HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

History of Islamic Architecture

Islamic architecture refers to a style of architecture that was created as a physical manifestation of
the principles of Islam by the Mohammedan (people of Islamic faith) in the 7th century. Its traditions
continue to the present day. The building that is most frequently associated with Islamic architecture
is the mosque, or Muslim place of worship. An architecture which has emerged in the Middle East
and in other places where Islamic or Muslim religion is being professed.

Characteristics of Islamic Architecture

1. Utilization of Minarets
Minarets are towering spires with interior staircases and small windows. They are striking
to look at and serve an integral function, calling Muslim to prayer five times a day.

2. Using of Domes
Islamic architecture features domes placed on structures called pendentives that make it
possible to fit a round dome on a rectangular or square room. Pendentives are often decorated
with mosaic tiling.

3. Using of Arches
Horseshoe (or keyhole), pointed (a precursor to Gothic), scalloped (or multifoil), and ogee
(multicurved) arches are common in Islamic architecture.

4. Ornamental Details
Islamic decoration often includes multicolored mosaic tile featuring repeated patterns and
geometric or vegetal motifs and patterns, such as the arabesque. It also typically includes the
use of Arabic calligraphy scripts; such as passages from the Qur'an.

Distinctive Building Type in Islamic Architecture

Mosque – any house or open area of prayer in Islam. The Arabic word masjid means “a place of
prostration” to God. The first mosques were modeled on the place of worship of the Prophet
Muhammad—the courtyard of his house at Medina—and were simply plots of ground marked out
as sacred.

Parts of Mosque
1. Minaret
2. Iwan – A large vaulted portal opening onto the central courtyard of a mosque.
3. Minbar – Also “mimbar”, an elevated seat for imam in which he stands when performing
the sermon.

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 4. Qibla – Also “qiblah”, wall in mosque in which the mihrab (niche or decorative panel) is
set, oriented to Mecca.
5. Sahn – atrium
6. Fawwara – fountain for washing before prayers.
7. Liwanat – colonnade
8. Dikka – reading desk
9. Maqsura – screen, protective barrier of the mimbar.

Notable Examples of Islamic Architecture

1. Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
 Influenced by Byzantine Architecture.
 Used as a shrine for pilgrims, at its center is the sacred rock from which
Mohammad is said to have ascended to heaven.

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

2. Taj Mahal, Agra India
 Most renowned example of Mughal Architecture

Taj Mahal, Agra India

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 3. Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul Turkey

4. Al Masjid Al-Haram, Mecca

 Also known as “The Great Mosque”

Al Masjid Al-Haram, Mecca

 Ka’ba – “House of God”. A small cubical stone building in the courtyard of the
Great Mosque at Mecca. It contains a sacred black stone. The point toward which
they turn in praying.

Ka’ba
5. The Alhambra – is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. It
is one of the most famous monuments of Islamic architecture and one of the best-
preserved palaces of the historic Islamic world.

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 The Alhambra, Granada Spain

ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA
History of Indian Architecture
The architecture of India includes present day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
The Third Great Civilization to emerge a Fertile River Valley. The major cities are the
Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapa. Indian Architecture has influenced the surrounding regions of the
world, especially Eastern Asia, due to the spread of ideas with Buddhism.
Religion Conditions:
 Hinduism
 Buddhism
 Jainism
Geological Conditions:
 Timber was available in Indus and Ganges River
 In some part of India, white marble is available
 In some parts of India, rock cut temples were also available
Geographical Conditions:
 The Rivers Indus and Ganges
 The Himalayas
 The Everest Mountain
 Surrounded by seas and Indian Ocean
 Many cities were founded on the banks of rivers
Climatic Conditions:
 More than half of the country lies in Tropic Cancer
 The climate therefore varies widely
 Rainy and summer season
 In north, flat roofs were common but steep pitched roofs were used in West Coast due
to heavy rain.

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Architectural Style of India
1. Colonial Architecture
2. Indo-Islamic Architecture
3. Ancient Architecture
4. Cave Architecture
5. Rock-cut Architecture
6. Temple Architecture

 Colonial Architecture
Like all other aspects, colonization of Indian also had an impact on architecture style. With
colonization, a new chapter in Indian architecture began. The Dutch, Portuguese and the
French made their presence felt through their buildings but it was the English who had a lasting
impact on architecture.
In the beginning of the colonial rule there were attempts at creating authority through
Classical Prototypes. In its later phase, the Colonial Architecture culminated into what is called
the Indo-Saracenic Architecture
Indo-Saracenic Architecture – combined the features of Hindu, Islamic and Western
Elements.
The Colonial Architecture exhibited itself through institutional, civic and utilitarian
buildings such as Post Offices, Railway Stations, Rest Houses and Government Buildings.
Colonial Architecture in India followed developments not only from Metropolis but also took
inspiration from existing architecture in India.

Santhome Cathedral Basilica

Chennai, India

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 All Saint’s Cathedral
Allahabad, India
 Indo-Islamic Architecture
The medieval period saw great developments in the field of architecture. With the coming
of Muslims to India, many new features came to be introduced in buildings. The development of
Muslim Style of Architecture of this period can be called the Indo-Islamic Architecture or the
Indian Architecture influenced by Islamic Art. The Indo-Islamic style was neither strictly Islamic
nor strictly Hindu.
The architecture of the Medieval Period can be divided into two main categories.
Delhi/Imperial Style Architecture – developed under the patronage of the Sultans of Delhi.
Mughal Architecture – blend of the Islamic Architecture of Central Asia and the Hindu
Architecture of India.

Taj Mahal
Agra, India

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 Red Fort
New Delhi, India
 Ancient Architecture
Indian architecture is as old as the history of the civilization. The earliest remains of
recognizable building activity in the India dates back to the Indus Valley cities. Among India's
ancient architectural remains, the most characteristic are the temples, Chaityas, Viharas, Stupas
and other religious structures.
In Ancient India, Temple Architecture of high standard developed in almost all regions.
The distinct architectural style of temple construction in different parts was a result of
geographical, climatic, ethnic, racial, historical and linguistic diversities.

Akshardham Temple
New Delhi, India

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 Virupaksha Temple
Karnataka, India

 Cave Architecture
The cave architecture in India is believed to have begun in the third century BC. These
caves were used by Buddhist and Jain monks as places of worship and residence. Initially the
caves were excavated in the western India. Some examples of this type of cave structure are
Chaityas and Viharas of Buddhists.
The Great Cave of Karle is also one such example, where great Chaityas and Viharas were
excavated by hewing out rocks.

Ajanta Caves
Maharashtra, India

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 Bhaja Buddhist Caves
Maharashtra, India

 Rock Cut Architecture

The Rock-cut structures present the most spectacular piece of ancient Indian art specimen.
Most of the rock-cut structures were related to various religious communities. In the beginning,
remarkable Buddhist and Jain monuments were produced in areas such as Bihar in the east and
Maharashtra in the west.
Numerous caves were excavated by the Buddhist monks for prayer and residence purposes.
The best example of this is Chaityas (Prayer Halls) and Viharas (Monasteries)
Inside these rock-cut structures, windows and balconies and gates were carved as huge arch
shaped openings.
Rock-cut Architecture occupies a very important place in the History of Indian
Architecture. The Rock-cut Architecture differs from traditional buildings in many ways.
The Rock-cut Architecture is more similar to sculpture that architecture as structures were
produced by cutting out solid rocks.
Some prominent rock-cut structures of Ancient India are Chaityas, Viharas, Temples, etc.

Kailasa Temple
Maharashtra, India

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 Pancha Rathas
Tamil Nadu, India
 Temple Architecture
In ancient India, temple architecture of high standard developed in almost all regions. The
distinct architectural style of temple construction in different parts was a result of geographical,
climatic, ethnic, racial, historical and linguistic diversities. Ancient Indian temples are
classified in three broad types. This classification is based on different architectural styles,
employed in the construction of the temples.
Three Main Style of Architecture:
Nagara/Northern Style – characterized by beehive shaped tower called a sikhara. The
plan is based on a square but the walls are sometimes so broken up that the tower gives
the impression of being circular.
Dravida/Southern Style – has a pyramid shaped tower consisting of progressively
smaller storeys of small pavilions, a narrow throat and a dome on the top. The repeated
storeys give a horizontal visual thrust to the southern style.
Vesara/Mixed style - a hybrid form of Indian temple architecture, with South Indian
plan and a shape that features North Indian details.

Kandariya Mahadev Temple

Madhya Pradesh, India
Nagara Style / Northern Style

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 Meenakshi Temple
Madurai, India
Dravidian / Southern Style

ARCHITECTURE IN PAKISTAN
History
Pakistan architecture is divided into four periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-
colonial.

Pre-Islamic Period
Indus Valley Civilization
Earliest known civilization in the Indo-Pak region in South Asia. Comprises of Urban
Settlements including the Largest Cities of Harrapa and Mohenjo-Darro.
The majority of the discovered brick constructions are public buildings such as bathhouses and
workshops. Wood and loam served as construction materials.

Harappa – The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city which
was part of the Indus Valley Civilization centred in Sindh and the Punjab.

Harappa

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Mohenjo-Daro – meaning “mound of dead men”

Mohenjo-Daro

Great Bath - is a large and elaborate public bath. From a colonnaded courtyard, steps lead down
to the brick-built pool, which was waterproofed by a lining of bitumen.

Great Bath
Taxila – archeological site in Rawalpindi District. It contains the ruins of Gandaharan City of
Taksasila. A UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.

Taxila
Takht-I-Bahi and Sahr-I-Bahlol – located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-
Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol. takht-i-Bahi, meaning spring throne, is a
Buddhist monastic complex dating to the 1st century BC located on top of a 152 m high hill. The
ruins are located about 16 km from Mardan and 80 km from Peshawar.

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Sahr-i-Bahlol (seri bahlol) is a small fortified city, dating from the same era, located near Takht-i-
Bahi. The historical complex is a complete Buddhist monastery consisting of four main groups;
the Court of Stupas, a monastic complex, a temple complex, and a tantric monastic complex.

Takht-I-Bahi

Sahr-I-Bahlol

Islamic Period
This period which architectural design was created after Islam was introduced to what is now
Pakistan. Indian and Islamic architectural elements were combined to create the Indo-Islamic
architectural style.
Materials used:
 Red Sandstone
 Marble
 Brick
Fort and Shalamar Gardens
This is located in Lahore Bunjab. A distinct royal complexes from Mughal era. The Fort is located
at the northwest corner of the Walled City of Lahore and has been destroyed and rebuilt several
times during its history.

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The Shalamar Gardens are example of Mughal Gardens which were constructed by the
emperor Shah Jahan in 1642. The gardens are influenced by Persian and Islamic traditions and
cover 16 hectares of land area.

Fort and Shalamar Gardens

Shah Jahan Mosque
The mosque was built in 1647, during the reign of Mughal King Shah Jahan, as a gift to the people
of Sindh for their hospitality. It is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in
South Asia.

Shah Jahan Mosque

Badshahi Mosque
It is the second largest mosque in Pakistan after Faisal Mosque and can accommodate over
100,000 worshipers in its hall and surroundings. The mosque is located opposite to Lahore
Fort and symbolizes the rich Mughal architecture. It was the largest mosque in the Mughal empire
and held the record of being the largest mosque in the world for 313 years until 1986. Under Sikh
and British rule from 1799 to 1939, the mosque was used as military garrison and was severely
damaged. Extensive repair work were done after 1939 and by 1960 it was restored to its original
conditions. A small museum containing relics of Prophet Muhammad, his cousin Ali, and his
daughter Fatimah is established inside the mosque.

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 Badshahi Mosque
Chaukhandi Tombs
The Chaukhandi tombs form an early Islamic cemetery are remarkable for their elaborate
sandstone carvings. The style of architecture is typical to the region of Sindh.
Several of the larger tombs feature carvings of animals, warriors, and weaponry – a practice
uncommon to Muslim funerary monuments. Later tombs at the site are sometimes made entirely
of brick, with only a sandstone slab.

Chaukhandi Tombs

Colonial Period
Indo-Saracenic Architecture
Colonial architecture in Lahore combined Mughal, Gothic and Victorian styles. During the British
Raj, European architectural styles such as baroque, Gothic, and neoclassical became more
prevalent. Examples include Karachi's Frere Hall, St. Patrick's Cathedral Mereweather Clock
Tower, and Lahore's neoclassical Montgomery Hall.

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 Karachi Metropolitan Corporation Building, Karachi
Post-Colonial Periods
Punjab's mostly Muslim western part went to Pakistan and its mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern
part went to India, but there were significant Muslim minorities in Punjab's eastern section and
light Hindus and Sikhs minorities living in Punjab's western areas.
There was no conception that population transfers would be necessary because of the partitioning.
Religious minorities were expected to stay put in the states they found themselves residing in.
However, an exception was made for Punjab which did not apply to other provinces. Intense
communal rioting in the Punjab forced the governments of India and Pakistan to agree to a forced
population exchange of Muslim and Hindu/Sikh minorities living in Punjab.
After this population exchange only a few thousand low-caste Hindus remained in Pakistani
Punjab and only a tiny Muslim population remained in the town of Malerkotla in India's part of
Punjab.
Minar E Pakistan
National Monument located in Lahore, Pakistan

Minar E Pakistan

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 Faisal Mosque
Construction of the mosque began in 1976 after a $28 million grant from Saudi King Faisal, whose
name the mosque bears. The unconventional design by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay was
selected after an international competition. Without a typical dome, the mosque is shaped like a
Bedouin tent, surrounded by four 260 feet (79 m) tall minarets. The design features eight-sided
shell shaped sloping roofs forming a triangular worship hall which can hold 10,000 worshippers.
Entrance is from the east, where the prayer hall is fronted by a courtyard with porticoes.
The mosque still houses a library, lecture hall, museum, and cafe. The interior of the main tent-
shaped hall is covered in white marble and decorated with mosaics and calligraphy by the famous
Pakistani artist Sadequain, and a spectacular Turkish-style chandelier. The mosaic pattern adorns
the west wall and has the Kalimah written in early Kufic script, repeated in mirror image pattern.

Faisal Mosque
ARCHITECTURE IN AFGHANISTAN
The architecture of Afghanistan describes the distinctive architectural design of both the
contemporary nation and its fore bearer nations. The boundaries of the area before this time
changed with the rapid advance of armies, with the land belonging to a vast range of empires over
the last two millennia. As the connection between the three major cultural and geographic centers
of Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Iranian plateau strengthened.
Early Buddhist Architecture
The arrival of the nomadic Yuezhi tribes from Central Asia and the establishment of the Kushan
Empire added a new element to the already existing nature of the architecture of Afghanistan as
the country was turned into the center of Buddhism under Kanishka the Great. The establishment
of the Kushan empire invigorated existing traditions and reasserted international connections,
encouraging the spread of Buddhist architecture in Afghanistan.
 Within this period came the widespread construction of the stupa, a key architectural form of the
early Buddhist period.
 This structure developed from the original earthen mounds built in north-eastern India

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 This occurred around the 3rd century BC with the opening of the original stupas by Emperor
Ashoka
 This form is dwarfed by an adornment of a mast featuring seven umbrella-like discs, or chakras,
each representing a different layer of heaven.
These structures were rarely isolated, with other stupas and traditional Buddhist monasteries and
chapels commonly in the Vicinity

Stupa
Key architectural form of the Early Buddhist Period

Stupa excavated 35km from Kabul, Afghanistan

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Topdara Stupa
The largest standing stupa in Afghanistan. The history of the Topdara stupa is still unknown.
However, given its location near the site of the ancient city of Kapisa (around or in what is now
Bagram, a small bazaar town mainly known for the gigantic air base nearby), it may have been
commissioned between 200 and 400 CE. Photo: ACHCO, 2019

Topdara Stupa
Early Islamic Architecture
The initial spread of Islam to Afghanistan occurred around the 8th century AD, with Abbasid
rule succeeded by Saffarids and later Samanids to 961 AD. Following this point in time
Afghanistan was established as the centre of Islamic civilisation under the Ghaznavid Empire,
succeeded by the Ghorids until 1219.
At Mazar-i Sharif there exists evidence of this in the great shine of 'Ali, the fourth Sunni rightly
guided Caliph, which today remains a point of great pilgrimage for the Sunni Muslim population
in Afghanistan.
The form of a mausoleum typically involved either a domed square chamber or a conical cupola
atop a tower.
Some believe the tomb of Ali to be held here, the son-in-law and cousin of the Prophet Mohammed.
Also believed that Ali’s tomb is located in Najaf, Iraq.
Mausoleum – significant Islamic Structure
Mausoleum at Mazar-I Sharif
Located at Hazar E Sharif. Point of great pilgrimage for the sunni Muslim population in Afghanistan.

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 Mausoleum at Mazar-I Sharif
Herat Blue Mosque
 The great Mosque of Herat
 Ghurids built the entire mosque using brick
 Layout – typical 4-iwan plan with and interior courtyard and a water basin.

Herat Blue Mosque

The Architecture in Sri Lanka
An island country in South Asia, Sri Lanka is officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri
Lanka. Sri Lanka shares its maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the
southwest and is located near south-east India.
Civilization is characterized by two factors:
1. Preservation of Thervada Buddhism
2. Development of sophisticated system in irrigation

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Religion Condition:
1. Buddhism
2. Hinduism
Climate Condition
1. Dry hot zone in the north and east
2. Central wet region
3. Low-lying hot wet zone in the south and southwest
Buddhist Architecture in Sri Lanka
1. Cave Temple
Sigiriya
 Lion rock
 Gigantic ancient megalithic Sri Lankan rock
 200m high natural formation
 ruins of an ancient fortified palace
 UNESCO world heritage site in 1982

• Temple complex of mihintale – where the eariest evidence if cave temples were found.
• Unique feature – use of a drip ledge carved along the rock which stopped rainwater from
sunning into the cave.
• In time, doors, windows, and walls of brick were added.
2. Dagobas / Stupas
Thuparama Dagoba
 King Devanampiya Tissa
 also known asThuparamaya
 paddy-heap (cone-shaped)
 bell-shape

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 Thuparama Dagoba
Ruwanveliseya Dagaba
 White Dagoba (Maha Thupa or Great Stupa)
 Bubble-Shape solid brick dome in the center of 2 spacious square terraces.

Ruwanveliseya Dagaba
Abhayagiri Dagaba
 Sinhalese King Vattagamini
 “protection mountain” or "fearless mountain”
 Second tallest brick-builtmonument of the time

Abhayagiri Dagaba

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 3. Temples
Lankatilaka Temple
The temple is known for its unique architecture and impressive carvings. It has a towering image house
and intricate stone carvings depicting deities and mythological scenes.

Lankatilaka Temple
Dalada Maligawa
The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic (Dalada Maligawa) situated in Kandy, this temple combines various
architectural styles, including Dravidian influences. It houses the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha and is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Dalada Maligawa
Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil
Located in Jaffna, this Hindu temple is a prime example of Dravidian- style architecture with its ornate
design and towering gopuram (entrance tower).

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 Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil

Architecture in Tibet
History
Tibetan architecture contains Chinese and Indian influence, but has many unique features brought
about by its adaptation to the cold, generally arid, high-altitude climate of the Tibetan plateau and
to Tibetan Buddhism. The earliest surviving examples of Tibetan religious architecture had strong
Indian influences.
The Geographical and Topographical Influences
 Bordered on the north and east by China, to the south by India, Nepal and Bhutan.
 The term "Roof of the World" is widely used to refer to Tibet.
 The plateau is the world's highest country lying at the heart of the Himalayas.
Geological (Materials) Influences
 Wood, clay for bricks and stones, and other locally sourced construction materials are used
for constructing buildings.
 Due to the high level of expertise required in the construction of wooden structures,
carpentry is also a talent that is typically passed down via families.
Tibetan Buildings Characteristics:
 Symmetries in lay-out and façade design,
 Slightly trapezoidal form, heavy at the bottom (stone foundations) and light at the top,
generally with battered walls, flat roofs with parapets,
 Detailed code for the decoration of doors, windows and parapets (including painted black
frames around doors and windows, and complex wooden overhang decorations),
 Intricately carved interior timber frame following standardized design principles
 Organic design – buildings appear to grow out of the landscape.
Red, white, and black are the predominant colors in Tibetan architecture. All three colors are
derived from the local soil and are purely natural pigments. These three colors also stand in for the
three realms of Tibetan belief: above, below, and in between. The Tibetans believed that using
these colors in their architecture would garner the spirits' favor and prevent harm.

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Structures at Tibet
Potala Palace
It is winter palace of the Dalai Lama since the 7th century. It symbolizes Tibetan Buddhism and
its central role in the traditional administration of Tibet. The complex, comprising the White and
Red Palaces with their ancillary buildings, is built on Red Mountain in the centre of Lhasa Valley.
The White Palace contains the main ceremonial hall with the throne of the Dalai Lama, and his
private rooms and audience hall are on the uppermost level, while the west and higher up the
mountain the Red Palace contains the gilded burial stupas of past Dalai Lamas. Further west is the
private monastery of the Dalai Lama, the Namgyel Dratshang.

Potala Palace
Jokhang Temple
Founded in the 7th century is the jokhang temple monastery that is built in order to promote the
Buddhist religion. It is famous because it is an exceptional buddhist religious complex.
Located in the centre of the old town of Lhasa, it comprises an entrance porch, courtyard and
Buddhist hall surrounded by accommodation for monks and storehouses on all four sides.
The buildings are constructed of wood and stone and are outstanding examples of the Tibetan
Buddhist style, with influences from China, India, and Nepal.
They house over 3,000 images of Buddha and other deities and historical figures along with many
other treasures and manuscripts. Mural paintings depicting religious and historical scenes cover
the walls.
The Jokhang temple is one of the most important religious sites in Tibet since its housing the statue
from the time when Shakyamuni Buddha lived. The main building of the temple is four floors high
because buildings in the center of Lhasa cannot be higher than four floors.

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 Jokhang Temple
Norbulingka
Norbulingka, the Dalai Lama's former summer palace constructed in the 18th century, is located
on the bank of the Lhasa River about 2km west of the Potala Palace in a lush green environment.
It comprises a large garden with four palace complexes and a monastery as well as other halls, and
pavilions all integrated into the garden layout to create an exceptional work of art covering 36,0000
sqm.
The property is closely linked with religious and political issues, having been a place for
contemplation and for signing political agreements.

Norbulingka
The Architecture in Myanmar and Burna
Myanmar also knows as Burma. It is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia and the
second largest country in the Southeast Asia.
The two classifications:
Lower Myanmar – comprised of coastal areas with thick tropical forest.
Upper Myanmar – make up the interior parts of the country.
Almost half of the Myanmar is covered in forests.

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Buddhism – is the prominent religion in Burma.
Most Prominent Buildings in Myanmar
1. Buddhist Pagodas
2. Stupas and Temples
3. British Colonial Buildings
4. Modern Renovations and Structures
Architectural Features
1. The used of Stucco. It is introduced during the Bagan Period. It is a wet-applied material
made of an aggregate, a binder, and water that hardens when it dries.
2. Wood Carvings. A Traditional Art. Usually intricate and dimensional. Oldest wood
carving date to the 11th century in Nagayon, Bagan. Teak wood and other types of wood.
3. Use of Gold. Gold cladding is a common feature of traditional burmese architecture
particularly on glided or gold-plated exteriors.
Shwezigon Pagoda
Also known as Shwezigon Paya is a Buddhist temple located in Nyaungu a town near Bagan in
Myanmar. It is consisting of circular gold leaf glided stupa.

Shwezigon Pagoda
Mingalazedi Stupa, Pagan
Comprises a high square plinth of three stepped terraces, with stairways in the centre of each side
leading to the platform, from which the circular bell- shaped main structure rises. At each angle
of the square stands a small replica of the stupa. The design has Javanese precedents.

Mingalazedi Stupa, Pagan

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Dhammayangyi Temple
This temple is built in a very dark grim history. It is built by the Saddistic King Narathu who
killed his own father, brother, and his queen.

Dhammayangyi Temple

Bawbawgyi Stupa
Ananda Temple
• Finished in 1090
• One of the first temples erected in bagan
• Was influenced by indian architecture
• Architectural features: brick vaulted halls, buddha statues, tapered roofs, and the absence
of terraces
• One of the first uses of pyatthat (tiered roof), which indicates the presence of throne
within

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 Ananda Temple

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