Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Ethnopharmacology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm

Therapeutic indications, chemical composition and biological activity of

native Brazilian species from Psidium genus (Myrtaceae): A review
Julimery Gonçalves Ferreira Macedo a, *, Juliana Melo Linhares Rangel a,
Maria de Oliveira Santos a, Cicera Janaine Camilo b, José Galberto Martins da Costa b,
Marta Maria de Almeida Souza a
a
Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Regional Do Cariri, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
b
Laboratório de Pesquisa de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Regional Do Cariri, Departamento de Química Biológica, 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Ethnopharmacological importance: Brazilian medicinal species of the Psidium genus are rich in secondary metab­
Ethnobotanical survey olites such as terpenes and phenolic compounds and present biological activities for several human diseases. For
Medicinal plants the native Psidium species, there are no specific research reports for any member of the genus about ethnobo­
Chemical characterization
tanical research, hindering the joint analysis of its therapeutic indications together with the scientific evidence
Biological activity
Psidium
already investigated.
Study objective: Analyze the therapeutic indications, the main chemical constituents, and the biological activities
of native species of the Psidium to Brazil.
Materials and methods: Systematic research was carried out in the Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of
Science databases over a period of ten years. Articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish were used. The research
was divided into three phases, seeking information on ethnobotany, chemical composition and biological ac­
tivities. The words were combined to structure the descriptors used in the search.
Results: A total of 13 native species belonging to the Psidium genus were identified in this analysis, Psidium
acutangulum DC., Psidium brownianum Mart. ex DC., Psidium cattleyanum Sabine, Psidium densicomum Mart. ex
DC., Psidium grandifolium Mart. ex DC., Psidium guineense Sw., Psidium laruotteanum Cambess., Psidium myrsinites
DC, Psidium myrtoides O. Berg, Psidium salutare (Kunth) O. Berg, Psidium schenckianum Kiaersk., Psidium sobra­
lianum Proença & Landrum, Psidium striatulum Mart. ex DC. Of these, six were indicated in folk medicine,
digestive system disorders being their main therapeutic indication. Most species presented an investigation of
chemical composition and biological activity. They are rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and terpenes and
have antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and repellent activities.
Conclusions: Native species of the Psidium genus are important sources of active ingredients in combating ad­
versities that affect the human health, especially regarding the digestive system. They have a rich chemical
composition, responsible for the biological activities demonstrated for the species.

1. Introduction Among these species, the Myrtaceae family stands out, one of the ten
angiosperms families with the most diversity, with 1028 species and 27
The richness of Brazilian medicinal species has contributed consid­ genera (BFG et al., 2015; Flora do Brasil, 2020). The Psidium genus,
erably to the development of therapeutic alternatives through the belonging to this family, is well distributed with around 185 species in
identification of secondary metabolites, which present activity for the world (GBIF, 2021). It houses species in all phytogeographic do­
several diseases that affect human health (Zivarpour et al., 2021). mains of the Brazilian territory, presenting a wealth of 60 species, of

* Corresponding author. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Laboratório de Ecologia
Vegetal, Rua Cel. Antõnio Luís, 1161 – 63115-000, Crato, CE, Brazil.
E-mail addresses: julimerymacedo@gmail.com (J.G. Ferreira Macedo), juliana.melolr@gmail.com (J.M. Linhares Rangel), maria.s.oliveira@live.com (M. de
Oliveira Santos), janainecamilo@hotmail.com (C.J. Camilo), galberto.martins@gmail.com (J.G. Martins da Costa), martaalmeida10@yahoo.com.br (M. Maria de
Almeida Souza).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114248
Received 29 January 2021; Received in revised form 7 May 2021; Accepted 25 May 2021
Available online 28 May 2021
0378-8741/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. This article is made available under the Elsevier license (http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/).
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

which more than 65% (39 species) are considered endemic (Flora do names, the websites Flora do Brasil (2020) (Flora do Brasil, 2020) and
Brasil, 2021). Tropicos (2020) were consulted.
Members of this genus are indicated in ethnobotanical research for The search for descriptors was limited to an interval of 10 years, from
curing various human diseases (Abreu et al., 2015; Santana et al., 2016; January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019, a period that presents the
Yazbek et al., 2019) and some have already proven their popular uses highest indexes of works published with the theme ‘medicinal plants and
through investigations (Macaúbas-Silva et al., 2019; Macêdo et al., biologically active natural products’ (Yeung et al., 2020). Articles in
2018). They present of fruits of commercial interest for the food industry English, Portuguese and Spanish were used. The articles with informa­
(Franzon et al., 2009) and leaves rich in essential oils (Weli et al., 2019). tion on chemical composition and biological activity were not limited by
Species of this genus, such as Psidium guajava L., have stood out in territory, but followed the same time interval.
research in several areas (Ribeiro et al., 2017; Souza et al., 2018; Weli Monograph works, dissertations, theses, abstracts published in
et al., 2019) probably for being distributed thoughout the entire Bra­ events, bibliographic reviews, exotic species or naturalized to Brazilian
zilian territory, despite being naturalized (Flora do Brasil, 2020). flora, as well as articles that did not present native Psidium species or
For native species, some works with chemical and pharmacological were outside the databases, were not considered in this research.
research are reported (Dias et al., 2015; Houël et al., 2016; Macêdo et al.,
2018; Schiassi et al., 2018; Vinholes et al., 2017). However, there are no 2.3. Data organization and extraction
specific researches for any native member of the genus regarding to
ethnobotanical research, as they are found in surveys (checklists) along The data were organized in Excel spreadsheets. The extracted in­
with several other species. Scientific research with native species formation included Psidium species found in the articles, vernacular
popularly used to cure diseases can benefit both the health of commu­ names, medicinal use, part used, method of preparation, region of Brazil
nities and enhance the development, management and commercializa­ and later chemical composition and biological activities. Representa­
tion of these plants and their by-products by the food, phytotherapy and tions of chemical structures were developed in the ChemDraw Ultra v.
pharmaceutical industries. 12.0.
The medicinal importance of the Psidium genus, the relevance of
chemical and pharmacological properties linked to the need for further 3. Results and discussion
studies that gather information on species of this genus native to Brazil,
this research aimed to analyze its therapeutic indications, main chemical 3.1. Analysis of bibliografic data
constituents and biological activities, thus contributing to a diagnosis on
the studies of these species, as well as possibly identifying the presence The database search generated 4202 records, using the descriptors
of a pattern in relation to these investigations, suggesting future bio­ already mentioned. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria,
prospecting researches. 1882 remained, of which 1750 were excluded based on the title, abstract
and duplicates. A total of 132 complete articles were evaluated and 65
2. Materials and methods were excluded for not meeting the review objectives. Of the 67 articles
included for analysis in the present review, 19 were found for de­
2.1. Search strategy scriptors referring to ethnobotany and 48 for those of chemical com­
ponents, biological activities and pharmacological tests (Fig. 1).
The research was carried out in four databases: Scopus, ScienceDir­
ect, PubMed and Web of Science. Three parallel searches were carried 3.2. Species, ethnobotany and distribution
out, the first sought information on medicinal ethnobotanical use of the
Psidium genus for Brazil using the following descriptors: ‘Ethnobotany, A total of 13 native species belonging to the Psidium genus were
medicinal plants and Brazil’, ‘Ethnobotany, medicinal plants, Psidium registered in this analysis, P. acutangulum, P. brownianum,
and Brazil’, ‘Traditional medicinal use, Psidium and Brazil’ and ‘Ethno­ P. cattleyanum, P. densicomum, P. grandifolium, P. guineense,
botany, Psidium and Brazil’; the second, information on chemical P. laruotteanum, P. myrsinites, P. myrtoides, P. salutare, P. schenckianum,
composition and biological activities of the species found in the first P. sobralianum, P. striatulum. Of these, six are used in folk medicine,
search (Psidium acutangulum DC., Psidium cattleyanum Sabine, Psidium P. acutangulum, P. cattleyanum, P. densicomum, P. guineense, P. myrsinites
densicomum Mart. ex DC., Psidium guineense Sw., Psidium myrsinites DC., and P. sobralianum (Table 1). With the exception of P. sobralianum, all of
Psidium sobralianum Proença & Landrum), and then combined with the them presented research studies on chemical composition and/or bio­
descriptors ‘chemical composition’, ‘biological activity’ and ‘pharma­ logical activity.
cological tests’. A third search was carried out on chemical composition The number of species found for the genus Psidium was discreet. This
and biological activities, in the search for species that were not found in number corresponds to just over 20% of the species richness registered
previous searches, because their studies are not directly related to in the Flora do Brasil portal, which contains a total of 59 species native
ethnobotany, but that presented the mentioned data (chemical compo­ to the genus (Flora do Brasil, 2021). Possibly one of the causes to justify
sition and biological activities) (Psidium brownianum Mart. Ex DC., Psi­ this finding is the difficulty in identifying the species, since in many
dium grandifolium Mart. Ex DC., Psidium laruotteanum Cambess., Psidium articles some specimens were identified only at the level of genus, and
myrtoides O. Berg, Psidium salutare (Kunth) O. Berg, Psidium schenck­ therefore disregarded for this research.
ianum Kiaersk., Psidium striatulum Mart. Ex DC.). Using the descriptors The 19 ethnobotanical articles reviewed varied from 31 to 231 spe­
‘Psidium and chemical composition’, ‘Psidium and biological activity’ cies, where only one (Lozano et al., 2014) registered two Psidium species,
and ‘Psidium and pharmacological tests’. while the others, one each. It is worth mentioning that, within the
investigation criteria, no specific ethnobotanical studies on medicinal
2.2. Study selection and inclusion/exclusion criteria uses were found for native species of the Psidium genus.
Reports indicate 12 different therapeutic indications and 30 citations
Titles, abstracts and full articles were analyzed according to the for use. P. cattleyanum stood out with 16 citations, followed by
research objectives. The selected articles were required to have an P. guineense, P. myrsinites and P. acutangulum with six, five and two,
ethnobotanical application for medical use and only native species of respectively. P. densicomum and P. sobralianum were mentioned only
Psidium for Brazil, according to the Flora do Brasil (2020) database once each. Most of the therapeutic indications found for the species are
(Flora do Brasil, 2020) and those that were correctly identified, genus + related to disorders of the digestive system (58.33%), treated by de­
specific epithet, were selected. For the correct spelling of scientific coctions (63.63%) of the leaves (50%). The species P. cattleyanum and

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J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Fig. 1. Diagram of bibliographic records obtained from the review.

P. guineense The species P. cattleyanum and P. guineense were indicated to 3.3. Psidium species: ethnobotany, chemical composition and biological
treat other systems other systems (although with few indications) such activity
as disorders in the respiratory system (influenza and sore throat), ner­
vous system (headaches) and genitourinary system, deserving more Of the species reported in the ethnobotanical studies, P. acutangulum,
studies that investigate these therapeutic indications, and chemical and P. cattleyanum, P. densicomum, P. guineense and P. myrsinites have some
biological studies that can validate the mentioned uses. chemical or biological investigation. The others, P. brownianum, P.
Regarding the quantitative ethnobotanical indices, 14 articles report grandifolium, P. laruotteanum. P. myrtoides, P. salutare, P. schenckianum,
the use of some. The most common were Informant Consensus Factor - P. sobralianum, P. striatulum, were recorded only within studies with
FIC (8 articles), Use Value - UV (6 articles) and Main Use Agreement - chemical or biological research, and are not associated with popular use
MUA (3 articles). These indices are important to assess the informants’ (Table 2). Fig. 2 shows the structural representations of the substances
agreement regarding medical use. The more a plant or body system has identified in the referred species.
agreement of use among the informants, the “safer” or more used for a Of the 48 articles, 33 presented information on chemical composi­
given purpose that plant is. tion and biological activities, ten only chemical, and five biological ac­
The species indicated in popular medicine are distributed in all tivities. From these findings, it can be seen that most researchers strive
Brazilian regions, being P. acutangulum and P. densicomum exclusive to to extract the compounds from the species and investigate whether they
the North region; P. guineense, P. myrsinites and P. sobralianum exclusive have any activity.
to the Northeast and P. cattleyanum was present in almost all regions, The chemical compounds of the Psidium species are extracted by
except in the North region. Ethnobotanical studies stood out in the different types of solvents. Aqueous extracts were the most used, 19
Northeast (11 articles), followed by North (3 articles), South and articles. Then the methanolic and ethanolic extracts, mentioned in ten
Southeast (2 articles each) and Midwest (1 article). and six articles, respectively. Fifteen articles used volatile extracts for
their analysis.
Chemical compounds extracted from fixed extracts include phenolic
content (15 articles), flavonoids (7 articles), catechins, anthocyanins,

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J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Table 1
Psidium species with therapeutic indications found in the literature.
Scientific name Vernacular name Therapeutic indication Body Part Preparation Region References
system Used method of Brazil

Psidium Goiaba araçá, Diarrhea, dysentery DSD (2) Lb, St De N (2) Palheta et al. (2017); Pedrollo et al.
acutangulum Goiabarana (2016).
DC.
Psidium Araçá (6), Araçá- Diarrhea (6), stomach pain (3), DSD Le (5), De (5), Sy NE (4), Abreu et al. (2015); Baptista et al.
cattleyanum roxo, Araçá-do- digestive system diseases (2), sore (13), Fr (2), S (2), (2013); Bieski et al. (2015); Bolson
Sabine brejo, Araçá throat, stomach pains, genitourinary RSD (2) St, Lb SU (2), et al. (2015); Brito et al. (2017); Castro
branco system diseases, dysentery, respiratory GSD (1) MW et al. (2011); Macêdo et al. (2015);
system diseases. Tomazi et al. (2014); Tribess et al.
(2015); Yazbek et al. (2019).
Psidium – Diarrhea DSD Lb Ma N Santos et al. (2014).
densicomum
Mart. ex DC.
Psidium guineense Araçá (2), Araçá- Dysentery (2), influenza, sore throat, DSD (5), Le (2) De, In NE (4) Beltreschi et al. (2019); Santana et al.
Sw. mirim bowel problems, stomach pains, RSD (2) (2016); Silva et al. (2012), 2018.
diarrhea, headaches NSD (1)
Psidium myrsinites Araçá, Araçá Diarrhea (2), stomach pain DSD (3), Le, Fr In, If NE (2) Lozano et al. (2014); Ribeiro et al.
DC. vermelho, (2014).
Goiabinha
Psidium Goiabinha Dysentery DSD – – NE Lozano et al. (2014).
sobralianum
Proença &
Landrum

Subtitle: Body system (DSD: Digestive system disease; GSD: Genitourinary system disease; NSD: Nervous system disease; RSD: Respiratory system disease).
Part used: (Lb: Leaf bud; St:Stem; Le: Leaf; Fr: Fruit).
Preparation method: (De: Decoction; If: Infusion; In: In Natura; Ma: Maceration; Sy: Syrup).
Region of Brazil: (MW: Midwest; N: North; NE: Northeast; S: South; SE: Southeast).

and B-carotene (4 articles each). For volatile extractions, the content of known to have anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant potential,
essential oils has prominent compounds, β-caryophyllene, a-humulene, radical scavengers, among others (Azevedo et al., 2016). The mentioned
and α-pinene. compounds (Guaijaverin and Wayanin) are present in the chemical
Psidium species were tested for 13 biological activities. Research on characterization of other species of Myrtaceae, as in Myrcia bella (Sal­
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities corresponds to almost 70% of danha et al., 2013) and Plinia edulis (Azevedo et al., 2016). The latter
the total. Activities such as antiproliferative, antiplasmodial, anti- showed anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity through leaf
inflammatory, antiparasitic are linked to Psidium species. infusion, and the authors associated these activities with the presence of
triterpenoids and flavonoids in their composition, including
3.3.1. Psidium acutangulum DC Guaijaverin.
Psidium acutangulum is rarely cited in ethnobotanical works, being Psidium acutangulum extracts were tested for cytotoxicity and showed
mentioned in only twice (Palheta et al., 2017; Pedrollo et al., 2016) in non-cytotoxic results, with IC50 > 100 μg/mL (Houël et al., 2015) and
Northern Brazil. Its leaf buds and stems are prepared as decoctions to IC50 57.4 μg/mL (Houël et al., 2016). This inconsistency between the
exclusively treat digestive system disorders such as diarrhea and dys­ IC50 values may be related to the different extracts tested. Houël et al.
entery. There are few investigations on chemical compounds and bio­ (2015) tested the cytotoxic effect of P. acutangulum in aqueous extract
logical activities, although its leaves, stem and fruit have been and Houël et al. (2016) in a fraction of ethyl acetate. These results are
chemically characterized through aqueous, hexane and ethyl acetate promising with regard to the search for herbal medicines with few
extracts, highlighting the components myricetin, catechin, quer­ adverse effects.
cetin-3-O-β- D-xylofuranoside (9.1%), quercetin-3-O -β-D xylopyrano­ Psidium acutangulum demonstrated promising results from its ex­
side (1.8%), 3′ -formyl-2 ′ , 4′ , 6′ -trihydroxy-5′ -methyldydrochalcone, all tracts for some biological activities, which may favor its use as a herbal
belonging to the flavonoid class (Houël et al, 2015, 2016, 2015; River­ medicine. However, there is still a lack of research that identifies the
o-Maldonado et al., 2013). The compound 3′ -formyl-2 ′ , 4′ , 6′ -trihy­ chemical components of its essential oil, in addition to pharmacological
droxy-5′ -methyldydrochalcone, was found in another species of Psidium, tests directed to the mosts reported uses in the literature, such as those
P. guineense. The authors demonstrated that this compound showed related to the digestive system.
strong bacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, being prom­
ising for the development of new antibacterial drugs (Lima et al., 2020). 3.3.2. Psidium brownianum Mart. ex DC
Psidium acutangulum extracts were tested against Plasmodium falcip­ Within the criteria established in this analysis, there were no articles
arum (which causes malaria) (Houël et al, 2015, 2016) and presented on medicinal use for P. brownianum. However (Jesus, 2012), found it to
good in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC50 <1 μg/mL (ethyl acetate be used in food and folk medicine to treat influenza. This work is used as
extract), IC50 3.3 μg/mL (decoction of leaves, stem and fruit) and IC50 = an ethnobotanical reference for the analysis of chemical and biological
32.3 μg/mL (hexane extract). It presented decoction antioxidant po­ data of the species (Machado et al., 2018; Morais-Braga et al., 2016b,c).
tential (NO (-13%) at 50 μg/mL) (Houël et al., 2015) and The aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of P. brownianum leaves
anti-inflammatory potential in ethyl acetate (50 μg/mL), inhibiting the showed phenolic levels ranging from 49.25 to 80.77 GAE/g (Morais-­
secretion of IL-1β (-46 %) and NO production (-21%) (Houël et al., Braga et al., 2016a). Further compounds like Quercetin 11.54 mg/g;
2016). These results demonstrate that the ethyl acetate extract showed Luteolin: 10.34 mg/g; Kaempferol: 8.93 mg/g; Coumarin: 7.18 mg/g,
excellent activity. The authors suggest that these effects may be related among others, were identified in its ethanolic extract (Morais-Braga
to possible synergistic interactions between two flavonoids, Guaijaverin et al., 2016c), in addition to the quantification of flavonoid contents
(quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside) and Wayanin (querceti­ with 70.97 μg/g of quercetin (Sobral-Souza et al., 2019). Articles on
n-3-O-β-D-xylofuranoside), found in P. acutangulum. Flavonoids are essential oil extraction for P. brownianum were not found in this analysis,

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Table 2
Chemical composition and biological activities of species of the Psidium genus.
Species Part used Extract type Component identified/isolated Activities tested/ Study Reference
Concentration location

Psidium Leaves Aqueous Myricetin* – Venezuela Rivero-Maldonado et al.

acutangulum (2013).
DC.
Leaves, Decoction 3′ -formyl-2 ′ , 4′ , 6′ -trihydroxy-5′ - Antimalarial: IC50 3.3 μg/mL French Houël et al. (2015).
stem and methyldydrochalcone * Cytotoxicity: IC50 > 100 μg/ Guiana
fruits mL Antioxidant: NO (-13%) a
50 μg/mL
Leaves, Ethyl acetate Catechin: 9.1% p/p; Antiplasmodial: IC50 <1 μg/ French Houël et al. (2016).
caule and Decoction Guaijaverin (quercetin-3-O-α-L- mL; Guiana
fruits Aqueous arabinopyranoside 0.7% p/p); Cytotoxicity: IC50 = 57.4 μg/
Hexanic Wayanin (quercetin-3-O-β- D-xylofuranoside mL;
9.1% p/p); Anti-inflammatory: 50 μg/mL
Reynoutrin (quercetin-3-O -β-D Antiplasmodial: IC50 of 3.3 μg/
xylopyranoside 1.8% p/p); mL;
Avicularin (quercetin-3-O-β-L- Antiplasmodial: IC50 = 2.7 μg/
arabinofuranoside1.5% p/p); mL;
Quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-α-L Antiplasmodial: IC50=32.3 μg/
rhamnopyranoside 0.7% p/p). mL
–
–
–
Psidium Leaves Aqueous – Antiparasitic: 1000 μg/mL Brazil Machado et al. (2018).
brownianum Hydroethanolic – 100% inhibition;
Mart. ex DC. Cytotoxicity: 90.85%
Antiparasitic: 1000 μg/mL
100% inhibition
Cytotoxicity: 59.73%.
Leaves Aqueous Luteolin: 10.34 mg/g. Antimicrobial: Brazil .Morais-Braga et al.
Hydroethanolic Quercetin: 7.08 mg/g; IC50 2924.15 μg/mL (2016c) (Continued on
Kaempferol: 6.97 mg/g; Antimicrobial: next page)
Quercitrin: 4.32 mg/g; IC50 1056.82 μg/mL;
Rutin: 4.29 mg/g;
Chlorogenic acid: 4.05 mg/g;
Ellagic acid: 3.84 mg/g;
Coumarin: 3.10 mg/g;
Gallic acid: 2.98 mg/g;
Caffeic acid: 1.76 mg/g;
Catechin: 1.70 mg/g;
Quercetin: 11.54 mg/g;
Kaempferol: 8.93 mg/g;
Coumarin: 7.18 mg/g;
Quercitrin: 5.63 mg/g;
Luteolin: 5.61 mg/g;
Caffeic acid: 5.41 mg/g;
Ellagic acid: 4.35 mg/g;
Catechin: 4.28 mg/g;
Gallic acid: 3.15 mg/g;
Rutin: 2.67 mg/g;
Chlorogenic acid: 0.09 mg/g;
Leaves Aqueous Phenolic content: 80.77 GAE/g. Antimicrobial: IC50 2.05 μg/ Brazil .Morais-Braga et al.
Hydroethanolic Phenolic content: 49.25 GAE/g mL (2016a)
Antimicrobial: IC50 8.30 μg/
mL
Leaves Hydroethanolic – Antimicrobial: CIM 512 μg/mL Brazil .Morais-Braga et al.
(2016b)
Leaves Ethanolic Flavonoids: 70.97 μg/g of quercetin. Antioxidant: Brazil Sobral-Souza et al.
Fe2+: EC50 360.66 μg/g; (2019).
Fe3+: EC50 756.20 μg/g;
FRAP: EC50 23.27 mmol/g;
Antimicrobial:
MIC ≥1024 μg/mL.
Psidium Leaves Essential oil β-caryophyllene: 31.5%; – Tahiti Adam et al. (2011).
cattleyanum α-humulene: 4.4%
Sabine
Seeds Methanolic Total phenolic: 501.33 mg/100 g GAE of d. Antioxidant: TEAC: 156 μM/g Brazil Biegelmeyer et al. (2011).
Fruits Essential oil w.; -(Continued on next page)
Total flavonoid: 100.20 mg/100 of quercetin
of d. w.
β-caryophyllene: 22.5%;
β-selinene: 10.1%;
α-selinene: 9%.
Fruits Aqueous (− ) - Epicatechin: 1059.3 μg g-1; Antioxidant: DPPH: 39.89% Brazil Medina et al. (2011).
Ketone Gallic acid: 637.1 μg g-1; Antiproliferative:
(continued on next page)

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Table 2 (continued )
Species Part used Extract type Component identified/isolated Activities tested/ Study Reference
Concentration location

Coumaric acid: 31.7 μg g-1; MCF-7: 82 % of cel. Sur.

Ferulic acid: 6.0 μg g-1; Caco - 2: 63.3 % of cel. sur.
Myricetin: 14.0 μg g-1; Antimicrobial: MIC: 16 %.
Quercetin: 6.6 μg g-1; (− ) - Epicatechin: Antioxidant: DPPH: 45.32%
2659.5 μg g-1; Antiproliferative:
Gallic acid: 801.0 μg g-1; MCF-7: 73.7 % de sob. cel.
Coumaric acid: 49.1 μg g-1; Caco - 2: 66.3 % de sob. cel.
Ferulic acid: 8,1 μg g-1; Antimicrobial: MIC: 5 %.
Myricetin: 3.8 μg g-1;
Quercetin: 6.8 μg g-1
Leaves Ethanolic β-sitosterol: 51.0 mg; – Brazil Moresco et al. (2012).
Catechin: 18.7 mg;
β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D glucopyranoside: 14.3 mg
Fruits Fixed oil Lutein: 26.380 g/g in d. m.; Antioxidant: ABTS: 242.30 Brazil Pereira et al. (2012).
β-carotene: 0.492 g/g in d. m. Trolox μM equiv/g in d. mat.
Leaves Aqueous – Repellent: 85.00 mg/mL; South Chalannavar et al.
Methanolic Repellent:100.00 mg/mL Africa (2013).
Fruits In Natura – Antioxidant * Brazil Nora et al. (2014a).
Fruits Methanolic β-cryptoxanthin: 1029.77 μg 100 g -1 d. f. Antioxidant: Brazil Nora et al. (2014b).
All-trans-lutein: 557.79 μg 100 g -1 d. f.; ABTS: 150.17 μM Trolox g-1 d.
β-carotene: 512.60 μg 100 g -1 d. f.; Cyanidin fru.
3-glucoside: 354.66 μg g-1 d. f.; Malvidin 3- DPPH: EC50 16713.20 g-1 d fru.
glucoside: 243.58 μg g-1 d. f.
Fruits Methanolic Malvidin 3-glucoside: 67.7%; Antioxidant: Brazil Nora et al. (2014c).
β-cryptoxanthin: 50.4%; Lutein: 37.8%; ABTS: 248.6 μMTE/g in d. fru.
Cyanidin 3-glucoside: 51.7%. DPPH: EC50 548.4 g in d. fru.
Bark Hydroalcoholic Tannins, saponins, flavonoids and terpenes* Antimicrobial: MIC 100 μg/mL Brazil Alvarenda et al. (2015).
Fruits – Phenolic content: 177.59 mg GAE 100g-1 f. w. Antioxidant: Brazil Reissig et al. (2016).
Anthocyanins: 2.47 mg of cyanidin 3-gluco­ DPPH: 405.61 mg TE 100g-1 of
side 100g-1 f. w. p. fre.
Carotenoids: 26 μg of β-carotene g-1 f. w.; ABTS: 49.82 mg TE 100g-1 of p.
Ascorbic acid: 2.67 mg 100g-1 L-ascorbic acid fre. (Continued on next page)
f. w.
Leaves Aqueous Tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids* Antioxidant: Brazil Scur et al. (2016).
Ethanolic Tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids * DPPH: IC50 17.57 mg/mL;
Essential oil α-copaene: 21.96%; Antimicrobial: MIC: 6.25 mg/
Eucalyptol: 15.05%; mL
δ-cadinene: 9.63%. Antioxidant:
DPPH: IC50 13.90 mg/mL;
Antimicrobial: MIC: 0.78 mg/
mL
Antioxidant:
DPPH: IC50 171.14 mg/mL;
Antimicrobial: MIC: 200 mg/
mL
Leaves Essential oil β-Caryophyllene: 28.83%; Antimicrobial: MIC: 13.01 μg/ Brazil Soliman et al. (2016).
α-pinene: 28%; mL
β-myrcene: 13.40%.
Fruits Ethanolic Total phenolic: 606.1 mg of chlorogenic acid/ Antioxidant: Brazil Vinholes et al. (2017).
100 g f. w.; α-glucosidase: IC50 25.4 μg/
Anthocyanins: 29.3 mg of cyanidin-3- mL;
glucoside/100 g f. w.; DPPH: IC50 334.3 μg/mL;
Carotenoids: 364.4 μg of β-carotene/100 g f. RSA: IC50 173.3 μg/mL;
w. RH: IC50 245.9 μg/mL;
NO: IC25 1360.0 μg/mL.
Fruits Methanolic Total phenolic: 7190 mg kg-1 f. f.; Antioxidant: Brazil Chaves et al. (2018).
Anthocyanin: 1.7 mg kg-1 f. f.; DPPH: EC50 60.11 mg/mL-1;
Cyanidin-O-glucoside: 11.7 mg kg-1 f. f. ABTS: EC50 141 mg/mL-1.
Fruits – Total phenolic: 625.34 mg GAE/100 g Pr; Antioxidant: Comoros Donno et al. (2018).
Anthocyanin: 4.99 mg/100 g Pr; FRAP: 25.50 mmol Fe2+/kg pr Islands (Continued on next page)
-1
Quercetin: 7.621 mg/100 g Pr;
Coumaric acid: 5.583 mg/100 g Pr;
Gallic acid: 40.955 mg/100 g Pr;
Catechin: 4.287 mg/100 g Pr;
Vescalagin: 10.012 mg/100 g Pr;
Limonene: 51.319 mg/100g Pr;
γ-terpinene: 43.005 mg/100g Pr.
Leaves Methanolic Phenolics, flavonoids and triterpenes * Antioxidant: Egypt Saber et al. (2018).
DPPH: IC50 40.11 μg/mL
Fruits Methanolic Total phenolic: 85.30 mg GAE/100 g e. f.; (all- – Brazil Biazotto et al. (2019).
E)-lutein: 38.3 μg/100 g e. f.;
(all-E)-β-carotene: 47.55 μg/100 g e. f.
Leaves Aqueous Total phenolic: 123 mg of GAE g-1 Antioxidant: Brazil Dacoreggio et al. (2019).
DPPH: IC50 37.3 μg/mL
Antimicrobial: MIC: 6.3 μg/mL
(continued on next page)

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J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Table 2 (continued )
Species Part used Extract type Component identified/isolated Activities tested/ Study Reference
Concentration location

Psidium Leaves Aqueous – Antimicrobial: Brazil Castilho et al. (2014).

densicomum and MIC: 5.000 < MIC <12.500
Mart. ex DC. flowers μg/mL.
Psidium Fruits Ethanolic Total phenolic: 136.95 mg GAE/100 g Antioxidant: Brazil Bittencourt et al. (2019).
grandifolium Essential oil α-pinene: 20.75%; p-cymene: 20.50%; DPPH: EC50 6.37 mg/mL;
Mart. ex DC. o-cymene: 20.05%; Antimicrobial: MIC 3.91 mg/
E-caryophyllene: 17.56%; mL
α-humulene: 16.26%. –
Psidium guineense Fruits Aqueous Total phenolic: 754.4 mg GAE/100 g d. m.; Antioxidant: Brazil Gordon et al. (2011).
Sw. Ascorbic acid: 101.3 mg/100 g d. m. Peroxyl radical: IC50 1.58 g/L;
Peroxynitrite: IC50 4.0 g/L.
Fruits Essential oil β-caryophyllene: 8.6%; – Colombia Peralta-Bohórquezo et al.
Butanol: 7.4%. (2010).
Fruits Aqueous Total phenolic: 18.4 mg GAE 100g -1 Antioxidant DPPH: 18.43%; Brazil Damiani et al. (2012).
Ethanolic – DPPH: 13.47%;
Ethereal – DPPH: 15.45%.
Leaves Aqueous Tannins, flavonoids, leucoanthocyanidins and Antimicrobial: Brazil Fernanda et al. (2017).
condensed proanthocyanidins* 250–500 μg/mL
Leaves Aqueous – Repellent: 95.00 mg/mL; South Chalannavar et al.
Methanolic 100.00 ± 0.0 mg/mL. Africa (2013).
Leaves Aqueous Myricetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin* -(Continued on next page) Venezuela Rivero-Maldonado et al.
(2013).
Fruits Methanolic Total phenolic: 316.5 mg GAE/g. Antioxidant: Colombia Bravo et al. (2016).
TEAC: 1339.5 μmol ET/g;
ORAC: 359.1 μmol ET/g;
Anti-collagenase: 100.0 μg/
mL;
Anti-elastase: 95.3 μg/mL;
Anti-hyaluronidase: 100.0 μg/
mL; Anti-tyrosinase: 92.9 μg/
mL.
Leaves Aqueous Guajaverin (3-O-arabinopyranoside); * Antiviral: Venezuela Ortega et al. (2017).
Avicularin (3-O-arabinofuranoside). IC50 8.5 μg/mL
Leaves Essential oil Limonene: 47.4%; β-caryophyllene: 24%; – Brazil Figueiredo et al. (2018).
α-pineno: 35.6%; epi-β-bisabolol: 18.1%;
Caryophyllene oxide: 14%.
Leaves Essential oil Spathulenol: 80.71%. Antioxidant: Brazil Nascimento et al. (2018).
DPPH: IC50 63.08 μg/mL;
ABTS: IC50 ≥ 780.13 μg/mL;
MDA: IC50 37.91 μg/mL;
Anti-inflammatory: 48.48 %;
Antiproliferative: GI50 < 9.84
μg/mL;
Antibacterial: MIC 126.4 μg/
mL
Fruits Fruit pulp Total phenolic: 89.14 mg GAE/100g f. w. Antioxidant: Brazil Schiassi et al. (2018)
ABTS: 10.92 μmol TE/g of p.
fre.
DPPH: EC50 721.85 g/p. fre;
Leaves Phenolic Gallic acid: 8749 mg kg-1; Antioxidant: Sri Lank Senanayake et al. (2018).
Chlorogenic acid: 657 mg kg-1; p-hydroxy DPPH: 25.76 μmol L –1 (Continued on next page)
benzoic acid: 1217 mg kg-1; ABTS: 14.06 μmol L –1.
Caffeic acid: 3234 mg kg-1;
Vanillic acid: 961 mg kg-1;
Syringic acid: 1597 mg kg-1;
Ferulic acid: 4556 mg kg-1; p-coumaric acid:
1258 mg kg-1;
Ellagic acid: 171 mg kg-1;
Catechin:1491 mg kg-1;
Daidzein: 1774 mg kg-1;
Epigallocatechin: 142 mg kg-1;
Naringenin: 600 mg kg-1;
Genistein: 309 mg kg-1;
Apigenin: 1440 mg kg-1.
Leaves Ethyl acetate Araçain. Antimicrobial: MIC 64 μg/mL. Brazil Macaúbas-Silva et al.
Hexanic Sitosterol; 173 - etoxiphaeophorbide a; Ursolic – (2019).
Methanolic acid. –
Kaempferol; Rutin; Quercetin. *
Psidium Leaves Essential oil p-cimene: 34.8 %; 1,8-cineole: 19.2 %; – Brazil Medeiros et al. (2018).
laruotteanum γ-terpinene: 14 %; α-pinene: 13.4 %.
Cambess.
Psidium Leaves Essential oil Linalool * – Brazil Castelo et al. (2010).
myrsinites DC.
Leaves Essential oil Larvicide: LC50 292 mg/L Brazil Dias et al. (2015).
(continued on next page)

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J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Table 2 (continued )
Species Part used Extract type Component identified/isolated Activities tested/ Study Reference
Concentration location

(E)-β-caryophyllene: 26.5%;
α-humulene: 23.92%;
Caryophyllene oxide: 10.09%.
Leaves Essential oil Caryophyllene oxide: 6.1%; – Brazil Medeiros et al. (2015).
and Humulene epoxide II: 8.8%;
flowers β-caryophyllene: 7.4%;
α-caryophyllene: 5.4%.
Psidium Leaves Essential oil trans-β-caryophyllene: 30.9 %; Antimicrobial: MIC = 62.5 μg/ Brazil Dias et al. (2019).
myrtoides α-humulene: 15.9 %; mL;
O. Berg α-copaene: 7.8 %; Antiproliferative:
Caryophyllene oxide: 7.3 %; M059J: EC50 289.3 μg/mL
α-bisabolol: 5.3 %.
Psidium salutare Leaves Essential oil p-cimene: 17.83 %; γ-terpinene: 17.09 %; Antimicrobial: IC50 2.6 μg/mL Brazil Macêdo et al. (2018).
(Kunth) O. terpinolene: 16.99 %; τ-cadinol: 15.20 %.
Berg
Leaves Aqueous Luteolin, Myricetin *. – Venezuela Rivero-Maldonado et al.
(2013).
Psidium Fruits Ketone Carotenoids: 7.90 Beta-carotene μg/g; – Brazil Nascimento et al. (2011).
schenckianum Flavonols: 24.59 of quercetins/100 g
Kiaersk.
Psidium Leaves Essential oil α-humulene: 13 %; α-copaeno: 8.4 %; Antimicrobial: Brazil Moniz et al. (2019).
striatulum 1,8-cineole: 8.1 %; Aromadendrene: 6.3 %; IC50 a 250 μg/mL
Mart. ex DC. α-terpinenol: 5.7 %.

Subtitles: * The authors do not report values for compound/class/activity; -: Not applicable; d. m.: dry matter; d. w.: dry weignt; d. f.: dry fruit; f. f.: fresh fruit; f. w.:
fresh weight; e. f.: edible fraction; MTE/g: μM Trolox Equivalents (TE)/g of dried fruit.; MCF-7: human cancer cells (breast); Caco - 2: human cancer cells (colon); cel.
sur.: cell survival; M059J: human glioblastoma; GAE: gallic acid equivalent; TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; ORAC: oxygen radicals absorbing capacity;
MDA: Malondialdehyde; ET: electronic transfer; Pr: Product; RSA: Radical anionic superoxide; RH: Hydroxyl radical; NO: Nitric oxide; MIC: minimal inhibitory
concentration; TE: trolox equivalent; edi. frac.: edible fraction.

however, as several species of the genus are rich in these volatile com­ leaves. Other parts of the plant such as fruits, stem and leaf bud are
pounds, it is to infer the same about this particular species. In this sense, mentioned, although less used.
investigations with this approach are necessary. Regarding the evaluation of secondary metabolites, P. cattleyanum
Biological activities, P. brownianum demonstrated excellent parasitic presents good indicators, with 16 articles mentioning its constituents.
activity against Trypanosoma cruzi with a 100% inhibition percentage at Chemical compounds present in its leaves, barks, fruits, and seeds were
1000 μg/mL concentration. In cytotoxic tests, it presented high toxicity, identified through volatile and fixed extracts (Table 2). (Table 2).
killing 90.85% of fibroblasts (Machado et al., 2018). The analysis of P. cattleyanum essential oil shows β-caryophyllene as
Psidium brownianum was investigated against bacteria and fungi the major component in most of the reported studies, with 22.5%,
Staphylococcus and Candida genera, respectively. In general, the authors 28.83%, 31.5% (Adam et al., 2011; Biegelmeyer et al., 2011; Soliman
state that P. brownianum extracts have significant antimicrobial activity. et al., 2016) respectively. Other compounds also stand out, α-pinene
And when associated with synthetic drugs, they cause synergism, (28%) (Soliman et al., 2016), α-copaene (21.96%), Eucalyptol (15.05%)
potentiate the effect, and reduce the MIC of drugs against these patho­ (Scur et al., 2016), β-myrecene (13.40%) and β-selinene (10.1%) (Bie­
gens. These effects are possibly associated with the presence of phenolic gelmeyer et al., 2011; Soliman et al., 2016). Other researches refer to the
compounds and flavonoids present in their extracts (Morais-Braga et al., chemical composition of the essential oil of P. cattleyanum, highlighting
2016a–c)(. the substances α-tujene (25.2%), 1.8-cineole (16.4%) and β-car­
The ethanolic extract of P. brownianum showed cytoprotective yophyllene (10.2%) (Marques et al., 2008) and 1,8-cineole (55.8%),
properties against mercury and aluminum toxicity (Sobral-Souza et al., α-pinene (31.8%), (E) -caryophyllene (20.7%) (Rocha et al., 2020).
2019). The authors correlated this finding with the antioxidant effects Rocha et al. (2020) drew attention to the P. cattleyanum leaf oil collected
observed by different methods (Fe2 +: EC50 360.66 μg/g; Fe3 +: EC50 in other parts of the world, not presenting a record for the occurrence for
756.20 μg/g; FRAP: EC50 23.27 mmol/g) and associated it with the 1.8 cineol (Adam et al., 2011; Pino et al., 2004; Tucker et al., 1995). This
presence of secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids. compound has been registered, so far, only for species of P. cattleyanum
Psidium brownianum presented five articles in this analysis that occurring in Brazilian territory.
demonstrate its chemical and/or biological potential, but further studies Meroterpenoids are another chemical class elucidated for
are needed to trace its chemical profile, especially on its essential oil. P. cattleyanum, although there is little investigation or identification of
From the information already acquired, it is a promising species for these compounds for the species. Zhu et al. (2019) recently discovered a
bioprospecting, and it may yet prove to be an alternative to solve new meroterpenoid with a 6/8/9/4 - tetracyclic nucleus, Littordial F,
environmental problems caused by toxic metals. isolated from Psidium littorale leaves (synonymous with P. cattleyanum)
and exhibited potential cytotoxic activities in vitro, in cancer cell lines.
3.3.3. Psidium cattleyanum Sabine Several meroterpenoids have been identified for P. guajava as guadial A,
Psidium cattleyanum appears in folk medicine as one of the native psiguadials C and D (Shao et al., 2012), Psidials A - C (Fu et al., 2010),
species of the genus most cited by traditional populations (10 articles), Psiguajadials AK (Tang et al., 2017), (+) - Psiguadial B (Chapman et al.,
for the treatment of diseases of the digestive system such as diarrhea, 2018), Psiguajdianone (Ning et al., 2019). These meroterpenoids are
stomach pains, belly aches and dysentery (Baptista et al., 2013; Bieski responsible for anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities against
et al., 2015; Brito et al., 2017; Castro et al., 2011; Tomazi et al., 2014), the cancer cell line.
for disorders of the genitourinary system (Abreu et al., 2015) and res­ Research on the biological activity of P. cattleyanum essential oil
piratory system such as sore throats (Bolson et al., 2015; Castro et al., demonstrates an antimicrobial effect with MIC 13.01 μg/mL (Soliman
2011). These symptoms are mainly treated by the decoction of the et al., 2016) and MIC 200 mg/mL and antioxidant potential by the DPPH

8
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Fig. 2. Molecular structures of Psidium species.

method with IC50 171.14 mg/mL (Scur et al., 2016). Psidium cattleyanum has an antioxidant effect by several tested
The ethanolic extract of P. cattleyanum acts on α-glucosidase inhibi­ methods, highlighting a greater number of publications for methanolic
tory activity with IC50 25.4 μg/mL, MIC antimicrobial activity = 0.78 extractions. Some of the results of these extractions are values of ABTS
mg/mL, in addition to presenting antioxidant potential with DPPH = 150.17 μM Trolox g-1 (Nora et al., 2014b), ABTS EC50 141 mg/mL-1
IC50 13.90 mg/mL and superoxide anion radical with IC50 173.3 μg/mL (Chaves et al., 2018); DPPH IC50 40.11 μg/mL (Saber et al., 2018);
(Scur et al., 2016; Vinholes et al., 2017). These results can be explained TEAC: 156 μM/g (Biegelmeyer et al., 2011). Some other methods
by the combination of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, carotenoids showed the antioxidant effect of the species, FRAP: 25.50 mmol
and reducing sugars present in the species extract (Vinholes et al., 2017). Fe2+/kg-1
Pr (aqueous extracts) (Donno et al., 2018); RSA: IC50 173.3

9
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Fig. 2. (continued).

μg/mL, RH: IC50 245.9 μg/mL and NO: IC25 1360.0 μg/mL (ethanolic related to the content of volatile substances, tannins and phenolic
extracts) (Vinholes et al., 2017). The authors consider that these effects compounds present in the species, which can act as inhibitors of enzy­
are attributed to the presence of health-promoting substances, evi­ matic expression and exert antimicrobial action.
denced in the metabolic profile of this species, such as phenolic com­ Repellent activity was observed for P. cattleyanum against Anopheles
pounds, flavonoids and triterpenes. arabiensis, repelling 80–100% of mosquitoes through aqueous (85.00
Other important activities are evidenced for P. cattleyanum, such as mg/mL) and methanolic (100.00 mg/mL) extracts (Chalannavar et al.,
antiproliferative against, human cancer cells (breast) with 73.7%–82% 2013). The 1,8 cineole and β-caryphyllene compounds present in the
cell survival and human cancer cells (colon) with 63.3%–66.3% cell essential oil of P. cattleyanum, previously mentioned, showed effective­
survival (Medina et al., 2011). The species also shows antimicrobial ness in repelling some mosquitoes (Rocha et al., 2020; Wang et al.,
activity (Alvarenda et al., 2015; Dacoreggio et al., 2019; Medina et al., 2009).
2011; Scur et al., 2016; Soliman et al., 2016), a finding which may be Although being widely explored in terms of chemical composition

10
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Fig. 2. (continued).

and biological activities, both being directly related, no phytotherapic of Castilho et al. (2014). These were the inhibitory concentrations that
treatment from Psidium cattleyanum has yet been proposed. It was also showed antimicrobial activity.
noticed that there is a deficiency in cytotoxicity data and in vivo Although the aqueous extract of P. densicomum presents promising
research, which is one of the steps for the formulation of new drugs. This results against E. faecalis, which causes gratointestinal disorders, re­
could strengthen the information and place the species as a potential searches that demonstrates its biological potential, as well as the me­
vegetable drug. tabolites responsible for its action, are still incipient or, frequently,
nonexistent.
3.3.4. Psidium densicomum Mart. ex DC
Psidium densicomum was registered in only one study (Santos et al., 3.3.5. Psidium grandifolium Mart. ex DC
2014), in which the popular use of seedlings is indicated in the form of There is little information on the chemical composition and biolog­
maceration for diarrhea. There is still no information on chemical ical activity of P. grandifolium, only one study was found within the
composition and we found only one studywith biological research analysis. Thus, a greater effort of investigation regarding this species is
(Castilho et al., 2014). The authors evaluated the antimicrobial activity necessary.
of the species against Enterococcus faecalis (bacteria present in the The chemical composition of P. grandifolium was analyzed using an
gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts causing pathogenicity) and the ethanolic extract, with a phenolic content of 136.95 mg EGA/100 g, and
aqueous extract proved to be more effective than SH1% C (Commercial a volatile composition with major compounds α-pinene (20.75%), p-
sodium hypochlorite 1% - Asfer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) with p <0.05. cymene (20.50%), o-cimene (20.05%), E-caryophyllene (17.56%) and
P. densicomum obtained MIC between 5.000 < 12.500 μg/mL in the work α-humulene (16.26%) (Bittencourt et al., 2019).

11
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Fig. 2. (continued).

The species has antioxidant potential with DPPH: EC50 6.37 mg/mL pain, diarrhea (digestive system), influenza, sore throat (respiratory
and antimicrobial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 15.62 system), headaches (nervous system) (Beltreschi et al., 2019; Santana
mg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 15.62 mg/mL), Bacillus cereus (MIC et al., 2016; Silva et al., 2012, 2018). The exclusive use of the leaves was
7.81 mg/mL) and Listeria monocytogenes (MIC 3.91 mg/ml). The chem­ reported in the form of decoction.
ical composition of the species is rich in several compounds that offer The volatile composition of P. guineense varied from 38 to 181
health benefits (Bittencourt et al., 2019), which may be associated with compounds (Figueiredo et al., 2018; Nascimento et al., 2018; Per­
their biological properties. alta-Bohórquezo et al., 2010) with a predominance of terpenes as major
components, Spathulenol (80.71%) (Nascimento et al., 2018), Limonene
3.3.6. Psidium guineense Sw (47.4%), α-pinene (35.6%) (Figueiredo et al., 2018), β-caryophyllene
Ethnobotanical data showed the use of P. guinense by populations in (8.6%–24.4%) (Figueiredo et al., 2018; Peralta-Bohórquezo et al., 2010)
the Northeast, being indicated for dysentery, intestinal problems, belly and epi-β-bisabolol (18.1%) (Figueiredo et al., 2018). According to

12
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Fig. 2. (continued).

Figueiredo et al. (2018) these elements form, so far, four chemical types presence of a wide variety of phenolic compounds in their composition
for P. guineense: (I) α-pinene/Limonene; (II) epi-β-bisabolol; (III) β-car­ acting synergistically (Senanayake et al., 2018), or even some specific
yophyllene/caryophyllene oxide; (IV) Spathulenol. This finding may component such as ascorbic acid (101.3 mg/100 g d.m.) contributing to
contribute to the specific selection of compounds with significant bio­ the antioxidant property of the fruits (Gordon et al., 2011).
logical activities. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus
Nascimento et al. (2018) demonstrated the effectineness of and Klebsiella pneumonia, both pathogenic to humans and resistant to
P. guineense leaves essential oil for antioxidant (DPPH: IC50 63.08 antibiotics. For S. aureus, the aqueous extract showed strong activity
μg/mL; ABTS: IC50 ≥ 780.13 μg/mL; MDA: IC50 37.91 μg/mL), anti­ against strains tested with MIC 250–500 μg/mL. The combination of the
proliferative (GI50 <9.84 μg)/mL), anti-inflammatory (48.48%) and extract with the beta-lactam cephalothin showed a lower fractional
antimicrobial (MIC 126.4 μg/mL). These same authors suggested that inhibitory concentration index (FICI) with a range from 0.125 to 0.5 μg/
the predominance of Spathulenol, corresponding to more than 80% of its mL, demonstrating that the natural product potentiated the effect of the
composition, is partly responsible for the therapeutic effects associated synthetic drug (Fernandes et al., 2012). The authors state that the con­
with the species. tent of polyphenols (21.62 g%) determined in the plant extract plays an
For fixed extracts, P. guineense presented chemical constituents such important role in its biological properties. Regarding K. pneumonia, the
as phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids, responsible for bio­ ethyl acetate extract showed the best antimicrobial result with MIC 64
logical activities linked to the species. It showed a high content of μg/mL (Macaúbas-Silva et al., 2019). The presence of tyrosol-derived
phenolic compounds ranging from 18.4 to 8749 mg/g, extracted by araçain for P. guineense may be responsible for the demonstrated anti­
different solvents: water, methanol, ethanol and phenol (Bravo et al., microbial potential.
2016; Damiani et al., 2012; Gordon et al., 2011; Schiassi et al., 2018; The aqueous extract of P. guineense leaves showed anti-HIV activity,
Senanayake et al., 2018). According to Senanayake et al. (2018), these from the mixture of two quercetin-derived flavonoids, Guajaverin and
values are significantly high compared to many other species and similar Avicularin with IC50 8.5 μg/mL (Ortega et al., 2017). It is reported in the
to those of the Psidium genus. literature that the leaves of species of the genus, like P. guajava, are rich
The antioxidant capacity of P. guineense can be affirmed by several in flavonoids as the main active substance, particularly quercetin, and
DPPH methods: 25.76 μmol L-1 and ABTS: 14.06 μmol L-1 (Senanayake that the spasmodic and antidiarrheal effects, listed in the popular in­
et al., 2018), Peroxyl radicals: IC50 1.58 g/L (Gordon et al., 2011), TEAC: dications, are associated with the flavonoids and glycosides derived
1339.5 μmol ET/g and ORAC: 359.1 μmol ET/g (Bravo et al., 2016). The from quercetin present in its chemical composition (Joseph and Priya,
greater antioxidant capacity of P. guineense extracts may arise from the 2011; Lozoya et al., 2002).

13
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Fig. 2. (continued).

3.3.7. Psidium laruotteanum Cambess Northeast (Lozano et al., 2014; Ribeiro et al., 2014).
Psidium laruotteanum was chemically analyzed by Medeiros et al. Only the essential oil of the leaves and flowers of P. myrsinites was
(2018), and the volatile composition of the leaves presents Terpenes, chemically analyzed. These analyzes show richness of terpenes (which is
p-cymene (34.8%), 1.8-cineole (19.2%), γ-terpinene (14%), and characteristic for Psidium species), with emphasis on (E)
α-pinene (13.4%) as major components. These compounds are -β-caryophyllene as the major compound, ranging from 7.4% to 26.5%
commonly found in the chemical composition of the essential oil of of the oil composition (Dias et al., 2015; Medeiros et al., 2015). Other
various Psidium species. compounds such as α-humulene (23.92%), caryophyllene oxide (6.1%–
Other investigations demonstrate high phenolic content (576.56 mg 10.09%), humulene epoxide II (8.8%), α-caryophyllene (5.4%) and
GAE/g of extract) and antioxidant potential (IC50 = 3.86 μg mL-1) for Linalol, are present in its composition (Castelo et al., 2010; Dias et al.,
P. laruotteanum (Takao et al., 2015). Antiparasitic activity, through 2015; Medeiros et al., 2015). (E) -β-caryophyllene has been found as a
hexane and ethyl acetate extracts with IC50 values of 3.9 and 6.8 μg/mL, major component in most Psidium species (Vasconcelos et al., 2019) and
with additional verification of the extracts’ atoxicity (TC50> 100 μg/mL) may be a potential chemical marker for the genus.
(Charneau et al., 2016). Luiz et al. (2017) demonstrated antimicrobial Data on biological activities are insufficient, P. myrsinites was
activity of the tested extracts inhibited microbial growth at least 70% of analyzed for its larvicidal activity against the mosquito Aedes aegypti L.
the tested bacterial species. and demonstrated effective results with LC50 292 mg/L (Dias et al.,
2015). Durães et al. (2017), analyzing the antimicrobial activity of the
3.3.8. Psidium myrsinites DC essential oil, showed values > 2000 μg. mL-1.
In folk medicine, P. myrsinites is used to treat diarrhea and stomach
pains inherent to the digestive system. The preparation of home rem­ 3.3.9. Psidium myrtoides O. Berg
edies is done by infusing the leaves, along with in natura comsumption of Among the criteria established for this analysis, only the study by
the fruits. There is still little data on the medical systems of which the Dias et al. (2019) refers to the chemical and biological properties of
species is part, it was only mentioned in two studies published in the P. myrtoides. After analyzing the leaves’ essential oil, the authors found

14
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

trans-β-caryophyllene (30.9%), α-humulene (15.9%), α-copaene (7.8%), The lack of data may be due to its recent description (2015), as it is
caryophyllene oxide (7.3%), and α-bisabolol (5.3%) as major compo­ distributed in northeastern Brazil in areas of mountainous forests, such
nents. These compounds were previously detected in the essential oils of as in Chapada do Araripe and Chapada da Ibiapaba in Ceará, and in low
other Psidium species (Medeiros et al., 2015; Scur et al., 2016). Other land areas of Pará. All these citations are of landscape with elevations of
authors (Macêdo et al., 2020; Vasconcelos et al., 2019) demonstrate the 90–760 m (Landrum and Proença, 2015).
variation and richness of chemical compounds for the essential oil of
P. myrtoides. 3.3.13. Psidium striatulum Mart. ex DC
The species essential oil has in vitro antibacterial activity against Analysis of the essential oil from P. striatulum leaves allowed the
cariogenic bacteria, mainly Streptococcus mutans with MIC = 62.5 μg/mL identification of the major compounds α-humulene (13%), α-copaene
(Dias et al., 2019). Interesting result according to Melo et al. (2017), (8.4%), 1.8-cineole (8.1%), Aromadendrene (6.3%) and α-terpinenol
since few natural compounds are known to inhibit S. mutans, one of the (5.7%) (Moniz et al., 2019b). Silva et al. (2003) identified different
main causes of tooth decay. terpenes as the major components in the essential oil of the leaves and
Psidium myrtoides also demonstrated antiproliferative activity stems of P. striatulum (β-caryophyllene: 28.6%; α-selinene: 7.7%; car­
against human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7: EC50 254.5 μg/mL), yophyllene oxide: 7.6%; β-selinene: 7.4%; selin -11-en-4α-ol: 6.0%). For
human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa: EC50 324.2 μg/mL) and human the fruits (Moniz et al., 2019a), the major compounds are the com­
glioblastoma (M059J: EC50 289.3 μg/mL) (Dias et al., 2019). pounds α-pinene (12%), humulene (10.4%), α-copaene (7.1%).
The reported results highlight P. myrtoides as a potential source for Although the analyzes have shown different chemical compositions
new antibacterial and antitumor agents. However, studies that identify of the leaves, fruits and bark of P. striatulum, many of these constituents
the chemical constituents responsible for its biological activity are still are present (sometimes as majorities) in other species of the genus
scarce. (Biegelmeyer et al., 2011; Dias et al., 2019; Moniz et al., 2019b; Soliman
et al., 2016).
3.3.10. Psidium salutare (Kunth) O. Berg Regarding biological activity, in vitro tests with P. striatulum essential
Only the work of Macêdo et al. (2018) was found for P. salutare, oil revealed inhibition of the microorganisms Salmonella typhimurim,
considering the criteria established in this analysis. The authors Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, in addition to having an effect
analyzed the chemical composition of the leaves’ essential oil and ob­ on the acetylcholinesterase enzhyme (Moniz et al., 2019b).
tained the constituents p-cymene (17.83%), γ-terpinene (17.09%), The fixed composition of P. striatulum is still unknown, and further
Terpinolene (16.99%), and τ-cadinol (15.20%) as major components. studies with this bias are needed, in addition to studies of biological
Secondary metabolites present in the fruits of P. salutare were also activities to establish the safety and efficacy of its secondary metabolites
identified. Quantitatively, the most abundant class of compounds were as possible pharmaceutical agents.
terpenoids, among them limone (17.3%), myrcene (16.2%) and
α-pinene (9.3%) as major constituents (Pino et al., 2002). Pino and 3.4. Traditional use and scientific investigations
Queris (2008) detected in their research 109 volatile constituents for the
fruits of P. salutare. The fruit macerates were rich in mono and sesqui­ The native species of Psidium, covered in this review, used in tradi­
terpenes, esters, and cinnamyl derivatives. The compounds viridiflorol tional medicine, have therapeutic indications mainly linked to the
(37.28 mg/l), epi-α-cadinol (28.79 mg/l), linalool (12.88 mg/l), and digestive system. All six species indicated in traditional medicine indi­
α-cadinol (12.34 mg/l) were among the highest reported quantities. cate within this system. Five of them have indications for diarrhea, and
The fixed chemical composition of P. salutare has shown interesting four for dysentery, showing the prevalence of these therapeutic uses
biological activity. According to Simonetti et al. (2016), the ethyl ace­ within the genus. Digestive disorders are associated with issues of basic
tate extract of the leaves has high antioxidant action, 94.08%, and sanitation and water treatment (Ortega-Cala et al., 2019; Tangjitman
moderate antimicrobial action against Listeria monocytogenes with MIC et al., 2015), affecting the most vulnerable part of society. According to
= 312.5 μg/mL. The leaves’ essential oil has antifungal activity against the World Health Organization (WHO) (WHO, 2020), diseases of the
fungi of the Candida genus, especially for Candida albicans with IC50 2.6 digestive system, mainly diarrhea, are among the main causes of death
μg/mL, showing lower concentrations when compared to fluconazole in the world, occupying the eighth position. The use of native Psidium
with IC50 16.7 μg/mL (Macêdo et al., 2018). species for this system may appear as a therapeutic alternative for
These results point to P. salutare as a possible complementary ther­ communities more susceptible to these diseases.
apy to diseases of bacterial and fungal origin, however further in vitro The traditional uses identified are associated with symptoms or
and in vivo tests are needed, as well as analyzes of its chemical compo­ causes and not with specific diseases. Symptoms such as dysentery,
sition to better understand the therapeutic effects associated with the diarrhea, headaches, breathing problems, inflammation indicate a range
species. of illnesses. None of these therapeutic uses have been tested directly in
biological tests. Researchers perform the studies based not only on
3.3.11. Psidium schenckianum Kiaersk popular indications but in general due to tested microorganisms that
Psidium schenckianum is used as food by local populations in the affect human health. However, studies carried out against bacteria of the
Northeast (Nascimento et al., 2011), however, it is poorly investigated in genera Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylo­
any aspect. Nascimento et al. (2011), report the presence of Carotenoids coccus, Listeria, Klebsiella (Alvarenda et al., 2015; Durães et al., 2017;
(7.90 Beta-carotene μg/g) and Flavonoids (24.59 mg of quercetin/100 Macaúbas-Silva et al., 2019; Melo et al., 2017; Moniz et al., 2019b) and
g), and based on that the species is interesting for future studies of fungi of the genus Candida (Macêdo et al, 2018, 2020, 2018; Morais-­
antioxidant activity. Braga et al., 2016a), may be associated with traditional uses of popular
medicine, since these microorganisms are capable of causing diseases
3.3.12. Psidium sobralianum Proença & Landrum and infections with the same symptoms reported in ethnobiological
In ethnobotanical research, P. sobralianum is indicated only in the research: diarrhea, dysentery, and belly pain.
work of Lozano et al. (2014) being used to treat diarrhea in northeastern The medicinal uses indicated for disorders of the respiratory and
Brazil. It appears to be used in the food of local populations (Campos et nervous systems have no biological investigation. This may be because
al, 2015, 2016), which may be linked to the fact that many species of the they are less evident systems among Psidium species. On the other hand,
Psidium genus produce edible fruits with an exotic flavor and a high antiproliferative investigations in breast, ovarian, and colon cancer cells
content of vitamin C (Franzon et al., 2009). There are no chemical or (Dias et al., 2019; Medina et al., 2011; Nascimento et al., 2018), may be
biological descriptions for P. sobralianum. associated with indications for the genitourinary system (Abreu et al.,

15
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

2015). Seven species in the group of species analyzed in this investigation do

Although the research is not directly related to the traditional uses not have ethnobotanical reports. Among these seven species, five of
reported, the species most used in folk medicine are also the most these denote biological activities. We found that some studies justify
analyzed in terms of biological activity, such as P. cattleyanum and carrying out biological tests based on popular indications. However,
P. guineense. Thus, the traditional knowledge associated with the num­ these studies do not investigate the therapeutic uses indicated by local
ber of therapeutic indications seems to be a criterion for the selection of populations (Macêdo et al., 2020; Moniz et al., 2019b; Morais-Braga
species to be investigated in ethnopharmacology. This connection be­ et al., 2016b). Other studies support their research based on the use of
tween the lines of research shows the importance of ethnobiology as a species for human consumption (Bittencourt et al., 2019), or seek to
premise for testing species with therapeutic indications reported by understand their chemical composition based on the scarcity of reports
communities, and directing species for bioprospecting. in the scientific literature (Dias et al., 2019; Medeiros et al., 2018;
Malaria was the only disease reported for Psidium species (specif­ Nascimento et al., 2011). It would be interesting if future studies of
ically P. acutangulum) and tested directly because of its popular in­ biological activities were directed to the same therapeutic indications
dications, either in the treatment of the disease (Houël et al, 2015, 2016) reported in the communities, being able to assure if a given treatment
or in the form of prevention against transmitting mosquitoes (Cha­ used empirically brings benefits or harms.
lannavar et al., 2013). However, this information is not present in the In this context, ethnobotanical data still need to be better targeted, to
ethnobotanical data of this analysis, because the research was carried point out species with pharmacological potential, as this facilitates the
out in French Guiana in the years 2003 and 2007 (Fleury, 2003, 2007) emergence of biological activity research that is directly related to the
and is not part of the criteria established in this investigation. therapeutic uses indicated by the communities.
P. acutangulum indications against malaria need further investigation
because despite the decline in malaria cases reported in the 20th cen­ 4. Conclusions
tury, this disease still represents a public health problem in most
developing countries in tropical and subtropical areas. In these coun­ Few Psidium species have been registered with therapeutic in­
tries, factors such as temperature and rainfall are preponderant for the dications, most of which were included in ethnobotanical surveys in lists
development of vectors and parasites (Greenwood et al., 2008). Plants with several other species.
are the richest sources of active ingredients, many identified compounds Most of the investigated species present studies on chemical
are used as herbal agents (Lee, 2010). composition and/or biological activities, with the exception of
The chemical composition of Psidium species may be related to the P. sobralianum, which has not presented any record with this scientific
success of biological activities. Most studies analyzed show that they are approach.
part of the compounds found in plant extracts in the species already Psidium species are indicated in Brazilian folk medicine almost
described: the total phenolic content, the richness of flavonoids (cate­ exclusively for disorders in the digestive system, although they are used
chins and anthocyanins), essential oils (β-caryophyllene) and the mer­ for other systems such as respiratory, nervous and genitourinary.
oterpenoids, identified mainly in P. guajava. However, there is little research on chemical composition and biological
In Psidium species, metabolites (vitamins, phenolic compounds, ca­ activity aimed directly at these therapeutic indications.
rotenoids, and flavonoids) constitute an important source of antioxidant The Psidium species studied are rich in terpenes, phenolic com­
compounds (Batista et al., 2018; Pereira et al., 2012; Trueba, 2003). The pounds, tannins and carotenoids and these substances are directly
antioxidant capacity of the species is mainly associated with the richness responsible for the biological activities conferred on the species, such as
of flavonoids. They are one of the groups most present in the Psidium antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory.
species investigated in this analysis (Chaves et al., 2018; Donno et al., Psidium cattleyanum and P. guineense are the most investigated spe­
2018; Saber et al., 2018). Both popular medicine and human food use its cies in terms of ethnobiological research, chemical composition and
fruits (Franzon et al., 2009). Fruits and vegetables are sources of nutri­ biological activities. The commercial exploitation of its fruits can be one
tional resources. Their consumption is related to a reduction of the of the determining factors for these investigations.
incidence of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular dysfunctions, Psidium acutangulum, P. brownianum, P. densicomum, P. grandifolium,
inflammation, the decline of the immune system (Schiassi et al., 2018; P. laruotteanum, P. myrsinites, P. myrtoides, P. salutare, P. schenckianum, P.
Steinmetz and Potter, 1996). striatulum and P. sobralianum, appear less frequently in investigations in
The tested concentrations of plant extracts of Psidium species influ­ scientific studies. However, these are species that deserve attention, as
ence biological activities. In general, the reported studies make the some already register the presence of flavonoids and terpenes, two
concentrations viable for application, because they present significant chemical classes proven to be responsible for biological activities.
biological activity, either in the synergistic interaction between chemi­ Native species of the Psidium genus are important sources of active
cal compounds, compounds, and synthetic drugs or isolated compounds ingredient, however new research on bioprospecting is relevant and
(Castilho et al., 2014; Chalannavar et al., 2013; Charneau et al., 2016; necessary to carry out a diagnosis within the genus, and help in the
Gordon et al., 2011; Houël et al., 2016; Luiz et al., 2017; Morais-Braga development of effective herbal medicines to combat human diseases.
et al., 2016a; Nascimento et al., 2018; Ortega et al., 2017).
Cytotoxicity tests are important to make the concentrations used in Authors contributions
biological assays feasible, however, they are still incipient. Only two of
the analyzed species provide this information. The tested concentrations Julimery Gonçalves Ferreira Macedo collected the information,
of P. acutangulum do not show cellular cytotoxicity (Houël et al, 2015, wrote the paper. Juliana Melo Linhares Rangel contributed editorial
2016), however P. brownianum (Machado et al., 2018) has a high toxic comments and corrections. Maria de Oliveira Santos prepared the tables.
effect on fibroblasts, although it has shown excellent biological activity. Cicera Janaine Camilo prepared the figures. Marta Maria de Almeida
It is difficult to provide a direct answer about the effectiveness of the Souza and José Galberto Martins da Costa conceptualized the study and
concentrations tested in the research analyzed since different means of suggested several improvements for the first version and later.
testing and units of measurement are used in the conduct of the exper­
iments. One of the examples that can be cited is the results of antioxidant Funding source
tests through the DPPH method expressed in different forms, percent­
age, μmol L-1, μg/mL, mg/mL, g/dry fruit. It would be ideal to establish Funding: This work was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfei­
a standardized range of effectiveness for each biological activity, as well çoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), through the granting of
as for the methods tested. a scholarship to the first author.

16
J.G. Ferreira Macedo et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021) 114248

Declaration of competing interest Chalannavar, R.K., Hurinanthan, V., Singh, A., Venugopala, K.N., Gleiser, R.M.,
Baijnath, H., Odhav, B., 2013. The antimosquito properties of extracts from
flowering plants in South Africa. Trop. Biomed 30, 559–569.
The authors declare no conflict of interst. Chapman, L.M., Beck, J.C., Lacker, C.R., Wu, L., Reisman, S.E., 2018. Evolution of a
strategy for the enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-Psiguadial B. J. Org. Chem.
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