UTS REVIEWER:  Student of Socrates

 Supported the idea of his

WHAT IS SELF?
teacher
SELF FROM PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE  But did have difficulty viewing
the soul as immortal entity
SOCRATES
that is unchanging, that’s why
 Greek philosopher and the father he added tripartite soul: the
of Western philosophy Appetitive, Spirited, and Mind
 “An unexamined life is not worth (Nuos)
living”  Immortal soul achieves eternal
 “know thyself realm through intellectual
 Constant dialogue between the enlightenment
soul and itself
3 Components of the Soul
 Posting a question which would
lead to further questions 1. Reason – enables us to think
 Believes on the dualism of reality, deeply and make wise
that the nature of man is decisions.
comprising with the Body which is 2. Physical/ appetite – it includes
imperfect and changeable and one’s desires, pleasure,
Soul that is perfect and physical satisfaction, comfort,
unchanging. biological needs (hunger,
thirst, sex)
2 REALMS OF REALITY
3. Spirit/ passion – our emotions,
1. Physical Realm love, ambition etc. It is the
2. Ideal Realm neutral part.

He concluded that every man is Rational Self

composed of body and soul.
 Forged by reason and intellect
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION OF has to govern the affairs of the
SOCRATES: human person.
 Mind – considered to be the
1. Introspection Method
most superior of the three
Method of examining one’s thoughts and components and the super
emotions to gain self-knowledge: power that controls the affairs
REASON. of the self.

2. An unexamined life is not Spirited Part

worth living: distinguish right
 Which is in charge of emotions
from what is wrong because an
should be kept at bay.
unexamined life is an animal
life. Appetitive Soul
PLATO  In charge of base desires like
eating, drinking, sleeping, and
 “The self is an immortal soul.”
 having sex are controlled as  The real world is where God
well. is.
ARISTOTLE Man is Composed of 2 Parts
 “Everything in life has a soul 1. Mater – hyle in Greek which
and the soul is the essence of refers to the universe of man’s
the self. “ body. The common stuff that
makes up everything.
3 Kinds Soul
2. Form – morphe in Greek which
1. Vegetative – physical body is the essence of a substance or
that can grow. thing.
2. Sentient – sensual desire,  The body of the human person is
feelings and emotion. something that he shares even
3. Rational – makes man human. with animals.
Includes intellect.
RENE DESCARTES
 “The rational nature of the
self is to lead a good,  Cogito, ergo sum in Latin
flourishing life. “ meaning, “I think therefore I am.”
 Father of modern philosophy
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
 Rational inquiry and real world
 “The self has an immortal experimentation.
soul. He describes humankind
2 Dimensions of Human Self
as created in the image and
likeness of God. Everything 1. Thinking Self – nonmaterial
created by God is usually things, very immortal and
good. ” independent of the physical
 adapted the metaphysics of laws of the universe.
Christian belief to explain his 2. Physical Self – material,
philosophy mortal, non-thinking, and fully
 Immortal soul strive to achieve governed by the physical laws.
God through faiith and reason
JOHN LOCKE
and our physical world is a
proving ground for our eternal  The self is conscious.
destinies.  Conscious awareness and memory
 Two aspects: 1. Imperfect of previous experiences are the
(earthly) keys to understanding the self
2. Capable of reaching (thinking, reasoning, and
immortality. reflection).
 Our goal is to attain  “Tabula Rasa” – self is comparable
communion with the divine. to an empty space and such empty
 The world of materials, the space will be provided with sense
earth is not our final home. data, through the encountered
experiences of an individual.
  Believes that development of the possessed depends on how it is
Self starts when one becomes expressed through words and
aware of the kind of person he/she action.
is through self-realization.  “a ghost in the machine” – you
cannot see the mind but you can
DAVID HUME
see it through the manifestation of
 The self is nothing else but a behavior
bundle of impressions.  The mind is never separate from
 Experiences can be classified into the body.
impressions and ideas.  He believes that the self is best
 Impressions are the primary understood as a pattern of
objects of our experience or behavior, the tendency or
sensations. disposition for a person to behave
in a certain way in certain
SIGMUND FREUD
circumstances.
• father of psychology  Physical actions or behaviors are
dispositions of the self which
3 Layers of the Self
derived are derived from our inner
1. Conscious – reality principle. private experiences
2. Unconscious – pleasure
MAURICE MERLEU-PONTY
principle. Basic instincts
including sexuality, self-  Phenomenology of perception
destruction, traumatic  The mind and body are so
memories and unfilled wishes. intertwined that they cannot be
3. Subconscious/ preconscious – separated.
easily brought to our minds.  The living body, his thoughts,
emotions, and experiences are all
3 Folds of Self
in one.
1. Id – center of human wants
IMMANUEL KANT
and desire. Instinctive
dimension of the self and the  We construct the Self.
core of an individual’s being
Division of Consciousness
2. Ego – acts according to reality.
3. Superego – seat of 1. Internal Self – combining new
consciousness. Acts as an ideas with old ideas with our
individual’s conscience that mind.
controls the id 2. External Self – Physical world.
GILBERT RYLE SOREN KIERKEGARD
 I act therefore I am – “you are  One of the proponents of
what you do” are based on the Existentialism.
manifested one’s physical activities  He emphasized individual
and behavior which means that existence, freedom, and choice.
the kind of mind an individual
GEORG WILHELM HEGEL GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

 The rational alone is real.  Is known for his THEORY OF THE

 Believes that we do not perceive SOCIAL SELF which stands on the
the world or anything in it directly point that the self is not initially
and that all our minds have access there at birth.
to ideals and worlds (images,  Instead, it arises out of one’s
perception, concepts.) social communication, our
activities such as observing and
KARL MARX
interacting with others,
 Social alienation – the social responding to others’ opinions,
relationship between individual and internalizing external
and group of people in the opinions and internal feelings
community. about oneself.
 Human being must work in order  According to Mead’s theory, the
to survive in any social class. self has two sides of phases: the
“I” and “me”.
THE SOCIOLOGICAL SELF
 The “I” represents the self as the
The Self as product of Modern Society subject, and the individual’s
among Others: impulse
 The “me” is considered to be the
-From the limitations imposed by society
socialized component of the
before, people nowadays are already free
individual that represents the
to seek their own identity. Thus, their
learned behaviors, expectations
selves get “delocalized”.
and attitudes of others organized
into a social self.
 Clifford Geertz (1973)
THREE ACTIVITIES ARE IDENTIFIED AS
Believes that the struggle for
THE RESULTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
individuality can already be
THE SELF:
possible.
 Language
Having a delocalized self as a product
 Play
poses certain problems such as:
 Game
a. The authenticity of self is
LANGUAGE
threatened as a result of the
newfound freedom.  At the age of 0 to 2 years old,
b. According to Marx, human beings children tend to imitate the
are haunted and get alienated language used by people that are
from their own self as an effect of around them.
the images they create.  The symbols, gestures, words, and
c. The objectification of the body sound for children at this stage
removes human qualities in man. are mere words and sound and
d. Dehumanization of Self. does not have any meaning.
MEAD’S THEORY OF THE SELF
PLAY us are affected by that labeling.
But when the degree of appraisals
 During ages 2 to 6 years old, play
is great, it may happen that an
develops one’s self-consciousness
individual will adopt such
through role-playing.
appraisals into their selves
 During role play, a child is able to
internalize the view of others and SELF-LABELLING
develop an understanding of how
 May occur when one takes into
other people feel about
their self-concept those labels and
themselves and others indifferent
evaluations made by others for
situations.
them.
GAME
ANTHROPOLOGOCAL SELF
 The game activity that is engaged
• The self must be embedded in the
by children ages 7 years old
culture
onwards allows the child to
understand and adhere to the  Anthropologically
rules of the games which as a It is not just limited to legal
result may lead to the association to a country but it
development of self. entails a responsibility to live and
 Self will be developed when a protect the country’s cherished
child understands that the rules of values. To belong and relate to
the game exist and that these culture means to adopt, accept,
rules should be followed to and treasure its entire way of life
possibly win the game.
Anthropology
THE LOOKING-GLASS SELF:
 Is the study of all aspects of the
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY human condition
 This includes human history, the
 American Sociologist
present human condition, and
 The concept “looking glass self” as
even future possibilities.
pertaining to an individual’s
 It is also considered “the science
development of self-concept
of humanity.” Which studies
based on their observation of how
human beings in aspects ranging
other people see them.
from the biology and evolutionary
 The social interactions people
history of Homo sapiens to the
have been used as “mirror” to
features of society and culture
measure their own worth, values,
that decisively distinguish humans
and behavior.
from other animal species.
Nature
LABELLING BIAS
 Referring to the genetic
 Occurs when we are labeled, and inheritance that sets the
others’ views and expectations of individual’s potential.
Nurture Two Ways in Which the Concept of Self is
viewed in the Different Societies:
 Sociocultural environment
1. Egocentric View
Culture
 The self is seen as an autonomous
 Latin word “cultura” or and distant individual.
“cultus” meaning care or 2. Sociocentric view
cultivation.  The self is contingent on a
situation or social setting.
Cultural context
Forming Cultural Identity
 Personal Identity-
The way he/she sees  Forming a cultural identity
himself/herself as an involves making choices about
individual. cultures one identities with and
 Collective Identity- deciding to join the cultural
The way he/she sees community to which one
himself/herself as a member of belongs. Beliefs and practices
a certain group. of one more communities can
also be adapted.
Identity
 One’s identity is not inborn; it
 Refers to “who the person is” is something people
or the qualities and traits of an continuously develop in life.
individual that makes him/her
Three-phased rite of passage according
different from others.
to Arnold van Gennep:
Cultural Identity
 Separation phase
 Is self-identification, a sense of  People detach from their former
belonging to a group that identity to another.
reaffirms itself. It is dynamic  Liminality phase
and constantly evolving.  A person transitions from one
identity to another.
Social Anthropology
 Incorporation phase
 The concept of identity was  The change in one’s status is
used mostly in the context of officially incorporated
“ethnic identity” pointing out
Properties of Cultural Identity according
the self with others, that is to a
to Jane Collier and Milt Thomas:
consciousness of sharing
certain characteristics ( e.g. 1. Avowal and Ascription
language, culture etc.) within  Avowal
a group.  Is how one articulates or expresses
his/her views about group identity.
It is how one presents oneself to
another.
 Ascriptions  This refers to the interaction
 Is how others perceive an between two or more individuals.
individual. It is how one refers to The message exchange carries
others. information/content.
2. Models of Expression  The participants of the
 The use of core symbols conversation interpret the choice
(expressions of a group’s cultural and meanings of the words based
beliefs and theories about the on their experiences.
world around them), names, labels 7. Salience or Prominence
and norms (expected standard of  This is the degree to which an
behavior) that a cultural identity is demonstrated in a
community share and follow in situation and refers to how much a
order to show that they belong to person’s cultural identity stands
a particular group, demonstrates out and attracts attention.
shared identity.
The Self Embedded in Culture
3. Individuals, Relational, Communal
Identity CLIFFORD GEERTZ
Three components to cultural
 American Anthropologist
identity:
 Offers the reformulation of the
 Individual
concept of culture which favors a
 Refers to how an individual
symbolic interpretative model of
interprets his cultural identity
culture.
based on his experiences.
 Geertz suggests two important
 Relational
ideas:
 Refers to how individuals interact
1) Culture should not be perceived
with one another (what is the
only as “complexes of concrete
appropriate behavior).
behavior patterns – customs,
 Communal Identity
usages, traditions, habit clusters-
 Is the use of communication in the
for the governing behavior.
creation, affirmation and
2) Man is precisely the animal most
negotiation of shared identity.
desperately dependent upon such
4. Enduring and Changing Aspects of
extra genetic, outside-the-skin
Identity
control mechanisms, such cultural
 The cultural identity changes due
programs, for ordering his
to several factors which are social,
behavior.”
political, economic and contextual.
5. Affective, Cognitive and Geertz also emphasizes that human
Behavioral Aspects of Identity nature is interdependent with culture,
 This refers to emotions fully “Without men, no culture certainly; but
attached to cultural identity in equally, and more significantly, without
particular situations. culture, no men.”

6. Content and Relationship Levels PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF

  The psychology of the self is the creating idealized self and actual
study of the cognitive or affective self.
representation of one's identity.
Idealized Self
 In modern psychology, the
earliest formulation of the self-  Is an imaginary picture having
derived from the distinction unlimited power or qualifies on.
between the self as “I,” the
Actual Self
subjective knower, and the self as
“me,” the object that is known.  Who we really are failed to fulfill.
 The "Me" corresponds to the self  Underlying both the idealized and
as an object of experience or the actual self is the real self which is
self as known. revealed only when a person starts
 While the "I" refers to the subject to find ways to deal and resolve
of experience or the self as anxiety and conflicts.
knower that is pure ego and
CARL ROGERS
consciousness itself.
 Believes that human basic motive
Three Components of the “Me” Self:
is to be self-actualized.
A. The Material Self  Real Self (actual behavior)
 According to James, this is the  Ideal Self (who you would like to
component of self that we tend to become)
be most affected with, as we
DONALD W. WINNICOTT
invest ourselves with things like
clothes, family, and home.  Explained the theory about the
B. The Social Self True Self (the unshaped) and the
 It is based on our interactions False Self.
with society and the reactions of
Self as Proactive and Agentic
others that are analyzed in order
to contribute to our idea of social  As viewed by the Social Cognitive
self. Theory, people are capable of
C. The Spiritual Self controlling their own lives.
 It is said to be the most intimate  People are proactive and
self. It is who we are at our core reflective meaning the agent self-
and something permanent like resides over everything that
personality, core values, involves decision making, self-
conscience etc. control, taking charge of
Real and Ideal Self situations, and actively
responding.
KAREN HORNEY  Our capacity to distinguish those
 Believed that people experiences that we are capable of
anxiety and be able to develop accomplishing, and those that are
strategies to cope with it. Thus not describes the quality of self-
efficacy.
THE SELF IN WESTERN AND  Thus, the threat to social order is
ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHTS selfishness.
 In the Confucian philosophy, the
Individualistic Self
principle of ren characterized the
 Prioritizes the self-interest, self-possessing compassion for
independence, and rights of others. The self for Confucius is
individuals. the person within the society who
exhibits refinement and
Collective Self
compassion.
 A worldview that places high
PHYSICAL SELF
importance on the group or
community as a whole.  Refers to the body, this marvelous
container and complex, finely
The Self according to Buddhism
tuned, machine with which we
 Buddhism philosophy believes that interface with our environment
religion is a way of life and to live a and fellow beings.
moral life, to be mindful and  The concrete dimension, the
aware of thoughts and actions, tangible aspect of the person that
and to develop wisdom and can be directly observed and
understanding. examined.
 The Four Noble Truth and Eight  Defined by the physical
Fold Paths as thought by the characteristics that are visible.
religion reminds people that life
WILLIAM JAMES
should not be focused on pleasure,
but instead should be lived in  Renowned psychologist and a
contemplation. pioneer of American Sociology.
 The body is the initial source of
The Four Noble Truths
sensation and necessary for the
1. Life is suffering. origin and maintenance of
2. Suffering is caused by craving and personality.
aversion.  “the self is the sum total of all
3. Suffering can be overcome and that man can call his, which
happiness can be attained. includes his body, family and
4. The eightfold path leads to the reputation, also his clothes and
end of suffering his house…”
The Self according to Confucianism RUSSELL W. BELK
 Confucius’s philosophy of life  Such body, family, clothes, and the
stands with the idea that life is a like are parts of the extended
living reality, a blessing, a natural body.
priceless right, and an
opportunity to be with others to
work together for the common ERIK ERICKSON
good to attain happiness.
  Experience is anchored in the CULTURE
ground-plan of the body.
 Shared patterns of thought,
SIGMUND FREUD beliefs, behaviors, and habits in
both material and symbolic
 Physical body is the core of human
realms. Includes language,
experience.
technology, economic, political
Maurice Merleau-Ponty and educational systems, religious
and aesthetic patterns, social
 Placed the body at the center of
structures and so on.
human existence, as a way of
experiencing the world. Self-definition

THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY  Refers to the way a person sees

IMAGE AND BEAUTY: himself.

BODY IMAGE THE CONCEPT OF BEAUTY IN DIFFERENT

CULTURES:
 It refers to the person’s perception
of the level of attractiveness of Face Tattoos
his/her body or it can be
 This tradition has been around for
somebody’s own impression of
centuries, and consists of patterns
how his/her body looks.
called Ta-Mako in black or dark
 Internal(personal) and external
blue ink on the woman’s face.
(social)
Decorated Skin
BEAUTY
 Instead of accessorizing with
 INNER BEAUTY-
extravagant jewelry, women in
Refers to the inner qualities of the
India turn to nose rings, bindis and
person
henna to make themselves more
 EXTERNAL BEAUTY-
attractive for festivals and
Refers to the physical
celebrations, like weddings.
characteristics of the person
 “BODY BEAUTIFUL” – Long Earlobes
Admired muscular “Adonis” body
 To the Masai tribe of Kenya, long,
built for men.
stretched earlobes are the ideal
 The “COCA-COLA BODY”-
for both men and women.
contoured figure for women.
 “AESTHETIC CAPITAL”- Long Necks
Covers the privileges and wealth
 Long, giraffe-like necks are the
people receive from aesthetic
ultimate sign of beauty and female
traits.
elegance to the Kayan tribe
THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN OUR
Pale Skin
UNDERSTANDING OF “BODY IMAGE”
AND “SELF-ESTEEM”
  Women in many Asian countries inextricably linked. Body
avoid the sun at all costs simply dissatisfaction is the number one
because pale skin is the ultimate risk factor for a number of
sign of beauty and desirability. unhealthy behaviors, including
eating disorders and chronic
Full Figures
dieting.
 In Mauritania, females with full  Body image is a multidimensional
figures are considered incredibly construct that refers to one’s
beautiful, and think women are perception of and attitudes about
considered physically undesirable. the size and shape of one’s body.

Body Scars BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM

 Scarification of the body is a  Self-esteem

practice, specifically among How much you are valued and
populations with dark skin too respected by yourself and by
dark to show tattoos. others.
 Body image
Lip Plates
How you view your physical self —
 Suri people of Ethiopia find beauty including whether you feel you are
represented in women’s lip plates. attractive and whether others like
your looks.
Foot Binding
 Body image and self-esteem
 The result was small and petite directly influence one another.
feet which is considered highly When you have healthy body
attractive in China. image, you feel comfortable
about your body and know how
Monobrows
to care for it.
 The women of Tajikistan embrace How do I know if I have a healthy body
their natural eyebrows, and will image and self-esteem?
even draw on them to make it
appear that they have a  You see and think of yourself as a
monobrow. whole person, not a collection of
specific body parts.
The Influence of Media on the  You accept and celebrate the
Adolescent’s Understanding of Beauty uniqueness of your natural body
 The media has increasingly shape and size.
become a platform that reinforces  You understand that a person’s
cultural beliefs and projects physical appearance says very little
strong views on how we should about their character and value as
look, that we as individuals often a person.
unknowingly or knowingly  You feel comfortable and
validate and perpetuate. confident in your body, and avoid
 Body dissatisfaction and worrying about food, weight, and
perceptions of beauty are counting calories.
DEVELOPING SELF-ESTEEM Primary Sexual Characteristics
a) Understanding that healthy,  Primary sexual characteristics refer
attractive bodies come in many to the reproductive organs
shapes and sizes; themselves.
b) Physical appearance says very little  For females, the most significant
about our character or value of a primary sexual characteristic is
person; the first menarche, or first
c) How we get to this point of menstrual period.
acceptance often depends on our  For males, the primary sexual
individual development and self- characteristics include an
acceptance. enlargement of the penis and
testes, and the first spermarche.
Here are a few other things that you can
try to increase your self-esteem: Secondary Sexual Characteristics:
1. Make a list of the stuff you’re good  Change in height
at.  Sweat and Sebaceous glands
2. Give yourself three compliments  Hair growth
every day.
3. Remember that your body is your FEMALE
own, no matter what shape, size,  Enlargement of breasts and
or color it is. erection of nipples.
4. Remember that there are things  Growth of body hair, most
about yourself you can’t change. prominently underarm and pubic
5. When you hear negative hair.
comments in your head, tell  Labia minora, the inner lips of the
yourself to stop. vulva, may grow more prominent
THE SEXUAL SELF and undergo changes in color with
the increased stimulation related
SEXUALITY to higher levels of estrogen.
 Essential component of healthy MALE
development for young people.
 ‘‘sexuality is an integral part of  Enlargement of larynx (Adam's
human life,’’ and ‘‘sexual health is apple) and deepening of voice.
inextricably bound to both THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
physical and mental health.’’
 Excitement Phase
 Plateau Phase
 Orgasm Phase
 Resolution Phase
THE CHEMISTRY OF ATTRACTION, LOVE
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEX AND ATTACHMENT
CHARACTERISTICS:
 Lust
  Attraction
 Attachment
Diversity of Human
Sexuality

 Diversity
It includes things like race, religion,
culture, physical ability, mental
ability, family make-up, socio-
economic status and sexual and
gender diversity.
 Sexuality
refers to the sexual feelings and
attractions we have towards other
people.
When we talk about sexual and gender
diversity, it’s important to understand
these terms:

 Sex
Which people are typically
assigned at birth based on physical
characteristics.
 Sexual Orientation
A person’s emotional and sexual
attraction to others
 Gender/Gender Identity
A person’s internal sense of
identity as female, male, both or
neither, regardless of the sex.
 Gender expression
How a person expresses their
gender.