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He uses ti as The “hol “ecceuiy make Mawfans oak oF, worcls, Ge * ppaseal fo N voles Bis Save tnaCast of characters Alonso Ferdinand Sebastian King of Naples Alonso’s son Alonso's brother Prospero Miranda Antonio The rightful Duke of Milan —_Prospero’s daughter Prospero’s brother and Duke of Milan Ariel Caliban Gonzalo Prospero’s servants Alonso's adviserTrinculo Stephano Ajester A drunken butler Adrian Noblemen Iris Juno Ceres Juno's messenger Queen of Heaven Goddess of Fertility Spirits called by Prospero’s magicThemes in the play Betrayal The theme of betrayal is woven throughout the play, and is presented in multiple levels, One can see examples of betrayal from the beginning of the play. The main act of betrayal, however, was when Antonio and Alonso usurped Prospero. This act of betrayal is related to us by Prospero and is the driving force behind the plot of the play. One can say that the tempest was created as a way for Prospero to get the enemies who betrayed him onto the island. Therefore, everything that Prospero does from the beginning of the play is motivated by betrayal. Betrayal can also be seen in Prospero’s betrayal of his people by neglecting his duties in the pursuit of studying magic. Additionally, Sebastian and Antonio's plot to kill Alonso can also be seen as an act of betrayal. Colonisation Colonisation is the act of taking over another country. Throughout history, there are well documented cases of Europeans and others travelling to and invading/ colonising other countries. Prospero represents this European force. Although Prospero did not wilfully arrive on the island, nevertheless his dominating force is evident. This is seen through his treatment of Caliban and even Ariel. It is important to note that in this case the process of colonisation does not begin immediately. In true European form, Prospero arrives on the island in a non- threatening way. He is greeted and welcomed by the native (Caliban). However, over time Prospero’s European values and those of the natives (Caliban) clash. Hence, colonisation begins. In the process, the native is demonised and becomes seen as less than human. This is how Caliban is presented and is treated. The history is also one sided. The audience does not get the sequence of events from Caliban’s point of view. In true historical form, the European invader is the one who characterises and presents the story of the natives. This shows the dominating presence of Prospero and is particularly seen in Prospero's dominance over Caliban (his imprisonment and torture). We see this continued dominance when Caliban tries to come from under Prospero’s rule by making Trinculo and Stephano his new masters. Slavery Slavery in the play is used to reinforce power, control and dominance. In the traditional sense, slavery was tied to colonialism. As such, it was used to control or to dominate the inhabitants of a country in order to use them to build and develop whatever the coloniser wills.One can argue that this dominance is seen in the play. Prospero tums Caliban into a slave and uses him to maintain the resources he needs to survive. Similarly, Ariel is another character who can be considered a slave. He is enslaved because Prospero needs his help to further his plans. Once again we see the coloniser’s will taking precedence. Freedom The theme of freedom can also be seen as tied to colonisation. We see the characters who are dominated (Ariel and Caliban) in pursuit of freedom. Ariel peacefully requests his freedom and when denied he continues to please his master by conceding to his wishes in hopes of winning his freedom. Ariel performs the following acts in hopes of winning his freedom: He creates the tempest (Act 1, Scene 1) e He leads Ferdinand to Miranda (Act 1, Scene 2) e He thwarts the murderous plans of Antonio and Sebastian (Act 2, Scene 1) He disrupts Caliban’s plans to kill Prospero (Act 3, Scene 1) e He helps to create a magical banquet (Act 4) e He releases Prospero’s prisoners (Act 5). At the end of all of these acts, Ariel wins his freedom. Caliban is the polar opposite of Ariel. Instead of complying with Prospero’s dominance, Caliban attempts to fight for his freedom. This is seen in the following ways: He curses Prospero and Miranda (Act 2) He tries to convince Stephano and Trinculo to kill Prospero (Act 2). It is also important to note that Caliban cannot conceive true freedom; instead he pledges loyalty and servitude. In the end, Caliban is freed not by his own attempts but instead through Prospero’s change of heart. Shakespeare uses each character to show us how precious freedom is and the lengths people will go to in order to overcome bondage and attain freedom. In the epilogue, Prospero too seeks freedom as he requests the audience to set him free with their applause as the play comes to an end. Magic Magic is another major theme in the play. One could argue that it is the source of all the conflicts and also the source of all the resolution (the use of magic causes Prospero’s enemies to repent) and reconciliation. The dual nature of magic can be seen as good or evil. This results in some characters representing magic for good ends (Prospero/Ariel) while others represent magic for evil ends (Sycorax and by extension Caliban).