IMOGENE
KING
THE THEORY OF GOAL ATTAINMENT
Set Goals action
Communication Reaction
Interaction Perception
Information Attainment
Overview
Biography of Imogene King
Theory of Goal Attainment
Major Concepts and Subconcepts
Interacting Systems of Theory of Goal
Attainment
Dynamic Conceptual Systems
Process of Interaction
Theory of Goal Attainment and The Nursing Process
Biography of imogene king
Imogene King was born on January
30, 1923, in West Point, Iowa.
She was a pioneer and one of the
most sought nursing theorists
In her early high school years,
she decided to pursue a career in
teaching. However, her uncle, the
town surgeon, offered to pay her
tuition to nursing school.
Biography of imogene king
1945- she received a nursing diploma from St. John’s
Hospital School of Nursing in St. Louis, Missouri and
worked in a variety of staff nurse role after
receiving it.
1947 to 1958- she worked as an instructor in Medical-
Surgical nursing and was an assistant director at St.
John’s Hospital School of Nursing.
1961 to 1966- King developed a master’s degree
program in nursing based on a nursing conceptual
framework at Loyola University in Chicago.
1964- Her first theory article appeared in the
journal Nursing Science, which nurse theorist Martha
Rogers edited.
Biography of imogene king
1969- King conducted a World Health Organization
nursing research seminar in Manila, Philippines,
where she met Midori Sugimori of Japan. The doctoral
dissertation of Tomomi Kameoka tested the theory of
goal attainment in Japan. King was present when
Kameoka presented her research at the honor society’s
2001 Biennial Convention.
Imogene King passed away on December 24, 2007, just two
days after having a stroke.
Her work is being taught to thousands of nursing
students worldwide and is implemented in various
service settings.
Biography of imogene king
Works:
Toward a Theory for Theory for
Nursing: General Nursing: Systems,
Concepts of Human Concepts, Process
Behavior in 1971 in 1981
Theory of goal attainment
1960s- King’s Theory of Goal
Attainment was first introduced.
The Theory of Goal Attainment states that
“Nursing is a process of action, reaction,
and interaction by which nurse and client
share information about their perception in
a nursing situation” and “a process of human
interactions between nurse and client
whereby each perceives the other and the
situation, and through communication, they
set goals, explore means, and agree on means
to achieve goals.”
Theory of goal attainment
Propositions:
1. If perceptual interaction accuracy is present in nurse-patient interactions,
the transaction will occur.
2. If the nurse and patient make the transaction, the goal or goals will be
achieved.
3. If the goal or goals are achieved, satisfaction will occur.
4. If the goal or goals are achieved, effective nursing care will occur.
5. If transactions are made in nurse-patient interactions, growth and development
will be enhanced.
6. If role expectations and role performance perceived by the nurse and patient
are congruent, the transaction will occur.
7. If role conflict is experienced by either the nurse or the patient (or both),
stress in the nurse-patient interaction will occur.
8. If a nurse with special knowledge communicates appropriate information to the
patient, mutual goal-setting and goal achievement will occur.
Theory of goal attainment
Assumptions:
1. The focus of nursing is the care of the human being (patient).
2. The goal of nursing is the health care of both individuals and groups.
3. Human beings are open systems interacting with their environments constantly.
4. The nurse and patient communicate information, set goals mutually, and then
act to achieve those goals. This is also the basic assumption of the nursing
process.
5. Patients perceive the world as a complete person making transactions with
individuals and things in the environment.
6. The transaction represents a life situation in which the perceiver and the
thing being perceived are encountered. It also represents a life situation in
which a person enters the situation as an active participant. Each is changed
in the process of these experiences.
Major Concepts and
Subconcepts
Nursing is a process of action, reaction, and
interaction whereby nurse and client share information
about their perceptions in the nursing situation. The
nurse and client share specific goals, problems, and
concerns and explore how to achieve a goal.
Health is a dynamic life experience of a human being,
which implies continuous adjustment to stressors in the
internal and external environment through optimum use of
one’s resources to achieve maximum daily living
potential.
Major Concepts and
Subconcepts
Individual Humans communicate their thoughts, actions,
customs, and beliefs through language. Persons exhibit
common characteristics such as the ability to perceive,
think, feel, choose between alternative courses of
action, set goals, select the means to achieve goals,
and make decisions.
The environment is the background for human
interactions. It is both external to, and internal to,
the individual.
Major Concepts and
Subconcepts
Action is defined as a sequence of behaviors involving
mental and physical activity. The sequence is first
mental action to recognize the presenting conditions;
then physical action to begin activities related to
those conditions; and finally, mental action to exert
control over the situation, combined with physical
action seeking to achieve goals.
The reaction is not specifically defined but might be
considered in the sequence of behaviors described in
action.
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
1. Personal systems
Each individual is a personal
system. King specified the concepts
of body image, growth, development,
perception, self, space, and time to
comprehend human beings as persons.
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
Self - “The self is a composite of thoughts and
feelings which constitute a person’s awareness
of his individual existence, his conception of
who and what he is. A person’s self is the total
of all he can call his. The self is a person’s
total subjective environment. It is a
distinctive center of experience and
significance. The self constitutes a person’s
inner world as distinguished from the outer
world consisting of all other people and things.
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
Growth and development can be defined as the
“continuous changes in individuals at the
cellular, molecular, and behavioral levels of
activities. It is also the processes in
people’s lives through which they move from a
potential for achievement to the actualization
of self.
King defines body image as to how one
perceives both one’s body and others’
reactions to one’s appearance.
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
Space includes that space exists in all
directions, is the same everywhere, and is
defined by the physical area known as
“territory” and by the behaviors of those
occupying it.
Time is defined as “a duration between one
event and another as uniquely experienced by
each human being; it is the relation of one
event to another event.”
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
2. INTERPersonal systems
These are formed by human beings interacting.
As the number of interacting individuals
increases, so does the complexity of the
interactions. Understanding the interpersonal
system requires the concepts of
communication, interaction, role, stress, and
transaction.
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
Interactions are defined as the observable
behaviors of two or more individuals in
mutual presence.
King defines communication as “a process
whereby information is given from one
person to another either directly in a
face-to-face meeting or indirectly through
telephone, television, or the written
word.”
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
King defines transactions as “a process of
interactions in which human beings
communicate with the environment to
achieve goals that are valued, goal-
directed human behaviors.
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
The role is defined as “a set of behaviors
expected of persons occupying a position in a
social system; rules that define rights and
obligations in a position; a relationship with
one or more individuals interacting in
specific situations for a purpose.”
The characteristics of the role include
reciprocity. A person may be a giver at one
time and a taker at another time, with a
relationship between two or more individuals
functioning in two or more, learned, social,
complex, and situational roles.
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
Stress is “a dynamic state whereby a human
being interacts with the environment to
maintain balance for growth, development,
and performance, which involves an exchange
of energy and information between the
person and the environment for regulation
and control of stressors.”
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
3.
3. Social
Social systems
systems
A more comprehensive interacting system
consists of groups that make up society,
referred to as the social system. Religious,
educational, and health care systems are
examples of social systems. Within a social
system, the concepts of authority, decision
making, organization, power, and status guide
system understanding.
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
Power is the capacity to use resources in
organizations to achieve goals. It is the
process whereby one or more persons
influence other persons in a situation.
Status is “the position of an individual
in a group or a group concerning other
groups in an organization,” It is
identified that status is accompanied by
“privileges, duties, and obligation.”
Interacting
Interacting Systems
Systems
of
of Theory
Theory of
of Goal
Goal
Attainment
Attainment
Decision making is “a dynamic and
systematic process by which goal-directed
choice of perceived alternatives is made
and acted upon by individuals or groups
to answer a question and attain a goal.”
Dynamic
Dynamic Conceptual
Conceptual Systems
Systems
Imogene King believed
that her “framework
differs from other
conceptual schemas in
that it is concerned
not with fragmenting
human beings and the
environment but with
human transactions in
different kinds of
environments.”
Process of Interaction
According to King, “The
human process of
interactions formed the
basis for designing a
model of transactions
that depicted
theoretical knowledge
used by nurses to help
individuals and groups
attain goals.”
Theory of Goal Attainment
and The Nursing Process
In the healthcare field, the nurse-
patient relationship’s final goal is to
help the patient achieve his or her
goals for getting healthy. Using the
nursing process described in King’s
Theory of Goal Attainment, a nurse can
be more effective in working with a
patient to achieve those goals and
truly help patients.
Theory of Goal Attainment
and The Nursing Process
Steps of the nursing process:
Assessment - takes place during the
interaction.During this phase, the nurse
gathers data about the patient, including
their growth and development, the
perception of self, and current health
status. Perception is the basis for the
collection and interpretation of data.
Communication is required to verify the
accuracy of the perception, as well as
for interaction and translation.
Theory of Goal Attainment
and The Nursing Process
Steps of the nursing process:
Nursing Diagnosis - This phase is developed using the
data collected in the assessment. In attaining goals, the
nurse identifies problems, concerns, and disturbances
about which the patient is seeking help.
Planning - The nurse and other health care team members
create a care plan of interventions to solve the problems
identified. This phase is represented by setting goals
and making decisions about the means to achieve those
goals.
Theory of Goal Attainment
and The Nursing Process
Steps of the nursing process:
Implementation - The actual activities done to
achieve the goals make up the implementation phase
of the nursing process.
Evaluation - Evaluation involves determining whether
or not goals were achieved. The explanation of
evaluation in King’s theory addresses meeting goals
and the effectiveness of nursing care.
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That’s all! Thank you for
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listening! \(
Reference: Bsn, A. G., RN. (2023). Imogene King: Theory of Goal
Attainment. Nurseslabs. https://nurseslabs.com/imogene-m-kings-
theory-goal-attainment/#h-biography-of-imogene-king
