Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23
TOPIC Components of Hormones
SUBTOPIC • Receptor site - location on a cell where hormone
SUB-SUBTOPIC binds (lock)
• Target tissues - group of cells that respond to
specific hormones
Chapter 10 – ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Specificity - specific hormones bind to specific
receptor sites
1. Controls homeostasis
2. Maintains water balance
➢ Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly
3. Controls uterine contractions
into bloodstream
4. Controls milk production
➢ Hormones travel to all parts of body
5. Regulates ions
➢ Hormones (key) bind to receptor site (lock) on target
6. Regulates metabolism and growth tissue
7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure ➢ Response occurs
8. Monitors blood glucose levels
9. Aids the immune system
➢ Alter cell activity of target tissues by increasing or
10. Reproductive functions decreasing cell’s normal processes
Components of Endocrine System ➢ Change permeability of cell membrane by opening or
• Endocrine glands - secrete their product directly into closing ion channels
blood stream
➢ Synthesis of proteins
• Chemical signal - molecules that are released from
one location, move to another location, and produce Types of Hormones
a response Water soluble:
➢ includes proteins, peptides, amino acids
Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin, etc.
Lipid hormones:
➢ includes steroids and eicosanoids
Ex. LH, FSH, androgens
Regulation of Hormones
• Blood levels of chemicals - Ex. Blood glucose levels
(insulin)
• Other hormones - Ex. TSH signals thyroid gland to
release thyroid hormone
1
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23
• Nervous system - Ex. Epinephrine and fight or flight GONADOTROPINS:
response
LH (Luteinizing) for females:
• Negative Feedback - tells body when homeostasis is Target tissue: ovaries
reached Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone
production
Pituitary Gland
• Small gland in brain LH for males:
• Controlled by hypothalamus Target tissue: testes
Function: sperm production and testosterone
• Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating):
• Secretes at least 6 hormones
for females:
Target tissue: follicles in ovaries
Function: follicle maturation and estrogen
secretion
FSH for males:
Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes)
Function: sperm production
Prolactin:
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries
Growth Hormone:
Target tissues: most Functions: milk production
Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and Posterior Pituitary Gland
organs Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Abnormalities: Target tissues: kidneys
• Too much GH causes giantism Functions: conserve water
• Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism
Abnormalities:
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
Diabetes insipidus:
Target tissues: thyroid gland
• low ADH
Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions • kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery)
Abnormalities: urine
• can lead to dehydration and thirst
• Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges
• Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
2
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23
➢ If Ca 2+ is high then osteoclasts don’t break down
Oxytocin:
bone matrix and more Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
Target tissues: uterus
Functions: increases uterine contractions during Adrenal Glands
• On kidneys
labor • 2 regions medulla and cortex
Thyroid Gland Adrenal Medulla (inner portion):
• One of largest glands Epinephrine/Norepinephrine:
• Requires iodine to function
Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells
Thyroid hormones: Functions: released as part of fight or flight
Target tissues: most Response
Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is Adrenal Cortex (outer portion):
needed for growth
• Aldosterone - Type of mineralocorticoids
Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland Target tissues: kidneys
Hypothyroidism: Functions: causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+
➢ Decreased metabolism to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood
➢ Weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue pressure and blood volume
➢ Low temp. and pulse • Androgens:
➢ Dry, cold skin
➢ Myxedema in adults Target tissues: most
➢ Cretinism in infants Functions:
Males: secondary sexual characteristics
Hyperthyroidism: Females: sex drive
➢ Increased metabolism
Pancreas
➢ Weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness
• Organ in abdomen
➢ Higher temp. and pulse
• Insulin
➢ Warm, flushed skin
➢ Graves’ disease (leads to goiter) Insulin:
Calcitonin: Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
Target tissues: bones Functions:
Functions: secreted when blood Ca2+ levels
are high • regulates blood glucose levels
• after meal glucose levels are high and insulin
Parathyroid gland is secreted
Parathyroid hormone (PTH): • extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen
Target tissues: bones and kidneys Abnormalities:
Functions: regulates blood Ca2+ levels (More than
calcitonin) Diabetes mellitus:
➢ If Ca 2+ is low then osteoclasts break down bone Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors
matrix and less Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
3
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23
Symptoms: exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration,
thirst, fatigue
Type I: insulin dependent (daily injections required)
Type II: insulin independent, often found in obese people, can
be treated with diet but can turn into type I
Glucagon:
Target tissues: liver
Function:
• regulates blood glucose levels
• between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is
secreted
• glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into
glucose
Testes
Testosterone:
Target tissues: most
Functions: aids in sperm and reproductive organ
development and function
Ovaries
Estrogen/Progesterone:
Target tissues: most
Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland
development and menstrual cycle
Thymus gland
Thymosin:
Target tissues: immune system tissues
Functions: promotes immune system development
and function
Pineal Body (Gland)
Melatonin:
Target tissues: hypothalamus
Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty and
controls circadian rhythms. Light affects its function.
4
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
