, B-Chara, C-Volvox b) A-Volvox, B-Chlamydomonas, C-Chara

c) A-Chara, B-Laminaria, C-Volvox d) A-Porphyra, B-Polysiphonia, C-Fucus
357. If number of chromosomes in foot of fern embryo is 8, what should be the number in its spores?
a) 4 b) 8 c) 23 d) 16
358. Agar-agar is obtained from
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 b) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 c) 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 d) 𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
359. The alga rich in protein is
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 b) 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 c) 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 d) 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐
360. A typical of angiospermic embryo sac is usually
a) One celled b) Three celled c) Five celled d) Seven celled
361. Female reproductive part of bryophytes is
a) Antheridium b) Oogonium c) Archegonium d) Sporangium
362. Which of the following group of marine algae are used as food?
a) Chlamydomonas, Volvox and Gracilaria
b) Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum
c) Laminaria and Gracilaria
d) Porphyra and Chlamydomonas
363. 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠 is responsible for
a) Red snow b) Red rust of tea c) Yellow snow d) Brown snow

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364. The thallus of 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥 is called
a) Trichome b) Coenobium c) Coenocytes d) Parenchymatous
365. Number of peristomial teeth in moss is
a) 16 + 16 b) 16 + 32 c) 8 + 16 d) 32 + 32
366. Plants have ….. in their life cycle
a) Asexual generations only b) Sexual generations only
c) Alternation of generations d) Haplontic generations only
367. The only living fossil, known by the name of ‘maiden hair tree’ is
a) 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑗𝑎 b) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 c) 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 d) 𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
368. Chloroplast in 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 is
a) Stellate b) Cup-shaped c) Ribbon-shaped d) Girdle-shaped
369.

In the diagram given above, the algae have been labeled as ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, and ‘E’. These algae are
respectively identified as
a) 𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑡𝑎, 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎, 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 and 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
b) 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑡𝑎, 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 and 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎
c) 𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑡𝑎, 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎, 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 and 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠
d) 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠, 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑡𝑎, 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 and 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
370. The members of brown algae have
a) Chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, xanthophylls b) Chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-c, xanthophylls and
carotenoids
c) Fucoxanthin and xanthophylls d) Chlorophyll-a and xanthophylls
371. In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. As a result
a) There is no change in success rate of fertilization b) There is high degree of sterility
c) One can conclude that the plant is apomictic d) Self-fertilization is prevented
372. In flowering plants meiosis occurs at the time of
a) Formation of buds b) Germination of seed
c) Formation of root primordia d) Formation of pollen grains
373. Which of the following is an important source of edible protein?
a) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 b) 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎 c) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎 d) 𝐶𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑠
374. Floridian starch is reserve food in
a) Rhodophyceae b) Phaeophyceae c) Chlorophyceae d) Xanthophyceae
375. 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 shows
a) Isogamy b) Anisogamy c) Both (a) and (b) d) Oogamy
376. Mosses are
a) Green
b) Leafy
c) Upright and radial in symmetry
d) All of the above
377. The site of photosynthesis in blue-green algae is
a) Chromatophores b) Mitochondria c) Chloroplast d) Root hair
378. In gymnosperm, the leaves are well-adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind.
What are the xeric characters in conifers?
a) Needle-like leaves b) Thick cuticle c) Sunken stomata d) All of these
379. Vegetative reproduction in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 occurs by

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 a) Bulbils b) Sporophylls c) Fission d) Scale leaves
380. Classification done on the basis of cytological information, chromosome structure and their behavior, is
known as
a) Molecular classification b) Cytotaxonomy
c) Chemotaxonomy d) Karyotaxonomy
381. Choose the correct statements for the sporophyte of bryophytes,
I. sporophyte is multicellular, not free living but attached to the gametophyte for nourishment from it
II. some cells of the sporophyte under go meiosis to produce haploid spores
III. these spores germinate to produce gametophyte
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
382. In mosses vegetative reproduction takes place by
a) Fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema
b) Gemmae formation and endospore formation
c) Gemmae and tubers formation
d) Protonema
383. Eight nucleated female gametophyte is found in
a) Bryophytes b) Gymnosperms c) Angiosperms d) Pteridophytes
384. Vasculature is poorly developed, pith has mucilage canals, parenchyma and medullary rays are abundant
in
a) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 b) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 c) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 d) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
385. When a produces two kind of spores, the condition is known as
a) Homospory b) Heterospory c) Apospory d) Sporogenesis
386. Artificial system of classification was given by
a) Aristotle b) Linnaeus c) Theophrastus d) Haeckel
387. In algae, vegetative reproduction mainly takes place by
a) Budding b) Akinetes c) Fragmentation d) Heterocyst
388. Which of the following plant group lack true roots, stem and leaves?
a) Angiosperms b) Gymnosperms c) Pteridophytes d) Bryophytes
389. The characteristic of blue-green algae is
a) DNA without histone b) Nuclear membrane absent
c) 70 S ribosome d) All of these
390. Father of Indian Bryology is
a) Raj Kumar b) S R Kashyap c) Maheshwari d) Khurana
391. In which of the following, pyrenoids are present?
a) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 b) 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎 c) 𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 d) All of these
392. In which of the following features, 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 resembles with angiosperms?
a) Presence of vessels b) Circinate vernation
c) Dichotomously branched leaves d) Pollen tube is the carrier of male gametes
393. Megasporophyll is the term used in gymnosperm to denote
a) Carpel b) Leaves c) Female cone d) Stamens
394. Haplo-diplontic life cycle is followed by
a) Bryophytes and pteridophytes b) Algae and bryophytes
c) Angiosperm and gymnosperm d) Bryophytes and gymnosperm
395. Green alga contains
a) Chlorophyll-𝑎 and 𝑏 b) Starch c) Carotenoid d) All of these
396. Ectophloic siphonostele is found in
a) 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 and 𝐶𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑒 b) 𝑂𝑠𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 and 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚
c) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎 and 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑦𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑢𝑚 d) 𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 and maiden hair fern
397. Roots is some gymnospermic genera have fungal association in the form of …A… in …B…. Here, A and B
refers to
a) A-mycorrhiza; B-Pinus b) A-mycorrhiza; B-Cycas
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 c) A-lichen; B-Pinus d) A-lichen; B-Cycas
398. 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 a moss, is used as a packing material for transporting living materials because of its
a) Water holding capacity b) Creeping capacity
c) Alkaline nature as it does not undergo decay d) All of the above
399. Which of the following is true about bryophytes?
a) They are thalloid b) They contain chloroplast
c) They possess archegonia d) All of the above
400. In 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎,
a) Filaments in which lateral conjugation occur are homothallic
b) Filaments in which sealariform conjugation occur are homothallic
c) Filaments in which lateral conjugation occur are heterothallic
d) A sexual reproduction occurs by zoospores
401. The protonema is a stage in the life cycle of
a) Riccia b) Funaria c) All bryophytes d) Pinus
402. Identify the alga known for a biological activity called bioluminescence.
a) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 b) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 c) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 d) 𝑁𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑎
403. The moss plant is
a) Sometimes gametophyte and sometimes sporophyte
b) Predominantly gametophyte with sporophyte attached to it
c) Gametophyte
d) Sporophyte
404. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of which one of the following sets?
a) 𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠, 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 and 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 b) 𝑍𝑦𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎, 𝑆𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑎 and 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎
c) 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎 and 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑠 d) 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎, 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 and 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
405. In brown algae, brown colour is due to presence of
a) Carotenoids b) Fucoxanthin c) Phycoerythrin d) Chlorophyll
406. 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐 fixes dinitrogen in symbiotic association with the following
I. 𝐴𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑠 II. 𝐺𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎
III. 𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 IV. 𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑎
a) I and II b) II and III c) I and III d) I and IV
407. The members of Chlorophyceae usually have a rigid cell wall made up of
a) Cellulose (outer layer) and algin (inner layer)
b) Pectose (inner layer) and peptidoglycan (outer layer)
c) Cellulose (inner layer) and pectose (outer layer)
d) Chitin (inner layer) and pectose (outer layer)
408. Zygotic meiosis takes place in
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 b) Bryophytes c) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 d) 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠
409. Which of the following is correct for 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 reproduction?
a) Zooidogamy is followed by siphonogamy b) Siphonogamy is followed by zooidogamy
c) Siphonogamy only d) Zooidogamy
410. In 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠, the third tier of embryonal cells formed below is known as
a) Rosette tier b) Suspensor tier c) Embryonal tier d) Free-nuclear tier
411. Kingdom-Plantae includes
a) Algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes
b) Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms
c) Algae, fungi, peteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms
d) Algae, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms
412. Moss spore germinate to form
a) Sporophyte b) Protonema c) Seta d) Capsule
413. Pteridophytes mostly occur in
a) Cool, damp and shady places
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 b) Hot and sunny places
c) Dry and humid areas
d) In water
414. Protonema is the juvenile filamentous state in the life cycle of
a) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 b) 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎 c) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 d) 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
415. In which way, mosses affects the quality of soil?
a) Prevents soil erosion b) Add nutrients to the soil
c) Promotes soil degradation d) They do no affects soil in any way
416. Which one of the following is considered important in the development of seed habit?
a) Dependent sporophyte b) Heterospory
c) Haplontic life cycle d) Free-living gametophyte
417. In capsule of moss, shock absorbers are
a) Trabeculae b) Peristome teeth c) Seta d) Annulus
418. Haploid structure of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 is
a) Calyptra b) Protonema c) Apophysis d) Operculum
419. Which of the following statement is true about the sporophytic stage in plant life cycle?
a) The haploid generation
b) Generation that produces the gametes
c) Generation that produces the spores
d) Generation that produces vascular
420. Phylogenetic system of classification is also known as
a) Artificial system of classification b) Hutchinson’s system of classification
c) Natural system of classification d) Whittaker system of classification
421. Transfusion tissue is present in the leaves of
a) 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 b) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 c) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 d) Both (b) and (c)
422. Gametophytic generation is dominant stage in the life cycle of
a) Pteridophytes b) Angiosperms c) Gymnosperms d) Bryophytes
423. Pyrenoids are made up of
a) Core of starch surrounded by sheath of protein
b) Core of protein surrounded by fatty sheath
c) Proteinaceous centre and starchy sheath
d) Core of nucleic acid surrounded by protein sheath
424. In ferns and mosses, movement of antherozoids towards female component is called
a) Phototaxis b) Chemotaxis c) Hydrotropism d) Thigmotropism
425. Atleast a half of the total CO2 fixation on earth is carried out by …A… through …B… . Here A and B refers to
a) A-bryophytes, B-respiration
b) A-algae, B-photosynthesis
c) A-pteridophytes, B-photosynthesis
d) A-fungi, B-respiration
426. Consider the following statements regarding reproduction in class-Chloropyceae.
I. Asexual reproduction is mainly by flagellated zoospores produced in zoosporangia.
II. The sexual reproduction shows considerable variation in the type and formation of sex cells and it may
be isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) Only I b) Only II c) I and II d) None of these
427. Laminarin and manitol of class-Phaeophyceae (brown algae) are
a) Proteins b) Complex carbohydrates
c) Lipoproteins d) Fat
428. Choose the correct statements.
Apophysis is the basal fertile part of the capsule in Apophysis is the apical sterile part of the
a) b)
𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 microsporophyll in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
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 c) Apospory is the development of sporophyte from d) Apogamy is the development of gametophyte
vegetative cells of the gametophyte from vegetative cells of the sporophyte
429. The first Division, which comes under kingdom-Plantae is
a) Algae b) Fungi c) Cyanobacteria d) Blue-green algae
430. Microsporangia in gymnosperm are produced
a) On the middle portion of microsporophyll
b) On the lowerside of microsporophyll
c) On the middle portion of megasporophyll
d) At the extreme tip of microsporophyll
431. Spore of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 on germination produces
a) Protonema b) Antheridia c) Archegonia d) Vegetative body
432. Fusion of two gametes, which are dissimilar in size is termed as
a) Oogamy b) Isogamy c) Anisogamy d) Zoogamy
433. Heterosporous pteridophytes always produce
a) Monoecious gametophytes b) Dioecious gametophytes
c) Homothallic gametophytes d) None of the above
434. People recovering from long illness are often advised to include the alga 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎 in their diet because it
a) Makes the food easy to digest b) Is rich in proteins
c) Has antibiotic properties d) Restores the intestinal microflora
435. A ring of multiciliate zoogonidium is found in
a) 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 b) 𝑍𝑦𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎 c) 𝑂𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 d) 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎
436. Sterile part of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 microsporophyll is
a) Apophysis b) Sporophore c) Middle part d) Lower part
437. Which of the following is living fossil?
a) 𝐺𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 b) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 c) 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 d) Both (b) and (c)
438. Read carefully the following statements about angiospermic sexual fertilisation
I. Pollen tube carries the male gamete towards archegonia and discharge contents in the mouth of
archegonium
II. Male gamete fuses with egg to give rise zygote
III. Zygote develops into embryo and embryo into seeds
IV. Seeds are naked
Which of the statement given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I, III and IV c) I, II and IV d) I, II, III and IV
439. Which type of moss is 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎?
a) Acrocarpous moss b) Pleurocarpous moss
c) Anacrogynous moss d) Cleistocarpous moss
440. Select the correctly matched ones.
I. Phaeophyceae - Mannitol
II. Rhodophyceae - Dictyota
III. Chlorophyceae - Non-motile gametes
IV. Rhodophyceae - 𝑟-phycoerythrin
a) I, II and III b) II, III and IV c) I and III d) I and IV
441. Algae have cell wall made up of
a) Cellulose, galactans and mannans b) Hemicelluloses, pectins and proteins
c) Pectins, cellulose and proteins d) Cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins
442. Pyrenoids are present in the ….. in most of the green algae
a) Chloroplast b) Ribosome c) Plastids d) Chromoplast
443. Indusium is found in
a) Algae b) Ferns c) Moss d) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
444. External fertilization occurs in majority of
a) Algae b) Fungi c) Liverworts d) Mosses
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445. In the life cycle of mosses, the gametophyte has two stages (A and B). These stages can be called
a) A-Protonema; B-Leafy stage b) A-Protonema; B-Sporogonium
c) A-Sporophyte; B-Gametophyte d) A-Zygote; B-Spore mother cell
446. Number of meiosis for formation of 64 zygotes in angiosperm is 80 but in gymnosperms number of
meiosis for formation of 64 zygotes will
a) 40 b) 80 c) 160 d) 20
447. In gymnosperm the microspores develop into a male gametophyte generation which
a) Is highly reduced and confined to only a limited number of cells
b) Is highly developed
c) Has an independent life
d) Both (a) and (c)
448. In a monoecious plant
a) Male and female sex organs are on different individuals
b) Male and female gametes are of two morphologically distinct types
c) Male and female sex organs are on the same individual
d) All the stamens are fused to form one unit
449. In which of the following, all listed genera belong to the same class of algae?
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎, 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠, 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 b) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥, 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠
c) 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎, 𝐸𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑢𝑠, 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 d) 𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚, 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
450. Which of the following is incorrect with respect to angiosperms?
a) Endosperm – Triploid b) Megaspore – Diploid
c) Pollen grain – Haploid d) Synergid – Haploid
451. In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 stem, open vascular bundle is characterized by
a) Phloem being sandwitched between xylem
b) Cambium present in between xylem and phloem
c) Xylem being sandwithced between phloem
d) Xylem and phloem occurring on different radii
452. Which green alga shows heterotrichous habit and may have given rise to terrestrial (land) habit?
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 b) 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 c) 𝑉𝑎𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 d) 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥
453. The characteristic features of bryophytes are
I. main plant body is gametophytic
II. main plant body is sporophytic
III. requirement of water for fertilisation
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) I, II and III
454. Which is the tallest gymnospermic tree species?
a) Pinus b) Cycas
c) Ginkgo d) Red wood tree Siquoia
455. Anisogamous means both gamete are
a) Similar in size and non-motile b) Dissimilar in size
c) Similar in size and motile d) Dissimilar in size and non-motile
456. Usually plant body of brown algae is differentiated into
a) Holdfast and frond b) Stripe and holdfast
c) Frond and stripe d) Holdfast, stipe and frond
457. 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 releases zoospore during
a) Evening b) Morning c) Night d) Noon
458. The kidney-shaped covering of sorus in 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠, is called
a) Placenta b) Ramentum c) Sporophyll d) Indusium
459. Pollen grains in 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 are
a) Monosaccate b) Bisaccate c) Trisaccate d) Nonsaccate
460. Characteristic of fern is
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 a) Circinate venation b) Reticulate venation c) Parallel venation d) None of these
461. Protonema is the stage in the life cycle of
a) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 b) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 c) 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 d) 𝑀𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑟
462. Which of the following plant cells is not surrounded by a cell wall?
a) Root hair cell b) Stem hair cell c) Gamete cell d) Bacterial cell
463. Top-shaped multiciliate male gametes and the mature seed, which bears only one embryo with two
cotyledons, are characteristic features of
a) Polypetalous angiosperms b) Gamopetalous angiosperms
c) Conifers d) Cycads
464. Gametophytic and sporophytic phases are independent in
a) Pteridophytes b) Bryophytes c) Gymnosperms d) Phaeophytes
465. Which has vascular tissue, produces spores, but does not has seeds?
a) Bryophyta b) Pteridophyta c) Gymnosperms d) Angiosperms
466. Blue-green algae has
a) Chlorophyll-𝑏 b) Xanthophyll c) 𝑐 phycocyanin d) Fucoxanthin
467. Which type of the rhizoids are present in 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎?
a) Unicellular smooth b) Multicellular smooth
c) Unicellular smooth and tuberculated d) Multicellular smooth and tuberculated
468. Identify the alga, which exhibits diplontic life cycle.
a) 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 b) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 c) 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 d) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥
469. Gymnosperms are
a) Flowering plants
b) Seed bearing plants
c) Seedless flowering plants
d) Fruit bearing plants
470. Which of the following plant does not have 𝑅ℎ𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑢𝑚 containing root nodules?
a) 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑠 b) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 c) 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑚 d) 𝐶𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑟
471. The diagram represents the life cycle of angiosperm. Choose the correct combination of labelling

a) A-Anther, B-Stigma, C-egg, D-Male gametophyte, E-ovule

b) A-Ovule, B-Stigma, C- Male gametophyte, D- Anther, E-Egg
c) A-Male gametophyte, B-Stigma, C-Anther, D-Egg, E-ovule
d) A-Stigma, B- Anther, C- Male gametophyte, D-Egg, E-ovule
472. Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls in
compact structures called cones. The group in reference is
a) Monocots b) Dicot c) Angiosperms d) Gymnosperms
473. After fertilisation the ovules develop into
a) Fruit b) Seed coats c) Seed d) Integuments
474. In comparition to pteridophyte, which one of the following algae exhibits diplontic life cycle?
a) Volvox b) Chara c) Polysiphonia d) Focus

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475. Which one of the following plants functions as symbolic nitrogen-fixing plant?
a) 𝐴𝑧𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎 b) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 c) Moss d) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎
476. Which of the following is autotrophic?
a) Virus b) Mycoplasma c) 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐 d) All of these
477. In some pteridophytes, sporophyll form distinct compact structures called ...A… in …B… and …C… Here A,
B and C refers to
a) A-sporocarp, B-Pogonatum, C-Selaginella
b) A-spikelet, B-Riccia, C-Marchentia
c) A-strobilus, B-Selaginella, C-Equisetum
d) A-spike, B-Fern, C-Salvinia
478. 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑝 (branched form) and 𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑚 (filamentous form) belongs to
a) Green algae b) Brown algae c) Red algae d) Blue-green algae
479. In 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠, the meiosis occurs in
a) Gamete b) Zygote c) Sporogonium d) Zoospore
480. Consider the following statements
I. The plants have magnificent property of retaining water. They can with hold water two hundred times
more than their own weight. Hence, they are widely used by gardeners to keep cut plant parts moist
during transportation and propagation
II. These plants grow as semiaquatic or submerged in acidic marshes. The older portions of plant die but
do not decay due to peculiar germicidal properties
The above statements belongs to which of the following bryophitic plant?
a) Pogonatum b) Funaria c) Sphagnum d) Marchantia
481. First vascular plant is
a) Thallophyta b) Bryophyta c) Pteridophyta d) Spermatophyta
482. Female cone of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 is a
a) Modified needles b) Modified long shoot c) Modified dwarf shoot d) Modified scale
483. Algae include unicellular forms like …A…, filamentous like …B… and colonical forms like …C… . Here A, B
and C refer to
a) A-Chlamydomonas, B-Volvox, C-Ulothrix
b) A-Ulothrix, B-Volvox, C-Chlamydomonas
c) A-Volvox, B-Ulothrix, C-Chlamydomonas
d) A-Chlamydomonas, B-Ulothrix, C-Volvox
484. The gametophyte of moss is
a) Seta b) Capsule c) Zygote d) Protonema
485. In gymnosperms, the ovule is naked because
a) Ovary wall is absent b) Integuments are absent
c) Perianth is absent d) Nucellus is absent
486. Which of the following is not correctly matched?
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 - Unicellular flagellated b) 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 - Flattened leaf-like thallus
c) 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 - Unicellular non-flagellated d) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥 - Colonial form, non-flagellated
487. Consider the following statements
I. Hydropterides are only plant among the heterosporous pteridophytes that are leptosporangiate
II. Heterosporous pteridophytes were the first land flora of earth
III. The difference in size between microspore and megaspore in 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑘𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎 is 1:200
IV. Female gametophyte of 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 mostly have single archenogium
Which of the above statement are correct?
a) I and II b) IV c) I, II and IV d) I, II, III and IV
488. Male sex organs in an angiospermic flower is
a) Stamen b) Pistil c) Carpel d) Shoot
489. Which of the following is an algal parasite?
a) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥 b) 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 c) 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎 d) 𝐶𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑠
P a g e | 32
490. Mannitol is the stored food in
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎 b) 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎 c) 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 d) 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎
491. Select the correct sequential arrangement of reproductive structures for pteridophytes
a) Sporophyll → Strobilli → Sporangia → Spore mother cell → Spores
b) Strobilli → Sporophyll → Sporangia → Spores
c) Spores → Sporophyll → Sporangia → Strobili
d) Spores → Sporangia → Sporophyll → Strobili
492. In gymnosperms, the seeds are naked because they lack
a) Integument b) Nucellus c) Pericarp d) Perianth
493. The relationship between the alga 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑠 and the surrounding fauna corresponds to
a) Ammensalism b) Parasitism c) Predation d) Exploitation
494. Bryophytes resemble algae in the following aspect.
a) Filamentous body, presence of vascular tissues and autotrophic nutrition
b) Differentiation of plant body into root, stem and leaves and autotrophic nutrition
c) Thallus like plant body, presence of roots and autotrophic nutrition
d) Thallus like plant body, lack of vascular tissues and autotrophic nutrition
495. Algae are also found in association with
a) Fungi b) Lichen c) Sloth bear d) Both (a) and (c)
496. The bryophytes are divided into
a) Mosses and liverworts b) Ferns and liverworts
c) Mosses and horse tails d) Ferns and horse tails
497. Consider the following statements
I. In red algae vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation
II. In red algae the food is stored as floridean starch, which is very similar to amylopectin and glycogen is
structure
III. Cell wall of red algae consists of chitin
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I and II b) I and III c) II and III d) All of these
498. In 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎, trabeculae are the modification of
a) Epidermal cells b) Cortical cells c) Endodermal cells d) Pericycle cells
499. Which one of the following formed in 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 is different based on its nucleus?
a) Zygospore b) Azygospore c) Aplanospore d) Akinete
500. During development of embryo in archegonium of Bryophyta, its posterior part form protective embryo
cover, which is called
a) Calyptra b) Paraphysis c) Apophysis d) Hypophysis
501. 𝐸𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑢𝑠, 𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑡𝑎, 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑆𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚 and 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 belongs to the class
a) Phaeophyceae b) Rhodophyceae c) Chlorophyceae d) Cynophyceae
502. Sexual reproduction in 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 is an advanced feature because it shows
a) Morphologically differentiated sex organs b) Physiologically differentiated sex organs
c) Different sizes of motile sex organs d) Same size of motile sex organs
503. 𝐵𝑢𝑥𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑎 is a classical example of
a) Parasitic bryophyte b) Saprophytic bryophyte
c) Symbiotic bryophyte d) Nitrogen fixing form
504. Identify the given figures of algae and select the correct option

P a g e | 33
 a) A-Volvox, B-Chlamydomonas, C-Chara, D- b) A-Fucus, B- Polysiphonia, C-Porphyra, D-Dictyota
Porphyra
c) A-Fucus, B-Dictyota,, C-Porphyra, D-Polysiphonia d) A- Dictyota, B-Porphyra, C-Fucus, D-Polysiphonia
505. Mosses and ferns are found in moist and shady places because both
a) Require presence of water for fertilization b) Do not need sunlight for photosynthesis
c) Depend for their nutrition on microorganisms, d) Cannot compete with sun-loving plants
which can survive only at low temperature
506. Elater mechanism or spore dispersal is exhibited by
a) 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎 b) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 c) Liverworts d) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎
507. Which of the following can be regarded as seedless vascular plants?
a) Angiosperms b) Gymnosperms c) Bryophytes d) Pteridophytes
508. Fern gametophyte shows …… nature.
a) Homothallic b) Fragmentation c) Heterothallic d) None of these
509. The peculiar feature of 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑎 is
a) Absence of gemma cup b) Presence of androgynous receptacles
c) Absence of eaters d) All of the above
510. Chlorophyll-𝑎, chlorophyll-𝑑 and phycoerythrin are characteristics of class
a) Phaeophyceae b) Xanthophyceae c) Chlorophyceae d) Rhodophyceae
511. Ramenta is the characteristic of
a) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 b) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 c) 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 d) None of these
512. Sperm of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is
a) Multiflagellated and very large b) Small and biflagellated
c) Multiflagellated and small d) Large and biflagellated
513. Archegoniophore is present in
a) 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎 b) 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 c) 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 d) 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎
514. In 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠, male cone bears a large number of
a) Ligules b) Anthers c) Microsporophylls d) Megasporophylls
515. Which one pair of examples will correctly represent the grouping spermatophyta according to one of the
schemes of classifying plants?
a) 𝑅ℎ𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑠, 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑚 b) 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜, 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑚 c) 𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎, Sugarcane d) 𝑃𝑖𝑢𝑠, 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
516. Read carefully the following statements about pteridophytes
I. They are called vascular cryptogams
II. They produce spores rather than seeds
IIII. They are used for medicinal purposes
IV. They are used as soil binders
V. They are frequently grown as ornaments
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) I, II and V b) II, IV and V c) II, III, IV and V d) I, II, III, IV and V
517. Corolloid roots are found in
a) Bryophytes b) Pteridophytes c) Gymnosperms d) Angiosperms
518. Leaf in young condition in fern is called
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a) Scale leaf b) Sporophyll c) Circinate ptyxis d) None of these

P a g e | 35
 ACTIVE SITE TUTORIALS
Date : 26-07-2019 TEST ID: 256
Time : 08:38:00 BIOLOGY
Marks : 2072
3.PLANT KINGDOM

: ANSWER KEY :
1) a 2) a 3) d 4) b 165) d 166) a 167) d 168) a
5) b 6) a 7) c 8) a 169) b 170) a 171) b 172) b
9) b 10) a 11) a 12) b 173) a 174) c 175) d 176) c
13) b 14) b 15) a 16) d 177) d 178) d 179) a 180) b
17) a 18) c 19) a 20) b 181) c 182) d 183) a 184) a
21) a 22) c 23) b 24) c 185) b 186) d 187) c 188) a
25) d 26) a 27) d 28) b 189) d 190) d 191) d 192) c
29) b 30) b 31) a 32) d 193) a 194) c 195) a 196) c
33) b 34) b 35) d 36) b 197) d 198) a 199) b 200) a
37) d 38) a 39) b 40) a 201) b 202) b 203) d 204) b
41) d 42) c 43) b 44) d 205) b 206) a 207) c 208) b
45) d 46) a 47) c 48) c 209) a 210) b 211) b 212) a
49) a 50) d 51) d 52) c 213) d 214) a 215) b 216) c
53) b 54) a 55) b 56) c 217) c 218) d 219) a 220) c
57) a 58) a 59) b 60) a 221) a 222) c 223) d 224) a
61) b 62) c 63) b 64) d 225) d 226) b 227) c 228) d
65) c 66) d 67) b 68) b 229) b 230) c 231) c 232) d
69) b 70) a 71) b 72) a 233) a 234) c 235) a 236) b
73) b 74) c 75) c 76) d 237) d 238) b 239) c 240) a
77) c 78) d 79) a 80) c 241) d 242) a 243) c 244) b
81) d 82) b 83) d 84) b 245) d 246) b 247) c 248) c
85) c 86) a 87) b 88) d 249) b 250) d 251) c 252) d
89) d 90) d 91) b 92) a 253) a 254) c 255) d 256) d
93) a 94) d 95) c 96) b 257) d 258) a 259) a 260) c
97) b 98) b 99) a 100) c 261) a 262) a 263) b 264) a
101) c 102) d 103) a 104) b 265) c 266) a 267) c 268) a
105) a 106) a 107) d 108) a 269) b 270) b 271) c 272) b
109) c 110) c 111) d 112) c 273) a 274) a 275) a 276) a
113) b 114) c 115) d 116) b 277) a 278) b 279) b 280) b
117) a 118) a 119) c 120) c 281) a 282) c 283) d 284) a
121) a 122) a 123) d 124) b 285) b 286) b 287) d 288) c
125) a 126) c 127) c 128) a 289) d 290) b 291) d 292) b
129) c 130) a 131) a 132) c 293) a 294) c 295) a 296) a
133) a 134) c 135) b 136) a 297) d 298) c 299) a 300) d
137) b 138) a 139) c 140) b 301) c 302) b 303) b 304) c
141) a 142) c 143) c 144) a 305) c 306) c 307) c 308) a
145) d 146) b 147) a 148) a 309) c 310) a 311) d 312) c
149) d 150) c 151) d 152) c 313) b 314) c 315) c 316) b
153) a 154) a 155) d 156) d 317) b 318) a 319) d 320) a
157) d 158) c 159) d 160) b 321) d 322) a 323) d 324) c
161) b 162) c 163) c 164) c 325) d 326) b 327) c 328) b

P a g e | 36
329) b 330) a 331) d 332) d
333) d 334) d 335) b 336) b
337) c 338) a 339) d 340) b
341) d 342) b 343) d 344) d
345) b 346) b 347) b 348) a
349) b 350) c 351) c 352) a
353) c 354) a 355) b 356) b
357) a 358) d 359) a 360) d
361) c 362) b 363) a 364) b
365) a 366) a 367) c 368) d
369) c 370) b 371) d 372) d
373) c 374) a 375) c 376) d
377) a 378) d 379) a 380) b
381) d 382) a 383) c 384) a
385) b 386) b 387) c 388) d
389) d 390) b 391) c 392) d
393) a 394) a 395) d 396) b
397) a 398) a 399) d 400) a
401) b 402) d 403) b 404) d
405) b 406) b 407) c 408) a
409) b 410) a 411) b 412) b
413) a 414) b 415) a 416) b
417) a 418) b 419) c 420) b
421) d 422) d 423) c 424) b
425) b 426) c 427) b 428) b
429) a 430) d 431) a 432) c
433) b 434) b 435) c 436) a
437) d 438) d 439) b 440) d
441) a 442) a 443) b 444) a
445) a 446) b 447) a 448) c
449) b 450) b 451) c 452) b
453) b 454) d 455) b 456) d
457) b 458) d 459) a 460) a
461) b 462) c 463) b 464) a
465) b 466) c 467) c 468) c
469) b 470) b 471) d 472) d
473) c 474) d 475) a 476) c
477) c 478) b 479) b 480) c
481) c 482) d 483) d 484) d
485) a 486) d 487) c 488) a
489) d 490) c 491) a 492) c
493) a 494) d 495) d 496) a
497) a 498) c 499) a 500) a
501) a 502) b 503) b 504) b
505) a 506) d 507) d 508) a
509) b 510) d 511) c 512) a
513) d 514) c 515) b 516) b
517) c 518) c

P a g e | 37
 ACTIVE SITE TUTORIALS
Date : 26-07-2019 TEST ID: 256
Time : 08:38:00 BIOLOGY
Marks : 2072
3.PLANT KINGDOM

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

1 (a) margin and acute apex.
In pteridophytes, gametophytes (prothallus)
require cool, damp and shady places to grow 9 (b)
2 (a) In 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠, the mechanism of sporangium
Fern (Pteridophyta) and 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 (Bryophyta) opening is effectively operated by stomium, when
are on-seed producing plants, while stomium ruptures the spores are discharged.
𝐹𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑠 and 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 are seed producing plants. 10 (a)
3 (d) 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎 possesses calcium encrustation and
𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 is a hornwort (bryophyte) that larvicidal properties.
harbours a nitrogen fixing blue-green algae 11 (a)
(𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐) in its mucilage cavities. The association
Brown algae such as
of 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐 and 𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 is highly specialized 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑠, 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠, etc, are the main
form of symbiosis. source of iodine.
4 (b) 12 (b)
Gk. Rhodo-red; Phyton-plants. The characteristic In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, the archegonia are foremed from the
red colour of algae is due to presence of excess gametophytic cells lining the archegonial
amount of r-phycoerythrin (red in colour) which chamber. The number of archegonia formed in a
masks the colour of other pigments gametophyte is variable, 𝑒. 𝑔. , 3 −
5 (b) 8 in 𝐶. 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎, 3 − 6 in 𝐶. 𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑝ℎ𝑖 and 3 −
The liverworts are widely distributed over the 8 in 𝐶. 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠.
earth’s surface but are far more numerous I the
tropics than in other parts of the world. In India, 13 (b)
they are abundant in the Western Himalayas, Leaf, calyptra and protonema all are haploid and
where rainfall is the heaviest. have same number of chromosomes.

6 (a) 14 (b)
In the alternation of generations the sporophytic Angiosperms are so named because the are
generation is 2𝑛 and the gametophytic generation enclosed with in a fruit of some sort
is 𝑛 15 (a)
7 (c) Double fertilisation is the fusion of one male
All the chloroplast in the 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 may be gamete with female gamete (syngamy) and other
loosely or tightly coiled and run spirally in male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus
parallel. The band-shaped chloroplast is either (triple fusion), i.e., double fertilisation = syngamy
narrow (having smooth margin) or broad (having = triple fusion
serrated margin). 16 (d)
Seeds of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎 (gymnosperm) are
8 (a) commonly known as chilgoza.
The leaves of 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 are microphillus. Each
leaf is traversed by a single unbranched mid rib. A 17 (a)
ligule arises from the base of each leaf (ligulate) 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 is also called walking fern. In
they are delicate, green with entire or serrate 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚, the tips of the leaves, on coming in
P a g e | 38
 contact with the soil, given out adventitious roots gametophytes and open into the archegonia
which, in turn, produce new leaves and develop chamber
into new plants. 26 (a)
The members of brown algae have gelatinous
18 (c) coating outside the, cellulose cell wall called align.
The capsule bears spores. Spores are formed after Alginic acid is a phycocollioid extracted
meiosis commercially from giant brown algae or kelps.
19 (a) Alginic acid is copolymer of α-1, 4 D-mammuronic
The antherozoids of 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 are large, coiled acid and α-1, 4 L-glucuronic acid
and multiflagellate structures which have a 27 (d)
prominent vesicle and a nucleus. Adult plant body of bryophyta is called
20 (b) gametophyte. Gametophyte is haploid that
Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams. They produces gametes.
generally produce spores but do not have seeds. 28 (b)
21 (a) The main difference between algae and
A-Haplontic The dominant multicellular phase is bryophytes is that the sex organs are single celled,
gametophyte or haploid without a jacket of sterile vegetative cells in algae,
B-Diplontic The dominant multicellular phase is whereas in bryophytes sex organs are always
diploid or sporophytic multicellular and protected by a jacket of sterile
C-Haplo-diplontic The dominant phase is both is vegetative cells.
gametophytic (multicellular) and sporophytic 29 (b)
(multicellular) A- Cycas, B-Pinus, C-Ginkgo
22 (c) 30 (b)
Some bryophytes have important medicinal uses. 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 in an unbranched filamentous green
For example- The tea prepared from Polytrichum thallophyte. The chloroplast is pigment containing
commune is used to dissolve kidney and gall organelle having chlorophyll−𝑎 and 𝑏. The yellow
bladder stones. Species of Sphagnum, a moss, pigments are carotene and xanthophyll.
provide peat that have long used as fuel. Many
chemical product such as alcohol, ammonium 31 (a)
sulphate, peat tar, paraffin, nitrates, brown dye, The cells of 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 are longer than their
tanning, materials, etc., can be obtained from peat breadth. The cell wall is two layered. The inner
23 (b) wall is made up of cellulose and outer of pectose,
In moss, the sporophyte is differentiated into foot, when pectose comes in contact with water it gives
seta and capsule. Capsule bears spores, which give the filament slimy or slippery. Hence, the alga is
rise to gametophyte after meiosis, 𝑒. 𝑔., Funaria, called pond silk.
Polytrichum and Sphagnum
24 (c) 32 (d)
Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in Polysiphonia and Gelidium are belongs to class-
gymnosperms (𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠, 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, etc. ), the male Rhodophyceae
and female gametophytes do not have an 33 (b)
independent free-living existence. They remain In pteridophytes, the sporophyte consist of leaf-
within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes. like appendages called sporophylls. Sporophyll in
cluster form distinct compact structure called
25 (d) strobili or cones, 𝑒. 𝑔., Selaginella and Equisetum
The stems are unbranched in Cycas or branched 34 (b)
in Pinus and Cedrus. In Cycas leaves reduced and In members of Chlorophyceae, meiosis is zygotic
usually once pinnate circinate. The male or female type.
cones or strobili may be borne on the some tree
(Pinus) or on different trees (Cycas). In Cycas the 35 (d)
archegonia are embedded in the female In 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, apophyseal region is lowermost part

P a g e | 39
 of the capsule. The epidermis of the apophyseal dominant
region has stomatal apertures. Each stoma has 44 (d)
two guard cells, which on later stages fuse to form Gymnosperms lack ovary thus, fruits are absent.
a single annular guard cell. They possess naked seeds due to presence of
naked ovules
36 (b) 45 (d)
Gymnosperms lack ovary thus, fruits are absent. In bryophytes the water is needed for
They possess naked seeds due to presence of (i) Dehiscence of antheridia
naked ovules (ii) Liberation of antherozoids
37 (d) (iii) Transfer of sperms from antheridia to
The vegetative plant body of Marchentia is a archegonia
dorsiventral lobed thallus. The sporophyte of (iv) Opening of archegonial neck
bryophytes is known as sporogonium. The (v) The movement of antherozoids into the
Sporogonium of Marchentia is differentiated into archegonial neck
foot, seta and capsule. Asexual reproduction in Thus, due to peculiar type of their habitat, they
Marchentia is takes place by the formation of are regarded as ‘the amphibians of the plant
gammae, which are located on the thalli kingdom’
38 (a) 46 (a)
In Cyanophyceae many filamentous forms possess In gymnosperms, the nucellus is protected by
some specialized cells of disputed nature called envelops and this composite structure called
heterocysts, which help in nitrogen fixation, ovule. Each ovule is actually the female spore-
𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐, 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎, 𝑒𝑡𝑐. producing organ surrounded by a protective
39 (b) envelope called integuments
The reproduction in mosses take place in water, 47 (c)
thus they occur in moist places. 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 belongs to Coniferopsida. The mature plant
is large tree growing upto 30-70 m in height and
40 (a) differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
Double fertilisation is characteristic feature of Branches are arranged in acropetal order thus,
angiosperms. It was discovered by SG Nawaschin giving the pyramid or conical shaped appearance
in 1898. In double fertilisation, one male gamete to the tree.
fused with ovum to form diploid zygote and the
second male gamete fused with diploid secondary 48 (c)
nucleus to form the triploid primary endosperm Most algal genera are haplontic, some of them
nucleus, which develops into endosperm. The such as Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, Kelps are
endosperm provides, nutrition to the developing haplodiplontic
embryo 49 (a)
41 (d) Protein and starch.
Male gametophyte bears antheridia, while female Green algae store food in form of starch in
gametophyte bears archegonium, which produces, specialized structures called pyrenoids located in
antherozoids and egg cell, respectively. chloroplast. Each pyrenoid has a central protein
Antherozoids are released in water, where it called ‘pyrenocrystal’ and a surrounding starch
come in contact of archegonium and egg cell. It sheath
fuses with egg cell to produce the zygote. Zygote 50 (d)
develops into young embryo Due to the presence of 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑢𝑚, a blue-
42 (c) green algae, ‘red sea’ have their specific red
Peristome of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 sporophyte is involved in colour.
the dispersal of spores. 51 (d)
43 (b) In 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, there are 32 peristomial teeth
In bryophytes gametophytic phase is dominant, arranged in two rings of 16 each.
while in pteridophytes sporophytic phase is

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52 (c) 𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠.
Gk; Phaios = brown, Phyton = plants,
Phaeophyceae cell contains more than one 58 (a)
parietal chromatophores. The chromatophores The united protoplasmic mass of two gametes is
contain chlorophyll-a and c β-and α-carotenes and called zygospore (zygote). Prior to germination,
xanthophylls. Besides, they contain large amount the diploid zygospore nucleus undergoes meiosis
of brown coloured xanthophyll-fucoxanthin, and forms four nuclei, three of these abort and
which masks the green colour of chlorophylls and only one is functional. It undergoes transverse
that is why these algae appear brown in colour division to give rise single filament.
53 (b) 59 (b)
In 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠, the sexual reproduction Most of the members of the brown algae are
occurs through conjugation (indirect lateral) in marine, excepts three-Pleurocladia. Heribaudiella
which adjacent cells of same filament conjugate, and Bodanella, which are found in freshwater
the protoplast of one cell (male gamete) migrates 60 (a)
to the other (female gamete) then these The coralloid root of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is symbiotically
protoplasts fuse to form zygospore which on associated with nitrogen fixing blue-green algae,
germination forms, a single new filament. 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑒 and 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒.
Thus, from two adjacent filaments with 10 cells These blue green-algae (cyanobacteria) are
participating in reproduction 10 new filaments prokaryotic photosynthetic and autotrophic.
will be formed. 61 (b)
Dominant phase in ferns is sporophyte, which is
54 (a) differentiated into root (2n), stem and leaf
Liverwort (class-Hepatopsidae), any of more than 62 (c)
8000 species of small, non-vascular, spore- In mosses only capsule bears spores, which gives
producing land plants constituting part of the rise to gametophyte after meiosis and the
division bryophytes sporophyte in masses is more elaborate than that
55 (b) in liverworks
The cortex in coralloid roots of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is divided 63 (b)
into inner and outer regions by algal zone. The Asexual reproduction in Marchentia occurs by the
cells of this zone contain endophytic algal forms formation of gemmae. The gemmae are
particularly multicellular green and biconvex lens shaped
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑒 and 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒. bodies produced in gemma cups. They detach
from gemma cup and germinate to produce new
56 (c) plants
Both (a) and (b). 64 (d)
In case of isogamy, the gametes can be flagellated The tallest flowering plant in the world is swamp
and similar in size (in Chlamydomonas) or non- gum (Eucalyptum regnans) found in Australia’s
flagellated (non-motile) but similar in size (as in Southern Island state Tasmania. They grow
Spirogyra) upwards of 100-101 meters tall and are 405 cm in
57 (a) diameter
Polyembryony is of common occurrence among 65 (c)
the gymnosperms. This is possible because more Fusion of a large non-motile egg or ovum with a
than one archegonia are fertilized and more than smaller motile sperm (except in Rhodophyceae).
one zygote are formed. These develop into The gametes differ morphologically as well as
embryos but only one of them succeeds in physiologically and are called oogametes. The
developing into a complete embryo. In the fusion of gametes is called oogamy, 𝑒. 𝑔.,
conifers, there is a cleavage polyembryony. In this Chlamydomonas, Fucus, Chara and Volvox
case, all the four cells of the young embryo 66 (d)
separate and develop into four embryos, but only In bryophytes the diploid sporophyte is short
one completely develops and others abort, lived and dependent upon the gametophyte

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67 (b) Linnaeus and based on morphological characters
𝑁𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑠 is a pteridophyte. such as habit, colour, number and shape of leaves,
etc
68 (b) 75 (c)
The club mosses (division-Lycophyta) are now The members of brown algae called sea weeds or
limited to representatives a few centimeters in kelps are the main source of iodine,
height. Their leaves are small and scale like, 𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑠 and 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠.
resembling the leaf like structures of mosses. Club
mosses of the genus−𝐿𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚, commonly 76 (d)
known as ground pine, form a beautiful ground Different systems of classification proposed from
cover in some temperate coniferous and time to time have been divided into three basic
deciduous forests. categories, viz., artificial systems, natural systems
and phylogenetic systems
69 (b) 77 (c)
In case of isogamy, the gametes can be flagellated Laminaria is the example of class-Phaeophyceae.
and similar in size (in Chlamydomonas) or non- In this case, the plant body is usually attached to
flagellated (non-motile) but similar in size (as in the substratum by a holdfast and has a stalk, the
Spirogyra) stripe and leaf like photosynthetic organ the frond
70 (a) 78 (d)
𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 shows resemblance with both Cycadales In isogamy, gametes are morphologically and
and Coniferales. Resemblanes between 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 physiologically same, in anisogamy gametes are
and Cycadales are well-developed nuellar beak morphologically different but physiologically
and pollen chamber, haustorial nature of pollen same and in oogamy, gametes are both
tube, multiflagellated spermatozoids, large egg, morphologically and physiologically different,
massive female gametophyte with well-developed 𝑒𝑔, 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥 and 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 members of
venter, endoscopic embryo with two cotyledons, Chlorophyeae.
hypogeal seed germination.
79 (a)
Its resemblance with Coniferales are cone like Ciliated antherozoids and necessity of water for
appearance, long and dwarf shoots, pycnoxylic fertilization suggest that the bryophytes have
wood, uniseriate medullary rays, longitudinal originated from aquatic ancestors.
dehiscence of microsporangia and sessile ovule,
etc. 80 (c)
In gymnosperms the primary root commonly
71 (b) grows to become a thick central root, the tap root,
Though bryophytes are the land plants but water which may or may not have thick lateral roots
is essential for fertilization. It provides a medium (branches)
of transport for antherozoids to reach archegonia. 81 (d)
Hence, bryophytes are called amphibians of plant In class-Chlorophyceae, the cells possess one or
kingdom. more chloroplasts. The shape of chloroplasts may
72 (a) be
Female sex organ is carpel also known as pistil or Cup-shaped – Chlamydomonas
gynoecium. It consist of three parts style, stigma Girdle-shaped – Ulothrix
and ovary Spiral - Spirogyra
73 (b) Star-shaped – Zygnema
Sago is obtained from the pith of Reticulate – Chlamydomonas reticulata
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠 and 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎. It is rich in Partial reticulate – Oedogonium
starch and used as constituent of poor man’s food. Partial band-shaped – Hydrodictyon
Disc-shaped - Chara
74 (c) 82 (b)
Artificial system of classification was given by Some of the pteridophytes produce smaller

P a g e | 42
 spores called microspores and larger one called three are angiosperms.
megaspore. This nature is called heterospory. In
angiosperms there is only one functional 90 (d)
megaspore. The male and female gametes fuse to The double fertilisation was discovered by SG
form zygote which eventually developes into Nawaschin (1898) and Guignard in Lilium and
embryo. The embryo forms the seed. Fritilaria. Double fertilisation is restricted only to
angiosperms. When pollen tube enters ovule, it
83 (d) strikes one of the synergids and burst open to
Algae are predominantly aquatic occur both in release the two male gametes, which fuse with
marine as well as freshwater habitats. Some are two different structures in the same female
terrestrial and grow in moist places. Some algae gametophyte. Thus, double fertilisation can be
grow under very special environmental distinguished as.
conditions such as hot water springs (thermal (i) Generative Fertilisation Fusion of one male
algae), ice and snow (cryophytes), on surface of gamete with the egg producing diploid zygote or
other plants (epiphytes) and animals oospore
(epizoophytes) and in symbiotic association (ii) Vegetative Fertilisation Fusion of nucleus of
(lichen) second male gamete with the diploid secondary
84 (b) (fused) nucleus or the triple fusion, i.e., fusion of
Pteridophytes are considered as first terrestrial one male nucleus and two polar nuclei forming
plants to possess vascular tissues xylem and endosperm (3𝑛)
phloem. All the vegetative parts possess vascular 91 (b)
tissues (i.e., xylem and phloem) organised in The presence of vessels in the xylem and abserce
definite groups of archegonis are angiospermic character and also
85 (c) found in 𝐺𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚.
Vaginula is the part of venter of archegonium left
at the base of seta. It is haploid in nature. 92 (a)
Medicine ephedrine is obtained from several
86 (a) species of 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑎 of family-Ephideraceae. It is
𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑢𝑠 belongs to order- used in the treatment of respiratory disorders like
Sphaerocarpales (Bryophyta). cold, asthma, bronchial congestion.

87 (b) 93 (a)
Two synegirds and one egg cell. The antheridial branch of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 is called male
Polygonum type of embryo sac is the most flower.
common in angiosperms. It is 7-celled and 8-
nucleate. The nuclei are arranged in such a way 94 (d)
that three organized at micropylar end and form Gymnosperms (𝐺𝑦𝑚𝑛𝑜 = naked; 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎 = seed)
egg apparatus (one egg and two synergides,) two are naked seeded plants, in which ovule is not
nuclei migrate to centre and form polar nuclei in a covered by ovary. In gymnosperms, xylem
single central cell and three nuclei at chalazal pole contains only tracheids and xylem parenchyma;
organized into antipodal cells vessels are absent (exceptionally present in
88 (d) Gnetales).
In 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠, meiosis takes place during spore 95 (c)
formation. Chlorella is used for purifying air in space ships. It
89 (d) is also used as food supplements by space
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 is a gymnospermic plant. Ovulves of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 travellers
are uncovered, which lie on the megasporophyll, 96 (b)
hence this plant does not have flowers. However The cones bearing megasporophyll with ovules
it produces seeds (from ovule after fertilization) are called female strobili or megasporangia or
like other three plants mentioned, all of the other macrosporangiate. Both megasporophyll and
microsporophyll may be present on same plant

P a g e | 43
 (𝑒. 𝑔., Pinus) or may be present separately amount of r-phycoerythrin
97 (b) 106 (a)
In Spirogyra the gametophytic stage is dominant Protonema is prostrate, branched, multicellular,
and sporophyte is single celled zygote filamentous structure, which bears erect foliose
98 (b) gametophore. Protonema is produced on
In all cycads except the genus Cycas, the ovules germination of a moss (bryophyte) spore, from
are borne on megasporophylls in megastrobili, in which new plants develop as buds.
Cycas the ovules develop on individual leaf-like
megasporophylls in what is regarded as a 107 (d)
primitive arrangement. The microspores of all Group Major Reserve
Pigment Food
cycads develop into microstrobili
Chlorophyceae Chlorophyl Starch
99 (a) l – 𝑎, 𝑏
Red algae secrete and deposit calcium carbonate Phaeophyceae Chlorophyl Laminarian,
and appear like corals. l – 𝑎, 𝑐 mannitol
Rhodophyceae Chlorophyl Floridean
100 (c) l – 𝑎, 𝑑 starch
Pteridophytes are vascular, spore forming non- 108 (a)
seed forming, non-flowering plants. The phloem Algae is a group of chlorophyll bearing,
of pteridophytes does not contain companion photosynthetic, autotrophic, thalloid plants.
cells. Presence of companion cells is the Except a few, all the algae are aquatic. The algae
characteristic feature of angiospermic phloem. reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual
means. Ulothrix is a filamentous algae and Volvox
101 (c)
is in colonial form
Zoospores.
109 (c)
Algae produce different type of spores, the most
In angiosperms, the pollen grains and ovules are
common being the zoospores, asexually. These
produced in special structure called flower
are motile, flagellated and give rise to new plant
110 (c)
on germination
The members of class-Chlorophyceae are
102 (d)
commonly called green algae. Their cells possess
The ovules of gymnosperms are unitegmic
one or more chloroplasts. Photosynthetic
(apparently bitegmic in 𝐺𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚). The
pigments in chloroplasts are chlorophyll-a,
integument is three layered. In gymnosperms, the
Chlorophyll-b, carotene and xanthophylls. The
ovules are freely exposed before and after
green colour is due to presence of excess of
fertilization, 𝑖. 𝑒., they are not enclosed by an
chlorophyll. Chloroplastic pigments are the same
ovary wall.
as in the land plants
103 (a) 111 (d)
A-Synergids, B-Polar nuclei, E-Central cell, D- Crude turpentine (oleoresin) is obtained from the
Antipodal cells, E-Filiform apparatus, F-Egg cell long leaf of pine (𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠) and slash pine
Polygonum type of embryo sac is 7-celled 8- (𝑃. 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑎). pine resin is obtained from chir
nucleate, i.e., composed of 3 antipodals, 2 pine (𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑔ℎ𝑖𝑖 ) and blue pine
synergid, one egg and one central cell (𝑃. 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎 ) by tapping.
104 (b)
112 (c)
Agar, one of the commercial products obtained
In 𝐶𝑦𝑎𝑠, pollination occurs at three called stage.
from Gelidium and Gracilaria is used to grow
Microspore is sheded from the microsporangium
microbes and in preparation of ice-creams and
at three-celled stage, 𝑖. 𝑒., prothallial cell, tube cell
jellies
and generative cell.
105 (a)
Polysiphonia is the example of class- 113 (b)
Rhodophyceae. It is red algae. The characteristic 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 is bryophyte, commonly called as bog
red colour of algae is due to presence of excess moss or peat moss. It is hygroscopic and

P a g e | 44
 possesses a remarkable water holding capacity. All statements belong to class-Rhodophyceae
Hence, it is used as a packing material in the 121 (a)
transportation of flowers, live plants, tubers, In gymnosperms the dominant phase is
bulbs, seedlings, etc. It is also used in seedbeds sporophyte, gymnosperms are heterosporous
and in moss-sticks. produced haploid megaspore and microspores,
which are produced with in sporangia born on
114 (c) sporophyll. These spore bearing plants are called
In the angiosperm ovule, central cell of the sporophytes
embryo sac prior to the triple fusion, contains two 122 (a)
haploid polar nuclei. Triple fusion in angiosperm Liverworts reproduce asexually by the formation
is the fusion of second sperm with two polar of specialised structure called gemmae or through
nuclei or the secondary nucleus, which results in fragmentation of thalli. Gemmae are asexual buds,
the formation of a triploid primary endosperm which originate from small receptacles called
nucleus gemma cups
115 (d) 123 (d)
The haploid gametophyte is dominant, long lived, Bryophytes are also known as amphibians of
green and independent whereas the diploid plant kingdom. They have various features, which
sporophyte is short lived and dependent upon the enabled them to live on both land and on water
gametophyte habitats
116 (b) 124 (b)
In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, the leaves are of two types, 𝑖. 𝑒., scale Professor M O P Iyenger is know as father of
leaves and foliose leaves. Foliose leaves are large, Inidan phycology. Phycology is the study of algae
compound and pinnately divided into many (chlorophyllous thallophytes).
leaflets. Leaflet is sessile, straight, linear-
lanceolate. Professor K C Mehta worked on cause behind
annual recurrence of wheat rust (fungi, 𝑖. 𝑒., non-
117 (a) chlorophyllous thallophytes) in plains of northern
The pteridophytes are flowerless, seedless, spore India.
producing vascular plants which have successfully
invaded the land. These are called vascular 125 (a)
cryptogams because among cryptogams the Sago starch is obtained from Pinus
vascular strands are present only in 126 (c)
pteridophytes. The primary endosperm nucleus is triploid (3𝑛)
as it is the product of triple fusion
118 (a) 127 (c)
A-Sporophyte B-Haploid microspore C-Haploid A-Antheridiophore, B-Archegoniophore, C-
megaspore Gemma cup
In gymnosperms the dominant phase is 128 (a)
sporophyte. They are neterosporous and produce Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia, which
haploid megaspore and microspores. Which are produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and
produced with in sporangia born on sporophyll. micro (small) spores are known as heterosporous
These sporangia are arranged spirally along an 129 (c)
axis to form compact cones Pinus is either monoecious or dioecious. In
119 (c) monoecious condition male and female strobili
The plant body of algae is called thallus. The thalli are present on same plant and dioecious
of algae show a great variation of forms. Algae are condition male and female strobili are present on
photoautotrophic in their mode of nutrition. They different plant. Cycas have only dioecious
perform photosynthesis due to presence of condition
chlorophyll in their chloroplasts or 130 (a)
chromatophores Agar (agar-agar) is polymer of D-galactose 3-6
120 (c) anhydro L-galactose having sulphate

P a g e | 45
 esterification after tenth galactose unit. –phycocyanin, 𝑐 −phycoerythrin alongwith
chlorophyll −𝑎, β −carotene and myxoxanthin.
131 (a)
Gymnosperms are naked seeded plants because 142 (c)
seeds are presents on the megasporophyll and are In 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠, the microspore nucleus divides by a
not enclosed with fruit wall due to lack of ovary periclinal wall and forms a very small prothallial
wall. cell and large central cell. The central cell cuts off
a second prothallial cell and antheridial cell. The
132 (c) nucleus of the antheridial cell divides to form
A-Dictyota, B-Polysiphonia, C-Porphyra, D- generative cell and tube cell. Thus, the pollen
Laminaria, E-Fucus grain of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 is sheded at four-celled stage when
133 (a) it consists of two vegetative prothallial cells, a
Filament and anther. generative cell and a tube cell.
Male sex organ is stamen also known as
androecium. It consists of an anther lobe and a 143 (c)
filament. Anther produces pollen grains Class-Phaeophyceae includes brown algae. Brown
134 (c) algae are marine plants. Chief pigments found in
Cycas are heterosporous and in additions, the members of this class are
produce highly specialised complex reproductive chlorophyll−𝑎 and 𝑐, β − carotene, violaxanthin,
and dispersal structure called seeds. Cycas is also fucoxanthin, lutein and diatoxanthin. Reserve
a dioecious plant. Dioecius plants are unisexual, food is laminarian, mannitol and oils.
having male and female reproductive organs on
different individual (plants) 144 (a)
135 (b) Haploid spore germinates to form a prothallus
Chilgoza a gymnospermic seed that is eaten as dry (gametophyte), which is monoecious, i.e., has
fruit is produced by Pinus gerardiana both antheridia and archegonia
136 (a) 145 (d)
In moss (𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 ), the dispersal of spores is Gymnosperms include medium sized trees or tall
facilitated by hygroscopic pouring movements of trees and shrubs. One of gymnosperms, the gaint
peristomial teeth (lengthening and shortening of red wood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest trees
peristomial teeth). The inner peristome acts as a species
sieve allowing only few spores to escape at a time. 146 (b)
The spores are homosporous and germinate to
137 (b) produce independent cushion-like monocious
Bryophytes lack true-roots, stem or leaves. They gametophyte
possess root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures
147 (a)
138 (a)
A- Marchentia (male thallus)
In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, ovules are found without ovary, this B- Marchentia (female thallus)
condition is called naked ovule. 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 produces C- Funaria
largest ovules in the plant kingdom. The ovules
D- Sphagnum
are orthotropous and unitegmic.
148 (a)
139 (c) Pollen grains.
Maiden hair fern, the common name given to the Male sex organ is stamen also known as
fern 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠, in which leaves androecium. It consists of an anther lobe and a
are bi-pinnate with sori (clustered stalked filament. Anther produces pollen grains
sporangia) present sub-marginally. 149 (d)
The only positive evidence of aquatic ancestry of
141 (a) bryophyte is ciliated sperms. Each sperm usually
The members of Myxophyceae or Cyanophyceae consists of minute, slender, spirally curved body
are commonly known as blue-green algae due to furnished with two long, terminal whiplash type
the presence of blue-green pigment flagella

P a g e | 46
150 (c) Natural system of classification was developed by
Heart-shaped prothallus is a gametophytic stage George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker based
of fern. It contains male and female reproductive on natural affinities among the organism. It was
organs, so it is a monoecious structure. based on both external and internal features like
phytochemistry, anatomy, ultra-structure,
151 (d) embryology
Heterocysts are specialized cells found in blue- 158 (c)
green algae like 𝐷𝑎𝑤𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 is the largest bryophyte (moss), which
𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐, 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠, 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎, 𝑅𝑖𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, grows up to 70 cm. It is found in New Zealand and
𝐴𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑎, 𝑆𝑐𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎, etc. Australia.

152 (c) 159 (d)

Chemotaxonomy. Dryopteris, Pteris and Adiantum belong to class-
Numerical taxonomy which is now easily carried Pteropsida of the division - Pteridophyta
out using computers is based on all observable 160 (b)
characteristics. Number and codes are assigned to 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎 is popularly known as sago palm.
all the characters and the data is then processed. Sago (sabodana) is a starch obtained from stems
In this way each character is given equal and seeds of various species of cycads.
importance and at the same time hundreds of 161 (b)
characters can be considered Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogams
153 (a) because among cryptogams the vascular strands
The vegetative plant body of Marchantia is a are present only in pteridophyte. All the
dorsiventral lobed thallus. It is dichotomously vegetative parts possess vascular tissues (i.e.,
branched. The upper surface is smooth whereas xylem and phloem)
the lower surface bears a large number of 163 (c)
unicellular rhizoids, which penetrate into the soil 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 is employed for gauze to dress
154 (a) wounds and peat deposits are cut into blocks,
Study of algae is known as Phycology while study dried and used as fuel.
of fungi is known as Mycology.
164 (c)
155 (d) Among plant imbibants phycocolloids, 𝑒. 𝑔., Agar-
All statements are correct. agar are the best imbibants followed by protein,
Sexual reproduction in bryophytes is oogamous starch and cellulose.
type. The gametes are produced in complex,
multicellular jacketed sex organs. The male 166 (a)
reproductive organs area antheridia and female Types of pigments present in the cell of algae is
reproductive organs are archegonia. the most important character for classification.
The haploid gametophytes is dominant, long-
lived, green and independent whereas the diploid 167 (d)
sporophyte is short lived and dependent upon the Eichler (1883) divided plant kingdom into two
gametophyte sub-kingdoms.
156 (d) Cryptogamae Plants having no flowers such as
The blue-green algae are prokaryotic and algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes.
unicelled to filamentous. They have the chief
photosynthetic pigments as chlorophyll −𝑎, β − Phanerogamae Plants having evident reproductive
carotene, myxoxanthin, lutein, 𝑐 − organs like flowers and seeds such as
phycocyanin, 𝑐 − phycoerythrin and angiosperms and gymnosperms.
allophycocyanin.
168 (a)
157 (d) Calyptra is a small sheath of cells, derived from
Structural embryology, phytochemistry, anatomy.

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 the archegonia, which covers top of the capsule. 177 (d)
Sexual reproduction I 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 takes place by
169 (b) conjugation. Scalariform conjugation occurs
A-Meiotically; B-Four between the cells belonging to different filaments.
In gymnosperm megaspore differentiate to give Hence, these species are heterothallic. Lateral
rise to composite structure called ovule. conjugation is primitive than scalariform
Megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to give conjugation.
rise four haploid megaspores
170 (a) 178 (d)
In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, archegonia are present, while An ideal embryo sac contains 7-cells and 8-nuclei.
antheridia remain absent. In ferns and mosses, 3 cells are present at the micropylar end and form
both archegonia as well as antheridia are present. egg apparatus, mid of which forms egg cell and
rest two lateral form synergids. One cell present
171 (b) in the centre of embryo sac, known as central cell
In angiospermic plant pollen grain reaches to and contains two nuclei and rest three cells are
embryo sac after its germination on stigma and present at chalazal end for antipodal cells
through pollen tube 179 (a)
172 (b) During fertilisation in plants, one male gamete
In bryophytes, gametophytic plant body is fuses with the egg cell and forms the zygote (this
dominated over sporophytic. Sporophytes are process is called syngamy). The other male
depend on gametophytes. Bryophytes like gamete fuses with the secondary nucleus (this is
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑢𝑚 have largest gametophyte. called triple fusion). The syngamy and triple
173 (a) fusion together are called double fertilisation
Old pine (𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠) stumps are still being distilled to 180 (b)
some degree as a source of turpentine and resin. Style, stigma and pistil.
Female sex organ is carpel also known as pistil or
174 (c) gynoecium. It consist of three parts style, stigma
During formation of male gametes from pollen and ovary
grains, the ratio of equatorial division that takes 181 (c)
place in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 and angiosperms is 2 : 1 Division- Angiospermae is sub-divided into two
respectively. classes.
Class-Dicotyledonae and Monocotyledonae
175 (d) Monocot have one cotyledon whereas dicot have
In moss, the sporophyte is differentiated into foot, two cotyledons
seta and capsule 182 (d)
176 (c) 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 is heterosporous. The sporogenesis results
Sexual reproduction involves the formation of in the formation of micro and megaspores
gametes and their fusion during the process called representing the first gametophyte cells.
fertilisation. Depending upon the structure and
behavior of gametes, there are different types of 184 (a)
sexual reproduction. These are Calyptra is a covering developed from the ventre
(i) Isogamy Fusion of morphologically alike of archegonium in bryophytes and pteridophytes.
gametes which look and behave similarly is called It acts as a transpiration shield around the
isogamy immature capsule and provides protection to the
(ii) Anisogamy Fusion of morphologically young capsule.
dissimilar gametes, which may be motile or non-
motile 185 (b)
(iii) Oogamy Fusion of a large non-motile egg or Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provides peat (fuel)
ovum with a smaller motile sperm (except in 186 (d)
Rhodophyceae). The fusion of gametes is called Sexual reproduction in 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 is
oogamy accomplished by conjugation, which involves the

P a g e | 48
 fusion of two morphologically identical but Angiosperms are divided into two classes
physiologically dissimilar gametes. The dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
conjugation is of two types-lateral and scalariform Dicotyledons have two cotyledon in their seed
conjugation. Lateral conjugation is rarely found and monocotyledon have one
and takes place between two adjacent cells of 195 (a)
same filament (𝑖. 𝑒., homothallic species). 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 seed is dicotyledonous and endospermic.
In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, fleshy female prothallus is called
187 (c) endosperm, which function as a food storage
Gymnosperms are divided into three classes, 𝑖. 𝑒., region of the seed.
Coniferopsida, Cycadopsida and Gnetopsida.
Lycopsida and Pteropsida are related with 196 (c)
pteridophytes, while Bryopsida is related to In bryophytes each sperm usually consists of
bryophytes. minute, slender, spirally curved body furnished
with two long, terminal whiplash type flagella.
188 (a) The sperms are liberated from antheridia, swim in
Haploid endosperm is formed only in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 while a film of water and attracted towards the
apogamy is found only in 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠. archegonium. They enter into the archegonia and
189 (d) fertilise the egg and form zygote. Zygotes do not
Brown algae (𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎) are rich in sodium, undergoes reduction division immediately. They
potash and iodine. About 7% of total world produce a multicellular body called a sporophyte
production of iodine is obtained from kelps in 197 (d)
Japan. 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠, 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 and 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚belong to class-
Pteropsida of the division-Pteridophyta.
190 (d)
Algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual 198 (a)
methods. The vegetative and asexual methods are The 13-celled microspore of male gametophyte in
abundant. Algae reproduce vegetatively by 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 is sheded from microsporagium,
fragmentation and asexually by means of motile which is having 1-prothallial cell + 8-jacket cells
or non-motile spores. Sexual reproduction occurs +4-androgonial cells (i.e., 8+4=12 antheridial
through fusion of two gametes cells).
191 (d) 199 (b)
In brown algae, sexual reproduction is isogamous In haplontic life cycle gametophyte is dominant
(in Ectocarpales), anisogamous (in Cutleriales) and sporophyte is single celled zygote. Haplonts
and oogamous (in Fucus, Laminaria, Dictyota, are
etc). In most of the brown algae, the gametes are (i) Most fungi
pyriform form and flagellated. Fertilisation is (ii) Some green algae, 𝑒. 𝑔., Chlamydomonas
external, i.e., the gametes fuse outside the (iii) Many Protozoa, 𝑒. 𝑔., Plasmodium
gametangia in water 200 (a)
192 (c) Carrageenin is obtained from 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑠.
𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 is commonly called as ‘bog moss’ or
‘peat moss’. 201 (b)
In ferns about 32 multiflagellate, spirally coiled
193 (a) sperms are produced in antheridium. These
In 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚, the anterior part of the sperms swim towards open archegonia due to the
antherozoid (sperm) is spirally coiled and has presence of malic acid in the later, 𝑖. 𝑒., they show
numerous flagella, whereas posterior part is chemotaxy.
somewhat expanded. The sperms
of 𝐿𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚, 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎 and 𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 are 202 (b)
biflagellated. 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 is monoecious, which bear male cone as
well as female cone on the same tree at separate
194 (c)

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 branches. Phaeophyceae - Brown algae.

𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎, 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 and papaya are dioecious 209 (a)

plants. Gametophyte is gamete bearing, haploid
multicelled stage of many plants, beginning with
203 (d) haploid spores and ending at fertilisation
Endosperm in a gymnospermic plant is a haploid 210 (b)
structure, which is formed without fusion of A-Selaginella, B-Equietum, C-Fern, D-Salvinia
gametes and represent female gametophyte. Leaf 211 (b)
of gymnosperm belongs to diploid generation. Pollen grain from anther after dispersal reaches
2𝑛 = 16, 𝑛 = 8. to the stigma of ovary with the help of various
So, number of chromosomes in endosperm of agents like wind, air, insects. This process is
gymnosperm will be 8. known as pollination
212 (a)
204 (b) 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑎 (gymnosperm) is a bushy trailing shrub.
The green algae 𝐶𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑠 causes Drug ephedrine is obtained from 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑎. This
red rust of tea, thus, destroying the tea leaves. drug is used in curing respiratory ailments
Similar disease is caused by the species of including asthma.
𝐶𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑠 to coffee plant, piper and 𝐶𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠
species. 213 (d)
In 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎, sexual reproduction occurs through
205 (b) conjugation resulting into the formation of
Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria have zygospore, while in 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 and 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠
prokaryotic organization. There is no true zooidogamous oogamy occurs.
nucleus and membrane bound cells organelles
like mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, Golgi body, 214 (a)
etc, in prokaryotic cell. The DNA of prokaryotic A-Funaria-Moss; B-Sphagnum-Moss
cells lack histone proteins. 215 (b)
The smallest flowering plant in the plant kingdom
206 (a) is aquatic. It is Wolffia, commonly known as water
Pollination occurs once a genetically compatible meal or duck weed
pollen grain lands directly on the ovule. The 217 (c)
pollen grain germinate and grows into the ovule, Funari, Polytrichum and Sphagnum are the
penetrating the female gametophyte and examples of mosses
eventually fertilising an egg nucleus 218 (d)
207 (c) The pollen sac in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is called
The sporophyte of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 consists of a foot, a microsporangium. Each mature microsporangium
long slender seta and a capsule. The capsule wall is an oval body attached by a short stalk at one
is several layers thick and is highly differentiated. end. It produces a large number of microspores
The outermost layer is the epidermis which (pollen grains).
contains numerous stomata in the apophysis
region, fewer in the theca region and none in the 219 (a)
opercular region. The apophysis of moss capsule contains
chloroplast bearing parenchymatous cells, called
208 (b) as chlorenchyma. Due to presence of chloroplasts,
Bacillariophyceae - Golden brown algae chlorenchyma cells have the ability to prepare
(diatoms) food by the process of photosynthesis.

Chlorophyceae - Green algae 220 (c)

Bryophytes are dependent on water for
Xanthophyceae - Yellow-green algae reproduction, because sperms must swim to the
archegonia. They are partly adapted to the land,

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 because the gametes develop in protective Endosperm in angiosperms develops as a fusion
structures, i.e., antheridia and archegonia. So, product of secondary nucleus with male gamete.
bryophytes are also called ‘amphibians of the Secondary nucleus is diploid structure formed by
plant kingdom’ fusion of haploid chalazal polar nucleus and
221 (a) haploid micropylar polar nucleus. Zygote is
Phylogenetic system of classification was given by formed by the fusion of male gamete with egg
Engler and Pranti based on evolutionary 230 (c)
relationship of organism. It is also known as The microsporophyll is a brown coloured
Hutchinson’s system triangular structure consisting of a short stalk or
222 (c) filament and leaf like flattened structure or
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) were first ‘anther’. Each sporophyll is provided with two
photosynthetic organisms. They contain microsporangia on its abaxial surface.
photosynthetic lamellae equivalent to thylakoids
hence, these are autotrophic. 231 (c)
𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 is used for purifying air in space ships.
223 (d)
In bryophytes, the most conspicuous phase in life 232 (d)
cycle is the gametophyte. It is independent and Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogams,
concerned with reproduction. In 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚, male also known as seedless vascular plants. They
and female gametophytes are independent and produce spores rather than seeds. These include
free living. horse tails and ferns
233 (a)
224 (a) Pyrenoids are centrally placed protein bodies
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and surrounded by starch sheath, which are present in
Chara are the examples of class-Chlorophyceae chloroplast in the leaves of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎.
225 (d)
Agar is obtained from Gelidium, Gracilaria, 234 (c)
Chondrus, Ceramium, etc., and used in Bryophytes mostly occur in humid damp and
microbiological works to solidify culture media. shaded localities. The bryophytes are widely
Green unicellular algae such as Chlorella and distributed throughout the world, especially in
Chlamydomonas are used in sewage disposal moist mountain forests of tropics, sub-tropics and
ponds. They remove CO2 and restore O2 by the Antarctic regions
process of photosynthesis and make the sewage 235 (a)
water enhitable for many fishes and aerobic The unicelled microspore of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 undergoes
bacteria. Porphyra Laminaria and Sargassum are three divisions of microgametogenesis, so as to
used as food form a four celled pollen grains or male
226 (b) gametophyte. There are two prothallial cells, a
The multicellular female gametophyte is retained generative cell and a tube cell.
with in megasporagium 236 (b)
227 (c) A-Capsule, B-Seta, C-Sporophyte, D-Gametphyte
𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 belongs to class-Anthocerotopsida of 237 (d)
division-Bryophyta. Member of Chlorophyceae are unicellular, colonial
228 (d) or filamentous have definite chloroplast
From the pith of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎 sago (starch) is commonly known as green algae
obtained, while the seeds of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑝ℎ𝑖 and 238 (b)
shoots of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 and 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠 Corolloid root is developed in Cycas. It contain an
are cooked and eaten as a source of starch by algae zone in the cortex. This algal zone contains
tribals in India. Some species of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 are grown blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) like Nostoc,
as ornamental plants. Anabaena, which grow in symbiotic association
with corolloid root
229 (b) 239 (c)

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 Natural system of classification was developed by chloroplast commonly known as green algae.
George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker based They are green due to the presence of
on natural affinities among the organism. It was chlorophyll-a and b pigments localised in
based on both external and internal features like chloroplast
phytochemistry, anatomy, ultra-structure, 249 (b)
embryology In 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠, the pollen grains at maturity are
240 (a) protected by three layered wall, outer most exine
The major difference between angiosperms and the second exo-intine forms two balloon like
gymnosperms is found on the seed. This is where outgrowths called wings and third is intine. Wings
angiosperm seeds are coated with in the fruits. help in transportation of pollen grain from one
While on the other hand, gymnosperm seeds are place to another place.
exposed
241 (d) 250 (d)
In gymnosperms the sporophytic phase is The rhizoids in 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 arise from the basal
dominant and the gametophytic phase is region of the stem, which functions as roots.
dependent on sporophyte. 251 (c)
242 (a) Endosperm in angiosperms develops as a fusion
In angiosperm, pollen grain reaches to embryo sac product of secondary nucleus with male gamete.
after its germination on stigma and through Secondary nucleus is diploid chalazal polar
pollen tube. Pollen tube carries two male gamete nucleus and haploid microphylar polar nucleus
and discharge it into embryo sac 252 (d)
243 (c) The bryophytes represent two morphologically
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 𝑏𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 is commonly called distinct generations, 𝑖. 𝑒., gametophytic and
sanjeevani booti. sporophytic. The gametophytic phase is
dependent upon as well as being permanenty
244 (b) attached to the gametophyte,
In 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 (pteridophyte), the sporophytic 𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎, 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎.
phase is independent and autotrophic, whereas in
𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 (bryophyte), the sporophytic phase is 253 (a)
dependent on gametophytic phase. Out of these, 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 is a vascular cryptogam.

245 (d) 254 (c)

Retort cells occur in 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚. Both statements are true
255 (d)
246 (b) The giant red wood tree is a gymnosperm. The
𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠occurs in stagnant water (ponds gaint Sequoia is the world’s most massive tree
and ditches), though some species are marine. and arguable the largest living organism on earth
256 (d)
247 (c) In bryophytes, zygote is the beginning of the
A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of a sporophytic generation. Within venter of the
fungus with a roots system. The fungus provides archegonium, the zygote undergoes segmentation
minerals and water to the roots, in turn the roots and develops without a resting period into a
provide sugar and N-containing compounds to the multicellular, undifferentiated structure called
mycorrhizae. Some plants have the obligate embryo. The embryo by further segmentation and
association with mycorrhizae. For example, 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 differentiation finally develops into a full fledged
seeds cannot germinate and establish without the sporophyte, called sporogonium.
presence of mycorrhizae.
257 (d)
248 (c) All the statements are correct.
The members of class-Chlorophyceae are Sexual reproduction occurs by the formation of
unicellular, colonial or filamentous have definite sex organs born on special branches.

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 The male antheridia are produced on depletion of oxygen.
antheridiophore and the female reproductive
organs are ‘archegonia’. They are borne on special 264 (a)
stalked structures called archegoniophore. Both Evolutionary relationship of organism
male and female sex organ may be present on 265 (c)
same thalli or different thalli. 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 has circinate vernation of leaves but
After fertilisation, the egg becomes zygote, which is homosporous.
grow to form sporophyte. It is differentiated into Circinate vernation and heterospory is found in
foot, seta and capsule. Inside the capsule, the 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠.
diploid spore mother cells divide by meiosis and
produce haploid spores. These spores germinate 266 (a)
to form free-living gametophytes Endosperm in 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 (gymnosperm) is formed
258 (a) before fertilization, 𝑖. 𝑒.,haploid.
Elaters are hygroscopic and help in dispersal of
spores. 267 (c)
Most of the members have one to many storage
259 (a) bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast.
On the basis of involvement of cells, sporangium Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch
development is of two types : 268 (a)
True fertilisation together with triple fusion is
Leptosporangiate (only one cell takes part) known as double fertilisation, a unique
Eusporangiate (a group of cells takes part). phenomenon only occurs in angiosperms (absent
in gymnosperms with few exception) and first
260 (c) time demonstrated by Nawaschin in Fritillaria
In ferns, sporangium consists of stalk and capsule, and Lilium
later is filled with sporocytes, which undergo 269 (b)
meiosis to produce haploid spores. The one Spirulina.
layered wall of the capsule is thin and has a strip Spirulina (blue-green algae) is highly rich in
of cells called annulus. The cells of annulus have proteins, vitamin-B complex and minerals.
thickenings on the inner and radial walls but in Powdered Spirulina is being used in herbal tonics
some regions, its cells are thin walled. These and biscuits, Chlorella (50-55% proteins) and
regions are called stomium. Both annulus and Porphyra (25-30% protein) are also used as a
stomium help in spore dispersion. source of proteins
270 (b)
261 (a) The spores of 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚 when young are green
The characteristic red colour of algae is due to and covered by a thin wall of cellulose. At
presence of excess amount of r-phycoerythrin, maturity, they are relatively larger, rounded and
which masks the colour of other pigments contain numerous chloroplasts.
262 (a)
𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 is a unicellular green alga belonging to 271 (c)
the class-Chlorophyceae, order-Chlorococcales The leaves in pteridophytes are small
and family-Chlorellaceae. It contains very high (microphylls) as in Selaginella or large
percentage of proteins and fats and also contains (macrophylls) as in fern
most of the known vitamins. 272 (b)
A- Biflagellate antherozoids, B-One egg
263 (b) 273 (a)
Water blooms are formed by the growth of some Heterosporous pteridophytes like Selaginella and
microscopic or semi-microscopic algae such as Marsilea always produce dioecious gametophyte
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎, 𝐴𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎, 𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐, etc. because microspore will form male gametophyte
water blooms may be harmful because they are and megaspore will form female gametophyte
indirectly responsible for fish mortality due to 274 (a)

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 Volvox and Fucus. Its development takes place in microsporangia
Fusion of a large non-motile egg or ovum with a 279 (b)
smaller motile sperm (except in Rhodophyceae). A-Zygote; B-Syngamy
The gametes differ morphologically as well as In angiospermic sexual reproduction, syngamy is
physiologically and are called oogametes. The the nuclear fusion of the one male gamete with
fusion of gametes is called oogamy, 𝑒. 𝑔., the egg producing diploid zygote or oospore
Chlamydomonas, Fucus, Chara and Volvox 280 (b)
275 (a) Numerical taxonomy which is now easily carried
Gametophyte refers to haploid plant that out using computers is based on all observable
produces gametes. In ferns, haploid spore on characteristics. Number and codes are assigned to
germination gives rise to gametophyte, which is all the characters and the data is then processed.
also called, prothallus. It bears both globose In this way each character is given equal
antheridia (male reproductive structure) and importance and at the same time hundreds of
flask shaped archegonia (female reproductive characters can be considered
structure). 281 (a)
Haplontic life cycle is primitive type of life cycle.
276 (a) Haplontic life cycle is followed by algae such as
Gametophyte and sporophytic phases are present Spirogyra, Volvox and Chlamydomonas
in life cycle of bryophytes and both phases are 282 (c)
morphologically distinct. The gametophytic phase In mosses the first stage is protonema stage,
is more conspicuous independent and dominant which develops directly from a spore
while sporophyte depends on gametophyte. 283 (d)
277 (a) A fern (pteridophyte) differs from a moss
The plant body of bryophytes is more (bryophyte) in the presence of independent
differentiated than that of algae sporophyte, while in moss the sporophyte is
Difference between bryophytes and algae simpler than the gametophyte and remains
(i) In bryophytes, tissue differentiation is well- attached to the parent gametophyte throughout
developed, while in algae it is found only in higher its life. This sporophyte is dependent upon
forms gametophyte partially or wholly for its nutrition.
(ii) In algae, isogamous, anisogamous and 284 (a)
oogamous type of sexual reproduction occur, Cell of sporophyte undergo meiosis of produce
while in bryophytes only, oogamous type of haploid cells called spores. As these spores are
sexual reproduction is present haploid in nature. It means each spore further
(iii) In bryophytes, sex organs are covered by a divide to develop into the multicellular haploid
sterile jacket, while it is not covered in algae generation of a plant. Thus, the number of
(iv) Female sex organ in bryophytes is chromosomes in leaf as well as in the spore will
archegonium, while it is oogonium in algae be same, i.e., n = 20 ans
(v) In bryophytes sporophyte is dependent upon 285 (b)
gametophyte, whereas in algae sporophyte is Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams,
independent of gametophyte bryophytes are non-vascular cryptogams.
(vi) Embryo is found in bryophytes, while it Pteridophytes are most primitive vascular plants
remains absent in algae and are also known as vascular cryptogams
(vii) Sporophyte in bryophytes is differentiated 286 (b)
into foot, seta and capsule 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 stem shows large amount of parenchyma
278 (b) with secondary xylem tracheids. This type of
Microsporangia. wood is soft wood/manoxylic wood.
In gymnosperm, microspores develop into a male
gametophytic generation, which is highly reduced 287 (d)
and is confined to only a limited number of cell. Pteridophytes constitute a group of cryptogams
This reduced gametophyte is called a pollen grain. having well developed vascular tissue. These

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 plants lack seed (although seed habit is seen in 298 (c)
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎). Sclerenchyma cells are thick walled, lignified and
dead at maturity. These provide mechanical
288 (c) support to the 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 needle. Sclerenchyma may
In brown algae food is stored as complex be fibrous or sclereid.
carbohydrates, which may be in the form of
laminarin or mannitol 299 (a)
289 (d) A-Ectocarpus, B- Polysiphonia, C-kelps
The haploid unicellular spore of fern on 300 (d)
germination forms prothallus, which possesses Agar-agar is obtained from
haploid, brown, hairlike delicate unicellular 𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 and 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎. Agar-agar is used in
outgrowths. These are called rhizoids. solidifying laboratory culture media and is added
as stabiliser or thickener in the preparation of
290 (b) jellies, puddings, creams, cheese, bakery, etc.
Gymnosperms lack ovary thus, fruits are absent. 301 (c)
They possess naked seeds due to presence of In gymnosperms megaspores develops into
naked ovules multicellular structure called multicellular female
291 (d) gametophyte that bears two or more archegonia
All the statements are correct. or female sex organs
In mosses vegetative reproduction occurs through 302 (b)
fragmentation or through bud in secondary If the leaf of Funaria has 5 chromosomes, the
protonema primary protonema will have 5 chromosomes
292 (b) 303 (b)
Alginic acid or alginate is found in the middle Pollen grain.
lamella and primary cell walls of sea weeds such In gymnosperm, microspores develop into a male
as, 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑠, 𝐴𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑚, etc. gametophytic generation, which is highly reduced
293 (a) and is confined to only a limited number of cell.
Chlorophyll −𝑏 is absent in brown algae. The This reduced gametophyte is called a pollen grain.
colour of brown algae varies from olive green Its development takes place in microsporangia
through light pigment fucoxanthin (C40 H54 O6 ) in 304 (c)
their chromatophores. This contain in addition to Angiosperms.
chlorophyll −𝑎, chlorophyll − 𝑐, carotene and The double fertilisation was discovered by SG
xanthophylls. Nawaschin (1898) and Guignard in Lilium and
Fritilaria. Double fertilisation is restricted only to
294 (c) angiosperms. When pollen tube enters ovule, it
Bryophytes are autotrophic, non-vascular, spore strikes one of the synergids and burst open to
forming, gametophytic plant body lacking seed release the two male gametes, which fuse with
habit. two different structures in the same female
gametophyte. Thus, double fertilisation can be
295 (a) distinguished as
𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎 is a gymnospermic plant. It is also (i) Generative Fertilisation Fusion of one male
known as living fossil because it has a great fossil gamete with the egg producing diploid zygote or
history. oospore
296 (a) (ii) Vegetative Fertilisation Fusion of nucleus of
𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 is a single celled marine green alga. second male gamete with the diploid secondary
(fused) nucleus or the triple fusion, i.e., fusion of
297 (d) one male nucleus and two polar nuclei forming
Bryophyta includes simplest and primitive land endosperm (3𝑛)
plants characterized by presence of independent 305 (c)
gametophyte and parasitic sporophyte. Algae produce different type of spores, the most
common being the zoospores, asexually. These

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 are motile, flagellated and give rise to new plant The rhizoids in Funaria arise from the basal
on germination region of the stem, which functions as roots.
306 (c) These are multicellular and branched. The
In green algae vegetative reproduction takes place gemmae are multicellular, green and biconvex
by cell division, fragmentation, stolons tubers and lens shaped bodies produced in gemma cup.
different types of spores Sphagnum is used as a packing material in the
307 (c) transportation of flower, live plants, tubers, bulbs
In class-Rhodophyceae the photosynthetic seedlings, etc. It is also used in seed-beds and in
pigments located in the chromatophores are moss-sticks. Mosses colonise on barren rocks
chlorophyll-a, d, α-β-carotene, xanthophylls and along with lichens decompose rocks
biliprotein (r-phycoerythrin) (red in colour) and 316 (b)
r-phycocyanin (blue in colour) In brown algae asexual reproduction takes place
308 (a) by the formation of motile zoospores and non-
In mosses, the sporophyte developing from the motile neutral spores. The zoospores are usually
embryo is a simple structure without rhizoids and produced inside the zoosporangia. They are
is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. It is pyriform, biflagellate and have chromatophores,
parasitic (partially or wholly) on the gametophyte contractile vacuoles and eye spot. They have
as it is organically attached and is nutritionally heterokont flagellations, i.e., possess two unequal
dependent upon the gametophyte. flagella, one whiplash type and the other tinsel-
shaped
309 (c) 317 (b)
Gymnosperms are characterised by presence of Sporophyte of fern produces spores. The spores
naked ovules, which develop into seeds. The germinate to produce haploid gametophyte, called
ovular integuments form the seed coat. prothallus. The prothallus bear antheridia and
310 (a) archegonia on their undersides
Haplontic life cycle is followed by algae such as 318 (a)
Spirogyra In pteridophytes, spore is a haploid structure,
311 (d) which develops after meiosis in the spore mother
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎, family-Salviniaceae is heterosporous cell. On germination, it gives rise to a green
fern, producing spores of different sizes. haploid prothallus (gametophyte) which is
monoecious, 𝑖. 𝑒., has both antheridia (male sex
312 (c) organs) and archegonia (female sex organs).
Schizogenous(𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑖𝑛, to split) cavities are
formed by the splitting up of common walls and 319 (d)
the separation of masses of cells from one Diploxylic vascular bundle is found in rachis and
another. Inter-cellular spaces and these cavities leaflet of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, 𝑖𝑒, centripetal and centrifugal
form an inter-communicating system so, that xylem are present at same time.
gases and liquids can easily diffuse from one part 320 (a)
of the plant body of the other. Most resin-ducts in Alga is defined as an organism with chlorophyll
plants especially gymnosperms, oil ducts −𝑎 and thallus like body. These are haploid
(sunflower) are schizogenous cavities. gametophytic, eukaryotic, chlorophyllous, non-
313 (b) vascular organisms.
The fusion of male and female gametes is called 321 (d)
fertilisation 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 and other mosses are the chief
314 (c) constituent of peat, that is why 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑢𝑚 is
Division/phylum A-angiospermae is sometimes called peat moss.
called division-Anthophyta (anthe-flower; phyto-
plant) because the common name for this group is 322 (a)
the ‘flowering plants’ The main plant body in pteridophytes is
315 (c) sporophyte (2n) which is differentiated into root

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 (2n), stem and leaf ‘kombu’. It is rich in carbohydrates
323 (d) 335 (b)
All statements are correct Double fertilisation is characteristic feature of
324 (c) angiosperms. It does not take place in algae,
Both bryophytes and pteridophytes require water bryophytes, pteridophyte and most
for fertilization. gymnosperms. True fertilisation together with
triple fusion is known as double fertilisation
325 (d) 336 (b)
Ferns exhibit alternation of dominant sporophyte A-Strobilus, B-Node, C-Branch
generation with an inconpicuous gametophyte 337 (c)
generation (heteromorphic) In angiosperms, flower bears male and female sex
327 (c) organs. Male sex organ is stamen also known as
Bryophytes are non-vascular thalloid, spore androecium. It consist of an anther lobe and a
forming plants. Their main plant body is filament. Anther produces pollen grains. Female
gametophytic, which is an independent, sex organ is carpel also known as
autotrophic, haploid gametes bearing phage of pistil/gynoecium. It consists of three parts style,
bryophytes. stigma and ovary
328 (b) 338 (a)
In gymnosperm pollen grain is released from After fertilisation the ovaries develop into fruit
microsporangium and carried with the help of air 339 (d)
current. It comes in contact with opening of ovule 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎 is used as food in various countries and
329 (b) 𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑎 is chewed as tobacco in
A-Antheridial branch; B-Archegonial branch Scotland.
330 (a) 340 (b)
Myxophyceae (cyanobacteria, blue-green algae) In 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥, meiosis occurs in zygospore.
have incipient nucleus, in which nuclear envelope
is absent. 341 (d)
Juvenile stage of moss is protonema, which
332 (d) develops directly from a spore. It is a creeping,
Sporophyte - Diploid (2𝑛) green, slender, branched and frequently
Antheridia – Haploid (𝑛) filamentous stage
Rhizoids - Haploid (𝑛) 342 (b)
333 (d) Fruits are mature ovaries. The ovules develop into
Hypnospores are the means of asexual the seeds, the integuments become the seed coat
reproduction in 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠. Sometimes, the and the ovary becomes the fruit
protoplasts of palmella develop a thick wall to 343 (d)
form the hypnospores. They may develop a red- Megasporophyll of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 bears ovules, hence, it is
coloured pigment haematochrome in 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠 equivalent to carpels of angiosperms.
and thus, causing the phenomenon of red snow.
On the arrival of favourable conditions, they 344 (d)
develop into zoospores. Bryophytes shows considerable economic
importance. They colonise on barren rocks along
334 (d) with lichens and decomposed rocks. When they
The gaint brown algae are called kelps. The grow on rocks, the help in soil formation. Some
largest kelps are Nereocystis (20-30 m) and bryophytes also work as soil binders when they
Macrocystis (40-50 m). Brown algae have grow in aggregations
gelatinous coating outside the, cellulosic cell wall 345 (b)
called algin. Alginic acid is extracted commercially Each microsporophyll has two microsporangia on
from gaint brown algae or kelps. Many brown the abaxial surface. In microsporangium, are
algae are used as food in some countries. Food developed.
obtained from Laminaria saccharina is known as

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346 (b) current (anemophily).
The plant body of bryophytes are multicellular,
thallus like, prostate or erect, many celled thick 354 (a)
and fixed to soil by unicellular or multicellular Spore is the first cell of gametophytic generation
rhizods. These rhizoids are without vascular in 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎. On approach of favourable
tissue and cytoplasm conditions, the spore absorbs water. Now, the
347 (b) exine ruptures and intine comes out in form of
In some pteridophytes, two types of spores are germ tube. It divides and enlarges to form a
formed which differ significantly in their size and branched alga-like filamentous protonema.
also in function. This phenomenon is called 355 (b)
heterospory, 𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 and 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎, etc. Inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen are
348 (a) responsible for the growth of algae. In polluted
Bryophytes including liverworts, hornworts and water, amount of these inorganic substances
mosses shown alteration of generations increases due to which algae increases greatly at
the surface of water or pond. Extensive increase
of these algae is called water bloom. Due to death
of these algae their organic matter gets
decomposed. This leads to oxygen depletion due
to which aquatic animals die. If these activities
349 (b) persist for long time, the pond has more organic
About 90% of the total green algae grow in matter and less water. This process is called
freshwater environment. The algae is divided into eutrophication.
three main classes i.e., Chlorophyceae,
356 (b)
Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae
A-Volvox, B-Chlamydomonas, C-Chara
350 (c)
357 (a)
Mosses are the bryophytes with gametophytic
In ferns, the embryo is a diploid structure as it is
plant body, 𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎. On the lower portion
formed by the fusion of gametes, while the spores
of leafy gametophore of moss, numerous
are haploid structures formed by meiosis in
branched multicellular rhizoids with oblique
diploid spore mother cell. Thus, if number of
septa are present. These rhizoids are meant for
chromosome in embryo is 8 (2𝑛), then the
the purpose of attachment or anchorage to the
number of chromosomes in spores shall be 4(𝑛).
substratum.
358 (d)
351 (c)
𝐺𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚, 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 and 𝑃𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎are red
In 𝑉𝑎𝑢𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎, the reserve food material is oil
algae having industrial importance. They produce
(instead of starch) occurring as small colourless
a jelly like substance agar-agar which used as
droplets in the cytoplasm. However, filaments
culture medium with a number of different uses.
growing in continuous light may accumulate food
in the form of starch. 359 (a)
𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎, a green alga is used as food because it
352 (a)
is rich in proteins (50%), carbohydrates (20%),
Coralloid roots have an algal zone in middle
fats (20%), vitamins and minerals (10%). It
cortex. Some nitrogen fixing blue-green algae like
provides an antibiotic chlorellin.
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎, 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐, 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑢𝑚 are found in
algal zone. 360 (d)
An ideal embryo sac contains 7-cells and 8-nuclei.
353 (c)
Embryo sac consists one egg cell, two synergids,
In 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 the 3-celled microspores are shed in the
three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei in a
air after the dehiscence of the sporangium. They
central cell
are very light in weight and are carried by air
361 (c)

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 Female reproductive organ of bryophytes is antherozoids and eggs mature at different times.
archegonium. Oogonium is a female reproductive As a result, self-fertilization is prevented.
organ of some algae and fungi. Sporangium is a
sac like structure, which produces asexual spores 372 (d)
in cryptogams and phanerogams. In flowering plants, a cross section of the
developing anther displays four chambers. These
362 (b) chambers are called pollen sacs. Each pollen sac is
70 species of marine algae like Porphyra, filled with cells containing large nuclei. As the
Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food anther grows each of these cells goes through two
363 (a) meiotic divisions, forming a tetrad. These cells are
𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠 grows in polar regions called microspores. Each one of these
imparting red colour to snow, hence the name red microspores eventually becomes a pollen grain
snow. and in carpel meiosis takes place at the time of
megaspore from megaspore mother cell
364 (b) 373 (c)
The thallus of 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥 is hollow ball like flagellate 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎 (blue-green algae) is highly rich in
colony. It is called as coenobium. proteins, vitamin-B complex and minerals.
365 (a) Powdered 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎 is being used in herbal tonics
The peristome of moss consists of two sets of long and biscuits, 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 (50-55% protein content)
conical teeth. There are 16 teeth in each set, the and 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎 (25-30% proteins) are also used as
total being 32. a source of proteins.

366 (a) 374 (a)

Land plants all have heteromorphic alternation of Rhodophyceae - floridean starch
generations, in which the sporophyte and Phaeophyceae - laminarian, mannitol
gametophyte are distinctly different
367 (c) Chlorophyceae - starch
𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 a gymnosperm is also known by
alternative name called ‘maiden hair tree’. 375 (c)
Chlamydomonas shows isogamy and anisogamy
368 (d) types of sexual reproduction
Girdle-shaped chloroplast is present is 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥. 376 (d)
Mosses are green, leafy upright and radial in
369 (c) symmetry. They are highly developed of all the
A − 𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑡𝑎 B − 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 bryophytes
C − 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎 D − 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 377 (a)
Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae are autotrophic
E − 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 organisms, which belong to the class-
Cyanophyceae. These possess chromatophores
370 (b) instead of chloroplasts (membrane bound
Chlorophyll-a, xanthophylls and carotenoids. structures containing photosynthetic pigments
Gk; Phaios = brown, Phyton = plants and the site of photosynthesis).
Phaeophyceae cell contains more than one
parietal chromatophores. The chromatophores 378 (d)
contain chlorophyll-a and c β-and α-carotenes and The leaves in case of gymnosperms are well
xanthophylls. Besides, they contain large amount adapted to with stand extremes of temperature,
of brown coloured xanthophyll-fucoxanthin, humidity and wind. These shapes are
which masks the green colour of chlorophylls and xeromorphic adaptations because they reduce the
that is why these algae appear brown in colour amount of surface area available for evaporation.
371 (d) They have many other xeromorphic adaptation,
In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the which include a thick cuticle, sclerified epidermal

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 cells, sunken stomata, a sclerotic hypodermis, important evolutionary development in the
tightly packed mesophyll, an endodermis, few or vascular plants because it has ultimately lead of
no lateral veins and centrally located vascular seed development, 𝑒. 𝑔., Selaginella, Salvinia,
tissue Azolla, etc.
379 (a) 386 (b)
𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠reproduces vegetatively by forming bulbils Carolus Linnaeus a Swedish botanist, who
or adventitious buds, which differentiated on the published an artificial system of classification
main stem. The base of bulbil is swollen and based exclusively on floral characters
covered by the scale leaves, at its tip a few foliage 387 (c)
leaves arise, after detachment they give rise to a Fragmentation.
new plant. Algae reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual
methods. The vegetative and asexual methods are
380 (b) abundant. Algae reproduce vegetatively by
Cytotaxonomy is based on cytological studies of fragmentation and asexually by means of motile
the cell including the size, structure and number or non-motile spores. Sexual reproduction occurs
of chromosomes as well as behavior of through fusion of two gametes
chromosomes during meiosis for classification 388 (d)
purposes True roots, stem and leaves having vascular
381 (d) supply absent but root like, non-vascular rhizoids,
All the statements are correct leaf like and stem like structures are present
The life cycle of bryophytes consists of two 389 (d)
distinct phases Blue-green algae show prokaryotic cell
(i) The gametophytic phases organization, which is characterized by the
(ii) The sporophytic phase presence of DNA without histones (but some
The haploid gametophyte is dominant, long lived, basic proteins present) 70 S ribosomes, absence
green and independent, whereas the diploid of nuclear membrane and membrane bound
sporophyte is short lived and dependent upon the organelles. Many species like 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐, 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎
gametophyte some cells of the sporophyte under contain heterocyst, which is specialized for
go meiosis to produce haploid spores. These nitrogen fixation.
spores germinate the produce gametophyte
382 (a) 390 (b)
In mosses vegetative reproduction occurs through S R Kashyap is known as father of Indian Bryology
fragmentation or through bud in secondary for his contribution.
protonema
383 (c) 391 (c)
Polygonum type of embryo sac is the most The chloroplast of 𝐴𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 contains
common in angiosperms. It is 7-celled and 8- ‘pyrenoid’, made up of 25-30 discoid or spindle-
nucleate. The nuclei are arranged in such a way shaped bodies.
that three organised at micropylar end and form 392 (d)
egg apparatus (one egg and two synergides,) two 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 resembles with angiosperm, due to
nuclei migrate to centre and form polar nuclei in a presence of siphonogamy, 𝑖. 𝑒., male gametes are
single central cell and three nuclei at chalazal pole carried to the female gametes through pollen
organised into antipodal cells tube.
384 (a)
The given features are of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠. 393 (a)
Megasporophyll is the term used in gymnosperm
385 (b) to denote carpel (female reproductive organ). The
Heterospory is the production of spores of two megasporophylls are loosely arranged in Cycas.
different sizes and of two different developmental They do not form a true female cone. Female
patterns. Heterospory is an expression of sex reproductive structure is a rosette of
determining spores of the plant. It is the most megasporophylls arising spirally in acropetal

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 succession on the stem apex of female plant. In 402 (d)
Pinus each megasporophyll consists of a lower Dinoflagellates like
bract scale and a larger upper ovuliferous scale 𝑁𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑎, 𝐺𝑜𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑥, 𝑃𝑦𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑠 show
394 (a) bioluminescence.
Haplo-diplontic life cycle is followed by
bryophytes and pteridophytes. In this case 403 (b)
sporophytic as well as gametophytic phases is The haploid gametophyte is dominant, long lived,
multicellular green and independent whereas the diploid
395 (d) sporophyte is short lived and dependent upon the
Green alga contains chlorophyll −𝑎 and 𝑏 as well gametophyte
as small amount of carotenoid pigments are 404 (d)
located in the grana of chloroplast, as it occurs in Flagellated male gametes are present in
the land plants. Reserve food material is stored in 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎, 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 and 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠.
the form of starch.
405 (b)
396 (b) Brown algae are vary in colour from olive green to
In the ectophloic siphonostele, the xylem various shades of brown depending upon the
surrounds pith and this xylem is surrounded by amount of the xanthophyll pigment, fucoxanthin
phloem, pericycle and endoderm respectively, present in them
𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝑂𝑠𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 and 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑚. 406 (b)
𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐 is a blue-green alga or cyanobacterium. It
397 (a) is filamentous and in most cases colonial blue-
A- Mycorrhiza, B- Pinus. green alga. It occurs in free state as well as in
Mycocorrhizal associations are mutualistic symbiotic association with Anthoceros (a
association between higher fungi and bryophyte) or with Gunnera manicata (an
gymnosperms (Pinus) or angiosperms in the angiospermic marsh plant).
plant
398 (a) 407 (c)
Sphagnum is a bryophyte, commonly called as The members of class-Chlorophyceae usually
bogmass or peat moss. It is hygroscopic and have a two layered rigid cell wall made up of
possesses a rem arkable water holding capacity. cellulose and pectose. Inner layer of cell wall is
Hence, it is used as a packing material in the made up of cellulose, while outer layer is made up
transportation of flowers, live plants, tubers, of pectose
bulbs, seedlings, etc. It is also used in seed-beds 408 (a)
and in moss-sticks Zygotic meiosis takes place in algae
(𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠, 𝑂𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚, 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎, etc)
399 (d)
Bryophyte is a group of embryo producing plants, and fungi (𝑅ℎ𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑠, 𝑀𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑟, etc. )
which do not bear fruits, seeds and any vascular 409 (b)
tissue. They are known as ‘amphibians of plant Fertilization in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is siphonogamous followed
kingdom’. Body is thalloid and green (due to by zooidogamous. During fertilization the pollen
presence of chloroplast). Male sexual organ is tube discharging its contents into the liquid of
antheridium and female sexual organ is archegonial chamber. The cilia and membrane of
archegonium. sperm slips off and cytoplasm and nucleus fuses
400 (a) with the egg forming oospore.
In 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎, lateral conjugation occurs in
410 (a)
homothallic filament. The zygote of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 immediately germinates. It
401 (b) undergoes a series of mitotic divisions, still
The protonema is a stage in the life cycle of enclosed within the ovule to form a relatively
Funaria. Protonema is the juvenile stage of moss. elaborated 16 celled proembryo. The four
It results from the germinating meiospore lowermost cells farthest from the micropylar end

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 constitute the embryonal tier, suspensor tier the gametophyte generation. The stage of a plant life
third tier from below is called the rosette tier. cycle, that produces spores by meiosis and
alternate with the gametophyte stage is called
411 (b) sporophytic stage
The kingdom-Plantae includes algae, bryophytes 420 (b)
pteridophytes, gymnosperms and flowering Hutchinson system of classification
plants (angiosperms). They are common on land, 421 (d)
on sea shore and in freshwater Transfusion tissue is present in the leaves of
412 (b) 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 and 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠, made up of horizontally
Haploid spore is the first cell of gametophytic arranged tracheidal cells and is meant for lateral
generation. The spores of moss germinate to form conduction of water and minerals to mesophyll
protonema. The cells of protonema contain tissue upto margins.
chloroplasts.
422 (d)
413 (a) The life cycle of bryophytes consists of two
Pteridophytes mostly occur in cool, damp and distinct phases
shady places. Pteridophytes are fundamentally (i) The gametophytic phase
terrestrial plants but they are dependent on an (ii) The sporophytic phase
external source of water for completion of their The haploid gametophyte is dominant, long lived
life green and independent, whereas the diploid
414 (b) sporophyte is short lived and dependent upon the
Protonema is a branched, multicellular, gametophyte
filamentous or (less commonly) thalloid 423 (c)
structure, produced on germination of a Pyrenoids are proteinaceous bodies present in
bryophyte spore, from which new plant develops chromatophores. These are considered to be
as buds. associated with synthesis and storage of starch.
It forms the juvenile filamentous stage in the life In members of Chlorophyceae pyrenoids are
cycle of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎. surrounded by starch plates.

415 (a) 424 (b)

Some bryophytes also work as soil binders, when Antherozoids of ferns and mosses are stimulated
they grow in aggregations by special chemicals, this movement is known as
416 (b) chemotaxis.
Heterospory is the production of spores of two 425 (b)
different sizes and of two different developmental Algae plays an important role in carbon dioxide
patterns. Heterospory is an expression of sex fixation on earth through photosynthesis and
determining spores of the plant. It is the most increase the level of O2
important evolutionary development in the 426 (c)
vascular plants because it has ultimately lead to Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores
seed development, produced in zoosporangia. The sexual
𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎, 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑎, 𝐴𝑧𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎, etc. reproduction shows considerable variation in the
417 (a) type and formation of sex cells and it may be
In moss capsule, shock absorbers are trabeculae. isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. In
isogamy, gametes are morphologically and
418 (b) physiologically different but physiologically same
Protonema is slender, green, branched and and in oogamy, gametes are both morphologically
filamentous gametophytic phase in the life cycle and physiologically different, 𝑒. 𝑔., Ulothrix and
of 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎. Spirogyra members of Chlorophyceae
427 (b)
419 (c) In class-Phaeophyceae the accumulation product
The plant life cycle has both a sporophyte and a

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 of photosynthesis is D-mannitol or laminarin apophysis.
428 (b)
Apophysis is the apical sterile portion of the 437 (d)
microsporophyll in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠. When a group of plants is represented by a single
genus or species, while rest of the other
Apospory is the formation of gametophyte representatives of the group have become extinct
directly from sporophyte. and fossilized, the long surviving individual is
called a living fossil, 𝑒𝑔, 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑎. However,
Apogamy is the formation of sporophyte directly 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is also regarded as a living fossil because
from gametophyte. most of the cycad species are confined to tropical
429 (a) and subtropical regions and the group is
The first division, which comes under kingdom- becoming endangered.
Plantae is algae 438 (d)
430 (d) Pollen grain is released from microsporangium
Microsporangia are produced at the extreme tip and carried with the help of air current. It comes
of microsporophyll. Microsporangia is a in contact with opening of ovules. Male gamete
sporangium that produces spores that give rise to fuses with egg to give rise zygote. Zygote develops
male gametophyte into embryo and embryo into seeds. In
431 (a) angiosperm archegonium is absent
The filamentous stage produced from the 439 (b)
developing spores of the mosses is called 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 is a pleurocarpous moss, 𝑖. 𝑒., have male
protonema. It gives rise to the gametophore. reproductive structures on main axis and female
432 (c) reproductive structures on lateral branches.
Fusion of morphologically dissimilar gametes, 440 (d)
which may be motile or non-motile. The female In the members of Phaeophyceae or brown algae,
gamete is usually larger and non-motile and male food is stored as complex carbohydrate, which
gamete is smaller. They fusion of large and small may be in the form of laminarian or D-mannitol.
gametes is called anisogamy
𝑒. 𝑔., Chlamydomonas The members of Rhodophyceae are commonly
433 (b) called red algae because of the predominance of
Heterosporous pteridophytees like the red pigment, 𝑟 −phycoerythrin in their body.
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎 and 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎 always produce
dioecious gametophyte because microspore will 441 (a)
form male gametophyte and megaspore will form Like plants, algae have cell walls which contain
female gametophyte. either polysaccharides such as cellulose (glucan)
or a variety of glycoproteins or both. The
434 (b) inclusion of additional polysaccharides in algal
𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎 (a blue-green alga) is a rich source of cell walls is used as a feature for algal taxonomy.
protein, many vitamins especially B-complex and Mannans form microfibrils in the cell walls of a
minerals. It has a promising supplementary value number of marine green algae including those
to the common Indian cereals such as rice, wheat from the genera 𝐶𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚, 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎 as well as
and ragi. Hence, doctors are advised the patients in the walls of some red algae like 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑟𝑎.
to take 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎 in their diet for recovery.
442 (a)
435 (c) Chloroplast.
A ring of multiciliate zoogonidium is found in the Green algae store food in form of starch in
algae 𝑂𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚. specialised structures called pyrenoids located in
chloroplast. Each pyrenoid has a central protein
436 (a) called ‘pyrenocrystal’ and a surrounding starch
Sterile part of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 microsporophyll is sheath

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443 (b) lies between the phloem and xylem.
Indusium is found in ferns.
452 (b)
445 (a) Heterotrichous habit having prostrate and erect
The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss system by a filamentous thallus is must for
is the gametophyte, which consists of two stages. evolution of terrestrial plants. It is found in green
The first stage is protonema stage, which algae like 𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎, other examples are
develops directly from a spore. 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 and 𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚.
The second stage is the leafy stage which develops
from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud. 453 (b)
They consist of upright slender axe bearing In bryophytes, the haploid gametophyte is
spirally arranged leaves. They are attached to the dominant, long lived, green and independent
soil through multicellular and branched rhizoids. whereas the diploid sporophyte is short lived and
This stage bears the sex organs dependent upon the gametophyte. Water is
446 (b) essential for reproduction. The sex organs are
In both gymnosperms and angiosperms, the multicellular and jacketed with sterile jacket
megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis and 454 (d)
produces four haploid megaspore. Out of four The gaint Sequoia is the world’s most massive
megaspore three will degenerate. Therefore, for tree and arguable the largest living organism on
formation of 64 zygotes in gymnosperm and earth
angiosperm 64 meiosis in megaspore mother cell 455 (b)
will required. Whereas the microspore mother Fusion of morphologically dissimilar gametes,
cell in both gymnosperm and angiosperm which may be motile or non-motile
undergoes meiosis and produced four haploid 456 (d)
microspore. All the four will be functional The plant body of some highly advanced forms
therefore, for formation of 64 zygotes, 16 meiotic (𝑒. 𝑔., Fucales, Laminariales) is differentiated into
division in microspore mother cell will be basal more or less root-like hold fast, erect
required. branched or unbranched, tubular or compressed
stipe and leaf-like blades the frond
447 (a) 457 (b)
In gymnosperm, microspores develop into a male In 𝑈𝑙𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑖𝑥, the cells in the filament commonly
gametophytic generation, which is highly reduced produce and discharge the zoospores about the
and is confined to only a limited number of cell. same time just after sunrise.
This reduced gametophyte is called a pollen grain.
Its development takes place in microsporangia 458 (d)
448 (c) Indusium is a protective kidney-shaped covering
A monoecious plant has both male and female of sorus present in 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠.
reproductive organs on the same individual 459 (a)
(plant) while dioecious plants are unisexual, Pollen grains in 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 are monosaccate. In 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠,
having male and female reproductive organs on pollen grain is unicellular, three layered: outer
different individuals (plants). exine, the middle exo-intine and innermost intine.
449 (b) 460 (a)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥, 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎 and 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠are all The characteristic feature of fern’s leaves is
green algae belonging to class-Chlorophyceae.
circinate venation in which coiled arrangement of
450 (b) leaves and leaflets is found in the bud.
Megaspores are haploid 461 (b)
451 (c) Protonema is the juvenile stage of moss resulting
In the stem of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, the stele is eustele type, from the germinating meiospore and consists of a
which consists of a ring of discrete vascular slender, green, branching system of filaments. In
bundles. In these bundles, the primary cambium

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 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎, the protonema stage is only vegetative not enclosed with fruit wall due to lack of ovary
and transitory, which precedes the upright, leafy wall
gametophyte. 470 (b)
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠, is a gymnospermic plant that does not
462 (c) have 𝑅ℎ𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑢𝑚 containing root nodules.
Gamete is the haploid reproductive cell that fuses
with another gamete to form a diploid zygote. 471 (d)
These are not surrounded by the cell wall. On the A- Stigma, B-Anther, C-Male gametophyte, D-Egg,
other hand, root hair cell stem hair cell and E-Ovule
bacterial cell, all possess a well defined cell wall. 472 (d)
In gymnosperms the plants are diploid and well
463 (b) adapted to extreme conditions, 𝑒. 𝑔., the leaves in
Cycads possess top-shaped, multiciliate male case of gymnosperms are well adopted to
gametes and he mature seed, which bears only withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and
one embryo with two cotyledons. wind. These shapes are xeromorphic adaptations
464 (a) because they reduce the amount of surface area
The pteridophytes exhibit alternation of dominant available for evaporation. They grow bearing
sporophytic generation with an inconspicuous sporophylls incompact structures called cones
gametophytic generation. The sporophyte is 473 (c)
differentiated into root, stem and leaves, while the After fertilisation ovules develop into seeds and
small and inconspicuous gametophyte is ovaries develop into fruit
independent and autotrophic. 474 (d)
Most algal genera are haplontic, some of them
465 (b) such as Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, Kelps are
Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams. They haplodiplontic. Fucus, on alga is diplontic
generally produce spores but do not produce 475 (a)
seeds. 𝐴𝑧𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎 is an aquatic fen with bilobed leaves. It
encloses large mucilage cavity, which contain
Bryophytes are non-vascular but spore forming filaments of 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎 𝑎𝑧𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑒. 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑒𝑛𝑎 fixes
cryptogams. nitrogen from air into nitrogenous compounds,
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are vascular and which accumulate in the air spaces in leaves and
seed forming phanerogams. All seed forming in return takes food material and shelter from
plants are also known as spermatophytes. plant.

466 (c) 476 (c)

𝑐 −phycocyanin pigment is found in blue-green 𝑁𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐 is an alga. It contains chlorophyll and can
algae (cyanobacteria). prepare its own food, 𝑖. 𝑒., autotrophic.

467 (c) 477 (c)

In some pteridophytes sporophylls may form
Unicellular smooth and tuberculated rhizoids are
present in the region of midrib at ventral surface distinct compact structure called cone or strobili.
𝑒. 𝑔., Selaginella, Equisetum
of 𝑅𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑎.
478 (b)
468 (c) Brown algae show great variation in size and
𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠, a brown alga displays a diploid life history. form. They range from simple branched,
The zygote (2𝑛) becomes an embryo and filamentous forms (Ectocarpus) to profusely
develops into the mature 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 with receptacles branched forms as represented by kelps, which
at the tip of the algae. may reach a height of 100 metres. The giant
brown algae are called kelps. The largest kelps are
469 (b) Nereocystis (20-30 m) and Macrocystis (40-60
Gymnosperms are naked seeded plants because m)
seeds are presents on the megasporophyll and are
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479 (b) androecium. It consists of an anther lobe and a
In 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠, the meiosis occurs in zygote. filament. Anther produces pollen grains
489 (d)
480 (c) 𝐶𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑠 is a green parasitic alga, which
Sphagnum causes red rust of tea and coffee.
481 (c)
Pteridophytes are spore forming, non-seed 490 (c)
bearing, non-flowering vascular plants. 𝐹𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑠 belongs to class-Phaeophyceae, in which
reserve food is found in form of laminarian,
Thallophytes do not have vascular tissues. mannitol and oil.
Bryophytes also come under thallophytes. 491 (a)
Spermatophyte is a group of seed forming Sporophyll → Strobili → Sporangia → Spore
vascular plants. It includes gymnosperms and mother Cell → Spores
angiosperms. 492 (c)
After fertilization, the ovary develops into fruit
482 (d) and ovary wall forms the fruit wall (pericarp). But
The female cone of 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠 is formed by the gymnosperms have naked seeds because in
aggregation of megasporophylls, which bear gymnosperms, ovary (pericarp) is absent.
ovules. Each megasporophyll consists of a lower
bract scale and a larger upper ovuliferous scale. 493 (a)
In ammensalism, one component (species) is
483 (d) harmed and the other remains unaffected. The
Algae include unicellular forms like alga 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠 release hydroxyl amine that kills
Chlamydomonas, filamentous like Ulothrix and the surrounding fauna but the alga itself remain
colonial forms like Volvox unaffected.
484 (d)
Protonema is the juvenile stage of moss. It results 494 (d)
from the germinating meiospore. When fully Bryophytes resemble algae in many ways, some of
grown, it consists of a slender green, branching which are
system of filaments called the protonema (i) thalloid plant body
486 (d)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑜𝑥 is a freshwater green alga. It occurs in (ii) absence of roots
colonies or coenobium (in definite number or
group), surrounded by a pellicle (gelatinous (iii) absence of complex vascular tissues
glycoprotein) layer. Each pyriform shaped cell has (iv) autotrophic mode of nutrition
two long similar and smooth flagella, eye spot,
cup-shaped chloroplast with pyrenoids and (v) reserve food material is true starch.
contractile vacuoles.
495 (d)
487 (c) Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple thalloid,
Hydropterids are only plant among the autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms. They
heterosporous. Pteridophytes that are occur in a variety of other habitats: moist stones,
leptosporangiate. Leptosporangiate in which the soil and wood. Some of them also occur in
sporangium origin from epidermal cell association with fungi (lichen) and animals (𝑒. 𝑔.,
Heterosporous pteridophytes were the first land on sloth bear)
flora of earth. The difference in size between 496 (a)
microspore and megaspore is 1:2000 female The bryophytes are divided into liverworts and
gametophyte of Selaginella mostly have single mosses
archegonium 497 (a)
488 (a) In red algae vegetative reproduction takes place
Male sex organ is stamen also known as by fragmentation. The reserve food material is in
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 the form of floridean starch. It is very much gamete (antherozoid) and the female gemete
similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure. (egg, cell).
The cell wall is made up of cellulose, pectic
compounds and certain mucopolysaccharides 509 (b)
called phycocolloids An androgynous receptacle is the one which
498 (c) contains antheridia on upper side and archegonia
The stem of 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎, 𝐾𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑎 shows on lower side, 𝑒. 𝑔. , 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎.
distelic condition. Some air spaces develop 510 (d)
between the endodermal cells isolating two steles Class-Rhodophyceae.
from the cortex. The endodermal cells elongate to In class-Rhodophyceae the photosynthetic
form trabeculae connecting the two tissues. The pigments located in the chromatophores are
stele remains suspended by this unicelled (rarely chlorophyll-a, d, α-β-carotene, xanthophylls and
multicelled) trabeculae. biliprotein (r-phycoerythrin) (red in colour) and
499 (a) r-phycocyanin (blue in colour)
The akinetes and aplanospores are asexual bodies 511 (c)
in 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎. These are haploid structures. The In 𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠, the young parts of the leaves and
zygospore is formed during sexual reproduction rhizome while in 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠, scaly leaves remain
by fusion of two protoplasts. Prior to covered with small brown hair called ramenta.
germination, the diploid zygospore nucleus 512 (a)
undergoes meiosis. The sperm of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is top-shaped with numerous
500 (a) cilia arising from a spiral line running from the
The archegonial venter forms a protective pointed end towards the broader end. The sperm
covering around the embryo called calyptra. of 𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑎𝑠 is perhaps the largest of all known male
cell in plant and animal kingdom.
501 (a)
Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and 513 (d)
Fucus, all are the examples of class-Phaeophyceae IN 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎 a bryophyte, the archegonia
502 (b) (female sex organ) are borne on special branches
In 𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎, the sexual reproduction involves called archegoniophore or female receptacles.
the fusion of two morphologically identical Each archegoniophore has rows of archegonia
isogametes, and physiologically dissimilar protected by involucre or perichaetium.
anisogametes. This is an advanced feature. In this, 514 (c)
the active gamete is known as the male and the In 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑠, each male cone consists of an elongated
passive as the female.
axis, bearing a number of spirally arranged
503 (b) microsporophylls. On the underside of which two
Boxboumia aphylla is a classical example of microsporangia develop and get filled with
saprophytic bryophyte microspores (pollen grains).
504 (b) 515 (b)
A-Fucus, B-Polysiphonia, C-Porphyra, D-Dictyota 𝐺𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑔𝑜 is a gymnospermic plant, so it comes
506 (d) before angiospermic plant, 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑢𝑚 (pea).
The diploid bispiral elaters are hygroscopic. They
help in the dispersal of spores in 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎. 516 (b)
Pteridophytes are spore forming non-seed
507 (d) bearing, non-flowering vascular plants. An
Pteridophytes are called vascular cryptogams also anthimintic drug is obtained from the rhizomes
known as seedless vascular plants. They produce and petioles of the fern.
spores rather than seeds Dryopteris, Lycopodium is used in treatment of
508 (a) rheumatism and disorders of lungs and kidneys.
Fern gametophyte is homothallic. It bears male They are used as soil binders. Presence of

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 heterospory (morphologicacally two levels of 518 (c)
spores) is a characteristic features of Leaf in young condition in fern is called circinate
pteridophytes ptyxis (𝑖. 𝑒., coiled like a spring).
517 (c)
Corolloid root is developed in Cycas. It contain an
algae zone in the cortex. This algal zone contains
blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) like Nostoc,
Anabaena, which grow in symbiotic association
with corolloid root

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