Theory Theorist/ Short Biography Key Concepts Applications of Strengths Criticisms Concept of

Pioneer the Theory Humanity

Analytical Carl Jung - Carl Gustav Jung Levels of the Psyche ● Word - Jung’s ● Jung’s theory ● Humanity is
Psychology was born on July Association approach to is nearly neither
26, 1875 in ● Conscious Test personality was impossible to pessimistic or
Kesswil, - conscious images are - Jung may not be very influential either verify or optimistic,
Switzerland sensed by ego—more the one who first in the early falsify neither
- Carl Gustav Jung, restrictive than Freud’s, used the test but development of > the deterministic
his paternal the center of can be credited personality collective nor purposive
grandfather, was a consciousness, but not with helping to psychology unconscious ● People are
prominent the core of personality develop and refine - today’s related remains a motivated partly
physician in Basel and must be completed it research difficult by conscious
and one of the by the more - originally used (Myers-Briggs concept to test thoughts, partly
best-known men of comprehensive self the technique as Type Indicator) empirically by images from
that city - plays a relatively minor early as 1903 about > concept of their personal
- Both of Jung’s role in analytical when he was a descriptions of archetypes unconscious,
parents were the psychology young psychiatric personality and collective and partly by
youngest of 13 - overemphasis on assistant types was unconscious latent memory
children expanding one’s - the Word related to Jung came from traces inherited
Father - Johann conscious psyche can Association Test in ● Personality Jung’s own from their
Paul Jung was a lead to psychological Jungian Type and experiences ancestral past
minister in the imbalance psychology is used Investing which is ● The
Swiss Reformed ● Personal to uncover Money difficult to motivation of
Church and a Unconscious feeling-toned - Jung’s communicate people comes
sentimental idealist - embraces all complexes description to others, so from both
with strong doubts repressed, forgotten, or - it is based on the about these concepts causal and
about his religious subliminally perceived principle that personality rests more on teleological
faith experiences of one complexes create were related faith than on factors
Mother - Emilie particular individual measurable to risk empirical ● Each person
Preiswerk Jung - formed by our individual emotional tolerance of evidence is a
was the daughter of experiences responses an individual ● Jung’s theory composition of
a theologian and - some can be recalled - Jung used a list when it concerned with opposing forces
was realistic, easily, some with of about 100 comes to classification ● No one is
practical, difficulty, and others are stimulus words investing and typology
warmhearted, but beyond the reach of chosen and money, that can be completely
at the same time consciousness arranged to elicit though not all studied and introverted or
unstable, mystical, > Complex - (1) an an emotional of Jungian tested and have totally
clairvoyant, archaic, emotionally toned reaction, then he personality generated a extraverted,
and ruthless. conglomeration of instructed the types were moderate solely a
- Both religion and associated ideas, (2) person to respond related, the amount of thinking,
medicine were largely personally but to each stimulus researchers research feeling,
prevalent in his they may also be partly word with the first concluded ● Jung’s theory sensing, or
family derived from humanity’s word that came to that has moderate intuitive person
- His parents had collective mind then Jung personality of rating on its ● persona is a
three children, a experiences,(3) and record each verbal investors is ability to fraction of an
son before Carl but may be partly conscious response, time an important organize individual since
only lived for 3 days and may stem from both taken to make a factor for knowledge and every person
and a daughter 9 the personal and the response, rate of financial observation has a dark side,
years younger than collective unconscious breathing, and advisors to ● Jung is the a shadow, and
Carl ● Collective galvanic skin consider only modern most try to
- When Carl was 3 Unconscious response when creating personality conceal it from
years old, he was - inherited and pass from ● Dream Analysis an investment theorists to both society
separated from his one-generation to the - Jung agreed to ● Personality make a serious and themselves
mother who had next as psychic potential Freud that dreams Type and attempt to ● people have
been hospitalized - the contents are more have meaning and Interest in include such a some limited
for several months or less the same for spring from the and Attrition broad scope of capacity to
- Years later he people in all cultures depths of the from human activity determine their
associated woman: - the contents of it do not unconscious and Engineering within a single lives and it is
unreliability, father: lie dormant but are active that their latent - Extraversion theoretical through strong
reliable but and influence a person’s meaning is and feeling framework. will and with
powerless thought, emotions, and expressed in scales help ● Jung’s theory great courage
- During his school actions symbolic form determine the has a low rating ● a person
years, Jung - responsible for people’s - But Jung percent of in practicality who has
gradually became many myths, legends, believed that students who since the achieved
aware of two and religious beliefs people used are more concept of a self-realization
separate aspects of - produces big dreams, symbols to likely to collective has reached
himself, Personality which means dreams represent a variety withdrew from unconscious middle life and
1&2 beyond the individual of concepts to try the course, does not easily has lived
- Between his 16th dreamer and that are to comprehend the which lend itself to successfully
and 19th years, filled with significance for “innumerable researchers empirical through the
Carl Jung people of every time and things beyond the concluded research so stages of
Personality 1 place range of human that those analytical childhood and
emerged as more - does not refer to understanding” who do best psychology is youth
dominant and inherited ideas but rather - dreams are our in certain limited to those ● Jung’s
gradually to humans’ innate unconscious and professions therapists who theory leans
“repressed the tendency to react in a spontaneous are those subscribe to strongly in the
world of intuitive particular way whenever attempt to know whose basic Jungian direction of
premonitions” their experiences the unknowable to personality tenets biology:
- Based on his stimulate a biologically comprehend a type matches ● Jung’s theory collective
theory of attitudes, inherited response reality that can closest with is low on unconscious
Personality 1: tendency only be expressed those already internal which is
extraverted and in ● Archetypes symbolically in the consistency responsible for
tune to the - ancient or archaic - Jungian dream profession since Jung so many
objective world, images that derive from interpretation often employed actions is part
Personality 2: the collective uncover elements - Carl Jung’s several terms to of biological
introverted and unconscious from the personal writing continue describe same inheritance
directed inward - similar to complexes in and collective to fascinate concept, such ● Analytical
toward his that they are emotionally unconscious and students of as regression psychology can
subjective world toned collections of to integrate them humanity and introverted, also be rated
- His first choice of associated images into consciousness - Jungian and high on
profession was - should also be in order to facilitate psychology has progression similarities
archeology but he distinguished from the process of attracted a wide and among people
was also interested instincts, because self-realization audience of extraverted, and low on
in philosophy, archetypes and instinct - Dreams includes both and Jung also individual
history, philosophy, are unconsciously big dreams, which professional did not define differences
and the natural determined and both can have special and lay people terms
sciences help shape personality meaning for all - Overall, operationally
- Due to limited - have a biological basis people, typical Jung’s theory ● Jung’s theory
financial resources, but originate through the dreams, which are about has low rating
Carl Jung enrolled repeated experiences of common to most personality help on parsimony
in Basel University, humans’ early ancestors people, and us today to since his
a school without an - dreams are the main understand and psychology is
archeology teacher, source of archetypal earliest dreams conclude the more
instead, he chose material, and certain remembered possible cumbersome
natural science that dreams offer what Jung ● Active underlying than necessary
was eventually considered proof for the Imagination reasons what
narrowed to existence of the - the technique and why do
medicine archetype Jung used during people do what
- His father died > Persona his own they do
when he was in his - the side of personality self-analysis and
first year of medical that people show to the as well as with
school leaving him world many of his
with his mother and - refers to the mask patients
sister worn by actors in the - the method
-Carl Jung became early theater requires a person
a psychiatric - originated for with any
assistant to Eugene experiences with his impression, a
Bleuker at first personality, a dream image,
Burghöltzli Mental personality that make vision, picture, or
Hospital in Zürich accommodations to the fantasy, and to
after completing his outside world concentrate until
medical degree - necessary side of our the impression
from the University personality begins to move
in 1900 - if we over identify our - The person must
- During persona, we lose touch follow these
1902-1903, Jung with our inner self and images to
studies for 6 remain dependent on wherever they lead
months in Paris society’s expectation of and then
with Pierre Janet us courageously face
but eventually > Shadow these autonomous
returned to - the archetype of images and freely
Switzerland and darkness and communicate with
married Emma repression them
Rauschenbach, a - represents those - the purpose of
young sophisticated qualities we do not active imagination
woman from a wish to acknowledge is to reveal
wealthy Swiss but attempt to hide archetypal images
family from ourselves and emerging from the
- After two years of others unconscious
marriage, he began - consists of morally - it can be useful
teaching at the objectionable for people who
University of Zürich tendencies as well a a want to become
while continuing his number of constructive better acquainted
duties at the and creative qualities with their collective
hospital that we are reluctant to and personal
- When Carl Jung face unconscious and
read the book of - people who never who are willing to
Freud about realize their shadow overcome the
Interpretation of may come under its resistance that
Dreams, he was power and lead tragic ordinary blocks
not much lives, constantly open
impressed but running into “bad luck” communication
decided to reread it and reaping harvest of with the
and make his own defeat and unconscious
understanding or discouragement for - it has the
interpretation of his themselves advantage over
own dreams > Anima dream analysis in
- 1906, when Freud - few men, task requires that its images are
and Jung became a great courage and is produced during a
steady even more difficult than conscious state of
correspondence becoming acquainted mind that made it
and the following with their shadow more clear and
year, Freud invited - originated from early reproducible
Jung and his wife to men’s experiences with - patients who
Vienna which leads woman, mothers, were inclined to
them to have a sisters, and lovers that draw, paint, or
strong mutual combined to form a express in some
respect and generalized picture of other nonverbal
affection for one woman manner were
another > Animus questioned about
- Due to Freud’s - the masculine the progression of
impression of Jung, archetype in women their fantasies
who is being a man - represents irrational ● Psychotherapy
of great intellect, he moods and feelings, 4 Basic
was selected to be symbolic of thinking approaches to
the first president of and reasoning therapy:
the International - capable of influencing 1. Confession of a
Psychoanalytic the thinking of a pathogenic secret
Association woman (by Joseph Breuer
- Emma , his wife, - belongs to the and his patient
and Antonia Wolff, collective unconscious Anna O.)
his patients, are the - originates from the 2. Interpretation,
two women who encounters of explanation, and
shared Jung’s life prehistoric women with elucidation (Freud)
for nearly 40 years men 3. education of
where Emma > Great Mother patients as social
received his - derivatives of the beings (Adler)
Personality 1 and anima and animus 4. Transformation
Antonia received - everyone possesses a (Jung)
his Personality 2 great mother archetype - the therapist
- Having Antonia in - represents two must first be
Jung’s Life, she opposing forces: transformed into a
does not appear in fertility and healthy human
Jung’s nourishment, and being by
posthumously power and destruction undergoing
published - fertility and psychotherapy
autobiography, nourishment: tree, - after
Memories, Dreams, garden, plowed field, transformation and
Reflection sea, heaven, home, an established
- Alam Elms country, church, and philosophy of life is
discovered that hollow objects the therapist able
Jung perhaps wrote - power and destruction: to help patients
something about godmother, Mother of move toward
Antonia but it was God, Mother Nature, individuation,
never published Mother Earth, a step wholeness, or
and his children mother, or a witch self-realization
were not in a - fertility and power - transformation is
generous mood to combined to form the especially
perpetuate concept of rebirth, employed with
knowledge of his which is represented patients who are in
affair by such process as the second half of
- In 1913, Jung and reincarnation, baptism, life and who are
Freud terminated resurrection, and concerned with
their personal individuation or realization of inner
correspondence self-realization self, with moral
and the following > Wise Old Man and religious
year, Jung resigned - archetype of wisdom problems, and with
the presidency and and meaning finding a unifying
shortly afterward - symbolizes humans’ philosophy of life
withdrew his pre-existing knowledge - the treatment
membership in the of the mysteries of life varied according to
International - unconscious and the age, stage of
Psychoanalytic cannot be directly development, and
Association experiences by a particular problem
- After that, Jung single individual of the patient
was filled with - personified in dreams - the ultimate
loneliness and as father, grandfather, purpose of
self-analysation teacher, philosopher, Jungian therapy is
and eventually on guru, doctor, or priest to help neurotic
December of 1913 > Hero patients become
until 1937, he - represented in healthy and to
underwent the most mythology and legends encourage healthy
profound and as a powerful person, people to work
dangerous sometimes part fod, independently
experience of his who fights against toward
life which is a trip great odds to conquer self-realization
through the or vanquish evil in the Counter
underground of his form of dragons, transference
own unconscious monsters, serpents, or - describe a
psyche—this was demons therapist’s
referred to as - when the hero feelings toward
“creative illness” by conquers the villain, he the patient
Marvin Goldwert or she frees us from - can be either a
- Jung’s journey feelings of impotence help or a
may be dangerous and misenergy, at the hindrance to
and painful but it same time, serving as treatment,
was necessary and our model for the ideal depending on
fruitful and personality whatever it leads
eventually was able - symbolically to a better
to create his unique overcoming the relationship
theory of darkness of pre human between doctor
personality unconsciousness and patient
- He wrote down > Self - no universal
everything that he - each person description of a
experience and possesses an inherited person who has
although he tendency to move successfully
traveled widely in toward growth, completed that
his study of perfection, and analytical
personality, he still completion treatment is
remained as a - the archetypes of possible
citizen of archetypes
Switzerland - it pulls together the
- Jung and Emma other archetypes and
had 5 children, 4 unites them in the
girls and a boy process of
- Jung was a self-realization
Christian but did - possesses conscious
not attend church, and personal
his hobbies unconscious
includes carving, components but it is
stone cutting, and mostly formed by
sailing his boat on collective unconscious
Lake Constance image
- Jung maintained - symbolized by a
his interest in person’s ideas of
alchemy, perfection, completion,
archeology, and wholeness
gnosticism, Eastern - its ultimate symbol is
philosophies, mandala, which is
history, religion, depicted as a circle
mythology, and within a square and
ethnology represents the strivings
- In 1944, he of the collective
become professor unconscious for unity,
of medical balance, and
psychology at the wholeness
University of Basel
but due to poor Dynamics of
health he was Personality
forced to resign ● Causality and
- Because of his Teleology
wife’s death, he Causality
was mostly alone - holds present events
and eventually died that have their origin in
June 6, 1961, in previous experiences
Zürich, a few weeks - could not explain all
short of his 86th motivation
birthday Teleology
- Jung’s reputation - holds the present
was worldwide and events that are motivated
help extend the by goals and aspirations
knowledge of for the future that direct a
psychology person’s destiny
including
philosophy, religion, Human behavior is
and popular culture shaped by both causal
and teleological forces
and that causal
explanations must be
balanced with
teleological ones
● Progression and
Regression
- both are essential if
people are to achieve
individual growth or
self-realization
Progression
- adaptation to the
outside world involves
the forward flow of
psychic energy
- inclines a person to
react consistently to a
given set of environment
conditions
Regression
- adaptation to the inner
world relies on a
backward flow of psychic
energy
- a necessary backward
step in the successful
attainment of a goal
Psychological Types
● Attitudes
- a predisposition to act
or react in a
characteristic direction
> Introversion
- the turning inward of
psychic energy with an
orientation toward the
subjective
- turned in to their inner
world with all its biases,
fantasies, dreams, and
individualized
perceptions
> Extraversion
- the attitude
distinguished by the
turning outward of
psychic energy so that a
person is oriented
toward the objective and
away from the
subjective
- more influenced by
their surroundings than
by their inner world
● Functions
> Thinking
- logical intellectual
activity that produces a
chain of ideas
can be either
extraverted or
introverted
 Extraverted
Thinking:
- people that rely heavily
on concrete thoughts
but may also use
abstract ideas if these
ideas have been
transmitted to them
Introverted Thinking:
- people that react to
external stimuli but the
interpretation of an
event is colored more
by the internal meaning
they bring with them
than by the objective
facts themselves
> Feeling
- the process of
evaluating an idea or
event
- valuing, a term less
likely to be confused
with either sensing or
intuiting
- should be
distinguished from
emotion
- Most of evaluations
have no emotional
content, but they are
capable of becoming
emotions if their
intensity increases to
the point of stimulating
physiological changes
within the person
Extraverted Feeling:
- people use objective
data to make
evaluations
- they are guided by
external values and
widely accepted
standards of judgment
Introverted Feeling:
- people base their
value judgements
primarily on subjective
perceptions
- have an individualized
conscience
- ignore traditional
opinions and beliefs,
and their nearly
complete indifference to
the objective world
> Sensing
- receives physical
stimuli
and transmits them to
perceptual
consciousness
- the individual
perception of sensory
impulses
Extraverted Sensing:
- people perceive
external stimuli
objectively, in much the
same way that these
stimuli exist in reality
- sensations are not
greatly influences by
their subjective attitudes
Introverted Sensing:
- people are largely
influenced by their
subjective sensations of
sight, sound, taste,
touch, and more
- guided by their
interpretation of sense
stimuli rather than the
stimuli themselves
> Intuiting
- involves perception
beyond the workings of
consciousness
based on the perception
of absolute elementary
facts
- more creative than
sensing
Extroverted
Intuiting:
- people are oriented
toward facts in the
external world
- merely perceive them
subliminally
- suppress many of their
sensations and are
guided by hunches and
guesses contrary to
sensory data
Introverted Intuiting:
- people are guided by
unconscious perception
of facts that are
basically subjective and
have little or no
resemblance to external
reality
- remarkably strong and
capable of motivating
decisions of
monumental magnitude
Development of
Personality
Jung believed that
personality develops
through a series of
stages that culminate in
individuation or
self-realization
● Stages of
Development
> Childhood
a. the anarchic -
(1) characterized by
chaotic and sporadic
consciousness, (2) its
experiences sometimes
enter consciousness as
primitive images, and
incapable of being
accurately verbalized
b. the monarchic -
(1) characterized by the
development of the ego
and by the beginning of
logical and verbal
thinking, (2) the island
of consciousness
become larger,more
numerous, and
inhabited by a primitive
ego
c. the dualistic -
(1) the ego as perceiver
arises when the ego is
divided into the
objective and
subjective, (2) the island
of consciousness
become continuous
land, inhabited by an
ego-complex that
recognizes itself as both
object and subject
> Youth
- the period from
puberty until middle life
- a period of increased
activity, maturing
sexuality, growing
consciousness, and
recognition that the
problem-free era of
childhood is gone
forever
- it overcome the natural
tendency to cling to the
narrow consciousness
of childhood
Conservative Principle
- the desire to live in the
past
> Middle Life
- begins approximately
age 35 or 40
- can present
middle-aged people with
increasing anxieties
- a period of
tremendous potential
- may fight desperately
to maintain their
youthful appearance
and lifestyle
- they become rigid and
fanatical in trying to hold
on to their physical
attractiveness and
agility
> Old Age
- people experience a
diminution of
consciousness just as
the light and warmth of
the sun diminish at dusk
 - fear of death but Jung
believe that death is the
goal of life and that life
can be fulfilling only
when death is seen in
this light
● Self-Realization or
Individuation
- psychological rebirth
- the process of
becoming an individual
or whole person
- the process of
integrating the opposite
poles into a single
homogenous individual
- it is extremely rare and
is achieved only by
people who are able to
assimilate their
unconscious into their
total personality
- this is almost never
achieved before middle
life and only by men and
women who are able to
remove the ego is
dominant concern of
personality and replace it
with the self
- self-realized people are
able to contend with both
their external and their
internal worlds.
Feist, J. & Feist, G. (2018). Theories of Personality. 7th ed., McGraw-Hill Education. pp 102-140.