Introduction - ISEB Accounting
Introduction - ISEB Accounting
I - - D European of Barcelona
                                    ANNOUNCEMENT
Méritos, S.A., a newly incorporated company, has carried out the following transactions
during its first fiscal year. Do not forget to calculate the corresponding VAT on all
transactions subject to VAT.
1. The decision to create the company was made on January 25. On that date, a capital
   stock of €100,000 was established.
              ■ Response:
                                                  Issued capital pending
   100.000         Shares issued (190)      a                                 100.000
                                                     registration (194)
      First, the shares will be issued for the total value of the Capital Stock. In this
   case, €100.00. Such issuance will be charged to account 190, which will reduce the
   value of Net Equity by the same value of the Capital that remains to be registered.
2. The capital is fully subscribed by the shareholders, who initially pay €25,000 in cash
   into the company's bank account.
             ■ Response:
                Uncalled disbursement
   100.000                                  a      Shares issued (190)      100.000
                     partners(103)
              Banks and credit institutions      Uncalled disbursement
    25.000                                  a                                 25.000
                         (572)                       partners(103)
4. On February 10, we receive the invoice from the notary, which amounts to 1,000
   euros in fees, plus 210 euros VAT (21%) minus a withholding tax of 15%. This amount
   is paid by bank transfer.
                                                                                            1
   I Q p Q Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
             ■ Response:
                                               Banks and credit institutions
     1.000      Voluntary reserves (113)     a                                      1.060
                                                          (572)
                                                   HP Withholdings by
      210            VAT borne (472)         a                                      150
                                                   professionals (4751)
     ■ Response:
                           Issued capital pending
             100.000                                  a      Capital stock (100)     100.000
                              registration (194)
      The Capital Stock is recorded, eliminating account 194, against the creation of
   the definitive account, 100. Capital stock, for the total value thereof.
6. On February 21, we received the invoice from the Mercantile Registry, which
   amounts to 2,000 € of fees plus 21% VAT minus a withholding tax of 15%. This amount
   is paid by bank check.
             ■ Response:
                                                    Banks and credit institutions
    2.000       Voluntary reserves (113)     a                                       2.120
                                                               (572)
                                                        HP Withholdings by
     420            VAT borne (472)          a                                        300
                                                        professionals (4751)
      As the payment of the invoice of item 4 was recorded, the invoice of the
   Commercial Registry has the same nature, so it will be charged to the Minority
   interest account of Shareholders' Equity 113 Voluntary Reserves.
7. On February 25, a loan of €60,000 is requested from the bank to be repaid in 6
   months. It records the granting of the loan by the financial institution (it is not
   necessary to make any record relating to the interest on the loan).
             ■ Response:
             Banks and credit institutions     Short-term loans from credit
   60.000                                   a                                60.000
                        (572)                  institutions (5200)
      The payment of the €60,000 to the bank account represents an obligation, in this
   case a short-term one, since it will be repaid in less than one year (one year being
   understood as a normal cycle in the company's activity).
                                                                                               2
   I Q p Q Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
8. On March 1, a commercial space is rented to develop its activity at a rate of €30,000
   per year. The full annual fee, corresponding to the first yearly payment, is paid on
   the same day by bank transfer. This type of income is subject to 21% VAT and 19%
   personal income tax withholding.
              ■ Response:
                                                  Banks and credit institutions
    25.250                                    a                                    25.750
                 Leases and royalties (621)                  (572)
                                                      HP Withholdings by
    5.250            VAT borne (472)          a                                     4.750
                                                      professionals (4751)
      Although the annual payment totals €30,000, in this fiscal year it will be paid as
   of March 1, so the taxable income for this fiscal year for this concept will be
   €25,000, and from which the rest of the accounts for taxes or withholdings will be
   calculated.
9. 5,000, plus VAT, was purchased for the office on March 15. On the same day, it
   purchases computers and printers worth €2,250 plus VAT from the same supplier. An
   agreement is reached with the fixed asset supplier to pay half of the invoice on the
   date of purchase by means of a transfer, and a bill of exchange is issued for the
   remainder, maturing on June 30.
              ■ Response:
                                                   Suppliers, trade accounts
    5.000             Furniture (216)                                               4.387
                                                         payable (401)
                  Information processing      a
    2.250                                         Banks and credit institutions
                     equipment (217)                                                4.387
                                                             (572)
    1.523             VAT borne (472)
      The payment is divided into two tranches, one in cash and the other as a bill of
   exchange. The latter is recorded as a bill of exchange payable, rather than as a
   direct debt to the supplier, since, due to the nature of the bill of exchange, the debt
   may become payable to another person/entity.
10. On March 20, goods are purchased for sale: 1,000 units with a unit value of €25,
   which are owed to the supplier.
■ Response:
     25.000
                  Purchases of goods (600)    a        Suppliers (4000)           30.250
     5.250            VAT borne (472)
The account remains to be paid. A short-term debt is created directly with the
                                                                                             3
   I Q p Q Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
   supplier for the total value of the invoice.
              ■ Response:
                                                      Rebates for purchases of
                                                                                    1.000
     1.210           Suppliers (4000)        a             goods (6090)
                                                         VAT borne (472)            210
      The reduction for a value of 1.000€ of merchandise also reduces the amount of
   VAT borne.
12. The supplier of the above items asks you for a bill of exchange for the value of the
   debt, which is accepted.
              ■ Response:
                                                      Suppliers, trade accounts
     29.040          Suppliers (4000)        a                                    29.040
                                                            payable (401)
      We cancel the account receivable from Suppliers (4000), to create a new bill of
   exchange in account 401, which is added to the one created in point 9. The amount
   has already been reduced in the previous point with the return of the goods.
13. On April 20, 700 units of merchandise are sold at €50 per unit.
   Response:
                                              Sale of goods (700)      35.000
42.350          Customers (4300)        a
                                            VAT Recoverable (477)       7.350
      It is understood that the sale is not paid in cash, so we create the account 4300
   Customers, for the total value of the invoice.
      On April 20, VAT for the first quarter is also settled:
 7.350
         Tax authorities, output VAT (477)           Inland Revenue, input
                                                 a                         12.443
                                                           VAT (472)
 5.093
          Taxes receivable for VAT (4700)
      After the first 3 months of the company's activity, a higher amount of VAT is
   deducted, which indicates, for the time being, a debt owed by the tax authorities to
   the company.
14. On that date, merchandise valued at €1,800 was returned to them.
                                                                                            4
    I Q p Q Instituto Superior
    I - - D European of Barcelona
■ Response: ■
                 Merchandise sales returns
       1.800
                         (7080)            a           Customers (4300)          2.178
        378       VAT Recoverable (477)
       It reduces the customer's debt for the value of the refund (we take the €1,800 as
   the base), as well as the corresponding VAT, which will no longer be charged. We
   charge against a revenue sub-account, 7080, which will decrease revenue, as it is a
   return.
15. On April 25, the debt with the supplier of item 10 is paid, taking into account the
   discount given by the supplier, and the sale of item 13 is collected by transfer,
   taking into account the units returned by the customer.
               ■ Response:
                Suppliers, trade accounts      Banks and credit institutions
    29.040                                                                   29.040
                      payable (401)                       (572)
                                             a
               Banks and credit institutions
                                                    Customers (4300)
    40.172                (572)                                              40.172
16. On the same day, a business management software program is purchased for
   €3,200. 300 € of this amount is deducted from the invoice due to a commercial
   offer. In addition, it is necessary to hire an IT specialist to install it, which is charged
   at 300 €. Everything is paid by bank.
■ Response:
                                                                                                  5
   I C p Q Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
     3.500                                       Banks and credit institutions
              Computer applications (206) a                                      4.235
                                                            (572)
      735         VAT borne (472)
      We understand that the €3,200 of the invoice is the result of applying the
   discount of €300. On the other hand, the cost (300 €) required for its start-up is
   added to the value of the asset.
17. The partners must pay the remaining capital on May 10. The requirement of
   disbursement to members is recorded.
            ■ Response:
                  Partners for required             Uncalled disbursement
    75.000                                   a                                   75.000
                  disbursements (5580)                  partners(103)
18. The following day, the partners make the disbursement by deposit in the company's
   bank account.
             ■ Response:
              Banks and credit institutions         Partners for required
    75.000                                  a                                    75.000
                         (572)                      disbursements (5580)
      The outstanding amount is credited to the company's bank account. Account 5580
   is cancelled, so that 100% of the capital stock is paid in.
19. On June 9, 8,000 units are purchased at €30 per unit. On the same day, 7,000 units
   are sold at 55 € per unit.
             ■ Response:
  240.000       Purchases of goods (600)       Banks and credit institutions
                                                                             290.400
   50.400           VAT borne (472)                       (572)
                                             a
                                                   Sale of goods (700)       385.000
  465.850           Customers (4300)
                                                 VAT Recoverable (477)        80.850
      We understand that these operations, on the one hand, are paid in cash
   (purchase of goods), and on the other hand, a Customer debt is generated (sale),
   based on the following points of the statement.
                                                                                          6
   I Q p n Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
20. The customer from the previous point is asked for some bills of exchange to
   formalize the debt and he delivers them to the customer. You deduct them at the
   bank the next day. The financial institution charges interest of €4,200 for the
   discount.
              ■ Response:
   465.850 Trade receivables, trade bills a          Customers (4300)            465.850
                    receivable (431)
      First, we will convert the customer's debt into a bill of exchange at
   collect. It is then deducted at the bank:
               Banks and credit institutions      Debts for discounted bills of
   461.650                                                                      465.850
                          (572)                        exchange (5208)
              Interest from discounting of
    4.200      bills of exchange at other a
                credit institutions (6653)  Bills of exchange receivable
                                                                         465.850
                                                        (4310)
              Discounted bills of exchange
   465.850
                          (4311)
             At this point, we will have collected the value of the bill minus the
   interest, which will go to expense account. In turn, we contract with the bank the
   obligation to pay the bill of exchange debt in case the customer does not make the
   payment. We will pay off that debt as soon as the customer fulfills his obligation.
21. On July 1, a total of 1,000 units of goods are purchased at a value of €25 each. Half
   plus VAT is paid in cash and the remainder is payable to the supplier.
              ■ Response:
                                                 Banks and credit institutions
    25.000      Purchases of goods (600)                                          17.750
                                               a            (572)
     5.250           VAT borne (472)                   Suppliers (4000)           12.500
      Only half of the taxable amount of the invoice is owed to the supplier, as the VAT
   is paid in cash together with the other half of the BI.
                                                                                            7
   I Q p n Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
22. On July 15, returns of purchases related to the previous purchase, amounting to
   €3,000, will be made. Suppliers are compensated with the debt.
              ■ Response:
                                                   Returned goods purchases
     3.000           Suppliers (4000)        a                                    3.000
                                                            (6080)
      In this case, the debt is reduced by the same value of the goods, since the
   amount of VAT linked has already been paid and is not part of the debt.
   On July 15, VAT for the first quarter is also settled:
                                                         472. Inland Revenue,
                                                                                  56.385
                                                         input VAT (472)
    87.822     Tax authorities, output VAT (477)     a
                                                         Treasury, VAT creditor   31.437
                                                                 (4750)
      During this quarter, the activity has resulted in a significant difference between
output and input VAT.
23. On August 20, purchase rebates of €1,500 are obtained, which are offset against
   debt from suppliers.
              ■ Response:
                                                  Rebates for purchases of
    1.500            Suppliers (4000)        a                                    1.500
                                                        goods (6090)
      As in the previous point, the "rebate" will reduce net debt,
   without having any effect on a VAT that had been paid.
24. On September 1, the remaining debt to suppliers is paid.
              ■ Response:
                                              Banks and credit institutions
    8.000            Suppliers (4000)        a                                     8.000
                                                           (572)
The debt remaining after the previous transactions is settled.
25. On October 1, a lease of two vehicles is contracted:
            a. The first with the following conditions:
                   I. Approximate use: 40,000 km/year.
                  II. Contract: 4 years.
                III. Monthly cost of leasing: 400 €/month.
                         IV. Market value of the vehicle: 40,000 €.
            b. The second vehicle will have the following conditions:
                 V. Approximate use: 80,000 km/year.
                VI. Contract: 5 years.
               VII. Monthly cost of leasing: 1,000 €/month.
                                                                                           8
      I Q p n Instituto Superior
      I - - D European of Barcelona
                  VIII. Market value of the vehicle: 40,000 €.
The first monthly installment of the two leases will be paid on October 1. The payment
of this installment and the rest of the monthly installments until the end of the fiscal
year is recorded.
■ Response:
                ■ Response:
        200     Exceptional expenses (678)       Banks and credit institutions
                                               a                                   1.300
       1.100     Insurance premiums (625)                     (572)
          Expenses for administrative penalties will not be deductible. In addition, none of
these costs are subject to VAT.
         The insurance premium expense is now computed as a total expense. At the end
of the fiscal year, we will regularize the situation by eliminating from the expense item
the amount corresponding to 9 months of the next year, to be charged to account 480.
                                                                                               9
      I Q p n Instituto Superior
      I - - D European of Barcelona
Prepaid expenses.
         We will reflect the value of account 678. Exceptional expenses in the P&G table
in section 11.a) Impairment and losses, as it is an insignificant amount compared to the
rest. This decision is made on the basis of BOICAC 77 Consultation 5, which requires this
solution for the case.
         As was the case in the first four months of the year, the company has borne more
VAT than it has charged, increasing account 4700.
28.On November 1, a machine valued at €20,000 is purchased. Its useful life is 4 years
   and its residual value is 500 €. It is agreed that payment will be made by bank on
   December 1. It is known that the machine will have retirement costs of €1,000 at
   the end of its useful life and that the discount rate is 5%. Make the journal entries
   for the year, as well as for the following years (bearing in mind that these future
   years will not have an impact on the current year's annual accounts).
             ■ Response:
      We begin by recording the payment of the vehicle leasing fee:
           Accounts payable for services     Banks and credit institutions
   1.694                                 a                                           1.694
                   rendered (410)                        (572)
                                                                                             1
                                                                                             0
   I Q p n Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
  Regarding the acquisition of the machine:
                                          Suppliers of fixed assets
20.975,35      Machinery (213)                                          24.200
                                               payable (523)
                                       a
                                            Provision for dismantling,
  4.200           VAT borne (472)                                       975,35
                                           retirement or rehabilitation
                                               of fixed assets (143)
      First, the value of the asset is increased by the amount resulting from calculating
the present value of the dismantling, following the recording and valuation standard
2ª Property, plant and equipment.
      In the following years, both the depreciation of the asset and the updating of the
value of the allowance account by 5% will be recorded, as follows:
      December 31, 20x0
               Depreciation of property,   Accumulated depreciation of
    854,17                               a                                    854,17
               plant and equipment (681)        machinery (2813)
      In this fiscal year, the proportional part will be amortized, i.e., from November 1
to December 31 (two full months). In the following periods, we will amortize the twelve
months, until we reach the last period in which the remaining proportional part (ten
months) will be amortized.
      We also updated the provision liability account, charged to financial expense
account 660. It will be calculated on the basis of the original cost of 1,000 euros, not
the updated value. It will follow the same dynamics as amortization, with interest
accruing on a calendar year basis.
                                                                                            1
                                                                                            1
   I C p Q Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
                                                 Provision for dismantling,
                         Interest expense
                                                       retirement or
          8,33         from restatement of a                                      8,33
                                                   rehabilitation of fixed
                          provisions (660)
                                                        assets (143)
      December 31 20x1
 5.125     Depreciation of property, a Accumulated depreciation of            5.125
           plant and equipment (681)        machinery (2813)
New depreciation entry for the consecutive year. In this case, as previously mentioned,
twelve months have been calculated.
                                                          Provision for
                      Interest expense              dismantling, retirement
         50,41                               a                                        50,41
                     from restatement               or rehabilitation of fixed
                     of provisions (660)                  assets (143)
                                                                                              1
                                                                                              2
   I C p Q Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
                                           Accumulated depreciation
4.270,83 Depreciation of property, a                                4.270,83
                                              of machinery (2813)
         plant and equipment (681)
               Interest expense from
                                           Provision for dismantling,
  58,36     restatement of provisions a                                 58,36
                                          retirement or rehabilitation
                        (660)
                                              of fixed assets (143)
        Finally, we will update the amortization for the remaining value of the last fiscal
year, i.e. ten months, as well as the financial expenses, which has been running at the
same rate.
29. On November 15, two different improvement projects were contracted for different
    parts of the production process. The cost amounts to €28,500 plus VAT for the first
    and €10,000 plus VAT for the second. Invoices for both projects were received on
    November 15 and are pending payment. At the end of the fiscal year, the conditions
    of the first project will not be met in order to be activated. However, it is known
    that in the case of the latter, the conditions will be met and it will be possible to
    activate it. Make the entries related to the contracting of the projects and those
    corresponding to the end of the fiscal year.
               ■ Response:
               Research and development
    38.500
               expenses for the year (620) a          Suppliers (4000)  46.585
     8.085           VAT borne (472)
        We will understand these improvement projects as an investment in the
production process for its optimization. Thus, we record both amounts in the same
expense account, which will or will not be cancelled depending on the future
activation, or not, of these projects against a revenue account.
       We will in turn generate a debt account with the supplier. Since we do not know
    the duration of the obligation, we will write down a generic account.
       Once we reach the end of the fiscal year, we will reflect the activation of one of
    the projects in the accounting records.
30. On November 25, we were awarded a 100% subsidy for the purchase of a vehicle
    valued at €20,000. The vehicle has a useful life of 5 years. Make the journal entries
    for the year, as well as for the following years (bearing in mind that these future
    years will not have an impact on the current year's annual accounts).
               ■ Response:
        First, we will understand this grant as non-refundable. Knowing this, we will
    record the corresponding income against the Equity account activated upon receipt
    of the grant.
   The rate at which we will amortize the asset account to which the money will be
   allocated will be parallel to the rate at which we will pay off the NP account against
                                                                                              1
                                                                                              3
   I C p Q Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
   an income in P&G.
    In this case, the asset to be recorded will be Transportation elements (218). As a
   note, in this case we will point out the acquisition of an asset, as opposed to item
   25, where a lease was contracted and we did not acquire ownership of the vehicles.
       Resulting in:
               Depreciation of
                                           Accumulated depreciation of
2.082,19    property, plant and a                                             2.082,19
                                           transportation assets (2818)
              equipment (681)
In both the first and last periods, amortization has been prorated as a consequence of
not having been acquired on January 1, as in other cases during the year.
31. On December 31, payroll and social security payments are received from your
employees:
   ■      Response:
        We begin by recording payments corresponding to December 1:
                                                                                          1
                                                                                          4
      I C p Q Instituto Superior
      I - - D European of Barcelona
                 Accounts payable for services               Banks and credit institutions
  1.694                                        a                                               1.694
                       rendered (410)                                   (572)
                   Suppliers of fixed assets                 Banks and credit institutions
  24.200                                       a                                              24.200
                        payable (523)                                   (572)
       On the one hand, the expense accounts corresponding to the payroll distribution
will be charged to the corresponding asset and liability accounts according to the nature
of the relevant contributions or deductions.
      We will count the liability account "Remunerations pending payment (465)" as the
net amount to be transferred to the employee.
32. Payrolls and social security are paid by bank on the same day. ■ Response:
33. Calculate the ending stock, taking into account that at the beginning of the fiscal
    year the initial stock is 0. Performs the calculation using the PMP method. Performs
    the inventory adjustment entry at the end of the fiscal year.
                                                                                                         1
                                                                                                         5
   I C p Q Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
       Regarding the entry to record the change in inventories, we will take into
account the final value recorded, since we were starting from a scenario with zero
inventories:
34. It accounts for the depreciation of assets acquired by the company during the year.
    To do so, you must take into account the following specifications:
a. Amortizes assets:
                                                                                                1
                                                                                                6
  I C p Q Instituto Superior
  I - - D European of Barcelona
                            ■      Response:
                                                       Accumulated amortization of
                Depreciation of property,
  562,50                                  a               information processing        562,50
                plant and equipment (681)
                                                             equipment (2817)
                Depreciation of property,
  383,56                                  a            Accumulated depreciation of      383,56
                plant and equipment (681)
                                                       transportation assets (2818)
                Amortization of intangible
 1.312,50                                  a Accumulated amortization of 1.312,50
                   fixed assets (680)
                                              computer software (2806)
                                                    banks.
3. Confection of the            ■ Response
           account general ledger:
   D      Banks    H           The account         The bank balance shows a debit balance,
                                                   since the debit balance is greater than the
  25.000                          the sum of the a
                                                   sum of the
  60.000
                  2.120
                                  haber.
                  24.900
  40.172                                  After
  75.000                                  cono          In the course of the year, we deduct
  461.650         4.387                                 almost all of the sales made, which
                                   that this is due generates a decrease in the company's
                                   throughout the liquidity.
  10.971                           year,            of
  20.000                           important help n addition, let us not forget that the most
                                   to the               important payment (461,650 euros) is
                  4.235                                 made by the commercial, existing      the
                  290.400                 This does not
                                                                  obligation from
             preclude
                                                        or if the customer does not comply with
                                   The
                  17.750                                the payment of the draft.
                                   discount
                                   com
                  8.000                  .
Balance                 .
                                  respond in case
Due          of
                                                                                                    1
                                                                                                    7
   I C p Q Instituto Superior
   I - - D European of Barcelona
4. Preparation of the Profit and Loss Statement
Excel Attachment.
          ■ Response:
           Income before taxes                      94.174,29
+/- settings 0
Tax rate 25 %
   70.630,72                                 a                               70.630,72
                 Income for the year (129)            Income tax (6300)
                                                                                           1
                                                                                           8