BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO ĐỀ THI KẾT THÚC MÔN HỌC
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC LUẬT TP.HCM HỌC KỲ 2, NĂM HỌC 2022-2023
Hình thức tổ chức thi: Tự luận
Thời gian làm bài: 120 phút
Môn thi: Kỹ Năng Ngôn Ngữ HP 4 (LS4)
(Không sử dụng tài liệu)
Lớp thi: LE47A
CÁN BỘ COI THI 1 CÁN BỘ COI THI 2
Họ tên SV:………………………………………………
MSSV:………………………………………….…….…
Ngày thi:………………………………………………...
Phòng thi:………………………………………………..
ANSWER SHEET – READING (6 pts)
1. Identical 21. D
2. Balls of paper 22. C
3. Female 23. A
4. Fruit flies 24. Disc
5. Mosquitofish 25. Patterns
6. Surface area 26. Mars
7. Sugar water 27. VII. 7
8. TRUE 28. IV 4
9. FALSE 29. VI 6
10. NOT GIVEN 30. V 5
11. TRUE 31. VIII 8
12. NOT GIVEN 32. III 3
13. TRUE 33. Combustion engine
14. C 34. Silent
15. D 35. Battery
16. B 36. Portable computers
17. D 37. FALSE
18. A 38. NOT GIVEN
19. F 39. TRUE
20. C 40. TRUE
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ANSWER SHEET – WRITING (4 pts)
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READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1.
Can animals count?
Prime among basic numerical faculties is the ability to distinguish between a larger and a smaller number, says
psychologist Elizabeth Brannon. Humans can do this with ease – providing the ratio is big enough – but do other
animals share this ability? In one experiment, rhesus monkeys and university students examined two sets of
geometrical objects that appeared briefly on a computer monitor. They had to decide which set contained more objects.
Both groups performed successfully but, importantly, Brannon’s team found that monkeys, like humans, make more
errors when two sets of objects are close in number. The students’ performance ends up looking just like a monkey’s.
It’s practically identical,’ she says.
Humans and monkeys are mammals, in the animal family known as primates. These are not the only animals whose
numerical capacities rely on ratio, however. The same seems to apply to some amphibians. Psychologist Claudia
Uller’s team tempted salamanders with two sets of fruit flies held in clear tubes. In a series of trials, the researchers
noted which tube the salamanders scampered towards, reasoning that if they had a capacity to recognize number, they
would head for the larger number. The salamanders successfully discriminated between tubes containing 8 and 16 flies
respectively, but not between 3 and 4, 4 and 6, or 8 and 12. So it seems that for the salamanders to discriminate
between two numbers, the larger must be at least twice as big as the smaller. However, they could differentiate
between 2 and 3 flies just as well as between 1 and 2 flies, suggesting they recognize small numbers in a different way
from larger numbers.
Further support for this theory comes from studies of mosquitofish, which instinctively join the biggest shoals they
can. A team at the University of Padova found that while mosquitofish can tell the difference between a group
containing 3 shoal-mates and a group containing 4, they did not show a preference between groups of 4 and 5. The
team also found that mosquitofish can discriminate between numbers up to 16, but only if the ratio between the fish in
each shoal was greater than 2:1. This indicates that the fish, like salamanders, possess both the approximate and
precise number systems found in more intelligent animals such as infant humans and other primates.
While these findings are highly suggestive, some critics argue that the animals might be relying on other factors to
complete the tasks, without considering the number itself. ‘Any study that’s claiming an animal is capable of
representing number should also be controlling for other factors,’ says Brannon. Experiments have confirmed that
primates can indeed perform numerical feats without extra clues, but what about the more primitive animals? To
consider this possibility, the mosquitofish tests were repeated, this time using varying geometrical shapes in place of
fish. The team arranged these shapes so that they had the same overall surface area and luminance even though they
contained a different number of objects. Across hundreds of trials on 14 different fish, the team found they consistently
discriminated 2 objects from 3. The team is now testing whether mosquitofish can also distinguish 3 geometric objects
from 4.
Even more primitive organisms may share this ability. Entomologist Jurgen Tautz sent a group of bees down a
corridor, at the end of which lay two chambers – one which contained sugar water, which they like, while the other
was empty. To test the bees’ numeracy, the team marked each chamber with a different number of geometrical shapes
– between 2 and 6. The bees quickly learned to match the number of shapes with the correct chamber. Like the
salamanders and fish, there was a limit to the bees’ mathematical prowess – they could differentiate up to 4 shapes, but
failed with 5 or 6 shapes.
These studies still do not show whether animals learn to count through training, or whether they are born with the
skills already intact. If the latter is true, it would suggest there was a strong evolutionary advantage to a mathematical
mind. Proof that this may be the case has emerged from an experiment testing the mathematical ability of three- and
four-day-old chicks. Like mosquitofish, chicks prefer to be around as many of their siblings as possible, so they will
always head towards a larger number of their kin. It chicks spend their first few days surrounded by certain objects,
they become attached to these objects as if they were family. Researchers placed each chick in the middle of a platform
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and showed it two groups of balls of paper. Next, they hid the two piles behind screens, changed the quantities and
revealed them to the chick. This forced the chick to perform simple computations to decide which side now contained
the biggest number of its “brothers”. Without any prior coaching, the chicks scuttled to the larger quantity at a rate well
above chance. They were doing some very simple arithmetic, claim the researchers.
Why these skills evolved is not hard to imagine, since it would help almost any animal forage for food. Animals on the
prowl for sustenance must constantly decide which tree has the most fruit, or which patch of flowers will contain the
most nectar. Them are also other, less obvious, advantages of numeracy. In one compelling example, researchers in
America found that female coots appear to calculate how many eggs they have laid – and add any in the nest laid by an
intruder – before making any decisions about adding to them. Exactly how ancient these skills are is difficult to
determine, however. Only by studying the numerical abilities of more and more creatures using standardized
procedures can we hope to understand the basic preconditions for the evolution of number.
Questions 1-7. Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
ANIMAL NUMERACY
Subjects Experiment Results
Mammals and birds
rhesus monkeys looked at two sets of geometrical objects on performance of two groups is almost
and humans computer screen 1____________
chicks chose between two sets of 2____________ chicks can do calculations in order to choose
which are altered a larger group
coots behavior of 3____________ birds was bird seems to have the ability to count eggs
observed.
Amphibians, fish, and insects
salamanders offered clear tubes containing different salamanders distinguish between numbers
quantities of 4____________ over four if bigger number is at least two
times larger.
5____________ shown real shoals and later artificial ones of subjects know difference between two and
geometrical shapes; these are used to check three and possibly three and four, but not
influence of total 6____________ and between four and five
brightness.
bees had to learn where 7____________ was could soon choose correct place
stored
Questions 8-13. Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8. Primates are better at identifying the larger of two numbers if one is much bigger than the other.
9. Jurgen Tautz trained the insects in his experiment to recognise the shapes of individual numbers.
10. The research involving young chicks took place over two separate days.
11. The experiment with chicks suggests that some numerical ability exists in newborn animals.
12. Researchers have experimented by altering quantities of nectar or fruit available to certain wild animals.
13. When assessing the number of eggs in their nest, coots take into account those of other birds.
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READING PASSAGE 2.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2.
The robots are coming – or are they?
- What is the current state of play in Artificial Intelligence?-
A. Can robots advance so far that they become the ultimate threat to our existence? Some scientists say no, and
dismiss the very idea of Artificial Intelligence. The human brain, they argue, is the most complicated system ever
created, and any machine designed to reproduce human thought is bound to fail. Physicist Roger Penrose of
Oxford University and others believe that machines are physically incapable of human thought. Colin McGinn of
Rutgers University backs this up when he says that Artificial Intelligence ‘is like sheep trying to do complicated
psychoanalysis. They just don’t have the conceptual equipment they need in their limited brains’.
B. Artificial Intelligence, or Al, is different from most technologies in that scientists still understand very little about
how intelligence works. Physicists have a good understanding of Newtonian mechanics and the quantum theory
of atoms and molecules, whereas the basic laws of intelligence remain a mystery. But a sizable number of
mathematicians and computer scientists, who are specialists in the area, are optimistic about the possibilities. To
them it is only a matter of time before a thinking machine walks out of the laboratory. Over the years, various
problems have impeded all efforts to create robots. To attack these difficulties, researchers tried to use the ‘top-
down approach’, using a computer in an attempt to program all the essential rules onto a single disc. By inserting
this into a machine, it would then become self-aware and attain human-like intelligence.
C. In the 1950s and 1960s great progress was made, but the shortcomings of these prototype robots soon became
clear. They were huge and took hours to navigate across a room. Meanwhile, a fruit fly, with a brain containing
only a fraction of the computing power, can effortlessly navigate in three dimensions. Our brains, like the fruit
fly’s, unconsciously recognize what we see by performing countless calculations. This unconscious awareness of
patterns is exactly what computers are missing. The second problem is robots’ lack of common sense. Humans
know that water is wet and that mothers are older than their daughters. But there is no mathematics that can
express these truths. Children learn the intuitive laws of biology and physics by interacting with the real world.
Robots know only what has been programmed into them.
D. Because of the limitations of the top-down approach to Artificial Intelligence, attempts have been made to use a
‘bottom-up’ approach instead – that is, to try to imitate evolution and the way a baby learns. Rodney Brooks was
the director of MIT’s Artificial Intelligence laboratory, famous for its lumbering ‘top- down’ walking robots. He
changed the course of research when he explored the unorthodox idea of tiny ‘insectoid’ robots that learned to
walk by bumping into things instead of computing mathematically the precise position of their feet. Today many
of the descendants of Brooks’ insectoid robots are on Mars gathering data for NASA (The National Aeronautics
and Space Administration), running across the dusty landscape of the planet. For all their successes in mimicking
the behavior of insects, however, robots using neural networks have performed miserably when their
programmers have tried to duplicate in them the behavior of higher organisms such as mammals. MIT’s Marvin
Minsky summarises the problems of Al: ‘The history of Al is sort of funny because the first real accomplishments
were beautiful things, like a machine that could do well in a maths course. But then we started to try to make
machines that could answer questions about simple children’s stories. There’s no machine today that can do that.’
E. There are people who believe that eventually there will be a combination between the top- down and bottom-up,
which may provide the key to Artificial Intelligence. As adults, we blend the two approaches. It has been
suggested that our emotions represent the quality that most distinguishes us as human, that it is impossible for
machines ever to have emotions. Computer expert Hans Moravec thinks that in the future robots will be
programmed with emotions such as fear to protect themselves so that they can signal to humans when their
batteries are running low, for example. Emotions are vital in decision-making. People who have suffered a certain
kind of brain injury lose the ability to experience emotions and become unable to make decisions. Without
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emotions to guide them, they debate endlessly over their options. Moravec points out that as robots become more
intelligent and are able to make choices, they could likewise become paralysed with indecision. To aid them,
robots of the future might need to have emotions hardwired into their brains.
F. There is no universal consensus as to whether machines can be conscious, or even, in human terms, what
consciousness means. Minsky suggests the thinking process in our brain is not localised but spread out, with
different centres competing with one another at any given time. Consciousness may then be viewed as a sequence
of thoughts and images issuing from these different, smaller ‘minds’, each one competing for our attention.
Robots might eventually attain a ‘silicon consciousness’. Robots, in fact, might one day embody an architecture
for thinking and processing information that is different from ours – but also indistinguishable. If that happens,
the question of whether they really ‘understand’ becomes largely irrelevant. A robot that has perfect mastery of
syntax, for all practical purposes, understands what is being said.
Questions 14-20. Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs A-F.
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
14. An insect that proves the superiority of natural intelligence over Artificial Intelligence ________
15. Robots being able to benefit from their mistakes ________
16. Many researchers not being put off believing that Artificial Intelligence will eventually be developed ________
17. An innovative approach that is having limited success ________
18. The possibility of creating Artificial Intelligence being doubted by some academics ________
19. No generally accepted agreement of what our brains do ________
20. Robots not being able to extend their intelligence in the same way as humans ________
Questions 21-23. Look at the following people (Questions 21-23) and the list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement A-E.
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet.
A. Artificial Intelligence may require something equivalent to feelings in
21. Colin McGinn ________ order to succeed.
22. Marvin Minsky ________ B. Different kinds of people use different parts of the brain.
C. Tests involving fiction have defeated Artificial Intelligence so far.
23. Hans Moravec ________ D. People have intellectual capacities which do not exist in computers.
E. People have no reason to be frightened of robots.
Questions 25-26. Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in blank spaces next to 24-26 on
your answer sheet.
When will we have a thinking machine?
Despite some advances, early robots had certain weaknesses. They were given the information they needed on a
24____________. This was known as the ‘top-down’ approach and enabled them to do certain tasks but they were
unable to recognize 25____________. Nor did they have any intuition or ability to make decisions based on
experience. Rodney Brooks tried a different approach. Robots similar to those invented by Brooks are to be found on
26____________ where they are collecting information.
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READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3.
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of
headings below.
List of headings
27. Paragraph A _____________
i. Action already taken by the United Nations
ii. Marketing the hydrogen car 28. Paragraph B _____________
iii. Making the new technology available worldwide
29. Paragraph C _____________
iv. Some negative predictions from one group of experts
v. How the new vehicle technology works 30. Paragraph D _____________
vi. The history of fuel-cell technology
31. Paragraph E _____________
vii. A holistic view of climate change
viii.Locating the essential ingredient 32. Paragraph F _____________
ix. Sustaining car manufacture
A. It is tempting to think that the conservation of coral reefs and rainforests is a separate issue from traffic and air
pollution. But it is not. Scientists are now confident that rapid changes in the Earth's climate are already disrupting
and altering many wildlife habitats. Pollution from vehicles is a big part of the problem.
B. The United Nation's Climate Change Panel has estimated that the global average temperature rise expected by the
year 2100 could be as much as 6°C, causing forest fires and dieback on land and coral bleaching in the ocean. Few
species, if any, will be immune from the changes in temperature, rainfall and sea levels. The panel believes that if
such catastrophic temperature rises are to be avoided, the quantity of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide,
being released into the atmosphere must be reduced. That will depend on slowing the rate of deforestation and,
more crucially, finding alternatives to coal, oil and gas as our principal energy sources.
C. Technologies do exist to reduce or eliminate carbon dioxide as a waste product of our energy consumption. Wind
power and solar power are both spreading fast, but what are we doing about traffic? Electric cars are one possible
option, but their range and the time it takes to charge their batteries pose serious limitations. However, the
technology that shows the most potential to make cars climate-friendly is fuel-cell technology. This was actually
invented in the late nineteenth century, but because the world's motor industry put its effort into developing the
combustion engine, it was never refined for mass production. One of the first prototype fuel-cell-powered vehicles
has been built by the Ford Motor Company. It is like a conventional car, only with better acceleration and a
smoother ride. Ford engineers expect to be able to produce a virtually silent vehicle in the future.
D. So what's the process involved - and is there a catch? Hydrogen goes into the fuel tank, producing electricity. The
only emission from the exhaust pipe is water. The fuel-cell is, in some ways, similar to a battery, but unlike a
battery it does not run down. As long as hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to the cell, it will keep on generating
electricity. Some cells work off methane and a few use liquid fuels such as methanol, but fuel-cells using hydrogen
probably have the most potential. Furthermore, they need not be limited to transport. Fuel-cells can be made in a
huge range of size, small enough for portable computers or large enough for power stations. They have no moving
parts and therefore need no oil. They just need a supply of hydrogen. The big question, then, is where to get it
from.
E. One source of hydrogen is water. But to exploit the abundant resource, electricity is needed, and if the electricity is
produced by a coal-fired power station or other fossil fuel, then the overall carbon reduction benefit of the fuel-cell
disappears. Renewable sources, such as wind and solar power, do not produce enough energy for it to be
economically viable to use them in the 'manufacture' of hydrogen as a transport fuel. Another source of hydrogen
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is, however, available and could provide a supply pending the development of more efficient and cheaper
renewable energy technologies. By splitting natural gas (methane) into its constituent parts, hydrogen and carbon
dioxide are produced. One way round the problem of what to do with the carbon dioxide could be to store it back
below ground - so called geological sequestration. Oil companies, such as Norway's Statoil, are experimenting
with storing carbon dioxide below ground in oil and gas wells.
F. With freak weather conditions, arguably caused by global warming, frequently in the headlines, the urgent need to
get fuel-cell vehicles will be available in most showrooms. Even now, fuel-cell buses are operating in the US,
while in Germany a courier company is planning to take delivery of fuel-cell-powered vans in the near future. The
fact that centrally-run fleets of buses and vans are the first fuel-cell vehicles identifies another challenge – fuel
distribution. The refueling facilities necessary to top up hydrogen-powered vehicles are available only in a very
few places at present.
G. Public transport and delivery firms are logical places to start, since their vehicles are operated from central depots.
Fuel-cell technology is being developed right across the automotive industry. This technology could have a major
impact in slowing down climate change, but further investment is needed if the industry – and the world's wildlife
– is to have a long-term future.
Questions 33-36. Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
33. In the late nineteenth century, the car industry invested in the development of the _________________, rather than
fuel-cell technology.
34. Ford engineers predict that they will eventually design an almost _________________ car.
35. While a fuel-cell lasts longer, some aspects of it are comparable to a _________________.
36. Fuel-cells can come in many sizes and can be used in power stations and _______________ as well as in vehicles.
Questions 37-40. Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
37. Using electricity produced by burning fossil fuels to access sources of hydrogen may increase the positive effect of
the fuel-cell.
38. The oil company Statoil in Norway owns gas wells in other parts of the world.
39. Public transport is leading the way in the application of fuel-cell technology.
40. More funding is necessary to ensure the success of the fuel-cell vehicle industry.
WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Some people believe that everyone has a right to have access to university education and that governments
should make it free for all students no matter what financial background they have.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
DUYỆT CỦA KHOA/BỘ MÔN GIẢNG VIÊN RA ĐỀ
HÀ NHẬT LINH
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