Rizal Law and the Study of Life and Works of

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE: Rizal

WHY STUDY THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL?
 According to Senator Jose P. Laurel, who
sponsored the law, Rizal was the founder
History of the Rizal Law and Its Essential of Filipino nationality and the architect of
Provisions Filipino nation that there is a need to know
more and imbibe the great ideals and
 Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo made Dec. 30 as the principles for which he died. As the
anniversary of Jose Rizal’s death Chairman of the Committee on Education
when the law was enacted, Laurel believed
 Philippine National Hero in 1901
that by reading and studying Rizal’s life,
 On the recommendation of Trinidad Pardo teachings and writings, Filipino youth will
de Tavera, the Taft Commission renamed be able to gain incorruptible confidence,
the district of Morong into the Province of direction, courage and determination to
Rizal move forward in our people’s journey
towards an abundant life.
 Rizal’s death anniversary was made an
official holiday

 Act No. 243 was enacted on September 28, Rizal Law and the Study of Life and Works of
1901 granting the right to use public land Rizal
upon the Luneta in the City of Manila upon
which to erect a statue of Jose Rizal.  There are other reasons of teaching the
Rizal course in higher education
institutions which are anchored on the
patriotic policy statements of Rizal Law
History of the Rizal Law and Its Essential and the patriotic goals set by the then
Provisions Board on National Education. These are the
following:
 To give ample time to prepare for the birth
centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, the Rizal  To recognize the relevance of Rizal’s
National Centennial Commission was ideals, teachings as well as life values in
created and issued by Pres. Ramon relation to present conditions and
Magsaysay on August 10, 1954 to undertake situations in the society;
the construction of a National Cultural
Shrine and other memorials to be  To apply Rizal’s ideas in the solutions of
dedicated to Jose Rizal. It became Rizal social problems and issues in the
Presidential Committee on 1 July 1962 contemporary;
during Diosdado Macapagal administration.
 To develop an appreciation and deeper
understanding of the qualities, behavior
and character of Rizal; and
History of the Rizal Law
 To foster the development of moral
 Jose Rizal’s vast role in the attainment of character of the Filipino youth in all
the nation’s freedom led to the issuance of aspects of citizenship.
Republic Act 1425 on June 12, 1956.
Commonly known as the Rizal Act.
 It is Senator Claro M. Recto who authored
LESSON 2 REPUBLIC ACT 1425
the Rizal Bill. While Senator Jose P. Laurel,
Sr., who was then the Chairman of the Republic Act 1425 known as Rizal Law
Committee on Education, sponsored the
bill in the Senate.  An Act to include in the curricula of all
public and private schools, colleges and
Rizal Law and the Study of Life and Works of universities courses on the life, works and
Rizal writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his
novels Noli Me Tangere and El
 As mandated by Republic Act No. 1425, an
Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and
act to include in the curricula of all public
distribution thereof, and for other
and private schools, colleges and
purposes.
universities courses on the life, works and
writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his Sections
novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo. 1. included in the curricula of all schools,
colleges and universities, public or
private:
 2. obligatory on all schools, colleges and 5. That heroes are those who have a concept of
universities to keep in their libraries an nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the
adequate number of copies nation’s freedom (they must have desired the
country’s freedom in any situation especially
3. The Board of National Education shall when there’s a threat of invasion in any form).
cause the translation
6. That heroes are those who define and
4. prohibiting the discussion of religious contribute to a system of life of freedom and
doctrines order for a nation (one who helps in the
5. P300,000.00 is hereby authorized to be orderliness and betterment of the country).
appropriated out of any fund not 7. Those who contribute to the quality of life and
otherwise appropriated in the National destiny of a nation.
Treasury to carry out the purposes of this
Act. 8. A hero is part of the people’s expression (the
citizen must have recognized and acknowledged
6. This Act shall take effect upon its the person as a hero).
approval.
9. A hero thinks of the future, especially the
future generations, his concern for the
Republic Act 1425 known as Rizal Law generations must be seen in his decisions and
ideals).
 When the law was enacted in 1956, it is
10. The choice of a hero involves not only the
clearly understood that the study of the
recounting of an episode or events in history, but
life and works of Rizal calls the attention
of the entire process that made this particular
of the youth to fully live its objectives.
person a hero.
These are the following:

 To re-dedicate the youth to the ideals of

freedom and nationalism for which our LESSON 3 (A) THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH
heroes lived and died CENTURY: SOCIAL STRUCTURE GLOSSARY OF
TERMS
 To pay tribute to the heroes particularly
our national hero for devoting his life and Peninsulares- they were pure Spaniards who
works in shaping the Filipino character; were born in Spain but/and lived in the Philippines
 To gain inspiring source of patriotism thru Insulares- also known as criollos in Spanish-held
the study of Rizal’s life, works and writings country in South America. They were pure
with which the minds of the youth, Spaniards who were born in the Philippines. Some
especially during their formative and historians called them
decisive years in school, should be
suffused. Filipinos Indio/s-refer to native

Filipino Mestizos- were of mixed ancestry,

example ChineseFilipino, Spanish-Filipino
THE GATES TO HEROISM: DEFINING A FILIPINO
HERO The Filipino

 The term Filipino was used only in 1898 or

THE CRITERIA IS COMPOSED OF 10 STANDARDS after the Spanish rule. The use of the term
Filipino in this discussion is only to refer
1. The extent of a person’s sacrifices for the the natives of the country in our context.
welfare of the country. But then again, it was used only after the
Spanish rule.
2. The motive and methods employed in the
attainment of the ideal (was his ideal Filipino social structure
purely for the welfare of the country and without
any taint of self-interested motives, most of all  The feudalism established by the Spanish
the method of attainment should be morally colonial government in the Philippines in
valid). the 19th century resulted to master-slave
relationship by the Spaniards. The Spanish
3. The moral character of the person concerned government imposed and collected all
( the person should not have any immorality issue forms of taxes and tributes from the native
that affected his ideal). Filipinos and even required them to render
polo y servicio or forced labor to the
4. The influenced of the person concerned of his
government and the Catholic church. Lands
age and or the succeeding age.
were owned by the wealthy Spanish
 officials, businessmen and even friars. The mendicant orders (Augustinians, Carmelites,
native Filipinos became tenants of their Dominicans, and Franciscans).
own land due to transfer of ownership.
 The photo above is the social pyramid. The Social Structure: Middle Class
level 1 is the Upper Class which enjoyed by 1. Middle Class – the people that belongs into
the peninsulares or the Spaniards born in this class includes the natives, mestizos
Spain. They held the most important and the criollos (Insulares was the specific
government jobs, and made up the term given to criollos, a fullblooded
smallest number of the population. Also in Spaniards born in the colonies; Philippines
the upper class is the group of friars who or the Marianas)
were members of any of certain religious
orders of men, especially the three Natives – the pure Filipinos
mendicant orders such as Augustinians
(1565), Dominicans (1587), and Franciscans The Mestizos are the Filipinos of mixed
(1577). Because of the union of Church and indigenous Filipino or European or Chinese
State, these people in the upper class have ancestry.
the power and authority to rule over the Social Structure: Lowest Class
native Filipinos.
 The level 2 is the Middle Class which Lowest class – this class includes the Filipinos
include the insulares or Spaniards born in only.
the Philippines, the Spanish (or European)
and Chinese mestizos, and the principalia The Indios are the poor people having pure
or the ruling class of native elites blood Filipino which ruled by the Spaniards.
composed of the gobernadorcillo, cabeza On Education
de barangay, landowners, merchant and
wealthy native families. The level 3 or the ✓The social pyramid manifested also the
lowest level is the Lower Class which privileges and rights of the people according to
placed only the native Filipinos known their rank in the society. Thus, it affects their
during that time as the indios. social relationship, economic development,
 The social pyramid during Spanish colonial and attainment of education.
government manifested the superiority
complex, and social tensions were ✓The first schools were the parochial schools
prevalent as the lower class were opened by the missionaries in their parishes. In
victimized by the Upper class. However, addition to religion, the Filipino native
racial discrimination came to be children in these schools were taught reading,
institutionalized which Rizal even writing, arithmetic and some vocational and
experienced it inside the schools he practical arts subjects but most of the time
attended. Members of the middle and centered on the teaching of fear of God and
lower classes were considered inferior by obedience to the friars.
the upper class and unworthy of education ✓These schools were under the control of the
and higher government positions. However, friars up to the middle of the 19th century.
in the next chapter of Philippine history, However, the primary education was not given
these two social ranks were those who attention despite the establishment of
criticized the government and church and parochial schools in the towns of the
worked for to claim freedom from Spanish provinces. Many of the Filipino native children
tyranny. attended these schools were not able to
Highest class – the people that belong in this class develop self-confidence in their ability to learn
include the Spaniards, peninsulares and the friars. and only developed inferiority complex. On
They have the power and authority to rule over Education
the Filipinos. ✓ The separate colleges for boys and girls
✓The Spanish officials were also opened by the missionaries. These
colleges were the equivalent of our high
✓The Peninsulares schools today. The subjects taught to the
students included history, Latin, geography,
(Spaniards who were born in Spain). They held the mathematics and philosophy. Some of these
most important government jobs, and made up colleges offered degree which is equivalent to
the smallest number of the population. present degrees in colleges
Social Structure: Highest Class Social Structure: ✓ Originally, these colleges were open only to
Highest Class the Spaniards and those with Spanish blood or
the mestizos. It was only during the 19th
✓ The Friars are members of any of certain
century that these colleges began accepting
religious orders of men, especially the four
native Filipinos. The university education was
 started in the Philippines during the early part ✓ Head of the Spanish colonial government in the
of the 17th century. By the end of the 19th country; thus, he represented the Crown in all
century, only the University of Santo Tomas governmental matters.
remained as the higher education institution in
the country. ✓ He was the Vice Royal Patron over religious
affairs; thus he could choose priests for
✓ On 1853, the Educational Decree was ecclesiastical administration of the parishes.
implemented in the country which required
the establishment of one elementary school ✓ He was the Commander-in-Chief of the colonial
for boys and one elementary school for girls in army.
each town of the Philippine provinces. The ✓ He was an ex-officio president of the Royal
decree also provided for the establishment of Audiencia; the Supreme Court in the Philippines
school for the training of teachers mostly girls during Spanish colonial period
with a mastery of the Spanish language as the
medium of instruction in all schools but under ✓ He had legislative powers to make laws for the
the direction of the Jesuits. On Education colony.

✓The friars reacted negatively to the teaching ✓ He had the power of cumplase or the power to
of the Spanish language to native Filipinos. For decide which law or royal decree should be
the friars, the learning of Spanish language to implemented or disregarded in the colony.
Indios would lead to their knowledge and
development of political and social awareness ✓ He had the power to appoint and dismiss public
about the Spanish government. These friars officials
suppressed the opportunity to learn and thus
Local Government Units
wanted the Filipino natives or Indios to remain
ignorant. ✓ Provinces (alcaldia) headed by alcalde mayor

✓ Unpacified Provinces ( corregimiento) headed

by Corregidor
LESSON 3 (B) THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH
CENTURY: POLITICAL STRUCTURE ✓ Municipal (pueblos or towns ) headed by
gobernadorcillos
Political system (administrative organization)
✓ Barangay (barrios) headed by cabeza de
Only the peninsulares or pure blooded Spaniards
barangay
could have a higher position in the government.
Mostly, the positions were done by appointment. ✓ The city government was called ayuntamiento
The Philippines was governed by the Spanish
Crown thru the Ministry of Colonies (1863-1898) in
the 19th Century. The government was unitary as
policies implemented by colonial administrators to
the entire country emanated from Manila as the
seat of the central government. It was centralized
colonial government in the Philippines that was
composed of a national government and the local
governments that administered provinces, cities,
towns and municipalities with roles:

➢ Maintained peace and order The pacified provinces were known as the
alcaldias and unpacified provinces or not yet fully
➢ Collected taxes under Spanish control were known as
corregimiento. The alcaldias were headed by
➢ Built schools and other
alcalde mayor who represented the Spanish king
➢ Public works Political System (administrative and the governor general in their respective
organization) provinces. They managed the day-to-day
operations of the provincial government,
✓Governed directly by the Spanish Crown thru implemented laws and supervised the collection of
Ministry of Colonies (appointing Governor-General) taxes and enjoyed the indulto de comercio, a
privilege to engage and monopolize commercial
✓Policies were unitary
matters.
✓Manila was the seat of government
The Residencia

 To ensure the government efficacy, a

Governor-General Head of the Spanish colonial residencia was created. It was a special
government judicial court that investigates the
performance of a governor general who
 was about to be replaced. The residencia, ❑ Those who controlled rice, sugar and abaca
of which the incoming governor general growing lands in Central Luzon, Batangas, Bikol,
was usually a member, submitted a report Negros and Panay profited much
of its findings to the King.
❑ Development of inquilino of friar haciendas
The Visita
Inquilino-tenant or a laborer indebted to a
 The Council of the Indies in Spain (1565- landlord who allows him to form a farm in parts of
1837) sent a government official called the his property and who in exchange works without
Vistador General to observe conditions in pay for the landlord
the colony. He reported his findings
directly to the King. In conclusion, because of this economic
development many of the natives engaged in
Union of the Church and State agriculture which enriched themselves. The rise of
the Chinese-Filipino also one of the results of this
✓ Friars were supervising representatives of the event. They were able to send their sons to school
Spanish government for local affairs. in Manila and some of them went further studies
in Europe. The economic development also
Guardia Civil
resulted the intellectual development of the
✓ Organized in 1867 as a corps of native police Filipinos during that time.

LESSON 4(A) THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH LESSON 4(B) THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH
CENTURY: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CENTURY: THE RISE OF NATIONALISM

Pre-colonial Economic Activity Definition of Nationalism

Trading relationship with ✓ belief,

✓China ✓ creed or

✓India ✓ political ideology that involves an individual

identifying with, or becoming attached to one's
✓Indonesia nation.
✓Malaysia Nationalism is a sense of loyalty or psychological
attachment members of a nation share, based on
✓Borneo
common language, history, culture and desire for
Economic Development independence (Jackson & Jackson, 2000). It is a
condition of mind, a feeling and sentiment of a
When the country was opened to foreign trade at group of people (cited by Agoncillo, 1990).
the end of the 18th century, there were foreign
firms established in Manila which gave opportunity Nationalism in the Philippines
to the Filipino natives engaged in business;
The birth of nationalism went rather slowly due to
basically, agricultural produce such as sugar, rice,
hemp and tobacco. These opportunities increased ✓topography,
Filipino contacts with foreigners and peninsular
Spaniards, gave knowledge about the privileges, ✓language problems and
freedom and rights of people.
✓ colonial policy.
It was an economic development in the country
Nationalism is not a product of a sudden outburst
where many of the natives engaged in agriculture,
of sentiment. It is brought about by certain factors
which eventually enriched them. The rise of the
that gradually develop. Nationalism in the
Chinese-Filipino is also one of the results of this
Philippines
event. They were able to send their sons to school
in Manila and some of them went for further According to John Schumacher, the development
studies in Europe, mostly in Spain. These Filipinos, of nationalist thoughts was due to the
who were educated abroad, were able to absorb development of these social factors: economic,
the intellectual developments in Europe and later political and cultural. Economic growth brought
played significant roles in nation-building. changes as the middle class emerged that later
became prominent and, politically, became
❑Increasing prosperity to the Filipino middle and
leaders in society. Lastly, the cultural
upper classes
development due to the spread of education,
❑ Agricultural products (rice) where liberal ideas and foreign nationalist
thoughts reached the curious minds of the middle
class and even to the lower class.
FACTORS OF THE RISE OF NATIONALISM (charged as supporters of the Cavite
Mutiny)
1. Opening of the Philippines to World Trade
In conclusion, these events in Philippine history,
- Rise of the middle class (intelligentsia or the characteristics of nationalism were felt and
ilustrado put into practice
2. Influx of liberal ideas LESSON 5 RIZAL’ S FAMILY AND ANCESTRY
The possibility of applying Western thoughts as a According to the psychologists, what a person is
means to solve existing problems in the country results from the interaction of nature and nurture.
The intellectuals of the country gained access to Therefore, to understand the life of Rizal, it is
western political thought from the books and necessary to know the factors that influenced him
newspapers brought by foreign travelers -- during his childhood and his formation into the
Ideologies of the French and American Revolution greatest hero we have in the country.
-- Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, Montesquieu,
Jefferson Calamba at the Time of Rizal’s Birth

3. Secularization Movement Calamba (Laguna) at the time of Rizal’s birth was

a hacienda town where people engaged in
Priests and Secular Priests agricultural activities. Calamba was a progressive
❑Regular priests belonged to religious among the towns of Laguna because of the
orders. Their main task was to spread massive production of sugar. Its fertile soil and
Christianity. favorable climate, people were able to raise and
❑Secular priests were trained to run the harvest different crops. But the lands were almost
parishes and were under the supervision of owned by the Dominican friars, thus, as a friar
the bishops. estate farmers rented the land and paid taxes.
The tenants, however, were resilient despite
Conflict began when the bishops insisted hardships and cruelties from the owners due to
on visiting the parishes that were being run increase of taxes and suppress production of their
by regular priests agricultural products.
Secular priests must fill in the vacancy left
by the regular clergy The Birth of Jose Rizal

4. Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. de la Torre Taken from his memoirs as cited by Zaide, Rizal
was born on Wednesday night of June 19, 1861 in
✓ welcomed by both Filipinos and Calamba, Province of Laguna. His mother almost
Spaniards -- June 23, 1869 lost her life during his birth because of his big
✓ practiced liberal and democratic head but was believed being relieved by the Virgin
principles of Antipolo. After three days, he was baptized in
✓ abolished flogging, relaxed media Calamba Church by Fr. Rufino Collantes with Fr.
censorship, and began limited Pedro Casañas, a family friend as his godfather.
secularization of education The name Jose was chosen by his mother who was
✓ Developed a close relationship with the a devotee to St. Joseph.
ilustrados
✓ The peaceful settlement of agrarian Rizal’s Ancestry
unrest in Cavite

5. Cavite Mutiny

Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre ended and

replaced by General Rafael Izquierdo -
marked the end of liberal policies 200
Filipino Soldiers (Cavite arsenal)
-- abolition of exemption from polo y
servicio and payment of annual tribute
-- January 20, 1872 the mutiny broke out
under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid
-- January 27, 1872 41 mutineers were
executed
General Rafael Izquierdo

1. Execution of GOMBURZA
Rizal came from a mixture of different races-
February 17, 1872 -- executed by the Chinese, Filipino, Spanish and Japanese ancestry.
Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion
Below is the ancestry of Rizal both from his ✓ Rizal’s father, Don Francisco Mercado was an
parents. Rizal’s Ancestry educated man who studied Latin and Philosophy
courses at the Colegio de San Jose in Manila. Rizal
✓The Rizal genealogy started from Lam Co who described him “a model of all fathers” because of
became Domingo Lamco was a Chinese immigrant his honesty, frugality and industry that makes
from Changchow, China arrived in Manila about their family more progressive than others. He was
1690. He became a Christian and married a one of the reasons why Rizal studied and
wealthy Chinese mestiza, Ines dela Rosa in 1731. completed the course on Philosophy.
✓ To avoid prejudices and by the order of the ✓ Rizal’s mother was also an educated woman
Spanish government, he assumed a surname of who completed education at the Colegio de Santa
Mercado. The couple moved to Biñan ended as Rosa , a prestigious college for girls in Manila.
tenants of the Dominican hacienda. Their son Rizal described her as “a woman of more than
named Francisco Mercado married a wealthy ordinary culture”, a dedicated wife and mother.
Chinese mestiza, Cirila Bernacha. She inspired Rizal in literature particularly in
✓Because of economic status of the family, poetry.
Francisco Mercado became a gobernadorcillo of ✓ The family of Rizal kept Filipino tradition as
Biñan. One of their sons named Juan Mercado close to one another. They were together in the
became a gobernadorcillo also who married to a practices of the Angelus during sunset, attending
Chinese mestizo, Cirila Alejandro. The latest mass during Sundays and Catholic holidays.
couple had thirteen children; the youngest was According to Zaide, Rizal’s parents were strict and
Francisco Mercado, Jose Rizal’s father. they trained the children to love God, to behave
✓The Alonso genealogy started from Eugenio well, to be obedient, and to respect the people
Ursua believed to have a Japanese ancestry who especially the elderlies.
married to a Filipina named Benigna. Their
daughter, Regina Ursua married a Chinese mestizo
lawyer, Manuel de Quintos from Lingayen, LESSON 6 RIZAL’S CHILDHOOD MEMORIES AND
Pangasinan. One of their daughters named Regina INFLUENCES STORY OF THE MOTH
de Quintos married a Spanish-Filipino mestizo
Lorenzo Alberto Alonso of Biñan. The latest couple Childhood Memories
had five children, the second was Teodora Alonso, With hardworking parents, Rizal had a happy and
Jose Rizal’s mother. confortable life. Because of his poor health, an old
Rizal’s family woman was employed as nanny to take care of
him while his parents manage family business.
Rizal was raised in a middle class family which is Though the old woman, Rizal was fascinated with
considered as principalia or ruling elite in the 19th tales, legends, folklores and fables. His nocturnal
century. The family source of income was walks in the moonlight by the river greatly
agriculture; farming and stockraising. From the fascinated him. As mentioned by Zaide, Rizal
Dominican hacienda, they rented the lands where recounted this childhood experience in his student
they owned farms of rice, corn and sugarcane. memoirs, he wrote; “Thus my heart fed on sombre
The following are the evidences and the and melancholic thoughts so that even while still a
properties which made Rizal’s family as an child, I already wandered on wings of fantasy in
affluent family: the high regions of the unknown”.

✓ stone house of adobe and hardwood located in At the age of three, he knew to lead family
calle real prayers. He was five when he was able to read the
Bible in Spanish. These, because of his mother
✓ a carriage which is a status symbol of the who patiently taught him everything about
ilustrados Catholic faith and traditions. At the young age, he
✓ a private library in their house with numerous appreciated Father Leoncio Lopez, one of the
volumes of books esteemed and respected men and the town priest
of Calamba. Thus, Rizal had frequent attendance
✓ sent their children to Manila for education in the church to listen to his opinions on current
events and philosophy in life.
✓ presence of personal servants taking care of
the needs of the children ✓Not only good memories Rizal had during his
childhood because he observed and witnessed
✓ private tutors to improve Spanish language and violence acts against some people of Calamba by
the academics of the children the Guardia Civil and the Gobernadorcillo.
✓ participated prominently in some social and ✓Another sad memory he had was the death of
religious affairs in the community his younger sister Concepcion. Little Concha as he
fondly called, died in sickness in 1865 when she
was only three years old. On his diary, he said; The friars controlled the educational system in the
When I was four, I lost my little sister Concha, and Philippines and they were able to own different
then for the time I shed tears caused by love and schools comprising from the primary level to the
grief.” Her death brought him his first sorrow. tertiary levels of education. The people who took
charge in teaching, implementation of the rules
Another unforgettable memory Rizal had was his and regulations and the monitoring of students
first trip across the Laguna de Bay. He and his were assigned to the missionaries during that
father left Calamba on June 6, 1868 for a time. The teachings of the Catholic religion were
pilgrimage in order to fulfil his mother’s vow as a emphasized to the levels of education in the
gratitude to the Virgin of Antipolo for his birth. schools owned by the friars. In the primary level,
After the pilgrimage, they visited Saturnina in they were taught of the Christian Doctrines, how
Manila who was a boarding student at La to read Spanish books and a little of the native’s
Concordia College in Santa Ana. It was the first language.
time Rizal saw Manila. On his diary, he said;
Writing many years later of this experience, with In the universities, Science and Mathematics were
what pleasure I saw the sunrise; for the first time I not very much introduced to the students. Instead
saw how the luminous rays shone, producing a of Spanish, students were taught how to speak and
brilliant effect on the ruffled surface of the wide understand Latin.
lake”.
✓Education under the Spanish administration was
Influences privileged only to Spanish students.

It is important to note that Rizal was shaped ✓Filipinos were only able to attend school in the
because of his environment. The places, late 19th century. Some schools also limited their
associates and events greatly affected him. His lodging to the sons of wealthy Filipino families.
characters were formed at home with parents and
siblings who are educated, disciplined, religious ✓Most of the schools were exclusively for Spanish
and hardworking. His philosophy, ideals, talents, boys.
the love of country and travels to learn are not A Good and Middle Class Family
innate to Rizal but because of his association to
people, interpretation of events and personal The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, a
experiences. Later in his life, it had an impact on town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. It is one of
the shaping of his political and social ideas. the distinguished families in Calamba. Rizal’s
parents were ilustrados. This means that the
Story of the Moth family was able to send their children in school in
✓It was Doña Teodora who influenced Rizal on Manila.
the love of stories that made him a writer in his ✓On his diary, he said, “My mother taught me
later life. One story that turned out as having the how to read and to say haltingly the humble
same fate to Rizal was the Story of the Moth. prayers which I raised fervently to God.”
✓The story left a deep impression on Rizal. As a ✓Dona Teodora considered as the first teacher of
child, Rizal interpreted the death of the young Jose Rizal.
moth as a victim of its illusion in search for the
light. Then, he came to realize that dying in Home Education in Calamba
search for the light is noble and worthwhile. In the
later part of Rizal’s life, he was like a moth that ✓His first private tutor was Maestro Celestino,
attracted to a light even though warned by his
✓the second was Maestro Lucas Padua
mother. The light that being meant here is what
Rizal attracted the most; truth, freedom and ✓The third tutor was an old man named Leon
justice. And just like the moth, he was fated to Monroy who was a former classmate of Rizal’s
die as a martyr for his noble ideal. father. He shortly lived at Rizal’s family and
instructed the young Jose in both Spanish and
How did the Story of the Moth affect Rizal’s life?
Latin but died after five months.
The tragic fate of the young moth, which died a
✓Rizal was able to learn the languages.
martyr to its illusions, left a deep impress on
Rizal’s mind. He justified such noble death, Doña Teodora, despite managing family business
asserting that “to sacrifice one’s life for it,” did not fail as a mother and a teacher to young
meaning for an ideal, is “worthwhile”. And, like Rizal. With her patience, diligence, and
that young moth, he was fated to die as a martyr understanding, the young Rizal was able to learn
for a noble ideal. the Roman alphabets and prayers even at the age
of three. It was Doña Teodora who discovered the
LESSON 7 FROM CALAMBA TO BINAN: EARLY
ability of Rizal in poetry. In fact, she even asked
EDUCATION
him to write poems.
Education during the time of Rizal
Moves to Biñan End of Biñan Schooling

On Sunday afternoon of June 1869, Rizal kissed ✓Rizal received a letter from Saturnina informing
the hands of his parents, bid goodbye to them and him the arrival of the steamer Talim which would
to his sisters for his travel to Biñan. He was take him from Biñan to Calamba. Afterwards, he
accompanied by his older brother Paciano on his took a last visit to the town church, collected
trip on board a carromata. It was already midnight some pebbles in the river for souvenir and bade
when they arrived in the place and proceeded to farewell to his teacher and classmates.
their aunt’s house where Jose will stay while
attending school in Biñan. ✓After one and a half year in Biñan, he will
return home to reunite with his parents and
On the same night, he was invited by his cousin siblings. He was thrilled to take the passage on
Leandro to have a walk around the town so he the steamer because for the first time he was
could familiarize the place. Instead of enjoying going home by himself. He left Biñan on Saturday
the stroll around the town, he felt homesick as he afternoon, December 17, 1870.
remembered his parents especially his mother, his
sisters and Calamba. He recounted; In the Conclusion
moonlight, I remembered my home town, my Despite discrimination of the friars to the native
adored mother, and my solicitous sisters. How Filipino students, Rizal was privilege to study in
sweet to me was Calamba, my own town, in spite the school they controlled. Thanks to his parents
of the fact, that it was not as wealthy as Biñan. who were ilustrados.
Formal Education in Biñan The educated Filipinos were called as ilustrados
✓The next morning, Paciano brought the young and they began movements directed towards
Jose to the village school under the charge of change in the government of the Philippines. They
Maestro Justiniano Cruz. He was also the teacher wanted to be the same level with the proud
of Paciano before. After introducing Rizal to the Spaniards. Jose Rizal was able to achieved this
teacher, Paciano returned to Calamba leaving the perception while studying in Ateneo and in UST.
young and small Jose. The growing number of ilustrados in the
✓The first day of school was not worth celebrated Philippines is considered as one of the major
for Rizal as he felt different and even experienced effects of education by the Spaniards in the
violent clash with some of his classmates. He was Philippines.
given a permanent seat by his teacher and asked if LESSON 8 FROM ATENEO TO UST: HIGHER
he can speak Latin and Spanish. His knowledge of EDUCATION
the two languages was only light and not well
fluent. He responded this to his teacher which led He had not yet celebrated his eleventh birthday
Pedro (the teacher’s son) made fun of him and when he was accompanied by his brother to Manila
caused other classmates to do the same. to take the entrance examination. It was four
months after the execution of GOMBURZA, the
Best Student in School Jesuits priests he liked. He was unhappy of leaving
✓Rizal was involved in numerous schools brawls again Calamba and while his mother was still in
which he was always required to lie down on the prison who was accused of poisoning her sister-in-
bench to receive blows from his teacher. law. On his memoirs he said, “Our mother was
unjustly snatched away from us and by whom? By
✓He was not quarrelsome though but he never some men who had been or friends and whom we
run from a fight, such bravery he exposed to the treated as honored guests. We learned later that
surprise of the bigger boys our mother got sick, far from us and as an
advanced age. “.
✓He was the best student surpassing all his
classmates in Spanish, Latin and all subjects. Best Don Francisco Mercado decided not to send him in
Student in School the Colegio de San Jose because of the sad
experiences of Paciano in the said school where
✓His good reputation as best student in many Fr. Burgos was his mentor.
subjects was quite different to his teacher for he
always received punishment from him. Ateneo was formerly known as Escuela Pia, a
school for boys in Manila which was established in
✓His classmates who were jealous of his 1817. On 1859, Jesuits administered the school
intellectual superiority did everything to destroy after they returned to the Philippines from their
him by reporting to their teacher when he had a expulsion in the country in 1768. The school
fight outside the school. He once said, “in spite of became Ateneo Municipal which later became the
the reputation I had of being a good boy, the day Ateneo de Manila. During Rizal’s time, Ateneo was
was unusual when I was not laid out on a bench the most prestigious college for boys because of
and given five or six blows.” their excellent teachers.
Enrolment at Ateneo To stimulate the spirit of competition among the
students for excellence in academics, Atenean
Rizal took the entrance examination in Colegio de teachers enforced a program of dividing a class
San Juan de Letran on June 10, 1872. Paciano into two competing empires: the Romans and the
accompanied Rizal when he took the exam which Carthaginians.
covered on Christian doctrine, arithmetic and
reading. During this time, all the entrance exams Students who belonged to the Roman Empire were
for the incoming freshmen in the different the boarding students at Ateneo (the internos),
colleges were administered at the Colegio de San while those at the Carthaginian Empire were non-
Juan de Letran because the Dominicans exercised boarding students. Both empires had their ranks
power of inspection and regulation over Ateneo and dignitaries, namely;
(Guerrero, 1998).
✓emperor as the best scholar, followed by a
After passing the qualifying examination, again,
accompanied by Paciano, Rizal sought admission ✓tribune,
at the Ateneo Municipal. Jesuit-run Ateneo as the ✓decurion,
second option was the bitter rival of Dominican-
owned Colegio de San Juan de Letran. At first, he ✓centurion and the
was rejected to enroll by the college registrar, Fr.
Magin Fernando for two reasons: ✓standard bearer Jesuit System of Education

➢he was late for registration Academic Performance at Ateneo

➢he looked very frail and undersized for his age. ✓Rizal studied at Ateneo from 1872-1877. Despite
his loneliness due to the arrest of his mother, his
✓Upon the intervention of Manuel Burgos, first year in Ateneo was commendable but only
nephew of Fr. Jose Burgos and an acquaintance of placed second in the class.
Paciano, Rizal was finally admitted.
✓He graduated the degree, Bachiller en Artes
✓Jose was the first to adopt the surname Rizal with the highest academic honors. From the
when he was finally as regular student in Ateneo. foregoing scholastic records of Rizal, it is evident
It was also a decision of Don Francisco that he will that he excelled in his academic studies during the
no longer use the surname Mercado because it entire duration of his stay at Ateneo. Rizal’s
became under suspicion of Spanish authorities academic triumph at Ateneo can be attributed to
since it was the surname used by his brother three factors; racial pride, monastic discipline,
Paciano while studying in Colegio de San Jose. and seclusion of boarding school life (Guerrero,
1998).
Jesuit System of Education
Extra-curricular Activities at Ateneo
Compared with other colleges in Manila, Ateneo
was known for best secondary education for boys. Rizal did not only devote his time to academic
They trained the character of every student by excellence, he became actively involved in extra-
rigid discipline and religious instruction. The curricular activities. He became a member and
students were required to hear Mass in the eventually an officer in the religious
morning before the beginning of the daily classes. confraternities at Ateneo-Sodality of Our lady, and
The classes were usually began and ended with the Apostleship of Prayer. These religious
prayers. confraternities were opened only to students who
demonstrated the highest degree of scholarship
Ateneo, at that time, offered a six-year program and leadership.
that entitled their student to the academic title,
Bachiller de Artes. This academic program Literary Works at Ateneo
exposed students to five learning areas, namely;
✓Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)
✓Christian doctrine, which was dedicated to his mother on her
birthday.
✓Languages (Spanish, Latin, Greek and French),
✓Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo ( A Memory of My
✓History and Geography (World Geography and Town). It was written in 1876 of his way of paying
History, History of Spain and the Philippines), homage to his birthplace, Calamba.
✓Mathematics and Sciences (arithmetic, ✓Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria
geometry, trigonometry, mineralogy, chemistry, (Through Education Our Motherland Receives
physics, botany and zoology) and the Light) , significant role which education lays in the
✓Classical disciplines (poetry, rhetoric and progress and welfare of a nation.
philosophy). The school also offered vocational ✓La Alianza Intima Sobre Religion y la Buena
courses in agriculture, commerce, mechanics and Educacion, showed the importance of religion in
surveying. Jesuit System of Education education
Enrollment at the University of Santo Tomas There were hidden purposes for his voyage to a
new world. It can be inferred from Paciano’s
✓Rizal’s completion of the Bachiller en Artes at letter to Rizal that the following were the real
Ateneo Municipal entitled h for admission to purposes of Rizal’s voyage to Europe: to make a
higher studies at a university. Although Doña name for himself in the realm of journalism, to
Teodora was opposed to Rizal’s pursuit of higher observe and study European society; and to
education for fear of what might happen to him prepare himself for the task of liberating the
due to the martyrdom of GOMBURZA. Filipinos from Spanish tyranny.
✓For Doña Teodora, Rizal’s Ateneo education was
already knows enough. Rizal was surprised why his
mother who was a woman of education and Rizal as a Lover
culture should object his desire for a university
education. Family

✓Don Francisco decided him to send him to Country

UST,the Pontifical Catholic university in the Education
Philippines managed by the Dominicans.
Jose Rizal
✓Uncertain of what to take up, at the age of
sixteen, Rizal enrolled the course Philosophy and ➢His life has been highly documented, the most
Letters during his first year in the university documented, in fact, of all the heroes in Asia Rizal
(1877-1878). The course was his father’s choice has his duty towards his family and the country.
for him to pursue. He wanted also to solicit advice
of Father Ramon Pablo, but the rector of Ateneo Rizal focused on uniting Filipinos, building
was then in Mindanao that time. networks through connections, creating links with
the Propaganda Movement.
✓Rizal also took one year vocation course in
Ateneo which is land surveying. Rizal is known for his nationalistic ideas, bravery,
and as a national hero in the Philippines.
✓On his second year at UST, Rizal received the
advice from Father Pablo to pursue medicine and Jose Rizal: Love of Education
enrolled in the said course. Rizal also wanted the
✓ Through Education Our Motherland Receives
course due to the failing eyesight of his mother.
Light
Academic Performance at UST
• The demand for sacrifices to obtain an
✓Rizal did not show commendable academic education
performance in UST because he was not happy in
• Education is the most precious gift and treasure
the university (Zaide & Zaide, 1998). His
that Motherland can give to us
unhappiness at UST can be traced to three factors,
namely; the Dominican professors were hostile to • A nation where educated people outnumbers
him, racial discrimination against Filipino uncivilized ones, excavates treasures more
students, and the method and instruction was cherished than any stones of the earth .
obsolete and repressive.
• Education is portrayed as a torch lighting
✓Rizal’ scholastic records was obviously not good darkness
enough for him in a medical course. His academic
performance was affected because he was • Rival offered that the power or light of
attributed to many distractions such as joining education is endless
parties with Filipino students and attending fights
Jose Rizal: Love of Country
against the Spanish students.
✓ To the Filipino Youth
Literary Works at UST
• The poem’s theme, Grow, O timid Flower. Shows
✓A la Juventud Filipina. Written when Rizal was
persuasion
18 years old, an inspiring poem which beseeched
the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to let • He advocated for rising and waking up
their genius fly swifter than the wind and descend
with art and science to break the chains that have • Pen as mightier than a sword
long bound the spirit of the people.
• Rizal wants to communicate the means of
✓ El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the making peaceful process
Gods). Rizal joined the competitions to prove one
• Filipino youth, must maximize their knowledge
thing-that the Filipinos can equal and even surpass
and skills in chosen their fields.
the Spaniards in literary prowess.
Jose Rizal: Love of Family
Decision To Go To Europe
✓ My First Inspiration ✓On May 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in Universidad
Central de Madrid in two courses-Medicine and
• It was his mothers birthday Philosophy and Letters.
• His mother was freed from prison ✓He also studied painting and sculpture in the
• The environment was rich during Rizal’s time Academy of fine Arts of San Fernando, took
private lessons in French, German and English
• A return of a love one is very important under private instructors, practiced fencing and
shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
• We should honor our parents
✓ He took the medical examination from June 5
• Let your parents be a role model or inspiration to 26
in your life
✓He passed the examination along with the
• We need to value God’s wonderful creation examination on Greek, Latin and world history. He
was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Medicine.
LESSON 10 LIFE ABROAD (PART I)
✓he took time to associate with the Filipinos
✓Rizal decided to leave the country not just to
expatriates in Madrid.
complete his medical studies in Europe. There
were hidden purpose for his departure: to make a ✓He joined with his fellow expatriates had
name for himself in the realm of journalism; to formed the Circulo Hispano-Filipino
observe and study European society; and to
prepare himself for the task of liberating the ✓exposed to liberal ideas, stressing the value of
Filipinos from Spanish tyranny. Impelled by these individual freedom of action on matters of religion
purposes, Rizal left the country to pursue his and expression.
mission.
✓Imbued with the vitality of youth and idealism,
Rizal’s Secret Departure (1882) he became fascinated with the manner by which
Spanish masons in Madrid discussed political issues
✓On May 3, Rizal departed on board Spanish fearlessly.
steamer Salvadora bound for Singapore.
✓overwhelmed by their progressive ideas on
✓On May 9, Salvadora docked at Singapore. On government, politics and religion.
May 11, Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah
which shall ferry him to France. ✓he joined the Masonry for two probable reasons:
the abuses committed by the friars against the
✓From his boarding point, the ship had its Filipino, and the possible assistance the masons
stopover at Point Galle in Ceylon, Aden, and in can extend him in his struggle against Spanish
Port Said at Suez Canal. tyranny and oppression.
✓The steamer reached Naples on June 11, 1882. ✓had speech of salute to Luna and Hidalgo who
were winners in the 1884 Madrid Exposition (Lunas
✓From Naples, the steamer reached and docked
was awarded a gold medal for his painting, the
at Marseilles, France on June 12.
Spoliarium while Hidalgo a silver medal for his
✓From Marseilles, he took the train for entry, Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace)
Barcelona. He reached Barcelona on June 16, 1882
Paris, France
Barcelona
✓In November 1885, Rizal who was then 24 years
Rizal was welcomed by the Filipinos in Barcelona, old was living in Paris where he sojourned for
most of who were his former schoolmates at about three months. He worked as an assistant to
Ateneo Municipal. He took time writing to his Dr. Louis de Weckert, French ophthalmologist
family, relatives and friends in the Philippines. In from November 1885 to February 1886. It was on
fact, he did not forget one of his missions-that of this time, that Rizal became closely associated
making a name for himself in the field of writing. with the Pardo de Taveras, Felix Hidalgo and Juan
Luna who lived in Paris.
It was in Barcelona that Rizal wrote El Amor Patrio
(Love of Country) under the pseudonym Laong Heidelberg, Germany (Spring of 1886)
Laan. He was just 21 years old. It came out on
✓Rizal moved to Heidelberg where he worked at
August 20, 1882 in the Diariong Tagalog in Manila.
the University Eye Hospital under the direction of
Madrid Dr. Otto Becker, a German ophthalmologist. He
also attended lectures of Dr. Becker and Dr.
✓In one of his letters dated May 26, 1882, Wilhelm Kuene at the university. He was a
Paciano advised Rizal to finish the medical course member of of the law students’ Chess Players’
in Madrid. Club of Heidelberg after he was recommended by
his board mates.
✓While at Heidelberg, Rizal wrote letters to his also met Dr. Jagor who advised them to wire Dr.
sisters Maria and Trinidad about the Germany a Ferdinand Blumentritt of their coming to
country of order and obedience. He described the
German students as affectionate, respectful, Leitmeritz. Leitmeritz, Czechoslovakia
modest and not boastful. On German women, he ✓Rizal and Viola arrived at Leitmeritz on May 13,
described them as serious, studious, simple, 1887. On the train station they welcomed by Dr.
industrious, not afraid of men and concerned Blumentritt. The two assisted by Blumentritt to
about education. get a room at Hotel Krebs. While at Leitmeritz,
Wilhelmsfeld, Germany (Summer of 1886) Rizal gave his host lessons in Tagalog language. In
a meeting with Tourists’ Club of Leitmeritz,
✓Rizal spent summer in Wilhemsfeld, a
mountainous region of Heidelberg. He stayed in ✓Rizal extemporaneously talked in German
the house of a protestant Pasto, Dr. Karl Ulmer. language about the pleasant and relaxing scenes
His sojourn on the village was quite memorable of Austria and its hospitable, nature-loving and
for him because of the hospitality he received noble people. All of them were very much
from the Ulmers and the kindness of the people. impressed on Rizal’s fluency and eloquence on
He appreciated much the religious tolerance the their language.
people practice in the community. Prague, Czechoslovakia
Leipzig, Germany ✓To facilitate their visit into the different
✓In August 1886, Rizal attended lectures on historic spots in Prague, Blumentritt gave Rizal
history and psychology in the University of Leipzig. and Viola letters of recommendations to Dr.
On his stay in the city he was able to translate the Welkomm, a history professor at the University of
Schiller’s William Tell from German to Tagalog so Prague. The professor welcomed them and
that Filipinos might know the story of the the accompanied in visiting the historic places and
champion of Swiss independence. He also spots in Prague.
translated int Tagalog the fairy tales of Hans Vienna, Austria
Christian Andersen for his nephews and nieces.
✓Rizal and Viola arrived at Vienna on May 20,
✓While at Leipzig, he worked as a proofreader in 1887. They spent four days visiting the beautiful
a publishing company to augment his allowance. buildings and examining holy images and statues.
He was fortunate to be accepted because of his They were impressed with the songs and beautiful
knowledge of European languages particular in stories of the city. They visited, art galleries,
German. museums, public parks and recreation centers.
Berlin, Germany ✓Rizal and Viola arrived at Vienna on May 20,
✓He went to Berlin due to the following reasons: 1887. They spent four days visiting the beautiful
to further enhance his knowledge of buildings and examining holy images and statues.
ophthalmology, to supplement his studies of They were impressed with the songs and beautiful
languages and sciences, to study and observe the stories of the city. They visited, art galleries,
political and economic conditions of Germany, to museums, public parks and recreation centers.
join the circle famous German scientists and Switzerland
scholars and to complete and publish his novel,
Noli Me Tangere. ✓While at Geneva, Rizal received the news from
his friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions
✓While at Berlin, he meet Dr. Feodor Jagor, the of the primitive Igorots who were exhibited in the
author of the book Travels in the Philippines, the Madrid Exposition. Rizal learned that some of the
book Rizal admired while we was still student at Igorots died and their indigenous materials were
UST. The book stated the author’s prediction on became objects of mockery by the Spanish press
the collapse of the Spanish regime in the and the Spaniards. Rizal celebrated his 26th
Philippines and its prophecy on the coming of the birthday in Geneva with Viola.
Americans into the Philippines.
Italy
✓One important event on Rizal’s life while in
Berlin was on March 21, 1877 when Noli Me ✓Rizal continued his lone travel and visited some
Tangere came off the press with the financial cities of Italy. In Rome, the Eternal City, attracted
assistance of Maximo Viola. him so much. The grandeur of Rome was
something that Rizal did not fail to appreciate, in
Grand Tour in Europe with Maximo Viola (May his sojourn to Italy.
1877) Dresden, Germany
✓He was very much amazed with the Coliseum
✓Rizal and Viola visited the regional flora and the Roman Forum.
exposition where they met Dr. Adolph Meyer. They
 ✓There, he spent long hours reminiscing the past to the quarantine protocols which he felt
and recreating life to the ruins. After a week of dismayed.
travel in Rome, Rizal prepared fr his homecoming
to the Philippines. ✓Stayed for two days in San Francisco and
boarded a train for week bound for Albany, New
Rizal, Germany and Blumentritt York.

✓Among the countries Rizal visited, it was Rizal’s Impressions to United States of America
Germany that he appreciated much. These might (from his letter to Mariano Ponce July 27, 1888
be because of the following reasons; Rizal’s trans. G. Zaide)
appreciation of the qualities possessed by the
Germans, sober earnest, industrious, progressive ✓The material progress of the country as shown
and prosperous. Rizal became interested to in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing
Blumentritt because the latter had written about industries and busy factories
250 essays and articles on Philippine ethnography. ✓The drive and energy of the American people
LESSON 11 LIFE ABROAD (PART II) 1888-92 ✓The natural beauty of the land
First Homecoming 1887-1888 ✓The high standard of living
✓After five years of being away from home, Rizal ✓The opportunities for better life offered to poor
left Rome by train headed for Marseilles, France immigrants
on July 3, 1887. He boarded the Djemnah the
same vessel that ferried him from Singapore in ✓Lack of racial equality
1882. He arrived in Manila in August 5, 1887.
London
✓His homecoming lasted only from August 8, 1887
to February 3, 1888 as it was his last option to ✓Rizal arrived in London on May 25, 1888, and
secure the safety of his family, relative and stayed as a guest at the residence of Dr. Antonio
friends. During his homecoming, he received Ma. Regidor, a practicing lawyer in London and an
harassed and persecution by the friars to his exile of 1872 event. Later, Rizal boarded of the
novel, the Noli, and his involvement with Calamba Beckett Family.
agrarian problem as he spoke in behalf of the
✓ In London, Rizal was acquainted with Dr.
oppressed Calamba tenants and farmers.
Reinhold Rost the librarian of the Ministry of
Hong Kong Foreign Affairs who allowed him to undertake
research in the British Museum.
✓Rizal arrived in the British colony of Hong Kong
on February 8, 1888. ✓While in London, he had a short romance with
Getrude Beckett but he suppressed his emotions
✓In Hong Kong, he wrote on his diary about the towards her.
friars of the Dominican Order as the richest
religious order in Hong Kong, had million of dollars ✓ Some of his notable works while in London were
deposited in various banks earning very high the following; annotation of de Morga’s Sucesos de
interests. las Islas Filipinas, and became member of the
Asociacion la Solidaridad, and the letter upon the
✓Visited Macau for 2 days request of Marcelo H. del Pilar, the Letters to
Young Women of Malolos.
Japan
Paris Exposition of 1889
✓Rizal arrived in Japan on February 28, 1888 and
stayed at Tokyo Hotel for a few days. ✓ ✓founded the Kidlat Club on March 19, 1889 upon
his arrival in Paris. The only aim of the club was
While at Japan, he learned and studied the their camaraderie while enjoying their stay in
Niponggo and Japanese arts and culture. Paris during the entire duration of the exposition
✓He had a short romance with Seiko Usui or O- ✓Witnessed the opening of the Eiffel Tower on
Sei-San. May 6, 1889
✓Rizal felt that he had other duties to fulfill for ✓Participated in the painting competition
his country. So he left Japan.
✓Founded Indios Bravos (replacement of Kidlat) ,
✓On the eve of his departure, he wrote on his member pledged to excel in intellectual and
diary about his affection to Japan physical powers
United States of America Brussels, Belgium, 1890
✓arrived in the United States on April 28, 1888 ✓Rizal moved to Brussels from Paris on January
but was only allowed to disembark until May 4 due 28, 1890. In Brussels, he was busy writing his
second novel while contributing articles in La ✓While in Hong Kong, Rizal practiced as
Solidaridad. ophthalmic surgeon while continue writing essays.

✓Lived in the house managed by Jacoby sisters RIZAL ’S LIFE: EXILE IN DAPITAN

✓While in Brussels, he criticized Filipinos in ARRIVAL IN DAPITAN

Madrid for gambling
Pastells informed Father Obach that Rizal could
✓He received letters informing him the bad live at the parish convent on the following
condition of the Calamba farmers including his conditions:
family
1. That Rizal publicly retract his errors
Madrid, Spain 1890-1891 concerning religion, and make statement
that were clearly pro-Spanish and against
✓In August of 1890, he returned to Madrid and revolution.
tried the best he could to seek justice for his 2. That he perform the church rites and make
family and the Calamba tenants. a general confession of his past life.
✓His family were persecuted in Calamba, Paciano 3. That henceforth be conduct himself in an
and his two brothers-in-law (husband of Narcisa exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and
and Olimpia) were deported to Mindoro while a man of religion Father Superior.
Saturnina’s husband was banished in Bohol. Career and Contributions
✓His returned in Madrid were all disappointments Rizal had maximized his stay in Dapitan by
because of the following; failed to get justice for devoting much of his time
his family, his friend Jose Ma. Panganiban died, he
had conflict with Antonio Luna because of Nelly Improving his artistic and literary skills and doing
Boustead, and the consistence attack of agricultural and civic projects
Wenceslao Retana against him and his family.
Engaging in business activities and writing letters
Biarritz to his friends in Europe to Ferdinand Bluementritt
and Reinhold Rost
✓Rizal arrived in the French Riviera of Biarritz
and was welcomed by the Boustead Family. His careers and achievements in different fields

✓On his one month vacation, he had a short AS A PHYSICIAN

romance with Nelly Boustead whom he found her
to be a real Filipina. Rizal provided free medicine to his patients, most
of them were underprivileged.
✓He even proposed a marriage to her but never
realized because he need to give up his Catholic August 1893, when his mother, Dońa
faith because Nelly’s family was protestant, also TeodoraAlonzo, was placed under opthalmic
Nelly’s mother did not like Rizal. surgery for the third time.

✓While in Biarritz, the El Filibusterismo was He had also wealthy patients who paid him well
already finished, and he stopped writing for la for his excellent surgical skills
Solidaridad. However, Alonzo, ignored her son’s instructions
Ghent and removed the bandages in her eyes which lead
to irritation and infection.
✓Rizal moved to Ghent and lived in an affordable
boarding house with Jose Alejandro as room mate. AS AN ENGINEER

✓The El Filibusterismo came off the press Rizal applied his knowledge through the
September 18, 1891. waterworks system he constructed in Dapitan.

✓A friend Valentin Ventura of Paris financially From his knowledge as agrimensor, he widened his
helped Rizal published the Fili. knowledge by reading engineering – related books.

Hong Kong, 1891-92 AS AN EDUCATOR

✓Rizal arrived in Hong Kong on November 20, Rizal by 16 established a school in Dapitan which
1891. He was welcomed by the Filipino residents, was attended by young boys
especially his old friend, Jose Ma. Basa. Instead of charging them for the matriculation, he
✓On December, Rizal was reunited with his made the students do community projects for him
family. Together in celebrating Christmas were his like maintaining his garden and field
parents, Paciano, sisters Lucia, Josefa and He taught them reading, writing in English and
Trinidad and Olimpia’s husband Silvestre Ubaldo. Spanish, geography, history, mathematics,
industrial work, nature study, morals and Chinese, Japanes, Portuguese, Swedish and
gymnastics. Russian.

AS AN AGRICULTURIST AS A SCIENTIST

Rizal devoted time in planting important crops and They explored the jungles and searched for
fruit- bearing tress From the United States, he specimens which he sent to museums in Europe,
imported agricultural machinery and introduced to particularly in Dressed Museum
the native farmers of Dapitan the modern
agricultural methods Rizal also visualized of In return, scientific books and surgical instruments
having an agricultural colony in Sitio Ponot, within were delivered to him from the European
the Sindañgan Bay. scientists.

He also made a bulk of other researches and

studies in the fields of ethnography, archaeology,
AS A BUSINESSMAN geology, anthropology and geography

1992 Rizal, with his partner,Ramon Carreon, tried Rizal's most significant contribution in the
his luck in the fishing,hemp and copra industries scientific world was his discovery of three species:
Draco rizali – flying dragon, Apogonia rizali – small
2004 To teach the fisher folks of the new fishing beetle, and Rhacophorus rizali – rare frog.
methods, using a big net calledpukutan
Rizal also partakes in civic works in Dapitan he
2015 -But the industry in which Rizal became more
2015 successful was in hemp, shipping the said also provided lighting system – coconut oil lamps
product to a foreign firm in Manila. posted in dark streets

AS AN INVENTOR He beautified Dapitan by remodelling the town

plaza, with the aid of his Jesuit teacher, Fr.
According to Rizal, the wooden lighter's Francisco Sanchez, and created a relief map of
mechanism was based on the principle of Mindanao right in front the church.
compressed air
LESSON 13 RIZAL’S TRIAL
he invented a special type of lighter called
sulpukan which he sent to Blumentritt as a gift. After Exile in Dapitan

Another of his inventions was the wooden ✓received a confirmation on being a volunteer
brickmaker can manufacture about 6,000 bricks a doctor to Cuba
day.
✓left Dapitan on July 31, 1896
AS AN ARTIST
✓arrived in Manila on August 6, 1896
he had contributed his talent in the Sisters of
Charity who were preparing for the arrival of the ✓stayed in steamer Castilla for almost a month
image of the Holy Virgin while waiting for a vessel bound for Spain

Rizal was actually the person who modeledthe Rizal Sails to Spain for Cuba
image's right foot ✓boarded the steamer Isla de Panay bound for
He also conceptualize its curtain, which was Barcelona, Spain (September 3, 1896)
oilpainted by a Sister under his instruction ✓the captain of Isla de Panay informed Rizal that
He also sculptured the statuette called “The he received an order through a telegram from the
Mother's Revenge” which represented his dog, Minister of War that the former has to be arrested
Syria, avenging her puppy to a crocodile which and detained in captain’s cabin
killed it. ✓arrived in Barcelona (Oct. 3, 1896) but only to
AS A LINGUIST be informed he will ship back to the Philippines

Rizal was interested in the languages used in ✓the steamer arrived in Manila (Nov. 3, 1896)
Dapitan under tight security

He studied and made comparisons of the ✓Rizal was brought and incarcerated at Fort
Bisayanand Malayan languages existing in the Santiago
region. ✓the Spanish authorities commenced their
Rizal had knowledge in 22 languages: Tagalog, expedition of fishing all evidence that can b used
Ilocano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, against Rizal
English, French, German, Arabic, Malayan, The arrival of the steamer Colon in Manila brought
Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, too much jubilation on the part of the friars and
the Spaniards, as the leader of the revolution 4. If I were the chief of the revolution, why did
could now be made to answer for a crime he they not consult me on their plans?
committed against the Spanish government. Under
heavy guard, Rizal was brought to Fort Santiago 5. I was not the founder of La Solidaridad and the
pending the persecution of his case. He was held Association HispanoFilipino
incommunicado for almost four weeks in his 6. I had nothing to do with the introduction of
detention cell. masonry in the Philippines. Serrano had a higher
In the meantime, the Spanish authorities were degree than I had. If I were the head, since when
very much preoccupied with the gathering and does an officer permit himself to be promoted to
fabrication of evidences to be used against him. a captain general?

The Preliminary Investigation 7. The La Liga did not live long. It died a natural
death after my banishment to Dapitan.
✓Col. Francisco Olive, the Judge Advocate of the
Spanish military tribunal summoned Rizal to 8. If the La Liga was re-organized nine month
appear before him (Nov. 20, 1896) later, I was totally unaware of it.

✓Two kinds of evidences presented by Olive to 9. It was true that I wrote statutes of the La Liga.
Rizal; documentary and testimonial The La Liga, however, is a civic association whose
purposes are unity and development of commerce
✓Documentary, includes the letters of Antonio and industry.
Luna, MH del Pilar, the poems, transcripts
speeches of Emilio Jacinto and Jose Santiago 10. While it was true that there were some bitter
statements in my letters, it was because they
✓Testimonial, includes oral statements of people were written when my family was being
who had been associated with him persecuted, being dispossessed of their houses and
lands; and my brother and brother-in-law were
The Arraignment of Rizal rusticated without due process of law.
✓Rizal chose Luis Taviel de Andrade, the brother 11. It was not true that the revolution was
of Jose taviel de Andrade who was his bodyguard inspired in one of my speeches at the houses of
during his six-month stay in Calamba four years Doroteo Ongjungco, as alleged by the witnesses
ago (1892) whom I would like to confront. My friends knew
✓He was accused of the complex crime of very well about my vehement opposition to an
rebellion as he was the principal organizer and the armed rebellion.
living soul of the insurrection, the founder of 12. Why did the Katipunan send an emissary to me
societies, periodicals and books dedicated to the in Dapitan, who was a total stranger to me?
fomenting and propagating the ideas of rebellion Because those who knew me were cognizant that I
The Trial would never sanction any violent movement.

✓Rizal’s case was turned over to Capt. Rafael 13. My life in Dapitan had been exemplary, as
Dominguez (Special Judge Advocate) on December evidenced by my productive activities for the
19, 1896 for prosecution welfare of the people. Even the politicomilitary
commanders and missionary priests could attest to
✓Dominguez urged the court to give a verdict of this.
death penalty to the accused
✓The verdict of the military court was submitted
✓For Taviel de Andrade Rizal was not guilty as to Governor Polavieja
the following conditions were not existed; ocular
inspection, confession of the accused, credible ✓The verdict stated the found Rizal guilty beyond
witnesses, official documents or conclusive reasonable doubt and therefore should be
evidences condemned to death by firing squad

Rizal’s Defense Rizal’s Trial

1. I am not guilty of rebellion as I even advised Dr. ✓Rizal’s trial was a clear case of mistrial-a very
Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution clear confirmation of the injustice of the Spanish
Regime (Zaide&Zaide). It was a deliberate effort
2. The revolutionists used my name without my to condemned Rizal to death for the following
knowledge. If I were guilty, I could have escaped reasons:
from Singapore.
1. Rizal was a civilian but was tried by a military
3. If I had a hand in the Katipunan revolution, I tribunal
could have escaped Dapitan and should have not
built a house there. 2. Rizal was already condemned guilty even before
the trial
3. All allegations against Rizal were accepted by I ask your forgiveness for the pain I cause you, but
the court but not the arguments and evidence in someday I shall have to die and it is better that I
his favor; die now in the plenitude of my conscience. Dear
parents, brother, and sisters give thanks to God
4. Rizal was not allowed to confront witnesses that I may preserve my tranquility before my
against him nor his counsel to cross-examine then; death. I die resigned, hoping that my death you
and will be left in peace. Ah! It is better to die than to
5. Evidence to convict Rizal did not have any live suffering. Console yourselves. I enjoin you to
bearing on his alleged commission of the complex forgive one another the little meanness of life and
crime of rebellion. try to live united in peace and good harmony.
Treat your old parents, as you would like to be
Rizal’s Trial According to Guerrero treated by your children. Love them very much in
my memory. Bury me in the ground. Place a stone
✓Rizal was neither guilty nor innocent and a cross over it-my name, the date of my birth,
and of my death. Nothing more. If later you wish
✓Evidences used by the military court were not
to surround my grave with fence, you can do so.
sufficient to warrant the finding of guilty and the
No anniversaries. I prefer Paang Bundok. Have pity
concomitant imposition of death penalty
on poor Josephine. The
✓Rizal was really innocent of the accusation that
Excerpt from National Heroes Commission, 1964
he was the moving spirit behind the revolution
started by Bnofacio and the Katipunan.. Dear brother,
LESSON 14 RIZAL’S DEATH It has been four and a half years that we have not
seen each other or have addressed one another in
Rizal’s Last Remaining Hours
writing or orally. I do not believe this is due to
✓The verdict of death sentence was read to Rizal lack of affection either on my part or yours, but
on December 29, 1896. Rizal refused to sign it because knowing each other so well, we had no
owing to his innocence and objection to his being need of words to understand each other. Now I am
labeled as a Chinese mestizo… later he affixed his going to die, it is to you I dedicate my last words
signature as law required it. to tell you how much I regret to leave you alone in
life bearing all the weight of the family and of our
✓The last 24 hours spent on writing and old parents.
accommodating visitors especially his family
I think of how you have worked to enable me to
✓Rizal asked Doña Teodora to secure the have a career. I believe that I have tried not to
permission of the authorities for his family to bury waste my time. My brother, if the fruit has been
his dead body bitter, it is not my fault, it is the fault of
circumstances. T know that you have suffered
✓He gave a wicker chair to Narcisa
much because of me. I am sorry. I assure you
✓He gave handkerchief to her niece, Angelica brother, that I die innocent of this crime of
rebellion. If my former writings had been able to
✓He gave the alcohol burner to Trinidad contribute towards it, I should not deny
(contained a copy of a poem, the Mi Ultimo Adios) absolutely, but then I believe I expiated my past
with my exile. Tell our father that I remember
Rizal’s Last Remaining Hours
him, but how? I remember my whole childhood,
Knowing that his message and poem could be kept his tenderness and his love. Ask him to forgive me
for posterity, Rizal then rested, feeling that his for the pain I cause him unwillingly.
mission was over. One by one, his memory of the
✓Rizal gave Josephine Bracken the book of
distant and immediate past flashes back to him.
Thomas Kemphis’ Imitation of Christ
His tranquility, however, was disturbed by the
footsteps and voices outside his prison cell. ✓Rizal’s last letter for his father
Meantime, the Jesuits came back to see Rizal to
convince him to retract his alleged religious errors Excerpt from National Heroes Commission, 1964
and return to the fold of Catholicism.
My Beloved Father,
The Execution
Pardon me for the pain I repay you for sorrows and
✓Woke up early and took time to write two sacrifices for my education. I did not want or
letters; for his family and the other one for prefer it.
Paciano
The Last Walk
Excerpt from National Heroes Commission, 1964
✓Rizal sported a black suit and vest with a black
To My Family, hat
✓His arms were tied behind his back

✓Accompanied by Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Fr.

March, Fr. Villaclara and the platoon of Spanish
soldiers

✓A crowd of Filipinos and foreigners was able to

inch to the cordon formed by the Spanish soldiers
to take a last glimpse of Rizal

✓Rizal requested the commander of the cavalry

that he be shot facing his executioners considering
that he was not a traitor, the request was denied

✓As the commander shouted fuego, the guns of

the firing squad rang out in a row

✓Rizal slowly turned his back to the firing squad,

faced the sea and fell to the ground

✓The military band played the Marcha de Cadiz,

Spain’s national hymn and muerte a los traidores
(death to the traitors) was heard all over the
place.

✓Rizal died, in the morning of Dec. 30, 1896

Rizal had died but he lives in the hearts of the

people, as a martyr to Filipino freedom (Capino
et.al, 1977). His leadership- being direct,
enlightened, liberal, democratic, progressive,
compassionate and peaceful- was the crowning
glory of his service to the Filipino people. This
kind of leadership that he manifested can be
gleaned from his writings and personal examples.
Here lies his excellence as an individual, a man
with a purpose and conscience

Rizal’s Mi Ultimo Adios

✓This poem was the longest and untitled

✓According to Coates (1968), this poem is

remarkable for it achieves 4 separate purposes

1. It is a poem of farewell

2. It is an appeal to the Filipinos, not forget him 3.

It is Rizal’s last will and testament

4. It is Rizal’s autobiography

✓When it was published in La Independencia, the

title was made as Mi Ultimo Adios

✓For Osias (1972), the poem depicts Rizal, the

supreme patriot

✓An epic poem expressive of idealism, morality

and spirituality