SECOND DAY JANUARY 21, 2006

Ma’am Veron, kindly make a lesson plan for these topics. The students have their own
copy and are expecting you to discuss it. This is in addition to our “regular” multiple
choice questions that you answer every refresher course. Thanks a lot and see you
soon…Jim
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1. Effective Length – the distance between inflection points.
2. Development Length- minimum length of a reinforcing bar required to anchor
it in concrete
3. Bending Moment- the moment that produces bending at a section of a
structural member, equal to the sum of moments taken about the center of
gravity of that section
4. minimum concrete coverings
5. minimum spacing of bolts
6. end distance of bolts in tension
7. end distance of bolts in compression
8. minimum penetration of screws
9. Malleability- the property of metal that permits mechanical deformation by
extrusion, forging, rolling, etc., without fracturing
10. Yield Point- the stress wherein the deformation increases without any
increase in the load. The material at some point shows a decrease in its
section.
11. modulus of elasticity
12. Elasticity- the property of a material that enables it to deform in responses to
applied forces and to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the
force
13. plasticity
14. Toughness- the property of materials that enable it to absorb energy before
rupturing, represented by the area under stress- strain curve derived from a
tensile test of the material. Ductile materials are tougher than brittle materials.
15. Rigidity- property of a material to resist a change in its physical shape
16. Inflection Point- point on the length of a structural member subjected to
flexure at which the direction of curvature changes and at which the bending
moment is zero.
17. Brittleness- property of a material to fracture at low stress without appreciable
deformation
18. Ductility- the property of a material to undergo plastic deformation after being
stressed beyond the elastic limit before rupturing. Ductility is a desirable
property of a structural material since plastic behavior is an indicator of
reserve strength and can serve as a visual warning of impending failure
19. Eccentric Load/ Force- a force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a
structural member but not to the centroid of the cross section, producing
bending and uneven distribution of stresses in the section.
20. Axial Load- a force that acts perpendicular to the cross section of a structural
member and at its centroiod
21. Impact Load- the dynamic effect on a structure, either moving or at rest, by
the forcible momentary contact of a moving body.
22. compressive force/stress
23. Torsion- the twisting of a structural member about its longitudinal axis by two
equal and opposite torques
24. Prestressed Concrete- concrete in which internal stresses are introduced of
such magnitude and distribution that the tensile stresses resulting from the
service loads are counteracted to a desired degree
25. Posttensioning- a method of prestressing reinforced concrete in which
tendons are tensioned after the concrete has hardened.
26. Jacking Force- a temporary force exerted into the prestressing tendons
27. Tendon- a steel element such as a wire, cable, bar, rod, or strand used to
impart prestress to the concrete when the element is placed under tension.
28. Span- the distance between two supports
29. Clear Span- the distance between two inside faces of two supports
30. Moment- the property by which a force tends to cause a body, to which it is
applied, to rotate about a point or line.
31. Cantilever Beam- a beam supported only at one end
32. overhanging beam
33. Girder- a principal beam usually carrying other beams
34. Short Column – a thick column subjected to failure by crushing rather than by
buckling
35. Long Column – a slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by
crushing
36. method of section
37. method of joints
38. diaphragm (strut and chord)
39. Construction Joint – a joint between two successive placements of concrete,
often keyed or doweled to provide lateral stability across the joint.
40. Contraction Joint – in concrete work, a break in a structure made to allow for
the drying and temperature shrinkages (of concrete or masonry) thus to
prevent cracks forming at undesirable places. Since all materials containing
cement shrink appreciably on drying, contraction joints are needed in every
long structure.
41. Soffit – the underside of an architectural element, as an arch, beam, cornice,
or staircase
42. Tremie – a funnel- like device with a pipe or tube for depositing concrete
underwater.
43. Space Frame – a three- dimensional structural frame based on the rigidity of
the triangle and composed of linear elements subject only to axial tension or
compression. The simplest spatial unit of a space frame is a tetrahedron
having 4 joints and 6 structural members.
44. Slump Test – a test for the stiffness of wet concrete. A conical mould is filled
with concrete, well rammed, and then carefully inverted and emptied over a
flat plate. The amount by which the concrete cone drops below the top of the
mould is measured and is called the slump. This test is valuable only when
 the aggregates are used all the time and in the same proportions. It then
gives a rough idea if the water content of the mix. This otherwise most useful
test cannot be applied to stiff concretes with slump of less than about 20 mm.
45. Aggregates – gravel, sand, slag, crushed rock or similar inert materials which
form a large part of concretes, asphalts or roads including macadam.
46. light weight aggregate – aggregates with low specific gravity?
47. Fine Aggregates – aggregates consisting of sand having a particle size
smaller than ¼ inch: specifically, the portion of aggregate that will pass through a
3/8 inch sieve, almost entirely through a #4 sieve, and be predominantly retained on
a #200 sieve.
48. Coarse Aggregates – aggregates consisting of crushed stone, gravel or blast
furnace slag having a particle size larger than ¼ inch: specifically, the portion of
aggregate that is retained on a #4 sieve.
49. Grout – a fluid cement mortar that will flow easily without segregation of the
ingredients, used to fill narrow cavities in masonry and consolidate the
adjoining materials into a solid mass
50. Mortar – a paste of cement, sand and water laid between bricks, blocks or
stones, and usually now made with masonry cement, formerly with cement
and lime putty. Cement paste can be regarded as the mortar of concrete.
51. Bundled Bars – reinforcing bars bundled together to form a larger cross
section?
52. nscp standards on stirrup spacing
53. nscp standards on beams and columns
54. nscp definitions
55. minimum thickness of footings
56. Concrete – an artificial stone- like building material made by mixing cement
and various mineral aggregates with sufficient water to cause the cement to
set and bind the entire mass.
57. Proportional Limit – the stress beyond which the ratio of stress to strain for a
material no longer remains constant
58. Ultimate Strength – the maximum tensile, compressive, or shearing stress a
material can be expected to bear without nrupturing or fracturing. Also called
Ultimate Stress.
59. Portland Cement – a hydraulic cement made by burning a mixture of clay and
limestone in a rotary kiln and pulverizing the resulting clinker into very fine
powder. It is named after a limestone quarried in the isle of Portland, England
due its resemblance to the limestone.
60. Pedestal- an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height
to average lateral dimensions of less than 3.
61. PNS standards
62. One-Way Slab – a concrete slab reinforced in one direction only. It is suitable
only for relatively short spans.
63. Two-Way Slab – a concrete slab reinforced in both directions
64. seismicity
65. movable structure
66. deformeter/ deflectometer – device used to measure deformation?