UPPER LIMB

For the upper limb important topics, first you have to study few bones, joints and muscles.

Bones

Read Definition, Ossification, Anatomical position, Parts, Attachments (Origin/Insertion),

Clinical anatomy of fractured bones, Arterial supply of these bones below :

1. Clavicle
2. Scapula
3. Humerus
4. Radius
5. Ulna

Joints

Read Definition, Types, Articular surfaces, Ligaments, Relations, Nerve Artery Vein,
Movements of these joints below :

1. Shoulder
2. Elbow joint (Also read anastomosis around elbow joint)
3. Carpometacarpal joint

Muscles

For muscles we have to read only origin/insertion and nerve supply. The important
muscles are :

1. Deltoid
2. Serratus anterior
3. Subclavius
4. Teres major/minor
5. Pectoralis major/minor
6. Latissimus dorsi

Important Topics

1. Lymphatic drainage of Breast. ★

2. Anatomy of breast and krukenberg tumor.
3. Clavipectoral fascia. ★
4. Serratus anterior muscle – Short Note
5. Deltoid muscle – Attachments and nerve supply.
6. Brachial plexus – Def, Components, Clinical. ★
7. Erb’s paralysis and Klumpke’s paralysis. ★
8. Branches of axillary artery. v
9. shoulder joint – Type and articular surfaces, Capsule and ligaments, Movements and
muscles producing them, Applied aspect. v
10. Triangle of auscultation.
11. Rotator cuff and their nerve supply. ★
 12. Cubital fossa – contents. ★
13. Carpal tunnel syndrome – SN ★
14. Anatomical snuff box – SN
15. Palmer aponeurosis – SN
16. Axilla boundaries and contents.
17. Dupuytren’s contracture – SN ★
18. Flexor retinaculum (Structure passing) – SN ★
19. Palmer aponeurosis – SN ★
20. Mid palmar spaces – SN
21. Arterial anastomosis around elbow – (For conecpt/ look atlas)
22. Radial/Ulner/Median Nerve – Origin and root value, Course, Distribution/structures
supplied, Applied anatomy. (Any of them come in every exams) ★
23. Musculocutaneous nerve
24. Brachial/Radial artery branches. ★
25. Elbow joint.
26. Interrossei.
27. Flexor digitorum profundus. ★
28. Branches of 3rd part of axillary artery. ★
29. Muscles responsible for abduction at shoulder joint.
30. Wrist drop – SN
31. Claw hand – SN ★
32. Tennis Elbow – SN
33. Students Elbow – SN ★
34. Claw hand – SN ★
35. Scapular anastomosis

LOWER LIMB

Before start reading for the important topics it’s important to know the basics of lower limb
bones, joints and muscles

Bones

1. Femur
2. Tibia
3. Fibula
4. Hip bone

Joints

1. Knee joint
2. Hip joint
3. Ankle joint

Muscles

1. Dartos muscle
2. Adductor magnus
 3. Hamstrings muscle

Important Topics

1. Hip joint – Types, Relations, Ligaments, Movements, Associated muscles, Applied

anatomy ★
2. Arches of foot (Medial longitudinal arch most imp) ★
3. Sciatic nerve – Root value, Distribution, Course, Branches, Applied anatomy
4. Knee joint -SN
5. Femoral triangle – SN ★
6. Femoral sheath and Femoral canal – SN ★
7. Great saphenous vein
8. Adductor canal – SN ★
9. Dorsalis pedis artery
10. Inversion and eversion of foot
11. Profunda femoris artery – SN ★
12. Structures piercing cribriform fascia passing through saphenous opening. ★
13. Popliteal fossa -SN
14. Femoral Nerve, Obturator Nerveand Popliteal Nerve – Origin, Course, Structures
innervated, Applied
15. Pott’s fracture – SN
16. Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius – Attachments, Structures passing
17. Deep peroneal nerve
18. Iliotibial tract ★
19. Cruciate anatomosis
20. Trendelenburg sign ★
21. Foot drop
22. Ligaments of Hip joint and Ankle joint

ABDOMEN

Among all abdomen is huge as well as an important chapter in anatomy. It covers 25-30%
questions in exams.

Important Topics

1. Muscles and arterial supply of anterior abdominal wall.

2. Rectus sheath – SN ★
3. Contents of Inguinal canal and Inguinal hernia – SN
4. Boundaries of Hesselbach’s triangle. ★
5. Contents of spermatic cord.
6. Structures lying at the transpyloric plane.
7. Branches of coeliac trunk. ★
8. Branches of superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery.
9. portocaval anastomosis. ★
10. Arteries supplying stomach.
11. Structures forming stomach bed. ★
12. Abdominal aorta with diagram
 13. Lesser sac – SN
14. Caput medusa – SN
15. Epiploic foramen – SN ★
16. Lymphatic drainage of stomach – SN
17. Sub phrenic and sub hepatic spaces – SN
18. Hepatorenal pouch/Morrison’s pouch – SN ★
19. Second part of duodenum – SN
20. Extrahepatic biliary apparatus – SN
21. Suprarenal glands – SN
22. Thoracolumbar fascia – SN
23. Appendix and Caecum – SN
24. Differences between direct and indirect inguinal hernias – SN
25. Pancreas – Location and parts, Relations, Arterial supply, Applied anatomy

PELVIS AND PERINEUM

Read this chapter along with Abdomen. It will be very easy to understand if you take help of
google images. But you must have a gross idea about Uterus, Urinary bladder, Rectum
and anal canal, Prostate. The points you have to know are – Locations, Parts, Supports,
Relations, Venous and lymphatic drainage. If you read these topics you’ll cover most of the
important questions below given.

Important Topics

1. Support of uterus ★
2. Contents of broad ligament ★
3. Inguinal canal and Inguinal hernia
4. Contents and boundaries of ischiorectal fossa
5. Varicocele is more common on left side?
6. External anal sphincter
7. Internal iliac artery branches
8. Anal canal – Anatomy, relation, blood supply ★
9. White line of hitton ★
10. Descent of testis
11. Hemorrhoids
12. Contents of broad ligament ★
13. Lateral and anterior relation of ovary
14. Perineal body ★
15. Urogenital triangle ★
16. Superficial and deep perineal pouch – contents
17. Structures opening into prostatic urethra ★
18. Structures piercing perineal membrane in males and females
19. Venous drainage of rectum and anal canal.
20. Sphincters of anal canal
21. Pelvic diagram
22. Pudendal canal
23. Nerve supply and muscles of urinary bladder
24. Venous drainage of rectum and anal canal ★
 THORAX

Thorax is a small chapter. So reading these topics below you can give the answers in exam.

Important Topics

1. Coronary arteries branches, origin and applied anatomy ★

2. Thoracic duct origin, course and tributaries
3. Internal features of right atrium.
4. Intercostal muscles and their action.
5. Differences between right and left lung. ★
6. Structures passing through the hilum of right lung and left lung ★
7. Atrial septal defect – SN
8. Arch of Aorta – SN ★
9. Structures related to the mediastinal surface of right lung and left lung
10. Sites of constrictions of oesophagus.
11. Main opening of diaphragm and structures passing through them.
12. Branches of a typical intercostal nerve.
13. Bronchopulmonary segments of right lung and left lung
14. Pleural recesses – SN ★
15. Azygous vein – SN ★
16. Thoracic inlet syndrome. ★
17. Achalasia cardia.

HEAD AND NECK

In this chapter there are many questions. But to pass in exams you have to read the following
topics very sincerely. Before start you have to read these anatomy of Parotid gland, Thyroid
gland, Tongue, Palatine tonsil and Cavernous sinus – Location and parts, Relations, Nerve
supply, Applied anatomy, Lymphatic drainage.

Important Topics

1. Arterial supply of nasal septum

2. Arterial supply of thyroid gland ★
3. Structure passing through Parotid gland ★
4. Layers of sculp
5. Branches of facial artery ★
6. Lateral wall of nose
7. Structure passing through F.Ovale
8. Muscles supplied by ansa cervicalis. ★
9. Branches of external carotid and internal carotid artery. ★
10. Branches of 1st part of subclavian artery.
11. 1st, 2nd and 3rd part of maxillary artery
12. Muscles of mastication and their nerve supply.
13. Components of Waldeyer’s ring. ★
14. Muscles of tongue and their nerve supply.
15. Muscles of soft palate and their nerve supply.
 16. Muscles of pharynx and their nerve supply. ★
17. Cartilages and muscles of larynx and their action.
18. Nerves supplying lateral wall of nose.

NEUROANATOMY

Its an important part to score a good marks in exam. Because the answers are short and
straight forward. And there are many Explain why questions will come from this chapter.

Important Topics

1. Describe internal capsule – Parts, fibres, arterial supply, applied. ★

2. Write the differences between upper and lower motor neuron paralysis.
3. Describe corticospinal tract – Origin, course.
4. Cranial nerve nuclei located in pons.
5. Cranial nerve nuclei attached to the midbrain.
6. Functions and components of Basal ganglia/nuclei.
7. Branches of Vertebral artery, basilar artery, internal carotid artery. ★
8. Recesses of third ventricle. ★
9. Parts of diencephalon. ★
10. Floor of fourth ventricle. ★
11. Lateral spinothalamic tract
12. Blood -brain barrier. ★
13. White matter of cerebrum.
14. Lateral ventricle. ★
15. Third ventricle.
16. Brown-Sequard syndrome. ★
17. Medial medullary syndrome. ★
18. Lateral medullary syndrome.
19. Pontocerebellar angle syndrome.
20. Pontine haemorrhage.
21. Weber’s syndrome. ★
22. Argyll robertson pupil ★

EMBRYOLOGY
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY

1. Structure of OVUM with diagram

2. Spermiogenesis
3. Cleavage
4. Formation of Germ layers (primitive streak, primitive node)
5. Derivatives of ectoderm, endoderm & mesoderm
6. Gastrulation
7. Formation of Notochord.
8. Subdivision of intraembryonic mesoderm
9. Yolk sac, connecting Stalk , allantoic diverticulum.
10. Formation of Intra embryonic Coelom -lateral plate mesoderm
 11. Formation of buccopharyngeal & cloacal membrane
12. implantations
13. development of placenta ★
14. Placenta previa ★
15. Twinning
16. HCG

HEAD & NECK EMBRYOLOGY

1. Pharyngeal arches and derivatives ★

2. Formation of face (mesostomata, etc.)
3. Formation of Palate ★
4. Anomalies of development of face and palate (Cleft palate, hair lip, cleft of lower Lip,
Macrostomata, Teacher collins syndrome etc.) ★
5. Thyroglossal Duct ★
6. Formation of Thyroid parathyroid and anomalies ★
7. Position of Thyroid, parathyroid & thymus
8. Formation of Tongue and the nerve supply of different part of Tongue based on
embryological origin and anomalies (all clinicals)

THORAX EMBRYOLOGY

1. Tracheoesophageal anomalies
2. Formation of heart and all cardiac anomalies ★
3. Esophagus (constrictions)

GIT EMBRYOLOGY

1. Derivatives of gut.
2. Rotation of mid gut and all anomalies ★
3. Imperforate anus ★
4. Meckel’s Diverticula ★
5. Anomalies of gallbladder
6. Development of pancreas
7. Annular Pancreas ★

GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM

1. Derivatives of intermediate mesoderm

2. Cloaca
3. Development of kidney ★
4. Ascent of Kidney ★
5. Anomalies of kidney like polycystic kidney horse shoe kidney
6. Anomalies of urethra (Hypospadias, Epispadias)
7. Anomalies of urinary bladder (ectopia vesicae)
8. Phimosis and para phimosis
9. Descent of testis and ovary and anomalies of descent)
10. Vestigial structure in the region of testis
 11. Fate of mesonephric tubules and duct in male and female.
12. Hetmaphroditism

SPINA BIFIDA – Another Imp topic

Contributed by Dr Arka Chakrabarti, Dr Sayan Misra

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